Judaeo-Spanish - Knowledge

7436:; (Istanbul, 1510). Texts continued to be focussed on philosophical and religious themes, including a large body of rabbinic writings, until the first half of the 19th century. The largest output of secular Judaeo-Spanish literature occurred during the latter half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries in the Ottoman Empire. The earliest and most abundant form of secular text was the periodical press: between 1845 and 1939, Ottoman Sephardim published around 300 individual periodical titles. The proliferation of periodicals gave rise to serialised novels: many of them were rewrites of existing foreign novels into Judaeo-Spanish. Unlike the previous scholarly literature, they were intended for a broader audience of educated men and less-educated women alike. They covered a wider range of less weighty content, at times censored to be appropriate for family readings. Popular literature expanded to include love stories and adventure stories, both of which had been absent from Judaeo-Spanish literary canon. The literary corpus meanwhile also expanded to include theatrical plays, poems and other minor genres. 862: 438: 192: 9753: 727: 13960: 7601: 2446: 17099: 90: 751: 1265: 17087: 13974: 49: 739: 17075: 7220: 7084:) developed their own Romance dialects, with some influence from Hebrew and other languages, which became what is now known as Judaeo-Spanish. Until recent times, the language was widely spoken throughout the Balkans, Turkey/Western Asia and North Africa, as Judaeo-Spanish had been brought there by the Jewish refugees. Later on, many Portuguese Jews also escaped to France, Italy, the 4889: 8606:), the Jewish quarter. This makes Terach and his wife into Hebrews, as are the parents of other babies killed by Nimrod. In essence, unlike its Biblical model, the song is about a Hebrew community persecuted by a cruel king and witnessing the birth of a miraculous saviour—a subject of obvious interest and attraction to the Jewish people who composed and sang it in 7405: 7306:

language of little prestige; additionally, parents refused to teach their children the language, fearing that their children would develop a "Jewish accent" and therefore face discrimination. At the same time, Judaeo-Spanish aroused the interest of philologists, as it conserved language and literature from before the standardisation of Spanish.

7745:איל גﬞודיאו־איספאנײול איס לה לינגואה פﬞאבﬞלאדה די לוס גﬞודיוס ספﬞרדים ארונגﬞאדוס די לה איספאנײה איניל 1492. איס אונה לינגואה דיריבﬞאדה דיל איספאנײול אי פﬞאבﬞלאדה די 150,000 פירסונאס אין קומוניטאס אין ישראל, לה טורקײה, אנטיקה יוגוסלאבﬞײה, לה גריסײה, איל מארואיקוס, מאיורקה, לאס אמיריקאס, אינטרי מונגﬞוס אוטרוס לוגאריס. 7246:. According to the 1928 census, the language had 62,999 native speakers in Greece. The figure drops down to 53,094 native speakers in 1940, but 21,094 citizens "usually" spoke the language. The language was so prominent in Salonica that the most prestigious monument of the city was known by its Judeo-Spanish name, 7429:

marked the emergence of large-scale printing activity in Judaeo-Spanish in the western Ottoman Empire and in Istanbul in particular. The earliest Judaeo-Spanish books were religious in nature, mostly created to maintain religious knowledge for exiles who could not read Hebrew; the first of the known

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claims, "The name 'Judesmo' is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews and American Jews; 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists; 'Ladino' by laymen, initially in Israel; 'Haketia' by Moroccan Jews; 'Spanyol' by some others." That does not reflect the historical usage. In the Judaeo-Spanish press

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Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction. As of 2011, the majority of fluent speakers are over the age of 70; the descendants of these speakers exhibit little to no knowledge of the language. Nevertheless, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

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In the 16th century, the development Judeo-Spanish was significantly influenced by the extensive mobility of Sephardic Jews. By the end of the century, Spanish had become the dominant language of commerce for Sephardic communities across Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. This standardization was

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I am proud to combine the two cultures of Ladino and flamenco, while mixing in Middle Eastern influences. I am embarking on a 500 years old musical journey, taking Ladino to Andalusia and mixing it with flamenco, the style that still bears the musical memories of the old Moorish and Jewish-Spanish

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Given the relative isolation of many communities, a number of regional dialects of Judaeo-Spanish appeared, many with only limited mutual comprehensibility, largely because of the adoption of large numbers of loanwords from the surrounding populations, including, depending on the location of the

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At the time of the expulsion from Spain, the day-to-day language of the Jews of different regions of the peninsula was hardly, if at all, different from that of their Christian neighbours, but there may have been some dialect mixing to form a sort of Jewish lingua franca. There was, however, a

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encouraged instruction in Hebrew. Similarly in the US, Sephardic Jews were encouraged to speak English rather than Judaeo-Spanish, therefore, the language was not passed down to younger generations. In Turkey, where there is a large community of Sephardic Jews, Judaeo-Spanish was considered a

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From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Judaeo-Spanish was the predominant Jewish language in the Holy Land, but its dialect was different in some respects from the one in Greece and Turkey. Some families have lived in Jerusalem for centuries and preserve Judaeo-Spanish for cultural and folklore

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Ladino is not spoken, rather, it is the product of a word-for-word translation of Hebrew or Aramaic biblical or liturgical texts made by rabbis in the Jewish schools of Spain. In these translations, a specific Hebrew or Aramaic word always corresponded to the same Spanish word, as long as no

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However, the phonology of both the consonants and part of the lexicon is, in some respects, closer to Portuguese and Catalan than to modern Spanish. That is explained by direct influence but also because Portuguese, Old Spanish and Catalan retained some of the characteristics of medieval

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El djudeo-espanyol es la lingua favlada de los djudios sefardim arondjados de la Espanya enel 1492. Es una lingua derivada del espanyol i favlada de 150.000 personas en komunitas en Israel, la Turkia, antika Yugoslavia, la Gresia, el Maruekos, Mayorka, las Amerikas, entre munchos otros

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Over time, a corpus of literature, both liturgical and secular, developed. Early literature was limited to translations from Hebrew. At the end of the 17th century, Hebrew was disappearing as the vehicle for rabbinic instruction. Thus, a literature appeared in the 18th century, such as

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El judeoespañol es la lingua favlada de los judiós sefaradim arronjados de la España en el 1492. Es una lingua derivada del español y favlada de 150.000 personas en comunitás en Israel, la Turquía, antica Yugoslavia, la Grecia, el Marruecos, Mayorca, las Américas, entre munchos otros

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O chodigo-espanyol ye la luenga parlata por os chodigos sefardís expulsats d'Espanya en 1492. Ye una luenga derivata de l'espanyol i parlata por 150.000 personas en comunitatz en Israel, Turquía, l'antiga Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mallorca, las Américas, entre muitos atros

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El judeoespañol es la lengua hablada por los judíos sefardíes expulsados de España en 1492. Es una lengua derivada del español y hablada por 150.000 personas en comunidades en Israel, Turquía, la antigua Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mallorca, las Américas, entre muchos otros

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El judeoespanyol és la llengua parlada pels jueus sefardites expulsats d'Espanya al 1492. És una llengua derivada de l'espanyol i parlada per 150.000 persones en comunitats a Israel, Turquia, l'antiga Iugoslàvia, Grècia, el Marroc, Mallorca, les Amèriques, entre molts altres

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Judaeo-Spanish is the language spoken by Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in 1492. It is a language derived from Spanish and spoken by 150,000 people in communities in Israel, Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Morocco, Majorca, the Americas, among many other places.

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Lo judeoespanhol es la lenga parlada pels jusieus sefarditas expulsats d'Espanha en 1492. Es una lenga venent del castelhan que 150 000 personas la parlan dins de comunautats en Israèl, Turquia, èx-Iogoslavia, Grècia, Marròc, Malhòrca, las Americas, entre fòrça autres

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El xudeoespañol ye la llingua falada polos xudíos sefardinos espulsaos d'España en 1492. Ye una llingua derivada del español y falada por 150.000 persones en comunidaes n'Israel, Turquía, na antigua Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mallorca, nes Amériques, ente munchos otros

1668:, the process of dialect mixing continued, but Castilian Spanish remained by far the largest contributor. The daily language was increasingly influenced both by the language of study and by the local non-Jewish vernaculars, such as Greek and Turkish. It came to be known as 9409:

Robin Greenstein, a New York-based musician, received a federal CETA grant in the 1980s to collect and perform Sephardic Music under the guidance of the American Jewish Congress. Her mentor was Joe Elias, noted Sephardic singer from Brooklyn. She recorded residents of the

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Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego. Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto

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O judeu-espanhol é a língua falada polos judeus sefardis espulsados de Espanha em 1492. É uma língua derivada do espanhol e falada por 150.000 pessoas em comunidades em Israel, em Turquia, na antiga Iugoslávia, Grécia, Marrocos, Maiorca, nas Américas, entre muitos outros

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O xudeo-español é a lingua falada polos xudeus sefardís expulsados de España en 1492. É unha lingua derivada do español e falada por 150.000 persoas en comunidades en Israel, en Turquía, na antiga Iugoslavia, Grecia, Marrocos, Maiorca, nas Américas, entre moitos outros

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O judeu-espanhol é a língua falada pelos judeus sefarditas expulsos da Espanha em 1492. É uma língua derivada do castelhano e falada por 150.000 pessoas em comunidades em Israel, na Turquia, ex-Jugoslávia, Grécia, Marrocos, Maiorca, nas Américas, entre muitos outros

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in the 1860s, the position of Judaeo-Spanish began to weaken in the Ottoman Empire areas. In time Judaeo-Spanish became perceived as a low status language, and Sephardic people began losing connections to that language. Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue, authors of

2150:, pronounced , for 'six') is shared with Portuguese (as spoken in Portugal, most of Lusophone Asia and Africa, and in a plurality of Brazilian varieties and registers with either partial or total forms of coda |S| palatalization) but not with Spanish. 1523:, Ladino is a written language that developed in the eighteenth century and is distinct from spoken Judaeo-Spanish. According to the website of the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki, the cultural center of Sephardic Judaism after the expulsion from Spain, 1693:

The grammar, the phonology, and about 60% of the vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is essentially Spanish but, in some respects, it resembles the dialects in southern Spain and South America, rather than the dialects of Central Spain. For example, it has

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meant a translator.) Following the Expulsion, Jews spoke of "the Ladino" to mean the word-for-word translation of the Bible into Old Spanish. By extension, it came to mean that style of Spanish generally in the same way that (among Kurdish Jews)

9289:. There are a number of groups in Turkey that sing in Judeo-Spanish, notably Janet – Jak Esim Ensemble, Sefarad, Los Pasharos Sefaradis and the children's chorus Las Estreyikas d'Estambol. There is a Brazilian-born singer of Sephardic origins, 7028:

Works published in Spain usually adopted the standard orthography of modern Spanish to make them easier for modern Spanish speakers to read. The editions often used diacritics to show where the Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation differs from modern

2640:(traditionally referred to as Monastir) has relatively many lexical differences as compared with other varieties of Judeao-Spanish. An example of this can be seen is the word for 'carriage'. In many dialects, such as those that were spoken in 406: 9418:, singing songs from their childhood. The voices recorded included Victoria Hazan, a well known Sephardic singer who recorded many 78's in Judaeo-Spanish and Turkish from the 1930s and 1940s. Two Judaeo-Spanish songs can be found on her 7621:

became the first professor of Judaeo-Spanish in the world; courses of Judaeo-Spanish have been introduced in universities since then in other European countries, along with research centers dedicated to the study of the language. The

7710:, wrote that the AIU institutions "gallicized" people who attended. As time progressed, Judaeo-Spanish language and culture declined. Although Mary Altabev in 1994 observed limited use of Ladino at home among educated Turkish Jews, 7300:

In the 20th century, the number of speakers declined sharply: entire communities were murdered in the Holocaust, and many of the remaining speakers, many of whom emigrated to Israel, adopted Hebrew. The government of the new

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Because of the large number of Arabic words in Spanish generally, it is not always clear whether some of these words were introduced before the Expulsion or adopted later; modern Spanish replaced some of these loans with

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Judeo-Spanish represented intermediate states, more similar to the Northeast group. Although Levantine Judeo-Spanish phonology and syntax, especially its usage of , , , and was unique enough to be defined separately.

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recorded two CDs of music taught to her by her grandmother, a Sephardic folk singer, among a larger discography. Following her death in 2021, gentile musicians in Bosnia have recorded music in Judaeo-Spanish as well.

