Romaniote Jews - Knowledge

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velarized and non-velarized stops and , spelled , and , spelled . The distinction between and (ס/צ) is maintained as vs. , i. e., a voiceless alveolar fricative against a voiceless alveolar affricate, a pronunciation common to Byzantine and Ashkenazic pronunciation; "strong" and "weak" , spelled (t/θ) preserved in Ashkenazic pronunciation as /; velar and pharyngeal and , spelled , both of which are pronounced , as in Ashkenazic; the glottal and pharyngeal stops and , spelled , both of which are weakened to the point of almost total absence in syllable-initial and syllable-final position, another characteristic shared with the Ashkenazic tradition. שׁ was pronounced as in the Romaniote tradition of Hebrew pronunciation. The loss of spirantization rule for postvocalic, non-geminated Old Hebrew b, d, g, p, t, k homorganic fricatives (this rule is not found now in either the Balkan or the North African Sephardic diaspora) may have been due Romaniote practice (it is observed partly in Yiddish Hebraisms and in the Ashkenazic pronunciation of monolingual Hebrew texts). The was pronounced as

3913: 2911: 3829:, which could be noted shortly after the war have been > before front vowels, unusual intonation patterns and some peculiar lexical items, mostly of Hebrew-Aramaic provenance. Lexemes, such as Hebrew-Aramaic loans, were easily identified as "ours" and "theirs," i.e., Sephardic vs. Romaniote. While composing texts on their religion, the Greek Jews followed the literary standards of Greek syntax and morphology, using a number of Hebrew-Aramaic loanwords. The Hebrew-Aramaic component would be written down in ways reflecting traditional Romaniote pronunciation, for example 5349:"The prophetic readings of the Byzantine ritual differed fundamentally from those of the other Rabbanite Jews of the diaspora. They have been preserved in the editions of the haftarot published with the Commentary of David Kimchi in Constantinople, 1505; and in the edition of the Pentateuch and haftarot, published in Constantinople, 1522" (and theorizing the Romaniote readings were a perpetuation of the selections of early medieval Eretz Yisrael). Louis Finkelstein, "The Prophetic Readings According to the Palestinian, Byzantine, and Karaite Rites", 50: 3597: 117: 8264: 4098: 3377: 8707: 4338: 157: 137: 97: 77: 8278: 8345: 8327: 3307: 4263:. It is open for services every Saturday morning as well as all major Jewish holidays. The synagogue also houses a museum devoted to Greek Jewry and offers guided tours to visitors on Sundays. Like the community in Jerusalem, the prayers today follow the Sephardic rite, but they preserve a few piyyutim from the Romaniote rite. 4112:, the Romaniote community has dwindled to 50 mostly elderly people. The Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue there is open primarily on the High Holidays, or in the case of the visit of a chazzan, or is opened for visitors on request. Immigrant Romaniotes return every summer to the old synagogue. After a long time a 3860:

Second and third generation Romaniote immigrants in New York city have good knowledge of Greek. In the beginning of the 21st century 90% asserted that they understand Greek while 40% could speak Greek comfortably. Over a third could read Greek satisfactorily. The number of persons fluent in the Greek

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in the Mincha of Shabbat Hanukkah. In the second half of the 19th century, the Romaniote community of Greece made an effort to preserve the Romaniote liturgical heritage of Ioannina and Arta, by printing various liturgical texts in the Hebrew printing presses of Salonika. Today, the Romaniote Liturgy

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that create the impression of a carpet, in a geometric pattern of blue, gray, red and white. Two Greek inscriptions were found in front of the synagogue's entrance, on the western side of the building. Today, only part of the synagogue's mosaic floor is extant, and it has been moved from its original

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The Romaniote Jewish Community of Chalkis is not the oldest one in Greece, but it is the only one in Europe that has been living in the same city for 2,500 years without interruption and the community is still active in the city's life. The community has a synagogue and a cemetery with important and

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that Judaeo-Greek has always been interchangeable with the spoken variety of Greek, which was used by the surrounding Christian community, but had a few special features in its various geographical and chronological types (for example the Judaeo-Greek of Crete and that of Constantinople). Besides

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The Romaniote pronunciation of the Hebrew language is very close in its major features to the common Modern Hebrew pronunciation. The vowel-system is a simple five-vowel system without either quantitative or qualitative distinctions. Typical was the absence of distinction between: the Semitic

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by Yoseph HaYevani was made available to those Jews (Sephardi immigrants) who were less proficient in Greek. The Byzantine Karaites, showed a knowledge of Greek philosophical terminology. Rabbinic authors spiced their comments with Greek phrases. The familiarity of Romaniote Jewry with the

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in 1932 under the auspices of the National Archaeological Service. Based on the quality of the floor's mosaic, the building is believed to have been constructed in the 4th century CE (300–350 CE) and used until the 7th century. The mosaic floor of the synagogue consists of multi-colored

3357:, there were approximately 1,950 Romaniotes left in Ioannina. Centered around the old fortified part of the city (or Kastro), where the community had been living for centuries, they maintained two synagogues, one of which, the Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue still remains today. 3789:

has left a legacy of some fifteen works on astronomy, grammar (dikduk), biblical commentaries and piyyutim; some of the later have even been included in the Karaite prayerbook. Several manuscripts containing mystical works have survived. The question of an independent Romaniote

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The Romaniotes traditionally gave to a child a mystical document known as an "aleph". This hand-painted "birth and circumcision certificate" was created by a family member and then handed down. The aleph was written in mystical codes for the purpose of warding off the wiles of

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the few phonetic differences between Judaeo-Greek and Standard Modern Greek the most common difference has been the use of Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords in Judaeo-Greek. Considerable are also the phonetic differences between Romaniote Hebrew (look downwards on paragraph

4072:(Thesion) was used as a synagogue during its construction at the end of the 4th century CE (396–400). This view was expressed by the archaeologist H. Thompson, from the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, but was not developed into a complete theory. The 5812: ; Philippe Bobichon, Manuscrits en caractères hébreux. Vol. I : Bibliothèque nationale de France, Manuscrits de théologie n° 669 à 720, Brepols, Turnhout, 2008, pp. 30-37, 40-46, 124-153 ; 198-201, 234-237, 266-269, 272-275, 278-283, 292-294 4085:

old inscriptions. The Synagogue is on Kotsou Street. It is unknown when the first synagogue in Chalkis was constructed. In 1854, during the Holy Week a great fire destroyed the synagogue. In 1855 it was re-constructed in the same size with funds offered by

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was read at the wedding ceremony proper. This is different in that other Jews bless the bride and groom at the time of the actual wedding. In addition, there are ritual differences in the building of the Synagogue and in the building and the use of the

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At the beginning of the 20th century, the Romaniote community of Ioannina numbered about 4,000 people, mostly lower-class tradesmen and craftsmen. Their numbers dwindled after that due to economic emigration; after the Holocaust and in the wake of

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The intellectual pursuits of Romaniote Jews reflected in their history their geographical location within the Jewish and gentile world. Direct heir to Palestinian Jewish traditions on the one hand, they were also heir to the teachings of the

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Vena Hebraica in Judaeorum Linguis: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Hebrew and Aramaic Elements in Jewish Languages (Milan, October 23–26, 1995), p. 274 "Situation des communautes romaniotes contemporaires".

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traditions. Romaniote Jewry, throughout its history, expended great effort on religious poetry, which reached its peak during the period 1350–1550. The writing of piyyutim was clearly held as its own genre. In the twelfth century

4313:. In 2024, a team of researchers announced that a modern Romaniote Jewish man from Greece belongs to "a previously undiscovered" branch of the Y-chromosomal haplogroup J-P58 found to be "dating straight back 7,000 years to the 3893:

of the Greek-speaking lands. In many cases manuscripts of Romaniote origin from the Byzantine Empire, or from later times can be recognised as "Romaniote", only with the science of Paleography, if they do not contain a

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in 1953 led the last remaining Romaniote Jews to leave the island towards Athens. The vast majority of Romaniotes have relocated to Israel and the United States, with the world's largest community located in New York.

3545:, θήκη "container"), from which they are never completely taken out. Among the Romaniote Jews, tradition dictates, that the most holy Sefer Torah, the Law of Moses, be read with the scroll standing upright in its 3341:

After the liberation of Ioannina on February 21, 1913, the Rabbi and the Romaniote community of Ioannina welcomed at the New Synagogue of Ioannina the liberator of the city, Crown Prince Constantine, the future

3241:, so the city was a shade of its former glory. The event of the conquest of Constantinople was written down by a Romaniote Payetan in a lament hymn, composed with several phrases from the Old Testament in the 5772:

Beit-Arie, M. ed. Rowland Smith, D. and Salinger, P. S. "The Codicological Database of The Hebrew Paleography Project: A Tool for Localising and Dating Hebrew Medieval Manuscripts. In: Hebrew Studies, pp.

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of the Metroon was based on a small piece of marble found near the Metroon that had two Jewish symbols carved on one side, and the resemblance of the building to the synagogue of Sardis in Asia Minor.

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alone and murdered. Many Greek Jews were forced to pay their own tickets to the death camps. Almost all Romaniote Jews of the island of Crete, together with some resistance fighters, died on the ship

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is well documented. Biblical translations, piyyutim, folksongs, Ketubbot, liturgical instructions, glossaries, mystical texts and the use of Greek words in commentaries in Judaeo-Greek are known.

3771:, a handbook of biblical apologetics. In tune with the intellectual currents among Romaniotes, Shemarya was trained in philosophy and was able to translate directly from Greek to Hebrew. The 5157:

by Yonah David, Shirei Zebadiah (Jerusalem 1972), Shirei Amitai (Jerusalem, 1975) and Shirei Elya bar Schemaya (New York and Jerusalem 1977); and the material in the Chronicle of Ahima'az.

3303:, the Jews historically played an important part in the transport trade. In the centuries following 1492 most of the Romaniote communities were assimilated by the more numerous Sephardim. 8448: 4131:, at 16 Ioustinianou street. Its name means "the Old Synagogue". It was constructed in 1829, most probably over the ruins of an older synagogue. Its architecture is typical of the 3033:

in 70 CE. Before the migration of the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi Jews into the Balkans and Eastern Europe, the Jewish culture in these areas consisted primarily of Romaniote Jews.

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of the Ottoman Empire until their leading position was lost to a wave of new Jewish arrivals. These events initiated the first great numerical decline of the Romaniote community.

3272:, was perceived as an "expulsion" by the Jews. Nevertheless, the Romaniotes would remain the most influential Jewish community in the Empire for decades to come, determining the 5286:…but the fact that the most prominent hero of Jewish origin, Colonel Mordechai Frizis (1893–1940), originated from the ancient Romaniote community of Chalkis, speaks for itself. 2840:, also known as Byzantium, which included the territory of modern Greece, which this Jewish group inhabited for centuries. Historically, the Empire was commonly referred to as 5256:

J. Hacker, Ottoman policies towards the Jews and Jewish attitudes towards Ottomans during the Fifteenth Century in "Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire", New York (1982)

282:. They are one of the oldest Jewish communities in existence and the oldest Jewish community in Europe. The Romaniotes have been, and remain, historically distinct from the 3338:

for example ordered that the attitude of all non-Muslims should be one of "humility and abjection" and should not "live near Mosques or in tall buildings" or own slaves.

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were a thankful gift to the Synagogue of congregants who have received help, healing or salvation by God. The Romaniote term for the Passover ceremony (Seder) is חובה (

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follows (with slight differences) the mainstream Sephardic usage, while the Romaniotes and the Jews of Corfu have preserved their old and own Judaeo-Greek and Hebrew

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In the community of Volos many of the Romaniote pre-Sephardic traditions prevail. The community consists of Romaniotes as well as Sephardim (particularly from

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Manuscrits en caractères hébreux conservés dans les bibliothèques de France. Vol. V : Bibliothèque nationale de France, Manuscrits de Théologie n°704-733

8640: 1718: 1413: 6019: 3572:. The Romaniote Jews have their own form of wedding blessing. Upon the betrothal, seven blessings are bestowed on the bride and groom to be, while wedding 1605: 3083:

edited and expanded the Sefer Josippon later. This community of Byzantine Jews of southern Italy produced such prominent works like the Sefer Ahimaaz of

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The community printed the piyyutim that they preserve in a pamphlet entitled 'Sefer ha-rinah veha-tefilah', which was printed in 1968 and again in 1998.

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The majority of Romaniotes who survived the Holocaust left for Israel or the United States at the end of the war. The creation of the state of

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represent those of the Greek-speaking Jews of the Byzantine (or former Byzantine) Empire, ranging from southern Italy (in a narrower sense the

6841: 4215:. There are two Romaniote synagogues in Israel: the Zakynthos Synagogue in Tel Aviv, and the Beit Avraham Ve'ohel Sarah liKehilat Ioanina in 2102: 8673: 6598: 4259:, where it is used by the Romaniote emigrant community. It maintains a mailing list of 3,000 Romaniote families, most of them living in the 6175: 6044: 3299:. Thessaloniki had one of the largest (mostly Sephardi) Jewish communities in the world and a solid rabbinical tradition. On the island of 3268:, were concentrated in Constantinople, where they made up 10% of the city's population. The forced resettlement, though not intended as an 6609: 8396: 8118: 5656:

Krivoruchko, J. G. "Not Only Cherubs: Lexicon of Hebrew and Aramaic Origin in Standard Modern Greek (SG) and Modern Greek Dialects." In:

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The Ioanniotiki Synagogue, situated above the Jewish Community of Athens offices at #8 Melidoni St., is the only Romaniote synagogue in

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Piyyutim Recordings and written folios from the communities of Ioannina, Chalkis, Volos and Corfu and of other Greek Jewish communities

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Steiner, Richard C. (2007). "The Byzantine biblical commentaries from the Genizah: Rabbanite vs. Karaite". In Moshe Bar-Asherz (ed.).

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DNA research and genealogical works based on the Romaniote communities of Ioannina and Zakynthos are in progress. Nearly 4/5th of the

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As Mehmed wanted to make the city his new capital, he decreed its rebuilding. And in order to revivify Constantinople he ordered that

8401: 6377: 4756: 4101: 3113:) continued to be Greek-speakers until the 15th century. When they were expelled and went to different regions of Greece, especially 2026: 8316: 6665: 5716:

13: 1120-1145; Morag, S. "Between East and West: For a History of the Tradition of Hebrew During the Middle Ages" (in Hebrew). In:

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was Rabbi of Volos who saved Greek Jews during the Holocaust and helped to consolidate the community of Volos after World War II.

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since the 2nd century AD. Ancient Jewish tombstones dating back to 325–641 AD, were also discovered in the neighbouring city of

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on March 25, 1944. The majority of the Jews deported were murdered on or shortly after April 11, 1944, when their train reached

7264: 6718: 6246: 5180: 3751: 2806: 1976: 1911: 1793: 5431: 3638:. They read the special "Megillah for the Purim Katan of Syracuse" and sing corresponding songs and hymns for this festivity. 8688: 7259: 6480: 6161: 5279: 4823: 3885:

The Hebrew Paleography resp. the Hebrew Epigraphy recognises a specific "Byzantine" or "Romaniote" Handwriting system of the

1097: 6579:, Queens College (New York) Special Collection and Archives and Hellenic American Project, JSTOR Open Community Collections 5231:

Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City."

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Today approximately 4,500 to 6,000 Jews remain in Greece. Of these, only a small number are Romaniotes, who live mainly in

1535: 7168: 6057: 5587:. Vol. V : Bibliothèque nationale de France, Manuscrits de Théologie n°704-733, Brepols, Turnhout, 2015, pp. 290-297 3944:, were murdered. Some Greeks collaborated with the deportations or expropriated Jewish property; a few, encouraged by the 3168:. The largest community in Greece at that time was in Thebes, where he found about 2000 Jews. They were engaged mostly in 8821: 8463: 7279: 7274: 6698: 4815:

Changing Educational Landscapes: Educational Policies, Schooling Systems and Higher Education - a comparative perspective

1803: 1620: 1610: 850: 5999: 8866: 8091: 6968: 6419: 6360: 4486: 3125:, they could continue to speak their Greek language, even if this language was somewhat different from that of Greece. 2199: 2149: 2114: 1808: 1673: 1540: 5912: 5893: 5353:, vol. 17 (1942–1943), page 423; Adolf Büchler, "The Reading of the Law and Prophets in a Triennial Cycle (part ii)". 4064:

of another building found in the excavations of the ancient Agora in Athens, is questionable. It is believed that the

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are covering the heads of the groom and the bride and are interchanged on their heads. At the end of a full year, the

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from all over his empire be resettled in the new capital. Within months most of the Empire's Romaniote Jews, from the

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The Jewish Museum of Greece, The Jewish Community of Ioannina: The Memory of Artefacts, "Songs and Hymns" (CD). 2017

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Olszowy-Schlanger, J. "On the Hebrew script of the Greek-Hebrew palimpsests from the Cairo Genizah", 279-299. In:

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are engraved in stone on the walls of the synagogue. The Bet Chaim cemetery in Ioannina belongs to the community.

8453: 8193: 7387: 6023: 3095:. The liturgical writings of these Romaniote Jews, especially the piyyut were eminent for the development of the 3045: 2961: 2702: 2601: 2156: 2139: 2092: 1991: 1901: 1838: 1788: 1768: 1763: 1683: 1657: 1632: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1470: 1465: 6329: 6074: 9014: 7069: 6629: 6289: 4582:, Former Assistant District Attorney of Brooklyn, and Liberal Party candidate for New York State Senate in 1950 3223: 2175: 2161: 2129: 2109: 2077: 2021: 1996: 1971: 1951: 1941: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1896: 1886: 1881: 1858: 1773: 1758: 1678: 1637: 1590: 1585: 1505: 1450: 9034: 9029: 8703: 8662: 8600: 8458: 8436: 8431: 8374: 8170: 7491: 4761: 4751: 4746: 4682: 4551: 4247:(from originally several Romaniote Synagogues in New York) is in operation in the entire Western Hemisphere: 4029: 3049: 3041: 2867: 2596: 2134: 2119: 2082: 2044: 2016: 2006: 2001: 1986: 1981: 1961: 1946: 1931: 1906: 1872: 1843: 1743: 1728: 1652: 1642: 1560: 1530: 1455: 1441: 413: 5844: 4906:

Monika Trümper, "The Oldest Original Synagogue Building in the Diaspora: The Delos Synagogue Reconsidered."

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is related to that of Romaniote Jews. Romaniote Jewish men have been found to belong to various branches of

3471:(טוביה בר אליעזר), a Greek-speaking Talmudist and poet of the 11th century, worked and lived in the city of 8908: 8309: 8233: 8101: 8096: 7284: 7269: 7033: 6988: 6733: 5197: 4437: 3921: 3076: 2204: 2124: 2087: 2011: 1956: 1823: 1798: 1723: 1698: 1688: 1627: 1550: 1545: 1525: 1515: 1495: 1480: 1373: 1077: 841: 836: 291: 5759:

Beit-Arie, M. et al. "Classification of Hebrew Calligraphic Handwriting Styles: Preliminary Results." In:

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and can be subdivided in a wider sense in a Rabbanite community and in the Greco-Karaite community of the

8785: 8426: 8198: 8183: 7064: 6924: 4469: 4235:, the prayers today follow the Sephardic rite, but they preserve a few piyyutim from the Romaniote rite. 4135:

era, a large building made of stone. The interior of the synagogue is laid out in the Romaniote way: the

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who moved after 1328 to Negroponte prepared his supercommentary to Ibn Ezra and, circa 1346–47 wrote his

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Romaniote Memories, a Jewish Journey from Ioannina, Greece to Manhattan: Photographs by Vincent Giordano

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M. J. Akbar, "The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity", 2003, (p. 89)

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Krivoruchko, J. (2005). "A case of divergent convergence: the cultural identity of Romaniote Jewry". In

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followed a specific custom, particular to the Romaniote rite. The Romaniote Torah scrolls are housed in

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that immigrated to the Ottoman Empire between 1421 and 1453. Waves of Sephardi Jews were expelled from

3022: 2668: 2513: 2221: 1615: 811: 801: 537: 8268: 8208: 8106: 8086: 7956: 7881: 7741: 7608: 7294: 7254: 6622: 5962: 5357:, vol. 6, nr. 1 (October 1893), pp. 1–73, discusses in some detail evidence of very early choices of 5127:

Bowman, S. Jewish Responses to Byzantine Polemics from the Ninth through the Eleventh Centuries, 2010

3907: 3873: 3871: 3695:(where the Torah scrolls are kept) is on the eastern wall and in the middle there is a wide interior 2782: 2475: 2326: 2267: 1158: 428: 3654:, their own way of cantillation and their special customs. A custom, which is still followed in the 3456:). This Minhag was once widespread in Southern Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Anatolia and the Crimea. 8933: 8651: 8188: 8019: 7318: 7193: 6576: 5066: 4990: 4409: 4180: 3954: 3618:

The Romaniotes are well known for their hymns in Judaeo-Greek and Hebrew, for their special way of

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Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum, Romaniote Synagogue in New York City Official website

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Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory

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tradition, probably deriving directly from Palestinian antecedents, is proved. An abridgement of

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which still survives to this day. A Romaniote oral tradition says that the first Jews arrived in

2876:(516 BCE – 70 CE). Recorded Jewish presence in Greece dates back over 2,300 years to the time of 2626: 2616: 2581: 2460: 2450: 2233: 1404: 1346: 1180: 859: 816: 531: 275: 6183: 5782:

Olszowy-Schlanger, J. "An Early Hebrew Manuscript from Byzantium", pp. 148-155. In: Zutot, 2002.