7006:. That may have been the most widespread system in use prior to the adoption of the official orthography, as following the decimation of Sephardic communities throughout much of Europe (particularly in Greece and the 4864:. (That is not true of the written calque language involving word-for-word translations from Hebrew, which scholars refer to as "Ladino", as described above.) Like Spanish, it generally follows a subject–verb–object 7174:. The borrowing in many Judaeo-Spanish dialects is so heavy that up to 30% of their vocabulary is of non-Spanish origin. Some words also passed from Judaeo-Spanish into neighbouring languages. For example, the word 7108:

developed a unified dialect, differing in some aspects from the Spanish norm that was forming simultaneously in Spain, but some of the mixing may have already occurred in exile rather than in the Iberian Peninsula.

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for her research and performance of this music. She was recently selected as one of the top ten world music artists by the We are Listening International World of Music Awards for her interpretations of the music.

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which featured modern versions of traditional Sephardic songs, many sung by Charles in Judeo-Spanish. The American singer Tanja Solnik has released several award-winning albums that feature songs in the languages:

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Speakers use different orthographical conventions depending on their social, educational, national and personal backgrounds, and there is no uniformity in spelling although some established conventions exist. The

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of the Negev is leading the way in education (language and literature courses, Community oriented activities) and research (a yearly scientific journal, international congresses and conferences etc.).

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in the modernization of Judeao-Spanish speaking communities, many words of French origin were adopted. Most of these words refer to Western European innovations and introductions. Examples include:

2457:, or "Western Judeao-Spanish", from other varieties, collectively referred to as "Eastern Judeao-Spanish". Within Eastern Judeao-Spanish, further division is made based on city of origin. 7310:

In addition, Sephardic communities in several Latin American countries still use Judaeo-Spanish. There, the language is exposed to the different danger of assimilation to modern Spanish.

7121:. Additionally, itinerant rabbis who preached in the vernacular contributed to the spread and standardization of Judeo-Spanish among diverse Sephardic congregations, including those in 9717:

The direct Spanish cognate of Judaeo-Spanish 'arondjado(s)' is 'arrojado(s)', which has the meaning of 'thrown' and 'kicked-out', but not 'exiled' like its Judaeo-Spanish counterpart.

7195:), passed into Turkish, Greek and Romanian with the meaning 'bunk, hokum, humbug, bullshit' in Turkish and Romanian and 'big talk, boastful talk' in Greek (compare the English word 7920:

and other folk songs, some dating from before the expulsion. Many religious songs in Judeo-Spanish are translations of Hebrew, usually with a different tune. For example, here is

7684:(RAE) in 2017 announced plans to create a Judaeo-Spanish branch in Israel in addition to 23 existing academies, in various Spanish-speaking countries, that are associated in the 7132:

The closeness and mutual comprehensibility between Judaeo-Spanish and Spanish favoured trade among Sephardim, often relatives, from the Ottoman Empire to the Netherlands and the

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are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a

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in 1730. It was a commentary on the Bible in the Judaeo-Spanish language. Most Jews in the Ottoman Empire knew the Hebrew alphabet but did not speak Hebrew. The printing of

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exegetical considerations prevented this. In short, Ladino is only Hebrew clothed in Spanish, or Spanish with Hebrew syntax. The famous Ladino translation of the Bible, the

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to be incorrect, having for centuries reserved the term for the "semi-sacred" language used in word-by-word translations from the Bible, which is distinct from the spoken

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and mass settlement of Christian refugees, the language remained widely spoken in Salonica until the deportation of 50,000 Salonican Jews in the Holocaust during the

3981:, which refers to any continuous, habitual, unfinished or repetitive past action. Thus, "I ate falafel yesterday" would use the first-person preterite form of 'eat', 1544:, the word meant "literary Spanish" as opposed to other dialects, or "Romance" in general as distinct from Arabic. One derivation has Ladino as derived from the verb 7331: 1729:

In many respects, it reproduces the Spanish of the time of the Expulsion, rather than the modern variety, as it retains some archaic features such as the following:

10792: 12299: 11313: 8617:'s birth, the cruel king killing innocent babies, with the midwives ordered to kill them, the 'holy light' in the Jewish area, as well as from the careers of 3671:

As exemplified in the Sources section above, much of the phonology of Judaeo-Spanish is similar to that of standard modern Spanish. Here are some exceptions:

1252:, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in 12017:; edited and with an introduction by Edwin Seroussi (Yuval Music Series; 4.) Jerusaelem: The Jewish Music Research Centre, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1240:. In 2018, four native speakers in Bosnia were identified however, two of them have since died, David Kamhi in 2021 and Moris Albahari in late 2022. In some 11824: 9978: 7278:

The Castilian colonisation of Northern Africa favoured the role of polyglot Sephards, who bridged between Spanish colonizers and Arab and Berber speakers.

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Quintana Rodriguez, Aldina. 2001. Concomitancias lingüisticas entre el aragones y el ladino (judeoespañol). Archivo de Filología Aragonesa 57–58, 163–192.

1472:, which was also the name that its native speakers spontaneously gave to it for as long as it was their primary spoken language. More rarely, the bookish 11026: 2354:('to go to the Bismark') was a phrase used in some Judeao-Spanish communities in the late 20th century to mean 'to go to the restroom', referring to the 11874: 11610: 11530: 12227: 17169: 7629:

As with Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish is seeing a minor resurgence in educational interest in colleges across the United States and in Israel. Almost all

13464: 7337: 7297:, two Sephardic women passed by. Upon hearing a Catholic priest who was speaking Spanish, they thought that his language meant that he was Jewish. 7154:, and Judaeo-Spanish drew from French for neologisms. New secular genres appeared, with more than 300 journals, history, theatre, and biographies. 1895:

is determined partly on the basis of earlier forms of the language and partly on the basis of Latin etymology: both letters represent one phoneme (

13854: 1548:, meaning "to translate", from when Jews, Christians and Arabs translated works from Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic into Spanish (during the times of 12138: 8588:

Anachronistically, Abraham—who in the Bible is an Aramean and the very first Hebrew and the ancestor of all who followed, hence his appellation

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A randomly selected example of use of ladino on the Worldwide Web: La komponente kulinaria i linguístika turka en la kuzina djudeo-espanyola

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Multiple documents made by the Ottoman government were translated into Judaeo-Spanish; usually translators used terms from Ottoman Turkish.

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have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other

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Some dialects merge the rhotic phonemes. The realization of the merged rhotic is variable, though speakers typically pronounce it as a tap.

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Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords and morphemes (except those that were borrowed indirectly through other languages) are spelled according to

10669: 10314: 10124: 7637:, with a tradition based on Yiddish, rather than Judaeo-Spanish, and so institutions that offer Yiddish are more common. As of 2011 the 14012: 12332: 2186:). Some Judeao-Spanish words of Hebrew or Aramaic origins have more poetic connotations than their Spanish origin equivalents. Compare 11427: 12305: 11560: 11204:) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338). "This seems surprising insofar as Judaeo-Spanish translators do not generally shun Turkish terms." 7685: 3411: 3006: 11258: 12361: 7054: 1635:

special style of Spanish used for purposes of study or translation, featuring a more archaic dialect, a large number of Hebrew and

9956: 7688:. Its stated purpose is to preserve Judaeo-Spanish. The move was seen as another step to make up for the Expulsion, following the 7569:, cantor emeritus of Synagogue Ezra Bessaroth and second-generation Turkish immigrant, has performed an alternative Ottoman tune. 13860: 10700: 10343: 10242:

Guillermo Angel R. José (2006). "Sobre el Ladino: Yo havlo, meldo i eskrivo Djudio". In Díaz-Mas, Paloma; den Boer, Harm (eds.).

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Prior to the adoption of the official orthographies, the following systems of writing Judaeo-Spanish had been used or proposed.

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Estu sta buenu. Impurta vuoztras sos las ratoneras, i lus mansevus son lus ratunis. Dizmje tu a mi, stuvu kazadu isti Tolstoj?

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Judaeo-Spanish has (at least in some varieties) little or no diphthongization of tonic vowels, e.g. in the following lullaby:

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Estu sta buenu. Importa vuoztras sos las ratoneras, i lus mansevus son lus ratunis. Dizmi tu a mi, stuvu kazadu esti Tolstoj?

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Quintana Rodriguez, Aldina. 2006. Geografía lingüistica del judeoespañol: Estudio sincrónico y diacrónico. Bern: Peter Lang.

12286: 7677:, in Seattle during the 2013–14 academic year. Bunis returned to the University of Washington for the Summer 2020 quarter. 126: 15342: 15337: 12864: 11381: 9872:

Minervini, Laura (2006). "El desarollo histórico del judeoespañol" [The historical development of Judeo-Spanish].

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in Judaeo-Spanish. Additionally, at the end of Shabbat services, the entire congregation sings the well-known Hebrew hymn

2162:, Judaeo-Spanish incorporates many Hebrew and Aramaic words, mostly for religious concepts and institutions. Examples are 15281: 15169: 14835: 14177: 14172: 12975: 12970: 12394: 12245: 11446: 8703:

Esto sta bueno. Importa voz sos las ratoneras, i los mansevos son los ratuneros. Dime tu a mi, stuvo kasado este Tolstoi?

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Esto sta bueno. Importa voz soş las ratoneras, i los mansevos son los ratuneros. Dime tu a mi, stuvo kazado este Tolstoy?

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during the Ottoman period. The city became part of Greece in 1912 and was subsequently renamed Thessaloniki. Despite the

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indicates that an action taken once in the past was also completed at some point in the past. That is as opposed to the

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Sephiha, Haïm-Vidal. 1997. "Judeo-Spanish", in Weinstock, Nathan, Sephiha, Haïm-Vidal (with Anita Barrera-Schoonheere)

10824:Συγκριτικός πίνακας των στοιχείων των απογραφών του 1928, 1940 ΚΑΙ 1951 σχετικά με τις ομιλούμενες γλώσσες στην Ελλάδα. 10448: 10084: 9993: 7146:

and poetry collections. By the end of the 19th century, the Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire studied in schools of the

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Minervini, Laura (1999) "The Formation of the Judeo-Spanish koiné: Dialect Convergence in the Sixteenth Century". In

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War II and the Decline of the Ladino Language- Dana Austin.pdf "World War II and the Decline of the Ladino Language"

7147: 2379:, where Judaeo-Spanish speakers had no motivation to do so. Some Arabic words were borrowed via Turkish or Persian. 2309: 1285:

The scholar Joseph Nehama, author of the comprehensive Judeo-Spanish–French dictionary, referred to the language as

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has also brought a new interpretation to the traditional songs by incorporating more "modern" sounds of Andalusian

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Harris, Tracy. 1994. Death of a language: The history of Judeo-Spanish. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.

11408: 8618: 7322: 7053:. Erudite Jews translated Arabic and Hebrew works, often translated earlier from Greek, into Spanish. Christians 5028: 3675:

It is claimed that, unlike all other non-creole varieties of Spanish, Judaeo-Spanish does not contrast the trill

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In recent decades in Israel, followed by the United States and Spain, the language has come to be referred to as

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Lleal, Coloma (1992) "A propósito de una denominación: el judeoespañol", available at Centro Virtual Cervantes,

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or Portuguese rather than Judaeo-Spanish. The contact among Jews of different regions and languages, including

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Symposium, ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 73–88. 2006. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.

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Pablo Carvajal Valdés and others suggested adopting the orthography that was used at the time of the Expulsion

1092:. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as 840: 16352: 16030: 14757: 13866: 13187: 9947: 7341: 7275:. Today, the religious practices and the ritual use of Judaeo-Spanish seems confined to elderly generations. 4901: 3874:

supposedly produced a more clearly monotheistic word for God. This is probably a folk etymology, however, as

3828: 3322: 3258: 2932: 2862: 12212: 12020:

Hualde, José Ignacio (2013) "Intervocalic lenition and word-boundary effects: Evidence from Judeo-Spanish".