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The Language Idioms of Epirus (Northern, Central and Southern): The Gianniote and Other Lexicons

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Jewish communities) in the west, to much of Turkey in the east, Crete to the south, Crimea (the

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synagogue was discovered in 1829 near the ancient military port of the capital of the island of

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of a child) was held in the synagogue in 2000, and was an exceptional event for the community.

3988: 3764: 3409: 3208: 2745: 2480: 2394: 1460: 1012: 631: 601: 261: 5015: 3719:). In the years 2017 and 2018 the Romaniote rite Haggadah and the Romaniote rite prayer book ( 8923: 8610: 8203: 8124: 7906: 7613: 7496: 7237: 7227: 7220: 7205: 7091: 4647: 4248: 3895: 3879: 3826: 3600: 3441: 2636: 2631: 2576: 2364: 1279: 1007: 994: 889: 606: 279: 5058: 4982: 8963: 8861: 8805: 8739: 8513: 8238: 8228: 7731: 6703: 5881: 5485: 4678: 4558: 4298: 4069: 3655: 2904: 2873: 2707: 2659: 2399: 2257: 1070: 935: 924: 882: 6573:, Queens College (New York) Special Collections and Archives and Hellenic American Project 6204: 6162:

History of the Community of Volos on the Cebtral Board of the Jewish Communities in Greece

5957: 4796: 2943: 8: 9009: 8948: 8943: 8918: 8800: 8765: 8635: 8391: 7886: 7854: 7780: 7689: 7635: 7242: 7042: 6776: 6741: 6594:: account of the Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue in Ioannina, with photos (personal site) 6231: 5660:, ed. Mark Janse, Angeliki Ralli and Brian Joseph, Patras: University of Patras, 205-219. 5059: 4983: 4856: 4736: 4605: 4566:, a prominent Romaniotissa, particularly noted for her translation of modern Greek poetry 4555: 4445: 4414: 3747: 3743: 3619: 3568:

which is the oldest European Jewish prayer rite. Later the first Mahzor was printed, the

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as early as the 1st century AD. Historians argue that Jews have been living in ancient

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was written by the Byzantine Jews of Southern Italy. R. Elnatan ben Moses Kalkes (from

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A strong Romaniote community was present in Corfu until the late 19th century, when a

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The Jews of Southern Italy (where they were living together with their Greek-speaking

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Brown, Adam; Levy-Toledano, Raquel; Penninx, Wim; Greenspan, Bennett; Waas, Michael.

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Ioanina: Preserving remnants of a Jewish community, 09/11/15. Retrieved on 22.05.2019

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Before the Flame Goes Out: A Document of the Romaniote Jews of Ioannina and New York

6549: 5761:

Proceedings of First International Workshop on Document Image Analysis for Libraries

5184: 4231:, Jerusalem is no longer in use. In Beit Avraham Ve'ohel Sarah liKehilat Ioanina in 3821: 49: 9039: 8938: 8814: 8549: 8498: 8068: 8036: 7997: 7968: 7951: 7901: 7702: 7511: 7444: 7397: 7345: 7313: 7304: 7289: 7163: 7138: 7114: 6998: 6929: 6846: 6713: 6407: 6348: 5932: 4799: 4696: 4538: 4491: 4476: 4374: 4353: 4342: 4290: 4224: 4196: 4057:, but can be opened for visitors upon request through the Jewish Community office. 3945: 3791: 3786: 3508: 3460: 3445: 3311: 3133: 2972: 2837: 2725: 2606: 2566: 2530: 2228: 1778: 1289: 1045: 949: 864: 754: 546: 339: 314: 302: 182: 8554: 3972:

enabled them to hide better from German deportations than Sephardi Jews who spoke

3948:, sheltered Jews. Roughly 49,000 Jews—Romaniotes and Sephardim—were deported from 8983: 8968: 8958: 8913: 8833: 8645: 8539: 8529: 7978: 7973: 7785: 7712: 7545: 7516: 7439: 7429: 7392: 7367: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7158: 7153: 7143: 7128: 6919: 6836: 6803: 6761: 6751: 6534: 5851: 5831: 4813: 4674: 4597: 4532: 4481: 4424: 4404: 4252: 4148: 4073: 4061: 3984: 3959: 3886: 3729:

according to the Romaniote custom and other texts. A Romaniote rite based reform

3700: 3692: 3671: 3623: 3530: 3296: 3196: 3096: 2995: 2988: 2947: 2687: 2646: 2641: 2621: 2543: 2537: 2470: 2422: 2262: 2243: 1394: 1123: 1035: 1018: 562: 377: 306: 252: 190: 186: 6577:

Vincent Giordano Photographs documenting Romaniote Jews of Ioannina and New York

5374: 4089:. The Synagogue opens every Friday evening and occasionally on Shabbat morning. 8778: 8744: 8503: 8364: 8282: 8257: 8078: 7985: 7943: 7923: 7911: 7891: 7805: 7795: 7763: 7756: 7736: 7707: 7679: 7674: 7640: 7550: 7474: 7464: 7402: 7200: 7148: 7059: 6816: 6811: 6746: 6675: 6004: 5983: 5267: 4610: 4591: 4432: 4379: 4357: 4310: 4306: 4282: 4132: 4054: 3969: 3804: 3773: 3504: 3500: 3464: 3429: 3327: 3292: 3284: 3199:: עץ החיים, lit. "Tree of Life", frequently a name of Romaniote synagogues) in 3188: 3153: 3061: 2980: 2951: 2935: 2787: 2586: 2441: 2321: 2300: 2277: 2272: 2250: 2238: 1833: 1314: 1213: 1191: 1128: 966: 944: 806: 785: 761: 527: 509: 448: 420: 373: 287: 272: 240: 178: 8294: 5869:

H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften

5720:, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 5740 (=1979-1980), pp. 141-156; Wexler, P. 3861:

Language is much lower in the group of the Greek Sephardim outside of Greece.

459:(which represents the oldest Jewish congregation on European soil), Ioannina, 8998: 8953: 8749: 8574: 8559: 8544: 8534: 8051: 7896: 7823: 7630: 7564: 7537: 7486: 7434: 7407: 7382: 7372: 7133: 7079: 7013: 6993: 6983: 6978: 6951: 6897: 6826: 6771: 6529: 6524: 5845:"Deportation of Jews of Ioannina", Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum 5054: 4712: 4702: 4601: 4496: 4460: 4369: 4364: 4322: 4117: 3973: 3667: 3663: 3627: 3604: 3596: 3526: 3488: 3433: 3389: 3165: 3026: 2735: 2730: 1936: 1863: 1389: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1218: 1196: 1148: 910: 749: 654: 616: 567: 444: 122: 20: 4155:

are kept) is on the eastern wall and in the middle there is a wide interior

3987:(1946–1949), led to an immigration of a number of Romaniotes to Israel. The 8875: 8564: 8488: 8031: 7828: 7790: 7751: 7340: 7084: 7023: 7003: 6963: 6946: 6914: 6902: 6863: 6781: 6756: 6591: 6509:), Jerusalem, 1978 (in Hebrew). One chapter sets out the Romaniote liturgy. 6176:"The Story of a Two-Thousand Year Old Jewish Community in Ioannina, Greece" 6087: 5585:

Manuscrits en caractères hébreux conservés dans les bibliothèques de France

5572:

Mekor Chayim: A Reform Liturgy for Erev Shabbat Based on the Romaniote Rite

4771: 4731: 4639: 4630: 4569: 4547: 4428: 4326: 4286: 4200: 4025: 4005: 3949: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3816: 3437: 3396:

and a Romaniote "Aleph" on the right side (a circumcision certificate with

3354: 3277: 3269: 3161: 3141: 3122: 3110: 2765: 2591: 2432: 2427: 2385: 2338: 1432: 1299: 1284: 1243: 1208: 821: 663: 432: 357: 349: 318: 59: 24: 6129:

Greece's Pivotal Role in World War II and Its Importance to the U.S. Today

5334:

The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek Versions of the Bible

2903:, which refers to "Moschos, son of Moschion the Jew", who may have been a 8041: 7556: 7481: 7459: 7362: 6956: 6885: 6880: 6868: 6858: 6411: 6352: 4442: 4152: 4140: 4113: 3725:) have been published in a series, containing also Romaniote poetry, the 3684: 3631: 3365: 3273: 3234: 3227: 3177: 2931: 2750: 2692: 2357: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1223: 6473:

Folklore and Ethnic Identity of the Jewish Community of Ioannina, Greece

5104:

History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire

4937:

Shai le-Sara Japhet: Studies in the Bible, its exegesis and its language

4690:, a musician of traditional and popular Greek music in the United States 8135: 7842: 7424: 7018: 6766: 6688: 6453: 6179: 5574:, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati 2018. 4563: 4097: 3674:

translation after the morning service on the last two days of Pessach.

3659: 3586: 3484: 3376: 3253: 3238: 3204: 3002: 2984: 2408: 1422: 1351: 1309: 1138: 1118: 677: 584: 504: 5272:

Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence

4897:

May–June 1998 (24:03), via Center for Online Judaic Studies, cojs.org.

3503:

in 1547 has the Hebrew text in the middle of the page, with a Ladino (

8792: 8771: 8056: 7521: 7412: 7323: 6941: 6875: 5834:

Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum, Retrieved January 5, 2009

4866: 4778:, the two cities in Greece with the most prominent Jewish communities 4624: 4573: 4527: 4515: 4314: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4192: 4160: 4124: 3992: 3795: 3642: 3480: 3381: 3335: 3215: 3053: 3030: 3006: 2881: 2571: 2556: 1646: 1594: 1356: 1304: 1294: 975: 971: 961: 876: 636: 452: 424: 393: 283: 6892: 5894:"This Day in Jewish History / Jewish Community of Crete Lost at Sea" 4337: 3218:

found the city in a state of disarray. The city had indeed suffered

1324: 8973: 7775: 7717: 7662: 7657: 7328: 6614: 5603:

82nd edition, (Jerusalem 1974), and Weinberger, Anthology, pp. 8-11

5530:

The Haggadah According to the Custom of the Romaniote Jews of Crete

5486:"Megillat Antiochos: Religiöse Begriffe aus der Welt des Judentums" 4775: 4706: 4620: 4346: 4216: 4212: 4184: 4136: 4109: 4009: 3941: 3936:, 86% of the Greek Jews, especially those in the areas occupied by 3917: 3726: 3678: 3534: 3472: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3265: 3230: 3103: 3068: 3018: 2956: 2740: 2350: 2282: 1113: 621: 572: 353: 322: 6229:

Laura Silver, "Spreading little-known history of Romaniote Jews",

5448:

Ross, M. S., Europäisches Zentrum für Jüdische Musik, CD-Projekt:

4179:. Ancient historic texts mention that Jews lived in the region of 3746:. The Byzantine Jewish/Romaniote literature shows a rich blend of 3626:

and for their Jewish-Greek folksongs, based on regional melodies.

3009:, who trace back their history to the times of the Greek-speaking 8344: 8331: 7990: 7874: 7869: 7859: 7847: 7667: 7652: 7596: 7531: 7506: 7469: 7333: 7008: 6907: 6831: 6723: 6649: 6564: 6378:"Avotaynu DNA Project Discovers 7,000 Year Old Neolithic Lineage" 5933:"Ladino language | Sephardic, Judeo-Spanish, Hebrew | Britannica" 5917: 5640:

Moisis, A. "Hebrew words in the language of Jews of Greece." In:

5217:

A Hebrew lament from Venetian Crete on the fall of Constantinople

4188: 4172: 4065: 4013: 3612: 3577: 3425: 3421: 3401: 3368:

charges forced most of the Jewish community to leave the island.

3315: 3314:(1893–1940) from the ancient Romaniote Greek Jewish community of 3261: 3173: 3157: 3149: 3057: 2900: 2716: 2682: 2551: 2345: 1334: 1329: 1201: 1092: 987: 983: 979: 728: 723: 700: 682: 557: 552: 542: 520: 495: 456: 369: 361: 326: 310: 202: 8326: 6307: 5336:, 2000, p. 180. The Greek text is published in D. C. Hesseling, 5247:

Avigdor Levy; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, New Jersey, (1994)

4924:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 758. 2967:

In 1977 another ancient synagogue was discovered in Athens, the

2938:. The floor was covered for protection and was studied again by 8846: 8729: 8715: 8706: 8337: 8061: 7928: 7864: 5501:

The Jewish Museum of Greece, The Jewish Community of Ioannina:

5432:"Counting Down From Destruction, Looking Forward to Redemption" 5306:

The Jewish Museum of Greece, The Jewish Community of Ioannina:

5117:

Historiography among Byzantine Jews: The case of Sefer Yosippon

5061:

Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures

4985:

Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures

4939:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Bialik Institute. pp. 243–262. 4643: 4050: 4021: 4017: 3980: 3968:

During the German occupation, the Romaniotes' ability to speak

3778: 3721: 3585:. It is a Romaniote tradition to write on the Ketubah the year 3573: 3561: 3553: 3515: 3492: 3449: 3417: 3361: 3331: 3249: 3212: 3169: 3145: 3118: 3099: 3092: 3037: 2927: 2915: 2896: 2892: 2376: 2371: 2331: 2316: 1427: 1319: 739: 705: 691: 626: 468: 464: 440: 409: 397: 381: 219: 162: 142: 102: 82: 6375: 6109: 5631:, vol. 1. Etaireia Ipeirotikon Meleton, Ioannina 1964 (Greek). 4797:'Jewish museum in Cyprus aims to build bridges to Arab world,' 3670:

verse by verse by alternating from Hebrew to its paraphrasing

3106:

and are preserved to this day in the most Ashkenazi mahzorim.

8012: 8007: 7961: 7916: 7837: 7832: 7096: 6851: 6821: 6110:"ΙΣΡΑΗΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΒΟΛΟΥ - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF VOLOS" 4950:

Danon, A. (1912). "Notice sur la littérature gréco-caraïte".

4519: 4176: 4156: 4033: 3890: 3696: 3582: 3529:

while the whole Torah was read in the Palestinian way of the

3522: 3496: 3392:

similar to the Byzantine Christian tradition) hanging on the

3300: 3288: 3200: 3137: 3114: 3080: 2992: 2858:(Ῥωμανιῶτες), essentially meaning an inhabitant of Rhomania. 2845: 1339: 768: 672: 641: 460: 405: 401: 389: 385: 365: 55: 6290:"FamilyTreeDNA - Romaniote DNA Project: Y-DNA Classic Chart" 5793:

Jewish-Greek tradition in antiquity and the Byzantine empire

5718:

Proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Judaica

5227: 5225: 5065:. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill. p. 4989:. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill. p. 2914:

Mosaic floor of a Jewish synagogue in Greece, built 300 AD,

8111: 6645: 6567:, sponsored by The International Survey of Jewish Monuments 6550:

L’Autre des non-juifs ...et des juifs : les romaniotes

6114:ΙΣΡΑΗΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΒΟΛΟΥ - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF VOLOS 4846:(by Ethan Marcus), 24 April 2018; retrieved on 10 May 2018. 4523: 4512: 4144: 3688: 3323: 3181: 2987:

synagogues. Concurrently the oldest synagogue found in the

491: 215: 5712:

78, p. 45; Morag, S. (1971/2). "Pronunciation of Hebrew."

4715:, Brazilian entrepreneur, media tycoon and television host 4127:

is located in the old fortified part of the city known as

3491:

and also of some poems. Romaniote scholars translated the

439:. After the war, a majority of the survivors emigrated to 6552:" ("The Other for Non-Jews ... and Jews: the Romaniots") 6173: 5222: 4159:. The names of the Ioanniote Jews who were killed in the 3283:

The number of Jews was soon bolstered by small groups of

3257: 2998:, which has an inscription dated between 250 and 175 BCE 6127:

Goodpaster, Andrew Jackson; Rossides, Eugene T. (2001).

5259: 5168:

The Medieval Salento: Art and Identity in Southern Italy

4681:

club and was the first ever official goalscorer for the

3184:. At the time, they were already known as "Romaniotes". 6519: 5450:

Synagogale Musik der romaniotischen Juden Griechenlands

5017:

Cursing The Christians? A History of the Birkat HaMinim

4910:, Vol. 73, No. 4 (October–December, 2004), pp. 513–598. 3983:

in 1948, combined with the violence and anarchy of the

5551:

Prayerbook According to The Rite of The Romaniote Jews

4818:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 160. 3556:(prayer book) for the Romaniote rite was known as the 3444:: some of these are thought to have been based on the 6571:

Vincent Giordano Before the Flame Goes Out Collection

6540:, Romaniote prayer book for the Weekdays and Holidays 5865:"The Holocaust in Greece: Genocide and its Aftermath" 5808:, Brepols, Turnhout, 2015, pp. 22-31, 72-81, 290-297 4053:. Built in 1906, it now has services only during the 3733:

in Greek and Hebrew has also been published in 2018.

3207:

which passed to Ottoman authority in 1324. After the

6284: 6282: 5243: 5241: 4840:

Taking Greek Jewish Life to the Streets of New York.

4633:, is a Greek intellectual, author and leader of the 4576:

songs with a successful career in the United States.

4463:, a Jewish messiah claimant of the 17th century C.E. 3916:

A woman weeps during the deportation of the Jews of

3630:

brought to Ioannina the celebration of the Sicilian

2854:"Romans", while the Greek-speaking Jews were called 2355: 2336: 759: 266: 16:

Jewish community native to the Eastern Mediterranean

6530:

United Brotherhood Good Hope Society of Janina Inc.