11878: 11538: 778: 17164: 17144: 17139: 15123: 14587: 14182: 14167: 13929: 13797: 13792: 12980: 12965: 12729: 12684: 12429: 3647: 3633: 3305: 3289: 3245: 2913: 2897: 1676:. However, many speakers, especially among the community leaders, also had command of a more formal style, 1665: 1541: 822: 122: 16479: 15882: 12217: 11900: 6981: 6977: 6959: 6946: 6933: 6920: 6907: 6894: 6881: 6869: 6856: 6843: 6830: 6818: 6805: 6792: 6779: 6766: 6753: 6740: 6727: 6714: 6701: 6688: 6675: 6662: 6649: 6636: 6623: 6610: 6597: 6584: 6571: 6558: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6505: 6497: 6451: 6431: 6425: 6403: 6382: 6361: 6341: 6335: 6313: 6309: 6298: 6277: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6199: 6179: 6154: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6088: 6084: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5876: 5855: 5834: 5812: 5790: 5762: 5758: 5746: 5741: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5674: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5607: 5593: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5542: 5516: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5465: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5403: 5397: 5387: 5380: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5321: 5300: 5279: 5253: 5232: 5205: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5143: 5113: 5057: 4997: 4977: 4973: 3780: 3763: 3748: 3739: 3724: 3715: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2488: 2484: 2480: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1873: 1857: 1795: 1779: 1766: 1750: 1742: 1119:

such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish has been known also by other names, such as:

17154: 17149: 16920: 16358: 15327: 15256: 14794: 14751: 14272: 13894: 13879: 12760: 12620: 9411: 9368:

for promoting cross-cultural dialogue between musicians from three cultures: In Yasmin Levy's own words:

7219: 5074:

must precede word-initial vowels. It is also necessary to separate consecutive vowels with a consonantal

3595: 3356: 3347: 2956: 1270: 12160: 11010: 10823: 7317: 17065: 16641: 16213: 15648: 15206: 15142: 14237: 14147: 13848: 13742: 13393: 13287: 12995: 12928: 12489: 12379: 11047:"The Contribution of Hebrew Printing Houses and Printers in Istanbul to Ladino Culture and Scholarship" 10839:

Melville "Among the Nations": Proceedings of an International Conference, Volos, Greece, July 2-6, 1997

10243: 9290: 7638: 7354: 7239: 3987:

but "When I lived in Izmir, I ran five miles every evening" would use the first-person imperfect form,

3905:

Judaeo-Spanish is distinguished from other Spanish dialects by the presence of the following features:

3454: 3188: 3174: 3044: 2807: 2792: 978: 11197: 10797: 7353:

Efforts have been made to gather and publish modern Judaeo-Spanish fables and folktales. In 2001, the

7330:", with references to the language. Films partially or totally in Judaeo-Spanish include Mexican film 16228: 16140: 15749: 15590: 15305: 15234: 15216: 15199: 15194: 15184: 14141: 14136: 13998: 13964: 13904: 13802: 13782: 13652: 13577: 13437: 13304: 12990: 12950: 12318: 10995: 8243: 7561:) is a Sephardic hymn often sung during the Havdalah service, its currently popular tune arranged by 7483: 4908:, jointly regulate Judæo-Spanish orthography. The organizations allow speakers to choose between the 4869: 3600: 3442: 3331: 3310: 2941: 2919: 2883: 562: 554: 534: 11924: 9752: 3858:('God') is sometimes explained as an example of dropping the final , or more often as an example of 2421:

Judeao-Spanish speaking communities often incorporated words or phrases from surrounding languages.

2245:

Some of these words themselves were inherited into Turkish from Arabic or Persian. Examples include

16933: 16837: 15710: 15658: 15437: 15385: 14450: 14418: 13884: 13715: 13014: 12889: 12280: 11580: 11201: 11191: 10803: 10202: 9479: 9474: 9365: 9353:, has recorded many songs in the language, with three of his CDs focusing primarily on that music. 7674: 7207: 3607: 3219: 1583: 1185:(in North Africa). In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called 834: 200: 6512:). It also uses acute accents to mark irregular stress. The regular stress pattern is as follows: 1436:

have also been proposed to refer to the language; regional names to refer to the language include

17119: 16301: 15892: 15846: 15727: 15700: 15639: 15576: 15522: 15229: 15189: 15107: 14971: 14564: 14465: 14313: 14123: 13837: 13826: 13420: 13341: 13046: 12945: 12884: 12770: 12743: 12126:

Refranes de los judíos sefardíes y otras locuciones típicas de Salónica y otros sitios de Oriente

9563: 9393: 8629:

is thus made to conflate the role and attributes of three archetypal cruel and persecuting kings:

7657:

in Spain were offering courses as well. In Israel, Moshe David Gaon Center for Ladino Culture at

7614: 7389: 7206:(Jewish language) in the Ottoman Empire. In the late 18th century, Ottoman poet Enderunlu Fazıl ( 7181: 7046: 3626: 3297: 3206: 3193: 3179: 2905: 2826: 2813: 2798: 1466:

of the 19th and 20th centuries the native authors referred to the language almost exclusively as

861: 549: 524: 100: 35: 15897: 12202: 4057:

Judaeo-Spanish contains more gendering cases than standard Spanish, prominently in adjectives, (

2230:

existed. As such, words of Turkish origin were incorporated into the language. Examples include

17019: 16235: 15653: 15599: 15251: 13873: 13843: 12906: 11996:. In Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin (eds.), Handbook of Jewish languages, 366–451. Leiden: Brill. 10826:– Μεινοτικές γλώσσες στην Ελλάδα, Κωνσταντίνος Τσιτσελίκης (2001), Πύλη για την Ελληνική Γλώσσα 10627: 9415: 9297: 7626:, dedicated to the study and promotion of Judaeo-Spanish was established in Jerusalem in 1997. 7594: 3996:

In general, Judaeo-Spanish uses the Spanish plural morpheme /-(e)s/. The Hebrew plural endings

3092: 2947: 2715: 2426: 1588: 1520: 1376: 1033: 1002: 732: 623: 567: 463: 217: 10932: 10843: 10539: 6474:

diacritic is used most often when typing, as it is the most accessible, whereas the diacritic

17051: 16996: 16802: 16797: 16450: 16428: 16319: 16247: 16070: 15732: 15495: 15102: 15097: 14966: 14941: 14761: 14747: 14294: 14247: 14227: 14220: 14210: 14205: 14197: 14029: 13899: 13820: 13602: 13309: 13192: 12933: 12923: 12916: 12901: 12787: 12300:

An inside look into the Portuguese corpus of words in Nehama's Dictionnaire du Judeo-Espagnol

12184: 11638: 9374:

world with the sound of the Arab world. In a way it is a 'musical reconciliation' of history.

9273: 7681: 7658: 7654: 4940:

must precede word-initial vowels. Moreover, it is necessary to separate adjacent vowels with

3727:('to play'). Neither phoneme is used in modern Spanish, where they have been replaced by the 3431: 3378: 3143: 3132: 3075: 3023: 2977: 2756: 2745: 2698: 2355: 1930: 1847:(in all positions), pronounced . In Judaeo-Spanish, they are pronounced and , respectively. 1006: 30:"Ladino language" redirects here. For Ladin language (ISO 639–3: lld) in Northern Italy, see 16715: 15683: 11697: 10619: 147: 17001: 16775: 16391: 16364: 16290: 16150: 15949: 15877: 15829: 15823: 15786: 15769: 14708: 14659: 14491: 13934: 13924: 13427: 12399: 12119: 11645: 11574: 11424: 11314:> Events > Exhibitions > Rare Book Library Collection Restoration Project – Ladino 10783: 9402: 8218: 7886: 7363:

Folktales of Joha, Jewish Trickster: The Misadventures of the Guileful Sephardic Prankster.

7093: 7085: 3211: 3152: 3114: 2832: 2766: 16785: 16198: 15266: 10591: 2348:. Some French political and cultural elements are present in Judeao-Spanish. For example, 8: 16486: 16378: 16346: 16340: 15961: 15921: 15887: 15715: 15479: 15022: 14698: 14252: 14242: 13582: 13550: 13476: 13385: 13331: 12938: 12738: 12472: 12437: 11674: 11480: 11266: 11014: 10138: 9505: 9500: 9494: 9380: 7836: 7775: 7618: 7464: 7358: 7327: 7105: 7018: 3662:

Front rounded vowels only appear in French loanwords. They do not exist in every dialect.

3276: 3232: 2876: 2842: 1041: 572: 482: 68: 16749: 16182: 15857: 15791: 11825:"In Bosnia, gentile musicians work to preserve the country's Sephardic Jewish tradition" 1943:

Ibero-Romance languages that Spanish later lost. There was a mutual influence with the

1224:, the Balkans, and the Middle East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in 16991: 16720: 16576: 16534: 16500: 16494: 16384: 16327: 16284: 16267: 16005: 15998: 15834: 15622: 15563: 15419: 15407: 15286: 15224: 15037: 14997: 14951: 14905: 14870: 14817: 14633: 14625: 14539: 14485: 14360: 14322: 14288: 14215: 13914: 13909: 13720: 13442: 13319: 13314: 13299: 13269: 13222: 13145: 13051: 12911: 12484: 12389: 12356: 12197: 11744: 11740: 11720: 11356: 10964: 10907: 10620: 10573: 10464: 10389: 9826: 9800: 9634: 9489: 7851: 7539: 7286: 7171: 5007:. The rest of the language's lexicon is spelled as illustrated in the following table: 3087: 3070: 2775: 2710: 2693: 1619: 1097: 1029: 986: 867: 405: 16769: 15261: 14525: 13197: 13073: 10697: 10018: 1997: 1981: 1532:(1553), provided inspiration for the translation of numerous Spanish Christian Bibles. 1195:, meaning the 'Jewish language.' In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language 813: 16948: 16927: 16847: 16807: 16666: 16594: 16588: 16512: 16404: 16314: 16255: 16167: 16125: 15926: 15872: 15678: 15663: 15634: 15617: 15527: 15490: 15459: 15447: 15366: 15354: 15271: 15246: 15240: 15165: 15134: 15027: 14910: 14875: 14728: 14714: 14680: 14546: 13698: 13629: 13511: 13496: 13279: 13150: 13115: 12404: 12098: 12039: 11983: 11966: 11952: 11732: 11661: 11463:

Department of German, Russian & Asian Languages and Literature – Tufts University

11348: 11237: 11154: 11129: 11104: 11079: 10956: 10899: 10847: 10763: 10631: 10577: 10565: 10519: 10444: 10419: 10393: 10381: 10257: 10164: 9972: 9911: 9771: 9469: 8622: 7805: 7790: 7662: 7419: 7410: 7379:

in 2012, in his 87th year, and later completed a translation of the sister epic, the

7143: 7050: 7042: 5473: 5360:. Therefore, Judæo-Spanish orthography does not always distinguish the two phonemes. 4928:, whereas the handwritten language uses a cursive form of the Hebrew alphabet called 4912:, which was historically the most prevalent writing system for the language, and the 4873: 3470: 3119: 3099: 2732: 2722: 2514:. It represented an intermediate state between the other varieties: the reduction of 2434: 2359: 1944: 1552:). (The first European language grammar and dictionary, of Spanish referred to it as 1403: 1053: 1025: 1021: 998: 935: 848: 544: 16790: 15759: 15737: 11980:

Judezmo: an introduction to the language of the Sephardic Jews of the Ottoman Empire

11797: 11393: 11151:

Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire

11126:

Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire

11101:

Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire

11076:

Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire

10489: 6430:

Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords, wherein it represents an etymological

1957: 884: 17103: 16901: 16891: 16876: 16864: 16780: 16729: 16693: 16671: 16658: 16652: 16581: 16570: 16474: 16439: 16423: 16272: 16260: 16193: 16157: 16145: 16113: 16038: 16010: 15983: 15813: 15808: 15796: 15776: 15764: 15705: 15612: 15569: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15464: 15395: 15379: 15276: 15067: 15032: 15007: 15002: 14914: 14880: 14866: 14831: 14688: 14645: 14640: 14629: 14608: 14597: 14553: 14370: 14335: 14298: 14154: 14131: 14084: 14021: 13764: 13732: 13693: 13664: 13647: 13597: 13398: 13207: 13140: 13093: 13041: 13009: 13000: 12985: 12859: 12834: 12810: 12694: 12625: 12542: 12409: 11054: 10948: 10937:"Ladino in Turkey: The Situation Today as Reflected by the Ladino Database Project" 10891: 10742: 10555: 10373: 10339: 10249: 10214: 10176: 9903: 9547: 9484: 9454: 9388: 9265: 8808: – 'alphabet' (from the Hebrew names of the first two letters of the alphabet) 7881: 7866: 7642: 7243: 7163: 7101: 7097: 6999: 3993:. Though some of the morphology has changed, usage is just as in normative Spanish. 3109: 3082: 2705: 2430: 2406: 2159: 1673: 1623: 1611: 1192: 1089: 1045: 997:. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a 529: 16676: 16626: 14961: 10292:

Wexler, Paul (1977). "Ascertaining the Position of Judezmo within Ibero-Romance".

7357:

published the first English translation of Judaeo-Spanish folktales, collected by

2506:(Northeast group) that includes most of (northern) Bulgaria and Romania including 1989: 16985: 16971: 16852: 16754: 16744: 16688: 16539: 16527: 16467: 16462: 16277: 16206: 16188: 16162: 16135: 16065: 16022: 15934: 15915: 15867: 15754: 15720: 15673: 15668: 15390: 15322: 15294: 15075: 15017: 15012: 14886: 14861: 14704: 14694: 14684: 14471: 14389: 14350: 14109: 14104: 14089: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14038: 13674: 13669: 13481: 13408: 13241: 13212: 13135: 13125: 13088: 13063: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12854: 12849: 12839: 12824: 12615: 12532: 12499: 12457: 12447: 12249: 12233: 11931: 11849: 11502: 11462: 11450: 11431: 11412: 10999: 10837: 10704: 10377: 10347: 10218: 9943: 9525: 8644: 8638: 7590: 7393: 7294: 7114: 6992: 5004: 4909: 3365: 3126: 3104: 2965: 2739: 2727: 2633: 2410: 2394: 2390: 2029: 1965: 1948: 1499:, although speakers of the language in Israel referred to their mother tongue as 1484: 1367: 1253: 1085: 1057: 1049: 946: 919: 700: 684: 516: 15988: 12274: 12165: 11290:"Listen to Hazzan Isaac Azose sing a popular Ladino song with an Ottoman melody" 10043: 9891: 2479:(Greece). The most distinct characteristics of this group are: the reduction of 2092: 2084: 2068: 827: 17091: 17036: 16943: 16938: 16859: 16739: 16701: 15993: 15939: 15909: 15801: 15485: 15413: 15359: 14777: 14508: 14459: 14394: 14099: 14094: 13978: 13953: 13774: 13681: 13639: 13619: 13607: 13587: 13501: 13491: 13459: 13452: 13432: 13403: 13375: 13370: 13336: 13246: 13170: 13098: 12896: 12844: 12755: 12750: 12512: 12507: 12442: 12371: 12291: 11975: 9907: 9558: 9520: 9349:

The cantor Ramón Tasat, who learned Judeo-Spanish at his grandmother's knee in

8630: 8607: 7700: 7670: 7544: 7370: 7247: 7167: 7122: 7065: 7003: 6988: 3859: 3399: 3168: 2993: 2786: 2422: 2219: 2053: 2045: 2037: 2005: 1973: 1607: 1279: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1101: 1093: 990: 950: 696: 672: 31: 16082: 12238: 11443: 10560: 10543: 10253: 7720:

in 2017 that the Judaeo-Spanish language in Turkey was heading to extinction.

2668:

in Judaeo-Spanish varies by dialect. Its phonemic inventory consists of 24-26

2604:) followed more the patterns of the Southeast Group. Levantine Judeo-Spanish ( 2116: 2100: 1572:

was frequently used to mean simply 'language', particularly one understood: a

17113: 16978: 16881: 16869: 16601: 16309: 15966: 15904: 15400: 14946: 14739: 14655: 14602: 14592: 14582: 14478: 14408: 14381: 14283: 14278: 14068: 13747: 13592: 13519: 13326: 13260: 13233: 13182: 13130: 13103: 13078: 13068: 12829: 12775: 12709: 12689: 12679: 12674: 12647: 12593: 12522: 12467: 11736: 11690:

Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries

11352: 11316:. American Sephardi Federation (23 April 1918). Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 10960: 10952: 10903: 10895: 10569: 10416:

Ladino-English/English-Ladino Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary (Judeo-Spanish)

10385: 9915: 9740: 9510: 9305: 9256: – 'a pile of mismatched objects, of overripe fruit, of mixed leftovers' 9246: – 'the moment when work, motion, traffic reaches its highest intensity' 8626: 7922: 7707:

Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries

7630: 7578: 7514: 7266: 7011: 2652:

is used, a loanword from Arabic via Turkish, while the Monastir dialect uses

2076: 2060: 2021: 1529: 1491:), literally meaning 'Latin'. This name for the language was promoted by the 1249: 1217: 497: 12223:

LadinoType – A Ladino Transliteration System for Solitreo, Meruba, and Rashi

12179: 12097:. Translated by Tarica, Ralph. Bethesda, Md.: University Press of Maryland. 11059: 11046: 2108: 1717: 17079: 16760: 16620: 16060: 16015: 14936: 14532: 13727: 13524: 13486: 13447: 13036: 12780: 12719: 12699: 12659: 12642: 12610: 12598: 12559: 12477: 12452: 12063:. Edited by Annete Benaim, 41–52. London: Queen Mary and Westfield College. 11606: 11325:

Yalkut May'Am Loez, Jerusalem 5736 Hebrew translation from Ladino language.

10726: 10044:"Bosnian Jews mourn Moris Albahari, one of Sarajevo's last Ladino speakers" 9857: 9567: 9464: 9384: 9350: 9342: 9269: 8695: 8205: 7711: 7586: 7573: 7562: 7302: 7113:

further supported by practices such as hiring tutors to teach Castilian in

7077: 7073: 7022: 5053:

As a consonant (intervocalically and word-initially before a vowel), silent

4925: 4913: 4893: 2645: 2145: 2131: 2125: 2123:

It sometimes varied with dialect, as in Judaeo-Spanish popular songs, both

2013: 1709: 1626:, a property that it shares with French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. 1596: 1416:

since many Orani Jews came from there. In Israel, the language is known as

1275: 1221: 1108: 1077: 966: 688: 680: 618: 420: 11758: 10180: 796: 16822: 16815: 16552: 16118: 14724: 14518: 14400: 13737: 13252: 13177: 13155: 13058: 12652: 12581: 12576: 12564: 12554: 10992: 9539: 9357: 7604:

Inscription at Yad Vashem in Hebrew, English, Yiddish, and Judaeo-Spanish

7313: 3589: 3577: 2376: 1701: 1565: 1037: 1017: 939: 870:

in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities.

628: 16087: 12234:

Edición SEFARAD, Radio programme in Ladino from Radio Nacional de España

11779: 11615: 11396:. Yiddish.haifa.ac.il (30 September 2007). Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 11360: 11336: 11187: 10968: 10936: 10911: 10877: 9308:

recorded several Judaeo-Spanish songs as a solo artist. These included "

7716: 7467:, United States, was formed by Jews from Turkey and the Greek island of 16130: 16100: 16092: 16048: 16043: 15693: 15452: 15042: 14651: 13831: 13538: 13120: 12714: 12462: 12384: 10516:

Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol. Estudio sincrónico y diacrónico

10350: (archived 16 April 2008), Judith Cohen, Midstream July/August 2003 9768:

Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol: estudio sincrónico y diacrónico

9745: 9439:

has released two albums that have songs with lyrics in Judaeo-Spanish.

9426: 7600: 6490: 4877: 4865: 3641: 3582: 2597: 2278:(denoting a profession) was borrowed into Judaeo-Spanish as the suffix 1516: 1461: 1241: 1081: 1013: 11453:. The Jewish Exponent (1 February 2007). Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 11405: 11394:

The Mendele Review: Yiddish Literature and Language, Volume 11, No. 10

10652:

Phonological Retention and Innovation in the Judeo-Spanish of Istanbul

7373:, issued his translation into Judeo-Spanish of the ancient Greek epic 7092:, establishing small groups in those nations as well, but these spoke 2445: 1899:), realised as or as , according to its position. In Judaeo-Spanish, 1413: 16896: 16734: 16076: 15371: 14786: 14577: 14426: 14375: 14355: 13752: 13217: 13108: 13019: 12637: 12571: 9934: 9708:. See the infobox for parallel spellings in scripts other than Latin. 7634: 7366: 7212: 6123:'grandson,' respectively. When it precedes central and back vowels ( 3978: 3974: 3866:

as a plural ending (which it is not) and attributing it to Christian

3827:

There is a tendency to drop at the end of a word or syllable, as in

3821:

Sleep, Sleep, beloved little son, close your beautiful little eyes,

3615: 2669: 2625: 2605: 2511: 1737:, pronounced , corresponds to two different phonemes in Old Spanish: 1549: 962: 806: 789: 770: 704: 613: 16522: 12588: 12087:

Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish: a European Heritage. European Languages 6

12061:

Proceedings of the Tenth British Conference on Judeo-Spanish Studies

11028:

Holocaust survivor revives Jewish dialect by translating Greek epic,

7645:

offered Judaeo-Spanish courses among colleges in the United States;

7045:, now Spain and Portugal, Jews spoke a variety of Romance dialects. 6976:

Formerly, the Hebrew-script orthography represented an etymological

2561:

in the final position, as well as maintaining a difference between

2545:(Southeast group) that included the main Sephardic cultural hubs of 1695: 89: 17098: 16681: 16517: 16333: 15781: 15629: 14431: 13990: 13471: 13413: 13358: 13353: 13024: 12310: 12269:

Judæo-Spanish Language (Ladino) and Literature, Jewish Encyclopedia

12066:

Minervini, Laura (2006) "El desarollo histórico del judeoespañol",

10807: 9951: 9613: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9361: 8679: 8663: 8613:

The song attributes to Abraham elements that are from the story of

7452: 7448: 7290: 7235: 7227: 7151: 7134: 6204:

Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. In native words, the

5148:

Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. In native words, the

5016: 4929: 4005: 3910: 2641: 2596:

more closely followed the Northwest group. Egyptian Judeo-Spanish (

2593: 2550: 2546: 2476: 2468: 2372: 1622:. Ladin has nothing to do with Jews or with Spanish beyond being a 1292: 1264: 1225: 1116: 1112: 1069: 896: 692: 432: 416: 16886: 14268: 12255: 9551:, an Israeli magazine in Judaeo-Spanish published 2–3 times a year 9531: 7150:. French became the language for foreign relations, as it did for 7014:, the greatest proportion of speakers remaining were Turkish Jews. 3875: 2263:('sorrow, anxiety, grief') from Arabic (via Persian then Turkish) 16505: 16370: 16108: 15532: 15517: 14976: 14503: 14436: 14365: 14331: 13686: 13570: 13565: 13555: 13543: 13363: 13348: 13292: 13227: 13202: 13165: 13029: 12704: 12603: 12527: 12419: 12345: 12258:, Revista de Estudios Hebraicos, Sefardíes y de Oriente Próximo, 11032: 10309: 10119: 9554: 9515: 9459: 9449: 8634: 8321: 8267: 7503: 7491: 7472: 7375: 7159: 7089: 7081: 7069: 7007: 5024: 3867: 3557: 2665: 2629: 2589: 2585: 2454: 2386: 2382: 2227: 2223: 2142:

as "" before a "k" sound or at the end of certain words (such as

1636: 1408: 1387: 1362: 1308: 1061: 1005:, Israel, and France. In 2017, it was formally recognised by the 982: 954: 892: 660: 656: 471: 11503:"Courses – Ladino Studies At The Hebrew University of Jerusalem" 11415:. Ejpress.org (19 September 2005). Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 11236:. New York: Central Conference of American Rabbis. p. 327. 10743:"Ladinoikonunita: A quick explanation of Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) 9300:

recorded the song "Yo M'enamori d'un Aire" for their 1968 album

7216:: "Castilians speak the Jewish language but they are not Jews." 6995:

were used in the past, but this is rare or nonexistent nowadays.