5617:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. 4646:Minister of Health and former president and CEO of 4600:, a psychiatrist, philosopher and innkeeper of the 54:Members of the Romaniote Greek Jewish community of 6322:"Family Tree of the Jewish Community of Zakynthos" 6247:"Spreading little-known history of Romaniote Jews" 6126: 5744:The Karaite community in Istanbul and their Hebrew 5613:Bowman, Steven (1985). "Language and Literature". 5463:Yanniotika Evraika Tragoudia. Ekdoseis Epeirotikes 4920:Bowman, Steven (1985). "Language and Literature". 3136:and recorded details about communities of Jews in 3071:was written down in the 10th century in Byzantine 3056:) to the north and the Jews of the early medieval 3001:The Romaniotes are Greek Jews, distinct from both 2991:is also the oldest Samaritan synagogue: it is the 6279: 6269:"FamilyTreeDNA - Romaniote DNA Project: About Us" 5979:"The Jewish Palate: The Romaniote Jews of Greece" 5238: 4862:Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History 4677:, legendary Greek football player who played for 3666:in Judaeo-Greek. Another custom was to chant the 62:(front left) with his sons (back). Prior to 1940. 8996: 6404:The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews 6345:The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews 5181:"International Jewish Cemetery Project – Turkey" 4721:(1947–), American nuclear and forensic scientist 3781:) wrote a lengthy kabbalistic treatise entitled 3677:Romaniote Synagogues have their own layout: the 3463:for a long time, and many of them still use the 3237:in 1347, and now had been long cut off from its 8324: 6599:"The pre-Ashkenazi and Sephardi Romaniote Jews" 6000:"The Pre-Ashkenazi and Sephardi Romaniote Jews" 5497: 5495: 4594:, Vietnam War veteran. Medal of Honor recipient 3958:when it was torpedoed by the British submarine 3645:from the year 1735 gives the order to read the 3295:-ruled Greece. They spoke a separate language, 348:). Large Romaniote communities were located in 113: 4855: 4087:Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance 3849:) and Sephardic Hebrew, for example Sephardic 3075:by the Greek-speaking Jewish community there. 451:. Today there are still functioning Romaniote 321:or the languages of their new home countries. 8689: 8310: 6630: 6225: 6223: 6221: 5652: 5650: 5042:Medieval Jewish Civilisation: An Encyclopedia 4969:Istanbul Karaylari Istanbul Enstitüsü Dergisi 4143:are read out during services) is on a raised 4068:, discovered in 1930 at the foot of the hill 3878:and the as which are typical sounds of the 3687:are read out during services) is on a raised 2872:Jews have lived in Greece since at least the 2807: 6406:. Academic Studies Press. pp. 58, 128. 5722:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews 5492: 3898:or other characteristics of identification. 3819:language of Ioannina underwent a process of 3715:published a Romaniote rite Pesach-Seder CD ( 3549:; it is considered improper to lay it flat. 8119:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 5854:, July 28, 2005, retrieved January 5, 2009. 5483: 5265: 4742:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 4693:Albert Sabbas, a renowned nuclear physicist 3901: 3187:The first Romaniote synagogue coming under 3102:, as they found their way through Italy to 1051:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 435:and the deportation of most of the Jews to 343: 333: 8696: 8682: 8317: 8303: 6637: 6623: 6218: 6131:. American Hellenic Institute Foundation. 5647: 5321:Ritus. Eine Beschreibung synagogaler Riten 3736: 3703:made of silver as stars or tablets called 3384:of the Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue of 2814: 2800: 6536:Seder Tefillot ke-minhag kehillot Romania 6525:The Association of Friends of Greek Jewry 5998:Esquenazi, Deborah S. (October 5, 2006). 5997: 4757:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire 4699:, Egyptian-Greek-French singer-songwriter 4665:Leon Batis, a holocaust survivor and hero 4655:, a descendant of the Romaniote branches 4102:Municipal Ethnographic Museum of Ioannina 3634:. The Jews of Ioannina call this holiday 2983:found in Thessaloniki may originate from 6666:Index of Jewish history-related articles 6244: 5644:. N. p., Athens 1958, pp. 58–75 (Greek). 5020:. Oxford University Press. p. 203. 4811: 4336: 4096: 3911: 3595: 3375: 3305: 2934:, who was working for the court of King 2909: 153: 133: 93: 73: 8165:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 6802: 5913:"Jewish Community of Crete Lost at Sea" 5684:Judeo-Greek in the era of globalization 5671:Judeo-Greek in the era of globalization 5369: 5367: 4934: 4789: 4653:Katherine, Crown Princess of Yugoslavia 4541:, officer of the Greek Army during the 4116:(the Jewish ritual for celebrating the 3842:Judeo-Greek in the era of globalization 3711:), which means obligation. In 2004 the 8997: 8384: 6440:Judeo-Greek: The Language, The Culture 5883:Tickets in den Tod-Jüdische Allgemeine 5837: 5818: 5612: 5053: 5013: 4980: 4919: 3759:wrote down his exegetical commentary, 3495:into Greek. A polyglot edition of the 2971:, which may be the synagogue in which 8677: 8298: 6618: 6401: 6347:. Academic Studies Press. p. 4. 6342: 6020:"Holocaust and present-day situation" 5976: 5910: 5843:Raptis, Alekos and Tzallas, Thumios, 5599:Cf. afterword in Benjamin Klar, ed., 5235:23 (1969): 229–249, specifically 236. 4949: 4332: 4028:. A mixed community of Romaniote and 3889:, which has been developed among the 3440:Jews, and are closer to those of the 3388:with the typical Romaniote Shadayot ( 6644: 5393:Introduction to the Mahzor Bene Roma 5364: 4812:Mattheou, Dimitris (April 8, 2010). 4635:Workers Revolutionary Party (Greece) 4572:, a singer of Greek traditional and 3371: 317:words, but today's Romaniotes speak 68:Regions with significant populations 6488:Bibliography on the Romaniote Jewry 6382:Avotaynu DNA Project, June 18, 2024 6328:. November 17, 2014. Archived from 6308:"Romaniote Jews of Ioannina Greece" 3864: 3825:. The only phonetic differences to 256: 13: 8112:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 8092:American Jewish Historical Society 6432: 4895:Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR). 4613:, an author and holocaust survivor 4487:Aaron ben Joseph of Constantinople 4211:Most Romaniotes in Israel live in 4187:and in particular in neighbouring 3564:and represented the Minhag of the 2962:the island's Archaeological Museum 14: 9051: 6513: 6022:. Romaniotes Jews. Archived from 5488:(in German). Jüdische Allgemeine. 5484:Chajm Guski (December 11, 2014). 3511:translation on the other and the 3330:often hinged on the whims of the 3091:, the Aggadath Bereshit and many 2930:by the Scottish-German historian 842:Historical population comparisons 305:, a Greek dialect that contained 8705: 8343: 8325: 8276: 8263: 8262: 6045:"ΙΣΡΑΗΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΚΕΡΚΥΡΑΣ" 5977:Wasko, Dennis (March 14, 2011). 5911:Green, David B. (June 9, 2014). 5697:Changing Educational Landscapes, 5419:The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia 5091:The Occult Sciences in Byzantium 4238: 3521:In the early Romaniote rite the 3416:and the Romaniote commentaries ( 2969:Synagogue in the Agora of Athens 2850:) and its Christian citizens as 1486:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1400:Historical population by country 155: 135: 115: 95: 75: 48: 6442:. Jay Street Publishing, 2003. 6395: 6369: 6336: 6314: 6300: 6261: 6238: 6209: 6198: 6174:Liz Elsby with Kathryn Berman. 6167: 6155: 6145: 6120: 6102: 6080: 6068: 6050: 6038: 6012: 5991: 5970: 5950: 5925: 5904: 5886: 5875: 5857: 5798: 5785: 5776: 5766: 5753: 5736: 5727: 5702: 5689: 5676: 5663: 5634: 5621: 5615:The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453 5606: 5593: 5577: 5564: 5543: 5522: 5508: 5477: 5468: 5455: 5442: 5424: 5411: 5398: 5385: 5361:, particularly of the Karaites. 5343: 5326: 5313: 5300: 5291: 5250: 5209: 5191: 5173: 5160: 5143: 5130: 5121: 5109: 5096: 5089:Magdalino, P. and Mavroudi, M. 5083: 5047: 5034: 5007: 4974: 4962: 4922:The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453 4251:, at 280 Broome Street, in the 4020:. About 3,500 Jews now live in 3840:Krivoruchko states in her work 3810: 3233:in 1204 and even a case of the 2895:, a small coastal town between 9025:Greek people of Jewish descent 8184:Relations with other religions 4943: 4928: 4913: 4900: 4887: 4849: 4832: 4805: 4024:, while another 1,000 live in 3999: 3932:, when Greece was occupied by 2975:preached. Inscriptions in the 2880:. The earliest reference to a 1: 8601:Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki 8171:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 4782: 4762:History of the Jews in Turkey 4752:History of the Jews in Greece 4747:History of the Jews in Cyprus 4683:Greece national football team 4552:Order of the Phoenix (Greece) 4550:, Rabbi and Recipient of the 4032:still lives on the Island of 3833:, was spelled and written as 3628:Jewish immigrants from Sicily 3507:) translation on one side, a 2960:location to the courtyard of 2885: 2868:History of the Jews in Greece 1057:Christianity and Judaism 8636:Don Pacifico affair and case 8102:Leo Baeck Institute New York 8097:American Sephardi Federation 5958:"The Jews of the Ionian Sea" 4859:(2002). Rhodes, P.J. (ed.). 4619:, of the Matsas family from 4554:, which was given to him by 4522:, religious philosopher and 4438:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi 3641:The Mahzor of the Romaniote 3560:. It was actually the first 3533:. The order for reading the 3077:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi 301:Their distinct language was 292:expulsion of Jews from Spain 7: 8786:Albanians of Western Thrace 6925:Constantinopolitan Karaites 5825:"The Holocaust in Ioannina" 5351:Hebrew Union College Annual 5274:. Peter Lang. p. 159. 4725: 4266: 4092: 3587:since creation of the world 3518:at the bottom of the page. 3408:The Romaniote prayer rite ( 3015:Constantinopolitan Karaites 2356: 2337: 2064:Latin America and Caribbean 760: 267: 224:Constantinopolitan Karaites 10: 9056: 8591:Holocaust Museum of Greece 8153:National Library of Israel 6794:Zionism, race and genetics 6548:Marie-Élisabeth Handman, " 6503:Meḥqare Tefillah ve Piyyut 6249:. European Jewish Congress 5850:February 26, 2009, at the 5733:Drettas 1999, pp. 280-286. 5332:Natalio Fernandez Marcos, 5136:Howell, H. and Rogers, Z. 4871:Cambridge University Press 4588:, francophone Swiss writer 4470:Karaites of Constantinople 4270: 4079: 3905: 3475:. He is the author of the 3412:) as seen in the original 2865: 2861: 2846: 2825: 2669:Jewish political movements 2366:Conversion to Judaism 286:, some of whom settled in 18: 8901: 8758: 8722: 8660: 8619: 8583: 8522: 8481: 8419: 8373: 8352: 8251: 8107:Yeshiva University Museum 8087:Center for Jewish History 8077: 7942: 7814: 7688: 7582: 7113: 6732: 6674: 6656: 6475:. Lexington Books, 2008, 5963:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5830:December 8, 2008, at the 5710:Eurasian Studies Yearbook 5338:Les cinq livres de la Loi 4952:Revue des Études Grecques 4206: 4147:on the western wall, the 4044: 4039: 3908:Axis occupation of Greece 3857:(Σαβώθ) in Judaeo-Greek. 3691:on the western wall, the 3591:destruction of the Temple 3428:, vary from those of the 3404:) and ancestral details). 3291:in 1492; many settled in 1072:Hinduism and Judaism 429:Axis occupation of Greece 344: 342:("Empire of the Romans", 334: 244: 213: 208: 201: 196: 177: 172: 152: 132: 112: 92: 72: 67: 47: 40: 8652:National Union of Greece 6699:Ancient Israel and Judah 6402:Brook, Kevin A. (2022). 6343:Brook, Kevin A. (2022). 5673:, 2011, esp. pp. 125 ff. 5528:P. Gkoumas, F. Leubner, 5505:, 2017, p. 40 (Booklet). 