4916:, which gained prominence after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. 1680:, which was nearer to the Spanish at the time of the Expulsion. 1639:

loanwords and a tendency to render Hebrew word order literally (

16707: 16053: 15976: 15956: 15688: 14992: 14956: 13757: 13624: 13560: 12189: 12142: 12029:

Ladino-English, English-Ladino: concise encyclopedic dictionary

11176:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the 8711: 8379: 8257: 7646: 7476: 7468: 7463:) in Judaeo-Spanish. The Sephardic Synagogue Ezra Bessaroth in 7456: 7255: 7126: 6470: 6206: 5150: 4861: 2637: 2617: 2613: 2581: 2472: 2398: 1065: 994: 993:

in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in

970: 958: 756: 744: 467: 459: 455: 451: 27:

Language derived from Medieval Spanish spoken by Sephardic Jews

12203:

Socolovsky, Jerome. "Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain"

10245:

Fronteras e interculturalidad entre los sefardíes occidentales

8594:(Our Father)—is in the Judeo-Spanish song born already in the 4888: 3709:

The Judaeo-Spanish phoneme inventory includes separate and :

3556:

only appear in dialects heavily influenced by Arabic, such as

2453:

A common way of dividing Judaeo-Spanish is by splitting first

2218:

The majority of Judaeo-Spanish speaking people resided in the

15971: 15944: 14340: 13708: 13703: 13657: 13612: 13533: 13528: 12792: 12547: 12517: 12089:. Brussels: European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages, 23–39. 11406:

EJP | News | Western Europe | Judaeo-Spanish language revived

10443:. New York: Ateven Capsuto Books & Translation Services. 8648: 8614: 7499: 7479:

is called Zehut Yosef and was written by Hazzan Isaac Azose.

7381: 7190: 5698: 3960: 2673: 2609: 2601: 2577: 2507: 2402: 2291: 1723: 1672:

and, in that respect, the development is parallel to that of

1321:, published in Salonica in 1929, referred to the language as 1245: 974: 539: 12306:

Ladino Romanization standard used by the Library of Congress

12222: 11561:"Why I'm teaching a new generation to read and write Ladino" 11214: 10716:. Institut za književnost, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, Bosnia 1992. 9436: 9364:. Her work revitalising Sephardic music has earned Levy the 2362:(an unpopular figure in France), as a euphemism for toilet. 1315:

language. The rare Judeo-Spanish-language textbook entitled

1311:, Italy, refers to the language used for explanation as the 13807: 12341: 10988: 10836:

Marovitz, Sanford E.; Christodoulou, Athanasios C. (2001).

9892:"Serbo-Croatian Influences on Bosnian Spoken Judeo-Spanish" 7118: 6998:

In Turkey, Judaeo-Spanish was most commonly written in the

6476: 5383:(sometimes silent in unstressed syllables and word-finally) 3958:

are also used in the formal register. The Spanish pronouns

3831:

and many other Spanish dialects in Spain and the Americas:

12275:

An authentic documentation of Ladino heritage and culture

11925:Åžalom Gazetesi – 12.10.2011 – Judeo-Espanyol Ä°Ã§erikleri 11611:"Ladino: A Judeo-Ottoman language that is dying in Turkey" 11444:

Ladino Class at Penn Tries to Resuscitate Dormant Language

7269:

converting to Islam in the Ottoman Empire). An example is

6083:'year,' it may also represent a sequence of two phonemes, 3766:( or ), Judeo-Spanish distinguishes between the two, with 2576:

While unsorted, the variety of spoken in Judeo-Spanish in

1386:'tell') refers to the dialect of North Africa, especially 895:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12259: 11904: 10762:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 137–138. 9379:

Notable music groups performing in Judeo-Spanish include

8502:

He will send from the heaven the one that will go with me

7891: 7265:

being a Turkish word for 'convert' to refer to adepts of

2460:

Aldina Quintana split Eastern Ladino into three groups:

2437:

borrowings can be found in those respective communities.

1937: 1753:. Judaeo-Spanish retains the original sounds. Similarly, 1073: 10248:. Foro Hispánico. Vol. 28. Brill. pp. 97–110. 10071:

Dictionnaire du judéo-espagnol (French Edition) (French)

7404: 7282:

purposes although they now use Hebrew in everyday life.

5947:'snow,' it may also be a sequence of two letters, as in 3666: 2449:

Judaeo-Spanish speaking communities in the Mediterranean

1827:, corresponds to two different phonemes in Old Spanish: 10760:

After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry

10241: 7049:

were instrumental in the development of Spanish into a

4996:

cannot separate diphthongs that include a non-syllabic

1298:

Seder Haggadah shel pesaḥ ʿim pitron be-lashon sefaradi

15164: 11234:

Mishkan T'filah: a Reform siddur: services for Shabbat

17063: 10835: 10745:. Sephardicstudies.org. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 9929: 9927: 9925: 8327:

Who did not give birth at once was going to be killed

7576:

translated some scholarly religious texts, including

6531:

Words that end with any other consonant are oxytones.

2222:, although a large minority on the northern Coast of 15856: 10656:

Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics

10340:"Clearing up Ladino, Judeo-Spanish, Sephardic Music" 9429:

also recorded a version of the above-mentioned song

9283:

From Generation to Generation: A Legacy of Lullabies

3884:, the former derived from the Latin accusative form 1657:). As mentioned above, authorities confine the term 1511:. Native speakers of the language consider the name 1381: 12068:

Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana

11434:. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 10814:: "Word introduced probably through Judaeo-Spanish. 10490:"Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) and Its Deal with Dialects" 9874:

Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana

7950:Other songs relate to secular themes such as love: 7471:, and it uses the language in some portions of its 7158:community, from Greek, Turkish, Arabic and, in the 114:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 11688:Benbassa, Esther; Rodrigue, Aron (13 April 2000). 9922: 9765: 8621:who emerged unscathed from the fiery furnace, and 7728: 4038:. Similarly, some loaned feminine nouns ending in 3683:. However, that claim is not universally accepted. 1020:, and it has numerous elements from the other old 12228:Habla Ladino? Sephardim meet to preserve language 11901:"BBC – Awards for World Music 2007 – Yasmin Levy" 11180:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages" 10548:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10413: 10279:Death of a language: The history of Judeo-Spanish 9058: – 'almighty, omnipotent' (referring to God) 8958: – 'Purim present' (eerived from the Hebrew 8329:because Abraham our father was going to be born. 7320:hold regular radio broadcasts in Judaeo-Spanish. 7289:has it that as a Spanish consulate was opened in 17111: 12279:Sephardic Studies Digital Library & Museum 12120:A propósito de una denominación: el judeoespañol 11687: 9977:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9959:. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 9853:"Spain honours Ladino language of Jewish exiles" 9543:, a Turkish monthly newspaper in Judaeo-Spanish 9535:, a Turkish newspaper with a Judaeo-Spanish page 9293:, who researches and plays Judeo-Spanish music. 8440:She was walking through the fields and vineyards 7841: 7486:, a congregation founded by Sephardic Jews from 2397:. The varieties of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the 1476:has also been used since the late 19th century. 11384:. Jewish Journal. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 11334: 9570:in the former territories of the Persian Empire 9422:holiday CD, released in 2010 on Windy Records. 8444:She found a cave; there, she would give birth. 7856: 5757:, except when it is adjacent to a front vowel ( 4860:Judaeo-Spanish follows Spanish for most of its 1591:and (among Jews of Arabic-speaking background) 945:Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the 12175:La pajina djudeo-espanyola de Aki Yerushalayim 11465:. Ase.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 11382:Schools to Teach Ein Bisel Yiddish | Education 10941:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 10883:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 10698:Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí 9366:Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation Award 9206: – 'storm, torrential rain, gust of wind' 8573:Because I fell in love with you, you scoundrel 7826: 7813: 7795: 6456:Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 6408:Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 5817:Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 5795:Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 4042:can take either the Spanish or Hebrew plural: 3538:only appear in loanwords. Some dialects merge 2685:Consonant phonemes in Istanbul Judaeo-Spanish 2624:Differences between varieties usually include 2385:, the variety of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the 15150: 14802: 14006: 12326: 12095:Manual of Judeo-Spanish: language and culture 11934:. Salom.com.tr. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 11335:Sephiha, Haim Vidal; Mitchell, Bruce (2001). 11182:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). 10931: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10712:. The Nezirović reference is: Nezirović, M., 9784: 8601: 7871: 7780: 7260: 6305:Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 5456:In Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords, consonantal 5400:only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 4009: 3965: 3945: 3933: 3913: 3879: 3847: 3832: 3805: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3695: 2273: 2252: 2237: 1933:"v," like in English, rather than a bilabial. 1877: 1861: 1789: 1783: 1652: 1559: 1553: 1390:. Judeo-Spanish has also been referred to as 1186: 12092: 11961:Barton, Thomas Immanuel (Toivi Cook) (2008) 11947:Barton, Thomas Immanuel (Toivi Cook) (2010) 11337:"The Instruction of Judeo-Spanish in Europe" 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9249: 9239: 9229: 9219: 9209: 9199: 9189: 9174: 9166: 9156: 9146: 9136: 9126: 9116: 9106: 9091: 9081: 9071: 9061: 9051: 9036: 9026: 9016: 9006: 8991: 8981: 8971: 8959: 8951: 8941: 8931: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8871: 8861: 8851: 8841: 8831: 8821: 8811: 8801: 8786: 8776: 8766: 8756: 8746: 8736: 8717: 8701: 8685: 8669: 8595: 8589: 8552: 8535: 8513: 8477: 8453: 8421: 8397: 8362: 8338: 8303: 8279: 8236: 8183: 8151: 8119: 8102: 7970: 7956: 7931: 7765: 7751: 7743: 7556: 7550: 7528: 7520: 7507: 7431: 7424: 7270: 7175: 7064:, most of the Iberian Jews resettled in the 5606:represents an etymologically pharyngealized 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4008:, as well as with a few words from Spanish: 3988: 3982: 3953: 3939: 3927: 3921: 3853: 3838: 3790: 3775: 3719: 3710: 3701: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2295: 2285: 2279: 2264: 2258: 2251:('nightingale'), from Persian (via Turkish) 2246: 2231: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2010:or the initial consonants in Judaeo-Spanish 1917: 1908: 1867: 1851: 1773: 1646: 1640: 1506: 1500: 1492: 1467: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1302: 1296: 1286: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1048:. The language has been further enriched by 924: 913: 391: 382: 373: 364: 353: 341: 329: 319: 310: 301: 292: 283: 17046:languages with more than 5 million speakers 13815:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 12075:Usos y costumbres de los judíos de Salónica 10532: 10281:. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press. 9173: – 'street, quarters, neighbourhood'; 8727: 7608: 7459:, still chant part of the Sabbath Prayers ( 7253:Judaeo-Spanish was also a language used in 7184: 6967: 4090:Regular conjugation for the present tense: 3909:Judaeo-Spanish maintains the second-person 3891: 3885: 2471:(Bosnia). It also includes the dialects of 1794:('woman' or 'wife,' spelled the same, with 1274:, a Judeo-Spanish newspaper from Salonica ( 77:Learn how and when to remove these messages 34:. For other uses of the term "Ladino", see 16629:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 15157: 15143: 14809: 14795: 14013: 13999: 12333: 12319: 11167: 10860: 10650:Travis G. Bradley and Ann Marie Delforge, 10538: 10414:Kohen, Elli; Kohen-Gordon, Dahlia (2000). 10237: 10235: 9805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9236: – 'a fuss, to-do, agitation, bustle' 8438:After nine months she wanted to give birth 7498:in Judaeo-Spanish before he takes out the 7417:The first printed Judaeo-Spanish book was 7234:Judaeo-Spanish was the common language of 3878:is an Old Spanish alternative spelling of 1887:In modern Spanish, the use of the letters 1128:Espanyol, Spaniol, Spaniolish, Espanioliko 860: 404: 12027:Kohen, Elli; Kohen-Gordon, Dahlia (2000) 11601: 11599: 11184:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy 11153:. Indiana University Press. p. 191. 11128:. Indiana University Press. p. 144. 11058: 10584: 10559: 9994:"The Bosnians who speak medieval Spanish" 9871: 8504:Because I am raised by the blessed God.' 8388:She already knew very well what she had. 8264:He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter 8262:He was looking at heaven and at the stars 7744: 7690:offer of Spanish citizenship to Sephardim 7686:Association of Spanish Language Academies 7597:all wrote in the language and in Hebrew. 7388:The language was initially spoken by the 7060:Following the 1490s expulsion from Spain 5629:As a consonant (when adjacent to another 2416: 925: 392: 354: 342: 330: 254:Learn how and when to remove this message 236:Learn how and when to remove this message 174:Learn how and when to remove this message 17170:Languages attested from the 16th century 12362:Index of Jewish history-related articles 11875:"2008 Event Media Release – Yasmin Levy" 11231: 11148: 11123: 11103:. Indiana University Press. p. 24. 11098: 11073: 10707:, Katja Šmid, Ljubljana, pages 113–124: 10513: 10315:Diccionario de la Real Academia Española 10125:Diccionario de la Real Academia Española 9822:"Ladino Lingers on in Brooklyn – Barely" 8654: 7599: 7403: 7218: 4887: 3890:and the latter from the nominative form 2444: 1263: 199:This article includes a list of general 13861:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 12498: 12209:, National Public Radio, 19 March 2007. 12185:Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) at Orbis Latinus 11531:"Hebrew Philology courses (in Spanish)" 11173: 11078:. Indiana University Press. p. 7. 10842:. Kent State University Press. p. 10626:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10465:"EL JUDEOESPAÑOL O LADINO | Sefardiweb" 10441:Sephardic Jews and the Spanish language 10232: 9759: 8569:I was a girl from an upper-class family 7695:When French-medium schools operated by 4924:Printed works in Judæo-Spanish use the 4896:, originally used to print the language 889:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 384:τζ̲ουδέο-εσπανιόλ / εσπανιόλ / τζ̲ουδέο 14: 17112: 14816: 12218:Israeli Ladino Language Forum (Hebrew) 12124:Saporta y Beja, Enrique, comp. (1978) 12093:Varol-Bornes, Marie-Christine (2008). 11605: 11596: 11256: 10875: 10812:Cuvînt introdus probabil prin. iud. sp 10438: 10362:"Did the Sephardic Jews Speak Ladino?" 10291: 10276: 10203:"Did the Sephardic Jews Speak Ladino?" 10162: 10068: 9885: 9883: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 8485:mandará del cielo quen me accompanyará 8240:mirava en el cielo y en la estrellería 7285:An often-told Sephardic anecdote from 4590:Regular conjugation in the imperfect: 4337:Regular conjugation in the preterite: 1938:Portuguese and other Iberian languages 431: 15138: 14790: 13994: 12314: 12001:Сефардский (еврейской-испанский) язык 11822: 11044: 10753: 10751: 10617: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10359: 10200: 10107:digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu 10089:digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu 9850: 9846: 9844: 9736: 9734: 9602:[-ˈðeo-,-ˈdeo-,-ˈðeu-,-ˈdeu-] 9341:The Jewish Bosnian-American musician 8496:In that hour the newborn was speaking 8442:Such would not even reach her husband 7117:, as noted in a 1600 deposition from 5696:In didactic works, authors may add a 5471:In didactic works, authors may add a 4988:) from adjacent vowels. Furthermore, 3667:Phonological differences from Spanish 3063:Consonant phonemes in other dialects 2153: 1645:, meaning 'this night', was rendered 375:иудео-испанский / испанский / ӂудезмо 14020: 12340: 12243:, showing orthography of Old Spanish 11963:Judezmo (Judeo-Castilian) Dictionary 11877:. Sydney Opera House. Archived from 11823:Klein, David I. (20 November 2023). 11215:"Congregation Etz Ahaim – Sephardic" 10982: 10667: 10342:Judith Cohen, HaLapid, winter 2001; 10163:Arnold, Rafael D. (28 August 2018). 10113: 9889: 9819: 9793:ЛЕКУТЕ ТЕФИЛОТ (ОРАСJОНИС ЕСКУЖИДАС) 9790: 9766:Quintana Rodríguez, Alidina (2006). 8368:¿De qué teneix la cara tan demudada? 8198:Don't hold your sorrows, young girl, 7692:who had some connection with Spain. 6516:Words that end with a vowel or with 3694:in some dialects of Judaeo-Spanish: 2138:The Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation of 1304:סדר הגדה של פסח עם פתרון בלשון ספרדי 185: 112:adding citations to reliable sources 83: 42: 11563:. Jewish Studies. 23 February 2014. 11294:UW Stroum Center for Jewish Studies 11287: 11004: 10776: 10757: 10139:"Ladino Today | My Jewish Learning" 9880: 9813: 9614:[-ˈɲol,-ˈɲoɫ,-ˈnjol,-ˈnjoɫ] 9566:, languages historically spoken by 8918: – 'deluge, downpour, torrent' 8487:porque so criado del Dio bendicho." 8307:que toda mujer que prenyada quedara 8270:, our father, must have been born. 8238:Quando el Rey Nimrod al campo salía 7390:Sephardic Jewish community in India 4085: 4035:hermanos/hermanim / ermanos/ermanim 2467:(Northwest group), centered around 2026:('daughter,' 'speech'), Portuguese 1683: 1371: 1307:), from the Sephardic community of 1303: 1228:, today is under serious threat of 24: 17050:Languages between parentheses are 13808:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 13788:American Jewish Historical Society 12112: 12036:Beginner's Ladino with 2 Audio CDs 12005:Sephardic (Judeo-Spanish) language 11636: 11219:Congregation Etz Ahaim – Sephardic 10748: 10602: 10400: 9896:European Journal of Jewish Studies 9841: 9731: 9557:, language historically spoken by 8571:And I never knew of any suffering, 8425:iva caminando por campos y vinyas, 8423:En fin de nueve meses parir quería 8311:que havía de nascer Abraham Avinu. 8247:que havía de nascer Avraham Avinu. 8038:When your mother gave birth to you 1291:. The 1903 Hebrew–Judeo-Spanish 1084:concepts has been adopted through 647:South-Eastern (Istanbul, Salonica) 205:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 17186: 16930:(unknown further classification) 12241:Gramática de la lengua castellana 12132: 12007:, in Russian). Chişinău: Ştiinţa 10514:Quintana, Aldina (January 2006). 10318:(DRAE). Retrieved on 1 June 2019. 10128:(DRAE). Retrieved on 1 June 2019. 9260: 8528:Blessed Father, light of Israel. 8479:En aquella hora el nascido avlava 8468:Blessed Father, light of Israel. 8412:Blessed Father, light of Israel. 8364:La mujer de Terach quedó prenyada 8353:Blessed Father, light of Israel. 8309:si no pariera al punto, la matara 8294:Blessed Father, light of Israel. 8202:there are dark girls in the world 7916:Folklorists have been collecting 7669:also used to have courses. Prof. 7250:(meaning "the enchanted women"). 