4410:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo 4166: 3902:Holocaust and afterwards 3815:After World War II, the 3658:of Crete, is to read on 3087:, the Sefer Hachmoni of 2884:is an inscription dated 898:Temple in Jerusalem 591:Bar and bat mitzvah 437:Nazi concentration camps 384:, and on the islands of 278:community native to the 41: 19:Not to be confused with 9020:Ethnic groups in Greece 8606:Jewish Museum of Rhodes 8596:Jewish Museum of Greece 7075:North African Sephardim 7048:Jewish tribes of Arabia 6603:Jerusalem Post Magazine 6490:. First Edition, 2016. 5549:P. Sennis, F. Leubner, 5503:The Memory of Artefacts 5421:, 2011, s. v. "Mahzor". 5379:www.romaniotelegacy.org 5355:Jewish Quarterly Review 5310:, 2017, p. 4 (booklet). 5308:The Memory of Artefacts 5138:A Companion to Josephus 4981:Bonfil, Robert (2011). 4386:of the 5th century C.E. 4384:Jewish messiah claimant 4317:era." Romaniote Jewish 4273:Genetic studies on Jews 4223:. The former Romaniote 3737:Language and literature 3713:Jewish Museum of Greece 3589:and the year since the 3318:with his wife Victoria. 3176:, in the production of 3079:, a Romaniote Jew from 860:Twelve Tribes of Israel 474: 338:), which refers to the 8509:Hebrew Political Union 8178:Holocaust Encyclopedia 8148:Jewish Virtual Library 6597:Deborah S. Esquenazi, 6460:. Cadmus Press, 1989. 5682:Krivoruchko, Julia G. 5669:Krivoruchko, Julia G. 5270:; Pieter Plas (eds.). 4795:Menelaos Hadjicostis, 4623:, music producer (see 4509:Abraham Cohen of Zante 4451:Shemariah of Negropont 4349: 4105: 3925: 3607: 3405: 3319: 3224:a devastating conquest 3209:Fall of Constantinople 3132:travelled through the 3111:Christian counterparts 2919: 9015:Romaniote Jews topics 8611:Kehila Kedosha Janina 8125:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7907:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 7092:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 6842:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 6501:Goldschmidt, Daniel, 6294:www.familytreedna.com 6273:www.familytreedna.com 5714:Encyclopaedia Judaica 5233:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5014:Langer, Ruth (2012). 4719:Kenneth Alvin Solomon 4648:State of Israel Bonds 4340: 4271:Further information: 4249:Kehila Kedosha Janina 4100: 3946:Greek Orthodox Church 3915: 3896:Colophon (publishing) 3880:Standard Modern Greek 3827:Standard Modern Greek 3717:The Ioannina Haggadah 3615:, Adam's first wife. 3601:Kehila Kedosha Janina 3599: 3459:The Romaniotes spoke 3379: 3309: 3276:of the towns and the 3128:In the 12th century, 2913: 2866:Further information: 2826:Further information: 1606:São Tomé and Príncipe 1601:Republic of the Congo 995:Second Temple Judaism 866:Kingdom of Judah 837:Modern historiography 467:, New York City, and 423:were murdered in the 280:Eastern Mediterranean 209:Related ethnic groups 9035:Jewish Greek history 9030:Jewish ethnic groups 8514:Maccabi Thessaloniki 6704:Second Temple period 6610:"Farewell My Island" 6587:, digital exhibition 6458:The Jews of Ioannina 6412:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn 6353:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn 5763:, pp. 299-305, 2004. 5750:, Oslo 1997, p. 113. 5748:Three Hebrew Primers 5724:, 1996, pp. 204-205. 5708:Kulik 2016, p. 185; 5686:, 2011, pp. 122-127. 5642:Greek-Jewish studies 5570:Greenberg, Yonatan, 5553:. Norderstedt 2018. 5532:. Norderstedt 2017. 5417:Mordecai Schreiber, 4679:Iraklis Thessaloniki 4559:King of the Hellenes 4321:haplogroups include 4104:with Romaniote items 3752:Palestinian rabbinic 3656:Etz Hayyim Synagogue 3344:King of the Hellenes 2838:Eastern Roman Empire 2708:World Agudath Israel 1849:United Arab Emirates 936:Second Temple period 926:Babylonian captivity 340:Eastern Roman Empire 325:is derived from the 8641:1891 riots in Corfu 8392:Hellenistic Judaism 8142:Jewish Encyclopedia 7887:Hekhalot literature 7698:Religious movements 7233:Judeo-Tripolitanian 6310:. December 4, 2010. 6232:New York Daily News 6186:on November 7, 2017 6026:on October 11, 2011 5871:. October 21, 2019. 5804:Philippe Bobichon, 5695:Dimitris Mattheou. 5583:Philippe Bobichon, 5406:Jewish Encyclopedia 5204:Channel 4 – History 4737:Hellenistic Judaism 4606:Manchester, Vermont 4556:George II of Greece 4446:Archbishop of Ohrid 4415:Ahimaaz ben Paltiel 4365:Asaph ben Berechiah 4243:Only one Romaniote 3541:('tik', from Greek 3270:anti-Jewish measure 3085:Ahimaaz ben Paltiel 2878:Alexander the Great 2828:Names of the Greeks 1001:Hellenistic Judaism 579:Land of Israel 538:Principles of faith 37: 8867:Slavic Macedonians 8631:Rhodes blood libel 8494:Jewish Koine Greek 8283:Judaism portal 8219:Jews and Halloween 8214:Jews and Christmas 7604:Rabbinic authority 7356:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6789:Xueta Christianity 6694:Origins of Judaism 6661:Outline of Judaism 6563:Vincent Giordano, 6558:Études balkaniques 6471:Fromm, Annette B. 6438:Connerty, Mary C. 6332:on April 20, 2022. 6090:. Edwardvictor.com 6088:"Ioannina, Greece" 6077:- Chabad of Greece 5937:www.britannica.com 4844:My Jewish Learning 4767:Jewish Koine Greek 4456:Zerachiah HaYavani 4420:Eleazar ben Killir 4400:Hillel ben Eliakim 4395:Tobiah ben Eliezer 4390:Shabbethai Donnolo 4350: 4333:Notable Romaniotes 4106: 3926: 3922:Auschwitz-Birkenau 3787:Mordecai Komatiano 3757:Hillel ben Eliakim 3748:Hellenistic Jewish 3647:Megillat Antiochos 3608: 3525:was subdivided in 3483:commentary on the 3469:Tobiah ben Eliezer 3454:Palestinian minhag 3406: 3320: 3130:Benjamin of Tudela 3089:Shabbethai Donnolo 3021:shortly after the 2924:Hellenistic Jewish 2920: 2889: 300–250 BCE 2562:Jewish Koine Greek 2104:Dominican Republic 1385:Judaism by country 1064:Jews and Christmas 919:Assyrian captivity 35: 8992: 8991: 8842:Megleno-Romanians 8671: 8670: 8477: 8476: 8415: 8414: 8292: 8291: 8258:extinct languages 8159:YIVO Encyclopedia 7934:Hebrew literature 7902:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 7742:Reconstructionist 7420:Judaeo-Portuguese 7109: 7108: 7065:Eastern Sephardim 6709:Synagogal Judaism 6605:, October 5, 2006 6507:On Jewish Liturgy 6481:978-0-7391-2061-3 5281:978-90-5201-297-1 5151:Jews of Byzantium 4971:3 (1957): 97–102. 4825:978-90-481-8534-4 4543:Greco-Italian War 4319:mitochondrial DNA 4229:Christian Quarter 3991:on the island of 3765:Shemarya HaIkriti 3744:Greco-Roman world 3450:Babylonian Talmud 3372:Nusach and Minhag 2874:Second Temple era 2824: 2823: 2773: 2772: 2521: 2520: 2268:Reconstructionist 2212: 2211: 1364: 1363: 1171: 1170: 1008:Jewish–Roman wars 956:Hasmonean dynasty 872:Kingdom of Israel 776: 775: 265: 229: 228: 9047: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8836: 8824: 8817: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8710: 8709: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8675: 8674: 8665: 8623: 8550:Mordechai Frizis 8499:Yevanic language 8442:Internment camps 8417: 8416: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8329: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8296: 8295: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8266: 8265: 7398:Judeo-Golpaygani 6999:Palestinian Jews 6974:Alexandrian Jews 6930:Crimean Karaites 6847:Unterlander Jews 6800: 6799: 6714:Rabbinic Judaism 6639: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6592:Ioannina, Greece 6555: 6426: 6425: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6286: 6277: 6276: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6242: 6236: 6235:, June 18, 2008. 6227: 6216: 6213: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6182:. 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April 7, 2011. 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5890: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5861: 5855: 5841: 5835: 5822: 5816: 5802: 5796: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5751: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5706: 5700: 5699:2010, pp. 162 f. 5693: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5601:Megillat Ahimaaz 5597: 5591: 5581: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5375:"Romaniote Jews" 5371: 5362: 5347: 5341: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5236: 5229: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5187:on June 7, 2011. 5183:. Archived from 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5064: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4988: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4853: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4809: 4803: 4800:Associated Press 4793: 4697:Georges Moustaki 4580:Mathias Naphtali 4539:Mordechai Frizis 4535:, American actor 4492:Aaron ben Elijah 4477:Caleb Afendopolo 4375:Mordecai Comtino 4343:Mordechai Frizis 4225:Yanina Synagogue 4197:Phthiotic Thebes 3989:great earthquake 3965:on 9 June 1944. 3877: 3865:Romaniote Hebrew 3847:Romaniote Hebrew 3701:Votive offerings 3570:Mahzor Bene Roma 3446:Jerusalem Talmud 3390:Votive offerings 3312:Mordechai Frizis 3211:on 29 May 1453, 3134:Byzantine Empire 2973:Paul the Apostle 2890: 2887: 2849: 2848: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2665: 2664: 2546: 2367: 2361: 2342: 2306: 2305: 2253: 2200:New Zealand 2152: 2115:El Salvador 2105: 2037:Northern America 2029: 1623: 1379: 1378: 1290:Crimean Karaites 1186: 1185: 1164: 1162: 1083: 1081: 1073: 1067: 1058: 1046:Rabbinic Judaism 1027: 1021: 1015: 1003: 991: 957: 950:Maccabean Revolt 927: 920: 914: 906: 899: 893: 885: 867: 791: 790: 765: 660: 659: 592: 580: 479: 478: 416:, among others. 347: 346: 345:Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων 337: 336: 309:along with some 270: 260: 258: 246: 165: 161: 159: 158: 145: 141: 139: 138: 125: 121: 119: 118: 105: 101: 99: 98: 85: 81: 79: 78: 52: 38: 34: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9044: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8897: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8832: 8820: 8813: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8754: 8718: 8704: 8702: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8646:Campbell pogrom 8621: 8615: 8579: 8540:Avraam Benaroya 8530:Mary the Jewess 8518: 8504:Ladino language 8473: 8411: 8375: 8369: 8348: 8338: 8332: 8323: 8293: 8288: 8277: 8275: 8247: 8073: 7938: 7810: 7684: 7578: 7393:Judeo-Borujerdi 7368:Judeo-Malayalam 7314:Judeo-Aragonese 7285:Lishanid Noshan 7117: 7105: 6837:Oberlander Jews 6798: 6728: 6670: 6652: 6643: 6590:Edward Victor, 6553: 6516: 6435: 6433:Further reading 6430: 6429: 6422: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6341: 6337: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6288: 6287: 6280: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6228: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6125: 6121: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6017: 6013: 5996: 5992: 5975: 5971: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5909: 5905: 5900:. June 9, 2014. 5892: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5852:Wayback Machine 5842: 5838: 5832:Wayback Machine 5823: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5758: 5754: 5746:, pp. 355–356; 5742:Harviainen, T. 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5707: 5703: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5677: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5648: 5639: 5635: 5626: 5622: 5611: 5607: 5598: 5594: 5582: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5548: 5544: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5493: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5399: 5391:Luzzato, S. D. 5390: 5386: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5348: 5344: 5331: 5327: 5319:Zunz, Leopold. 