6344:in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 6182:in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 5598:In Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords, 4964:can separate any pair of vowels, 4932:. In the Hebrew script, a silent 4051:quehilás/quehilot / keilas/keilot 3646: 3632: 3620: 3606: 3594: 3481: 3453: 3441: 3410: 3377: 3355: 3346: 3340: 3330: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3296: 3288: 3283: 3257: 3252: 3244: 3218: 3210: 3205: 3192: 3187: 3178: 3173: 3151: 3142: 3131: 3050: 3043: 3034: 3005: 2976: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2861: 2855: 2831: 2825: 2812: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2774: 2765: 2755: 2744: 2389:, has substantial influence from 2192:('pride, arrogance') from Hebrew 1488: 841:… 51-AAB-bd 51-AAB-ba … 51-AAB-bd 58:This article has multiple issues. 17097: 17085: 17073: 13972: 13959: 13958: 11232:Frishman, Elyse D., ed. (2007). 10714:Jevrejsko-Španjolska književnost 9820:Peim, Benjamin (16 April 2009). 9751: 8888: – 'how much?', 'how many?' 8878: – 'community', 'synagogue' 8498:'Get away of the cave, my mother 8370:ella ya sabía el bien que tenía. 8305:Luego a las comadres encomendava 8068:Go, find yourself another lover, 7762:Castillian-inspired orthography 7667:Complutense University of Madrid 7651:University of the Basque Country 7442: 7323:Law & Order: Criminal Intent 7055:translated them again into Latin 6027:Before central and back vowels ( 5974:When it precedes a front vowel ( 5657:When adjacent to a front vowel ( 5208:in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. 5101:can separate any pair of vowels. 4972:can only separate front vowels ( 4919: 2284:. It can be found in words like 1606:should not be confused with the 1216:Judaeo-Spanish, once the Jewish 1181: 1080:—and most of the vocabulary for 749: 737: 725: 190: 88: 47: 11918: 11893: 11867: 11842: 11816: 11790: 11772: 11751: 11713: 11704: 11681: 11630: 11579:College of Arts and Sciences – 11567: 11553: 11523: 11495: 11468: 11456: 11437: 11418: 11399: 11387: 11380:Price, Sarah. (25 August 2005) 11374: 11328: 11319: 11307: 11281: 11250: 11225: 11207: 11142: 11117: 11092: 11067: 11038: 11019: 10925: 10829: 10817: 10736: 10719: 10687: 10661: 10644: 10622:Variation and Change in Spanish 10507: 10482: 10457: 10432: 10353: 10333: 10321: 10300: 10285: 10270: 10194: 10156: 10131: 10095: 10077: 10062: 10036: 10011: 9986: 9983:. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. 9946:, on the former website of the 9711: 9626: 9047:Words derived from Portuguese: 8718: 8702: 8686: 8670: 8619:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego 8457:Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. 8429:topó una meara, allí lo pariría 8427:a su marido tal ni le descubría 8401:Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. 8342:Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. 8283:Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. 8168:Don't look at me; I am singing, 7963:Goodbye, My Love (translation) 7892: 7766: 7752: 7729:Comparison with other languages 6484: 6238:in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords 5439:in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords 5182:in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords 4900:Two Israeli organizations, the 4870:nominative-accusative alignment 1507: 1501: 1209: 1203: 1197: 989:, it is today spoken mainly by 383: 374: 365: 99:needs additional citations for 66:or discuss these issues on the 17054:of the language on their left. 16924:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 13880:Relations with other religions 12148:Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino 11694:University of California Press 11508:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 10758:Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). 10360:Attig, Remy (September 2012). 10201:Attig, Remy (September 2012). 10048:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 9865: 9587: 8575:You've brought me misfortune. 8517:Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael 8500:I will somebody to take me out 8481:"Andavos mi madre, de la meara 8386:Why do you look so distraught? 8185:No te lo kontengas tu, fijika, 8040:And brought you into the world 7697:Alliance Israelite Universelle 7582:into Hebrew, English or both. 7392:, but was later replaced with 7148:Alliance Israélite Universelle 6135:), it is typically a trigraph. 5994:is represented by the digraph 4906:Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino 4883: 3754:While Spanish pronounces both 2330:('apply makeup'), from French 2310:Alliance Israélite Universelle 1651:instead of the normal Spanish 1495:Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino 1068:—especially in the domains of 13: 1: 17175:Severely endangered languages 17160:Endangered diaspora languages 14758:Algerian Jewish Sign Language 13867:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 12156:Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki 12038:. New York: Hippocrene Books 10418:. New York: Hippocene Books. 9948:Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki 9791:Koen, Hajim Mordehaj (1927). 9575: 9435:The Israeli-German folk band 9276:released a CD in 2001 called 9272:from the New York-based band 8515:Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, 8455:Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, 8399:Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, 8384:and each day he would ask her 8366:y de día en día le preguntava 8340:Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, 8281:Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, 8200:for you are white like bread, 8157:los mis males son muy grandes 7739:Aki Yerushalayim orthography 7673:taught Judaeo-Spanish at the 7482:At Congregation Etz Ahaim of 7399: 7342:The House on Chelouche Street 7272:Sabbatai Tsevi esperamos a ti 6067:is usually a trigraph, as in 5963:'engineer.' When it precedes 4902:Akademia Nasionala del Ladino 3900: 2679: 1819:), pronounced or , like the 1714:(Judaeo-Spanish), instead of 489:), formerly also the Americas 17130:Endangered Romance languages 15124:Andalusian language movement 13798:Leo Baeck Institute New York 13793:American Sephardi Federation 12050:Ha-safa ha-sefaradit-yehudit 12031:. New York: Hippocrene Books 11288:Guo, Ke (30 December 2020). 10789:Dicționarul etimologic român 10378:10.1080/14753820.2012.712320 10219:10.1080/14753820.2012.712320 9851:Jones, Sam (1 August 2017). 9102:Words derived from Turkish: 9002:Words derived from Persian: 8320:Then he was telling all the 7624:National Authority of Ladino 7533:is also included, alongside 7191: 7057:for transmission to Europe. 6496:to distinguish the sequence 5971:, it is typically a digraph. 5931:is usually a digraph, as in 4615: 4362: 4115: 3021: 2991: 2963: 2874: 2840: 2784: 2737: 2659: 2632:. The dialect spoken in the 2440: 2308:Due to the influence of the 2272:The Turkish agentive suffix 1542:expulsion of Jews from Spain 1493: 1468: 1336:The language is also called 1329: 1323: 1317: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 914: 320: 311: 302: 293: 284: 7: 16921:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 12621:Constantinopolitan Karaites 12281:– UW Stroum Jewish Studies 11854:Maryland State Arts Council 10878:"The State of Ladino Today" 10366:Bulletin of Spanish Studies 10207:Bulletin of Spanish Studies 9608:[-(e)spa-,-(e)ʃpa-] 9442: 9412:Sephardic Home for the Aged 8960: 8797:Words derived from Hebrew: 8732:Words derived from Arabic: 8292:Abraham Avinu , dear father 8260:was going out to the fields 8187:ke sos blanka komo'l simit, 8153:No me mires ke'stó kantando 7433:Dinim de shehitah i bedikah 7326:showed an episode, titled " 7226:. Judaeo-Spanish textbook, 6340:Represents an etymological 6178:Represents an etymological 5749:is represented by a double 5677:is represented by a single 5464:represents an etymological 5386:As a vowel (word-finally), 5204:Represents an etymological 4075:) and in the interrogative 3944:(plural); the third-person 2318:('lampshade'), from French 2290:('candyman'), derived from 2265: 2253: 2204:('arrogance') from Spanish 2194: 2182: 2170: 1641: 1540:is complicated. Before the 1536:The derivation of the name 1412:after the Moroccan city of 1382: 1297: 10: 17191: 16623:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 15649:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 15443:Central−Southern Calabrian 14148:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 13849:National Library of Israel 12490:Zionism, race and genetics 12054:The Judeo-Spanish language 11999:Габинский, Марк А. (1992) 10596:archive.phonetics.ucla.edu 10469:www.proyectos.cchs.csic.es 9908:10.1163/187247107783876329 9770:(in Spanish). Peter Lang. 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9185:Words derived from Greek: 9088: – 'black' (in color) 8818: – 'humble, obedient' 8743: – 'liberty, freedom' 8526:Abraham Avinu, dear father 8483:yo ya topó quen me alexara 8466:Abraham Avinu, dear father 8410:Abraham Avinu, dear father 8351:Abraham Avinu, dear father 8095:You made it bitter for me 7939:Non komo muestro Salvador. 7723: 7639:University of Pennsylvania 7451:, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and 7447:The Jewish communities of 7385:, into his mother tongue. 7355:Jewish Publication Society 7240:Great Fire of Thessaloniki 7202:The language was known as 7138:of the Iberian Peninsula. 7036: 2213: 2180:('synagogue', from Hebrew 1962:('still') with Portuguese 1688: 1629: 303:djudeo-espanyol / espanyol 29: 17028: 17012: 16963: 16912: 16836: 16640: 16613: 16562: 16414: 16300: 16246: 16227: 16178: 15845: 15598: 15589: 15550: 15430: 15315: 15304: 15215: 15177: 15116: 15090: 15060: 14985: 14937:Gomeran whistled language 14932: 14923: 14898: 14854: 14845: 14824: 14771: 14738: 14673: 14618: 14563: 14449: 14417: 14330: 14321: 14312: 14261: 14196: 14122: 14077: 14046: 14037: 14028: 13947: 13803:Yeshiva University Museum 13783:Center for Jewish History 13773: 13638: 13510: 13384: 13278: 12809: 12428: 12370: 12352: 12287:"Ladino" or not "Ladino"? 10876:Harris, Tracy K. (2011). 10561:10.1017/S0025100310000277 10254:10.1163/9789401202503_010 10165:"Judeo-Romance varieties" 10019:"In memoriam DAVID KAMHI" 9181: – 'Jewish quarters' 9133: – 'to paint, color' 8928: – 'star', 'destiny' 8554:Yo era ninya de kaza alta 8325:That every pregnant woman 8242:vido una luz santa en la 8170:it is crying that I want, 8125:un kuchilyo de dos kortes 8121:Por una ninya tan fermoza 8087:You made it bitter for me 8065:You made it bitter for me 8057:You made it bitter for me 7900: 7865: 7850: 7835: 7804: 7789: 7774: 7742: 7735: 7665:also offers courses. The 7484:Highland Park, New Jersey 7347:Every Time We Say Goodbye 7076:(especially Turkey), and 6489:This orthography uses an 6445: 6439: 6419: 6413: 6397: 6391: 6376: 6370: 6355: 6349: 6329: 6323: 6292: 6286: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6250: 6221: 6215: 6193: 6187: 6169: 6163: 6148: 6142: 6108: 6092: 6068: 6062: 6017: 6005: 5997: 5985: 5966: 5948: 5932: 5926: 5898: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5849: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5806: 5800: 5784: 5778: 5768: 5752: 5735: 5729: 5714:, thereby distinguishing 5705: 5688: 5680: 5668: 5632: 5621: 5615: 5601: 5587: 5581: 5557: 5551: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5510: 5504: 5489:, thereby distinguishing 5480: 5459: 5427: 5421: 5409: 5371: 5365: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5315: 5309: 5294: 5288: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5196: 5165: 5159: 5137: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5096: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5045: 5039: 4991: 4983: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4855: 4827: 4780: 4733: 4690: 4651: 4620: 4566: 4519: 4478: 4435: 4400: 4367: 4313: 4180: 4145: 4120: 4078:qualo/quala / kualo/kuala 3645: 3564: 2656:, possibly from Italian. 2405:have some influence from 2365: 2303: 2236:('rejoice') from Turkish 923: 875: 866:Historical Judeo-Spanish 859: 847: 833: 821: 804: 787: 768: 763: 715: 710: 669: 641: 606: 513: 503: 493: 478: 447: 433:[dʒuˈðeo‿spaˈɲol] 427: 403: 352: 340: 328: 278: 273: 268: 17125:Judaeo-Spanish languages 15931:North American dialects 15438:Extreme Southern Italian 14588:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi 12395:Ancient Israel and Judah 11930:11 December 2008 at the 11780:"Esther Ofarim web site" 11581:University of Washington 11430:17 November 2012 at the 11202:Martin Luther University 11192:Orient-Institut Istanbul 11174:Strauss, Johann (2010). 11011:Radio Exterior de España 10993:Kol Israel International 10953:10.3167/ej.2011.44.01.08 10896:10.3167/ej.2011.44.01.07 10804:Universidad de la Laguna 10544:"Istanbul Judeo-Spanish" 10120:Entry "judeoespañol, la" 9497:, Judaeo-Spanish hip-hop 9480:Judaeo-Spanish Knowledge 9475:Judaeo-Romance languages 9287:Lullabies and Love Songs 8793: – 'cemetery visit' 8728:Selected words by origin 8558:Por kaer kon ti berbante 8093:I no longer want my life 8085:I no longer want my life 8076:Wait for another passion 8072:Wait for another passion 8063:I no longer want my life 8055:I no longer want my life 7972:Tu madre kuando te pario 7935:Non komo muestro Sinyor, 7911: 7675:University of Washington 7609:Modern education and use 7318:Radio Nacional de España 7224:Nuevo Silibaryo Espanyol 7208:Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni 6980:, which has merged with 6968:Historical orthographies 3843:('you have embittered'). 2526:, but the metathesis of 2491:and the conservation of 1954:Contrast Judaeo-Spanish 1907:are different phonemes: 1519:. According to linguist 1318:Nuevo Silibaryo Espanyol 930:‎), also known as 705:Aljamiado (Perso-Arabic) 653:North-Western (Sarajevo) 366:ӂудеоэспаньол / эспаньол 17135:Sephardi Jewish culture 15350:Central−Northern Latian 15108:Valencian Sign Language 14972:Roquetas Pidgin Spanish 14719:Portuguese-based Creole 12771:North African Sephardim 12744:Jewish tribes of Arabia 12056:, in Hebrew). Jerusalem 11992:Bunis, David M. (2015) 11745:10.5703/shofar.28.1.127 11149:Borovaya, Olga (2012). 11124:Borovaya, Olga (2012). 11099:Borovaya, Olga (2012). 11074:Borovaya, Olga (2012). 11060:10.14263/2330-2976.1008 10069:Nehama, Joseph (1977). 9564:Judeo-Iranian languages 9298:Esther & Abi Ofarim 9250: 9240: 9230: 9220: 9210: 9200: 9190: 9175: 9167: 9157: 9147: 9137: 9127: 9117: 9107: 9092: 9082: 9072: 9062: 9052: 9037: 9027: 9017: 9007: 8992: 8982: 8972: 8952: 8942: 8932: 8922: 8912: 8902: 8892: 8882: 8872: 8868: – 'religious law' 8862: 8852: 8848: – 'to reconsider' 8842: 8832: 8822: 8812: 8802: 8787: 8777: 8773: – 'money changer' 8767: 8757: 8747: 8737: 8643:Another example is the 8596: 8590: 8553: 8536: 8514: 8478: 8454: 8422: 8398: 8363: 8339: 8304: 8280: 8237: 8184: 8172:my sorrows are so great 8159:no los puedo somportar. 