5318: 5314: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5268:Detrez, Raymond 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5223: 5214: 5210: 5199:The Black Death 5196: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5052: 5048: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4948: 4944: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873:. p. 381. 4854: 4850: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4728: 4675:Alberto Nahmias 4669:Alexander Levis 4533:Abraham Benrubi 4482:Elijah Bashyazi 4468:Greek-speaking 4425:Elijah Mizrachi 4405:Elia del Medigo 4354:Byzantine times 4335: 4275: 4269: 4253:Lower East Side 4241: 4209: 4169: 4095: 4082: 4074:Jewish identity 4062:Jewish identity 4047: 4042: 4002: 3985:Greek Civil War 3910: 3904: 3887:Hebrew alphabet 3867: 3853:was spelled as 3813: 3739: 3672:Targum Jonathan 3624:Byzantine melos 3622:, based on the 3531:Triennial cycle 3448:instead of the 3422:Jewish exegesis 3374: 2981:Greek alphabets 2888: 2870: 2864: 2830: 2820: 2775: 2774: 2662: 2652: 2651: 2642:Judeo-Malayalam 2622:Judaeo-Georgian 2542: 2533: 2523: 2522: 2423:Yiddish theatre 2365: 2303: 2293: 2292: 2251: 2224: 2214: 2213: 2150: 2103: 2027: 1621: 1405:Genetic studies 1376: 1366: 1365: 1183: 1173: 1172: 1160: 1159: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1038:and Middle Ages 1036:Rabbinic period 1023: 1017: 1010: 998: 969: 955: 925: 918: 909: 901: 897: 888: 883:in Judaism 880: 865: 788: 778: 777: 657: 647: 646: 590: 578: 523: 477: 156: 154: 136: 134: 116: 114: 96: 94: 76: 74: 63: 43: 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9053: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9005:Romaniote Jews 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8890:Western Thrace 8886: 8879: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8857:Romaniote Jews 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8818: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8779:Cham Albanians 8775: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8701: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8669: 8668: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8523:Notable people 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8421: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8397:Byzantine Jews 8394: 8388: 8386: 8379: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8365:Sephardic Jews 8362: 8360:Romaniote Jews 8356: 8354: 8350: 8349: 8322: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8299: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8272: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8225:non-Christian 8223: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 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7561: 7560: 7553: 7551:Judeo-Alsatian 7543: 7542: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Judeo-Hamedani 7400: 7395: 7390: 7380: 7378:Judaeo-Occitan 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7319:Jewish English 7316: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7250:Judaeo-Aramaic 7247: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7238:Judeo-Tunisian 7235: 7230: 7228:Judeo-Moroccan 7225: 7224: 7223: 7221:Judeo-Baghdadi 7208: 7203: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7125: 7123: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7070:Livornese Jews 7067: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6817:Afrikaner-Jode 6808: 6806: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6608:Isaac Dostis, 6606: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6546: 6541: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6514:External links 6512: 6511: 6510: 6499: 6484: 6469: 6451: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6421:978-1644699843 6420: 6394: 6368: 6362:978-1644699843 6361: 6335: 6326:Beit Hatfutsot 6313: 6299: 6278: 6260: 6245:Laura Silver. 6237: 6217: 6208: 6197: 6166: 6154: 6144: 6137: 6119: 6101: 6079: 6067: 6049: 6037: 6011: 6005:Jerusalem Post 5990: 5984:Jerusalem Post 5969: 5949: 5924: 5903: 5885: 5874: 5856: 5836: 5817: 5797: 5784: 5775: 5765: 5752: 5735: 5726: 5701: 5688: 5675: 5662: 5646: 5633: 5627:Bongas, E. A. 5620: 5605: 5592: 5576: 5563: 5542: 5521: 5507: 5491: 5476: 5467: 5454: 5441: 5423: 5410: 5397: 5395:, 1966, p. 34. 5384: 5363: 5342: 5325: 5312: 5299: 5290: 5280: 5258: 5249: 5237: 5221: 5208: 5190: 5172: 5166:Linda Safran, 5159: 5155:Hebrew Studies 5153:, p. 153; cf. 5142: 5129: 5120: 5108: 5095: 5093:, 2006, p. 293 5082: 5075: 5055:Bonfil, Robert 5046: 5044:, 2014 p. 127. 5033: 5026: 5006: 4999: 4973: 4961: 4942: 4927: 4912: 4899: 4886: 4879: 4857:David M. Lewis 4848: 4831: 4824: 4804: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4650: 4642:, is a former 4637: 4628: 4614: 4611:Michael Matsas 4608: 4595: 4592:Jack H. Jacobs 4589: 4583: 4577: 4567: 4561: 4545: 4536: 4530: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4440: 4435: 4433:Ottoman Empire 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4380:Moses of Crete 4377: 4372: 4367: 4358:Ottoman Empire 4334: 4331: 4283:Ashkenazi Jews 4268: 4265: 4261:tri-state area 4240: 4237: 4208: 4205: 4168: 4165: 4094: 4091: 4081: 4078: 4055:High Holy Days 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4001: 3998: 3903: 3900: 3866: 3863: 3812: 3809: 3805:Greek language 3774:Sefer Yosippon 3769:Sefer Amasyahu 3761:Sifre ve Sifra 3738: 3735: 3566:Byzantine Jews 3558:Mahzor Romania 3513:Judaeo-Aramaic 3505:Judaeo-Spanish 3501:Constantinople 3465:Greek language 3414:Mahzor Romania 3373: 3370: 3328:Ottoman Empire 3322:The status of 3285:Ashkenazi Jews 3073:Southern Italy 3069:Sefer Yosippon 3062:Eastern Europe 3036:The Romaniote 3011:Byzantine Jews 2952:Gabriel Welter 2936:Otto of Greece 2863: 2860: 2836:refers to the 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2703:Territorialism 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2587:Judaeo-Spanish 2584: 2582:Judaeo-Iranian 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2028:United Kingdom 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461:Bilad-el-Sudan 1458: 1453: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1414:Land of Israel 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1274: 1273: 1272:Related groups 1269: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1129:Jewish atheism 1126: 1121: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080:Islamic–Jewish 1075: 1068: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1005: 992: 964: 959: 952: 947: 945:Yehud Medinata 939: 938: 932: 931: 930: 929: 922: 915: 907: 894: 886: 874: 869: 862: 854: 853: 851:Ancient Israel 847: 846: 845: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 807:Land of Israel 804: 796: 795: 789: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 773: 772: 771: 766: 762:Shulchan Aruch 757: 752: 747: 742: 734: 733: 732: 731: 726: 718: 717: 711: 710: 709: 708: 703: 695: 694: 688: 687: 686: 685: 680: 675: 667: 666: 658: 653: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 587: 582: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 540: 535: 528:God in Judaism 524: 519: 518: 515: 514: 513: 512: 507: 499: 498: 488: 487: 476: 473: 449:Western Europe 421:Jews of Greece 288:Ottoman Greece 273:Greek-speaking 233:Romaniote Jews 227: 226: 211: 210: 206: 205: 199: 198: 194: 193: 175: 174: 170: 169: 166: 150: 149: 146: 130: 129: 126: 110: 109: 106: 90: 89: 86: 70: 69: 65: 64: 53: 45: 44: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9052: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8862:Sephardi Jews 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8712:Ethnic groups 8708: 8699: 8694: 8692: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8666: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8575:Salamo Arouch 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8560:Roza Eskenazi 8558: 8556: 8555:Raphaël Salem 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8545:Gina Bachauer 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8535:Sabbatai Zevi 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8408: 8407:The Holocaust 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8335: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8313: 8308: 8306: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8285: 8284: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8250: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8209:Protestantism 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7897:Sefer HaBahir 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7824:Sifrei Kodesh 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7680:Who is a Jew? 7678: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609:Chosen people 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7565:Scots-Yiddish 7563: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7538:Klezmer-loshn 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7408:Judeo-Shirazi 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7383:Judeo-Persian 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7373:Judeo-Marathi 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7351:Judeo-Italian 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Judeo-Amazigh 7204: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7029:Hadhrami Jews 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6994:Mountain Jews 6992: 6990: 6989:Egyptian Jews 6987: 6985: 6984:Bukharan Jews 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772:Lists of Jews 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6538:, Venice 1545 6537: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496:9783741273360 6493: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6466:0-930685-03-2 6463: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6448:1-889534-88-9 6445: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6309: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6212: 6206: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6148: 6140: 6138:9781889247038 6134: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6089: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6041: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5773:165-197,1991. 5769: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5730: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5630: 5624: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5559:9783746091419 5556: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5538:9783743133853 5535: 5531: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5139: 5133: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106:, 2007, p. 91 5105: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5078: 5076:9789004203556 5072: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5040:Norman Roth, 5037: 5029: 5027:9780199783175 5023: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5002: 5000:9789004203556 4996: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4957: 4954:(in French). 4953: 4946: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4882: 4880:0-521-46564-8 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713:Silvio Santos 4711: 4708: 4704: 4703:Moisis Elisaf 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602:Wilburton Inn 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4497:Judah Hadassi 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4462: 4461:Sabbatai Zevi 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Moses Capsali 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287:Y-chromosomal 4284: 4280: 4279:autosomal DNA 4274: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239:United States 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4153:Torah scrolls 4150: 4149:Aron haKodesh 4146: 4142: 4141:Torah scrolls 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4118:coming of age 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4090: 4088: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693:Aron haKodesh 3690: 3686: 3685:Torah scrolls 3682: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3668:Song of Songs 3665: 3664:Book of Jonah 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499:published in 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489:Five Megillot 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3347:Constantine I 3345: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3243:shibusi style 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3193:Etz ha-Hayyim 3190: 3185: 3183: 3182:silk garments 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027:Second Temple 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2950:in 1928 and 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2627:Judeo-Aramaic 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2617:Judeo-Italian 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2597:Ghardaïa Sign 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222:Denominations 2218: 2217: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2050:United States 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1536:Guinea-Bissau 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1390:Lists of Jews 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1165: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1149:The Holocaust 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1002: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 941: 940: 937: 934: 933: 928: 923: 921: 916: 912: 908: 905: 900: 895: 891: 887: 884: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 863: 861: 858: 857: 856: 855: 852: 849: 848: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 797: 793: 792: 787: 782: 781: 770: 767: 764: 763: 758: 756: 753: 751: 750:Mishneh Torah 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 720: 719: 716: 713: 712: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 696: 693: 690: 689: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 668: 665: 662: 661: 656: 651: 650: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 588: 586: 583: 581: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 548: 544: 541: 539: 536: 533: 529: 526: 525: 522: 517: 516: 511: 510:Who is a Jew? 508: 506: 503: 502: 501: 500: 497: 493: 490: 489: 485: 481: 480: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:United States 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 341: 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276:ethnic Jewish 274: 269: 263: 254: 250: 242: 238: 234: 225: 221: 217: 212: 207: 204: 200: 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 167: 164: 151: 147: 144: 131: 127: 124: 123:United States 111: 107: 104: 91: 87: 84: 71: 66: 61: 57: 51: 46: 39: 30: 26: 22: 21:Romanian Jews 8856: 8735:Cappadocians 8622:Antisemitism 8570:Albert Cohen 8565:Karolos Koun 8489:Greek citron 8464:Thessaloniki 8402:Ottoman Jews 8359: 8342: 8330: 8274: 8267: 8253: 8176: 8169: 8157: 8140: 8123: 7957:perspectives 7791:Samaritanism 7752:Neo-Hasidism 7732:Conservative 7646:Names of God 7555: 7536: 7346:Judaeo-Greek 7341:Judeo-Gascon 7280:Lishán Didán 7275:Lishana Deni 7243:Judeo-Yemeni 7211:Judeo-Arabic 7085:Meshuchrarim 7054: 7004:Persian Jews 6937:Kurdish Jews 6915:Kaifeng Jews 6864:Beta Abraham 6827:Galitzianers 6782:Antisemitism 6757:Israeli Jews 6742:Assimilation 6602: 6582: 6557: 6535: 6506: 6502: 6487: 6486:Gkoumas, P. 6472: 6457: 6439: 6403: 6397: 6387:September 5, 6385:. Retrieved 6381: 6371: 6344: 6338: 6330:the original 6325: 6316: 6302: 6293: 6272: 6263: 6251:. Retrieved 6240: 6230: 6211: 6200: 6188:. Retrieved 6184:the original 6169: 6157: 6147: 6128: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6094:September 7, 6092:. Retrieved 6082: 6075:"Synagogues" 6070: 6061: 6052: 6040: 6028:. Retrieved 6024:the original 6014: 6003: 5993: 5982: 5972: 5961: 5952: 5940:. Retrieved 5936: 5927: 5916: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5839: 5820: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5778: 5768: 5760: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5696: 5691: 5683: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5657: 5641: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5614: 5608: 5600: 5595: 5584: 5579: 5571: 5566: 5550: 5545: 5529: 5524: 5510: 5502: 5479: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5378: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5307: 5302: 5293: 5285: 5271: 5261: 5252: 5232: 5216: 5211: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5185:the original 5175: 5167: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5137: 5132: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5103: 5098: 5090: 5085: 5060: 5049: 5041: 5036: 5016: 5009: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4921: 4915: 4907: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4861: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4814: 4807: 4802:6 June 2018. 4791: 4772:Thessaloniki 4732:Greek citron 4688:Avram Pengas 4660: 4656: 4640:Joshua Matza 4631:Savas Matsas 4617:Minos Matsas 4598:Albert Levis 4586:Albert Cohen 4570:Amalia Bakas 4548:Moshe Pesach 4503:Modern times 4502: 4501: 4467: 4466: 4429:Hakham Bashi 4352: 4351: 4329:, and U6a3. 4289:haplogroups 4276: 4242: 4210: 4201:Moshe Pesach 4170: 4128: 4122: 4107: 4083: 4059: 4048: 4030:Apulian Jews 4026:Thessaloniki 4006:Thessaloniki 4003: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3953: 3950:Thessaloniki 3938:Nazi Germany 3934:Nazi Germany 3930:World War II 3927: 3884: 3868: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3817:Judaeo-Greek 3814: 3811:Judaeo-Greek 3799: 3782: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3740: 3730: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3679: 3676: 3651: 3640: 3636:Pourimopoulo 3635: 3620:cantillation 3617: 3609: 3569: 3557: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3520: 3476: 3461:Judaeo-Greek 3458: 3442:Italian Jews 3413: 3407: 3400:(mostly the 3380:View on the 3359: 3355:World War II 3351: 3340: 3321: 3282: 3278:Hakham Bashi 3274:Chief Rabbis 3247: 3242: 3192: 3186: 3170:cloth dyeing 3162:Thessaloniki 3127: 3123:Thessaloniki 3108: 3066: 3035: 3000: 2966: 2921: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2833: 2831: 2766:Post-Zionism 2637:Judeo-Berber 2632:Judeo-Arabic 2592:Judeo-Gascon 2339:Pidyon haben 2258:Conservative 1804:Saudi Arabia 1622:South Africa 1611:Sierra Leone 1433:Israeli Jews 1347:Mosaic Arabs 1300:Kaifeng Jews 1248: 1161:Arab–Israeli 1134:Emancipation 1013:Great Revolt 822:Anti-Judaism 817:Antisemitism 812:Name "Judea" 607:Baal teshuva 433:World War II 419:Most of the 418: 350:Thessaloniki 329: 319:Modern Greek 300: 298:after 1492. 248: 236: 232: 230: 60:Moshe Pesach 32:Ethnic group 29: 25:Italian Jews 8924:Australians 8759:Traditional 8740:Macedonians 8420:By location 8353:Communities 8199:Catholicism 7781:Hellenistic 7619:Eschatology 7557:Lachoudisch 7482:Lotegorisch 7460:Lachoudisch 7450:Koiné Greek 7363:Judeo-Latin 7300:Palestinian 7194:Palestinian 7043:Mustaʿravim 6969:Afghan Jews 6957:Berber Jews 6881:Bene Israel 6869:Falash Mura 6859:Beta Israel 6777:Persecution 6719:Middle Ages 6554:(in French) 6454:Dalven, Rae 6253:December 7, 6190:December 7, 5461:J. Matsas: 5436:pjvoice.org 5215:A. Sharon: 5149:Bowman, S. 5115:Dönitz, S. 4893:Pummer, R. 4709:(2019–2023) 4705:, mayor of 4443:Leo II Mung 4151:(where the 4139:(where the 4114:Bar Mitzvah 4070:Hephaestion 4000:Present day 3822:koinezation 3783:Eben Saphir 3683:(where the 3632:Purim Katan 3366:blood libel 3364:sparked by 3235:Black Death 3220:many sieges 3144:, Aphilon, 3023:destruction 2944:Furtwängler 2932:Ludwig Ross 2891:, found in 2856:Rhomaniṓtes 2761:Revisionist 2751:Neo-Zionism 2358:Zeved habat 2151:Puerto Rico 1977:Netherlands 1809:South Korea 1794:Philippines 1674:Afghanistan 1541:Ivory Coast 1315:Crypto-Jews 1280:Bnei Anusim 1259:Bene Israel 1224:Beta Israel 1181:Communities 1088:Middle Ages 827:Persecution 602:Bereavement 249:Rhomaniótes 9010:Greek Jews 8999:Categories 8964:Pakistanis 8883:Dodecanese 8822:Dodecanese 8806:Aromanians 8664:Synagogues 8194:Anabaptism 8136:Jew (word) 8003:Leadership 7816:Literature 7801:Secularism 7747:Humanistic 7614:Conversion 7584:Philosophy 7425:Judeo-Urdu 7189:Babylonian 7034:Saada Jews 7019:Adeni Jews 6812:Ashkenazim 6767:Samaritans 6734:Population 6689:Israelites 6180:Yad Vashem 5942:August 20, 5404:"Mahzor", 5102:Kohen, E. 4958:: 147–151. 4783:References 4564:Rae Dalven 4341:Statue of 3906:See also: 3660:Yom Kippur 3643:Kaffa Rite 3485:Pentateuch 3477:Lekach Tov 3426:Jewish law 3254:Christians 3239:hinterland 3205:Asia Minor 3178:silverware 3003:Ashkenazim 2948:E. Sukenik 2746:Maximalism 2698:Secularism 2678:Autonomism 2495:Literature 2288:Humanistic 1892:Azerbaijan 1854:Uzbekistan 1829:Tajikistan 1749:Kyrgyzstan 1734:Kazakhstan 1581:Mozambique 1556:Madagascar 1476:Cape Verde 1428:New Yishuv 1423:Old Yishuv 1374:Population 1352:Subbotniks 1310:Samaritans 1249:Romanyotim 1192:Ashkenazim 1139:Old Yishuv 1119:Sabbateans 1106:Modern era 1098:Golden Age 1025:Bar Kokhba 745:Beit Yosef 612:Philosophy 453:synagogues 427:after the 323:Their name 290:after the 268:Romanyotim 245:Ῥωμανιῶτες 237:Romaniotes 42:Ρωμανιώτες 36:Romaniotes 8949:Georgians 8944:Filipinos 8934:Bavarians 8919:Assyrians 8810:Italians 8801:Armenians 8793:Souliotes 8772:Arvanites 8766:Albanians 8469:Zakynthos 8256:indicate 8204:Mormonism 8189:Christian 8069:Symbolism 8057:Synagogue 8037:Mythology 7998:Education 7969:Astronomy 7952:Astrology 7769:relations 7574:Zarphatic 7522:Galitzish 7324:Yeshivish 7201:Catalanic 7164:Samaritan 7139:Ashkenazi 7120:Diasporic 7115:Languages 7060:Sephardim 7055:Romaniote 6942:Krymchaks 6876:Desi Jews 6752:Buddhists 6560:, 9, 2002 6058:"HISTORY" 4867:Cambridge 4625:Minos EMI 4574:rembetiko 4528:Zakynthos 4516:physician 4315:Neolithic 4257:Manhattan 4245:synagogue 4233:Jerusalem 4221:Jerusalem 4193:Demetrias 4161:Holocaust 4125:synagogue 3993:Zakynthos 3837:(Σαλώμ). 3796:Aristotle 3481:midrashic 3434:Sephardic 3430:Ashkenazi 3382:Torah Ark 3336:Murad III 3231:Crusaders 3216:Mehmed II 3191:rule was 3097:Ashkenazi 3054:Krymchaks 3046:Calabrian 3031:Jerusalem 3007:Sephardim 2996:Synagogue 2985:Samaritan 2977:Samaritan 2946:in 1904, 2942:in 1901, 2882:Greek Jew 2834:Romaniote 2832:The name 2756:Religious 2612:Zarphatic 2602:Bukharian 2572:Judeo-Tat 2557:Yeshivish 2531:Languages 2486:Sephardic 2476:Israelite 2466:Ethiopian 2456:Ashkenazi 2395:Religious 2185:Australia 2167:Venezuela 2073:Argentina 2055:Greenland 1967:Lithuania 1819:Sri Lanka 1814:Singapore 1739:Kurdistan 1704:Indonesia 1694:Hong Kong 1647:Abayudaya 1571:Mauritius 1305:Igbo Jews 1295:Krymchaks 1214:Sephardim 1082:relations 976:Sadducees 972:Pharisees 962:Sanhedrin 877:Jerusalem 637:Synagogue 505:Etymology 425:Holocaust 394:Zakynthos 284:Sephardim 262:romanized 257:רומניוטים 173:Languages 8979:Russians 8974:Persians 8829:Maltese 8745:Cypriots 8723:Hellenic 8454:Kastoria 8449:Ioannina 8269:Category 8239:Hinduism 8229:Buddhism 8131:Genetics 8047:Politics 8020:Marriage 7979:Holidays 7974:Calendar 7855:Rabbinic 7831:/Hebrew 7776:Haymanot 7703:Orthodox 7690:Branches 7663:Kabbalah 7658:Haskalah 7636:Holiness 7512:dialects 7492:Shassagh 7455:Krymchak 7435:Kayliñña 7329:Yinglish 7305:Galilean 7295:Talmudic 7290:Biblical 7265:Betanure 7184:Biblical 7179:Mishnaic 7174:Medieval 7159:Tiberian 7154:Yemenite 7144:Sephardi 7080:Paradesi 7024:Ḥabbanim 7014:Teimanim 6979:Baghdadi 6952:Maghrebi 6920:Karaites 6898:Gruzínim 6886:Kochinim 6804:Diaspora 6762:Karaites 6747:Atheists 6684:Timeline 5848:Archived 5828:Archived 5452:, 2016-. 5359:haftarot 5057:(2011). 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