8152: 8136:For a girl so beautiful 8120: 8103: 8002:Va, bushkate otro amor, 7971: 7957: 7932: 7796: 7557: 7551: 7529: 7521: 7508: 7432: 7425: 7271: 7176: 7047:Jews in the Middle Ages 6480:is used in handwriting. 4799:-avax/avash : favl 4601:(comer/komer: "to eat") 4538:-átex/atesh : favl 4348:(comer/komer: "to eat") 4101:(comer/komer: "to eat") 4077: 4071: 4069:) as well as in nouns ( 4065: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 3989: 3983: 3954: 3940: 3928: 3922: 3854: 3839: 3791: 3776: 3720: 3711: 3702: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2296: 2286: 2280: 2259: 2247: 2232: 2206: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2144: 2130: 2124: 2075: 2067: 2020: 2012: 1996: 1988: 1956: 1918: 1909: 1868: 1852: 1778:('low' or 'down,' with 1774: 1708: 1700: 1647: 1330:lingua Djudeo-Espanyola 1259: 220:more precise citations. 15654:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 13874:Holocaust Encyclopedia 13844:Jewish Virtual Library 12073:Molho, Michael (1950) 12048:Markus, Shimon (1965) 12013:Hemsi, Alberto (1995) 11802:Jewish Women's Archive 11575:"The Legacy of Ladino" 11425:Jewish Studies Program 11257:ben Or, David (2016). 11045:Simon, Rachel (2011). 10542:; Şaul, Mahir (2011). 10439:Pulido, Ángel (2016). 10277:Harris, Tracy (1994). 10023:University of Sarajevo 9890:Papo, Eliezer (2007). 9795:(in Ladino). Belgrade. 9617:in different dialects. 9416:Coney Island, New York 9377: 9163: – 'belt, girdle' 9123: – 'to terminate' 8908: – 'story, event' 8763: – 'to terminate' 8602: 8189:ay morenas en el mundo 8078:For you are dead to me 8074:For you are dead to me 8012:Ke para mi sos muerta. 8008:Ke para mi sos muerta. 7980:Korason ella no te dió 7976:Korason ella no te dio 7948: 7872: 7857: 7842: 7827: 7814: 7781: 7605: 7595:Rahamim Nissim Palacci 7490:, a reader chants the 7414: 7261: 7231: 7185: 7068:. Jews in the Ottoman 5982:, both represented by 5765:, both represented by 5665:, both represented by 4980:, both represented by 4897: 4872:, and is considered a 4520:-ítex/itesh : com 4010: 3966: 3946: 3934: 3932:(formal singular) and 3914: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3848: 3833: 3806: 3789:(Judaeo-Spanish text) 3744: 3735: 3729: 3696: 2450: 2417:Other source languages 2344: 2332: 2320: 2274: 2238: 2168:('rabbi', from Hebrew 2115: 2107: 2099: 2091: 2083: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2036: 2028: 2004: 1980: 1972: 1964: 1878: 1862: 1790: 1784: 1716: 1653: 1615: 1560: 1554: 1534: 1402:). The dialect of the 1287: 1282: 1187: 1003:Bosnia and Herzegovina 949:spreading through the 877:This article contains 733:Bosnia and Herzegovina 464:Bosnia and Herzegovina 285:judeoespañol / español 16141:Poitevin–Saintongeais 15103:Catalan Sign Language 15098:Spanish Sign Language 14762:village sign language 14748:Israeli Sign Language 13821:Encyclopaedia Judaica 13603:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 12788:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 12538:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 12273:Yitshak (Itzik) Levy 12230:Friday 9 January 1998 12034:Markova, Alla (2008) 11829:Religion News Service 11449:23 March 2011 at the 11051:Judaica Librarianship 10998:23 March 2007 at the 10733:, Cordoba, pp. 23–24. 10670:"Judeo-Spanish: Noun" 10618:Penny, Ralph (2000). 10181:10.1515/lex-2017-0016 9957:"The Jews Necropolis" 9370: 9196: – 'read, learn' 8655:Dialectal differences 8123:l'alma yo la vo a dar 8070:Knock at other doors, 8046:She gave you no heart 8042:She gave you no heart 8004:Aharva otras puertas, 7937:Non komo muestro Rey, 7933:Non komo muestro Dio, 7928: 7682:Spanish Royal Academy 7659:Ben-Gurion University 7655:University of Granada 7603: 7585:Izmir's grand rabbis 7407: 7222: 6536:Table of orthography 6247:in native words (see 5193:in native words (see 5066:A silent consonantal 5011:Table of orthography 4891: 4611:(favlar: "to speak") 4358:(favlar: "to speak") 4111:(favlar: "to speak") 4004:are used with Hebrew 3926:(informal singular), 3870:. Thus, removing the 3804:(Equivalent Spanish) 2536:⟨godro⟩ 2497:⟨gordo⟩ 2448: 2177:kal, kahal/cal, cahal 1618:), spoken in part of 1525: 1267: 1111:and its cursive form 1016:of Judaeo-Spanish is 1007:Royal Spanish Academy 15950:St. Marys Bay French 15474:Neapolitan–Calabrese 14238:Judaeo-Tripolitanian 12400:Second Temple period 12128:. Barcelona: Ameller 11710:meara=מערה=Heb. cave 11646:USC Shoah Foundation 11476:"For love of Ladino" 11269:on 17 September 2021 10933:Gerson Şarhon, Karen 10793:Alexandru Ciorănescu 10703:7 April 2008 at the 10540:Hualde, José Ignacio 9942:21 July 2011 at the 9933:Haim-Vidal Sephiha: 9414:, a nursing home in 9403:Fulbright Fellowship 9401:, who was awarded a 8838: – 'to arrange' 8647:, a folk song about 8382:'s wife was pregnant 8219:Quando el Rey Nimrod 8155:es lyorar ke kero yo 8140:a double-edged knife 8127:en el korason entro. 7887:Languedocien dialect 7530:Non Como Muestro Dio 7522:Non Como Muestro Dio 7094:Early Modern Spanish 6308:Some speakers merge 5568:Most dialects merge 5352:Most dialects merge 4781:-íax/iash : com 3840:amargátex/amargatesh 3509:Most dialects merge 2565:. The metathesis of 2342:('gun') from French 1843:), pronounced ; and 1404:Oran area of Algeria 1056:vocabulary, such as 991:Sephardic minorities 462:(12 reported 2017), 108:improve this article 17165:Languages of Israel 17145:Languages of Greece 17140:Languages of Turkey 16302:Galician–Portuguese 15328:Central Marchigiano 15080:Catalan / Valencian 14986:Immigrant languages 14846:Regional / minority 14825:Official / national 14598:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani 13838:Jewish Encyclopedia 13583:Hekhalot literature 13394:Religious movements 12929:Judeo-Tripolitanian 12248:10 May 2010 at the 12239:Etext of Nebrija's 12180:The Ladino Alphabet 12168:, an email list in 11949:Judezmo Expressions 11609:(9 December 2017). 11541:on 12 December 2012 11481:The Jewish Standard 11411:29 May 2009 at the 10668:Batzarov, Zdravko. 9640:is also spelled as 9506:Matilda Koen-Sarano 9501:Laura Papo Bohoreta 9495:Los Serenos Sefarad 9420:Songs of the Season 9381:Voice of the Turtle 9356:The Israeli singer 9311:Povereta Muchachica 9098: – 'to change' 9043: – 'dizziness' 8560:Me metites a servir 8191:ke kemaron Selanik. 8174:I can't bear them. 8138:I will give my soul 7974:Y te kito al mundo, 7619:University of Paris 7525:in Judaeo-Spanish. 7506:. That is known as 7465:Seattle, Washington 7359:Matilda Koen-Sarano 7328:A Murderer Among Us 7129:-speaking regions. 7019:Library of Congress 6537: 6502:⟨s·h⟩ 6043:, though sometimes 5907:, though sometimes 5012: 4752:-ávamos : favl 4285:-ax/ash : favl 3947:él/ella/ellos/ellas 3814:tus lindos ojitos, 3799:tus lindos ojikos, 3571: 3064: 2686: 2465:Grupo noroccidental 2135:('son') are found. 1434:Spanyol de mozotros 1042:Galician-Portuguese 926:גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול 717:Recognised minority 483:Mediterranean Basin 355:גﬞידﬞייו / גﬞודﬞייו 331:גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול 17155:Diaspora languages 17150:Languages of Spain 16716:Catalan Ribagorçan 16563:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 15835:Judaeo-Piedmontese 15745:Bustocco–Legnanese 15540:Northern Calabrian 14818:Languages of Spain 14626:Jewish Koine Greek 14486:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14233:Judaeo-Palestinian 14078:Reading traditions 13979:Judaism portal 13915:Jews and Halloween 13910:Jews and Christmas 13300:Rabbinic authority 13052:Judaeo-Piedmontese 12485:Xueta Christianity 12390:Origins of Judaism 12357:Outline of Judaism 12198:Margalit Matitiahu 12015:Cancionero Sefardí 11053:. 16/17: 125–135. 11015:Emisión en sefardí 10310:Entry "ladino, na" 10143:My Jewish Learning 10050:. 22 November 2022 9827:The Jerusalem Post 9596:[dʒu-,ʒu-] 9490:Mozarabic language 8998: – 'blessing' 8858: – 'blessing' 8556:No savia de sufrir 8142:pierced my heart. 8029:Me l'amargates tú. 8021:Me l'amargates tu. 8010:Aspera otro ardor, 8006:Aspera otro ardor, 7999:Me l'amargates tu. 7991:Me l'amargates tu. 7982:Para amar segundo. 7978:Para amar segundo. 7926:in Judeo-Spanish: 7615:Haïm Vidal Séphiha 7613:In 1967, linguist 7606: 7567:Hazzan Isaac Azose 7509:Bendichu su Nombre 7415: 7287:Bosnia-Herzegovina 7232: 7021:has published the 6535: 6510:⟨sh⟩ 5406:is represented by 5116:word-finally (see 5010: 5005:Hebrew orthography 4898: 4606:(bivir: "to live") 4353:(bivir: "to live") 4275:-ix/ish : biv 4265:-ex/esh : com 4106:(bivir: "to live") 4023:ladrones, ladronim 3829:Andalusian Spanish 3770:representing and 3569: 3062: 2684: 2571:⟨dr⟩ 2567:⟨rd⟩ 2532:⟨dr⟩ 2528:⟨rd⟩ 2493:⟨rd⟩ 2451: 2160:Jewish vernaculars 2154:Hebrew and Aramaic 1620:Northeastern Italy 1283: 1107:Historically, the 947:Edict of Expulsion 868:speech communities 509:51,000 (2018) 17061: 17060: 17037:extinct languages 16959: 16958: 16636: 16635: 16595:Navarro-Aragonese 16480:Peruvian Ribereño 16405:Judaeo-Portuguese 16320:Galician–Asturian 16223: 16222: 16214:Old Gallo-Romance 16168:Wisconsin Walloon 15585: 15584: 15558:Dalmatian Romance 15166:Romance languages 15132: 15131: 15056: 15055: 15052: 15051: 14889: 14784: 14783: 14778:extinct languages 14715:Judaeo-Papiamento 14669: 14668: 14547:Judaeo-Portuguese 14445: 14444: 14308: 14307: 14118: 14117: 13988: 13987: 13954:extinct languages 13855:YIVO Encyclopedia 13630:Hebrew literature 13598:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 13438:Reconstructionist 13116:Judaeo-Portuguese 12805: 12804: 12761:Eastern Sephardim 12405:Synagogal Judaism 12104:978-2-915255-75-1 12003:(M. A. Gabinsky. 11988:978-965-493-024-6 11971:978-1-890035-73-0 11957:978-89-00-35754-7 11881:on 28 August 2008 11721:"Conference News" 11243:978-0-88123-104-5 11198:info page on book 11194:. pp. 21–51. 11160:978-0-253-35672-7 11135:978-0-253-35672-7 11110:978-0-253-35672-7 11085:978-0-253-35672-7 10853:978-0-87338-696-8 10769:978-0-8147-2911-3 10525:978-3-0351-0275-8 10175:(2017): 321–358. 9777:978-3-03910-846-6 9749:(25th ed., 2022) 9666:Dzsudeo-Eszpanyol 9654:Dschudeo-Espanjol 9470:Judaeo-Portuguese 9296:Israeli folk-duo 9278:La Mar Enfortuna, 9216: – 'bouquet' 8978: – 'charity' 8725: 8724: 8623:Jesus of Nazareth 8600:(modern Spanish: 8586: 8585: 8226:When King Nimrod 8091:Farewell my love, 8083:Farewell my love, 8061:Farewell my love, 8053:Farewell my love, 7909: 7908: 7823:Reintegrationist 7663:Hebrew University 7051:prestige language 7043:Iberian peninsula 7025:standard it uses. 6965: 6964: 6508:phoneme (written 6494:⟨·⟩ 6460: 6459: 6243:Cannot represent 5189:Cannot represent 5112:cannot represent 4853: 4852: 4846:-avan : favl 4734:-íamos : com 4670:-avas : favl 4588: 4587: 4581:-aron : favl 4567:-ieron : com 4415:-ates : favl 4335: 4334: 4236:-amos : favl 3810:querido hijito, 3718:('newspaper') vs 3679:and the tap/flap 3654: 3653: 3501: 3500: 3060: 3059: 2573:is also present. 2543:Grupo suroriental 2504:Grupo nororiental 2360:Otto von Bismarck 2356:German Chancellor 1945:Judaeo-Portuguese 1876:, modern Spanish 1860:, modern Spanish 1782:, modern Spanish 1595:has come to mean 1587:has come to mean 1530:Biblia de Ferrara 1430:Kasteyano Muestro 1396:Judezmo, Djudesmo 1380: 1358:Español sefardita 1164:Judezmo, Djudezmo 1026:Iberian Peninsula 1022:Romance languages 999:minority language 903: 902: 885:rendering support 881:phonetic symbols. 264: 263: 256: 246: 245: 238: 184: 183: 176: 158: 81: 16:(Redirected from 17182: 17102: 17101: 17090: 17089: 17088: 17078: 17077: 17076: 17069: 16582:Judaeo-Aragonese 16571:Andalusi Romance 16424:Amazonic Spanish 16261:Western Asturian 16244: 16243: 16183:Franco-Provençal 15854: 15853: 15750:Comasco–Lecchese 15608:Emilian–Romagnol 15596: 15595: 15396:Regional Italian 15386:Italo-Australian 15313: 15312: 15235:Megleno-Romanian 15159: 15152: 15145: 15136: 15135: 14930: 14929: 14885: 14852: 14851: 14836:a.k.a. Castilian 14811: 14804: 14797: 14788: 14787: 14695:Judaeo-Malayalam 14609:Judeo-Golpaygani 14554:Judaeo-Aragonese 14472:Judaeo-Livornese 14328: 14327: 14319: 14318: 14044: 14043: 14035: 14034: 14022:Jewish languages 14015: 14008: 14001: 13992: 13991: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13962: 13961: 13094:Judeo-Golpaygani 12695:Palestinian Jews 12670:Alexandrian Jews 12626:Crimean Karaites 12543:Unterlander Jews 12496: 12495: 12410:Rabbinic Judaism 12335: 12328: 12321: 12312: 12311: 12302:Yossi Gur, 2003. 12152: 12108: 11994:Judezmo (Ladino) 11935: 11922: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11897: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11820: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11731:(1): 131. 2009. 11717: 11711: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11672: 11667: 11665: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11643: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11603: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11584:. 17 August 2020 11571: 11565: 11564: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11537:. Archived from 11527: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11472: 11466: 11460: 11454: 11441: 11435: 11422: 11416: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11332: 11326: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11285: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11274: 11265:. Archived from 11254: 11248: 11247: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11211: 11205: 11195: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11096: 11090: 11089: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11042: 11036: 11023: 11017: 11008: 11002: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10873: 10858: 10857: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10801: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10755: 10746: 10740: 10734: 10731:Coplas Sefardíes 10723: 10717: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10665: 10659: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10625: 10615: 10600: 10599: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10563: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10411: 10398: 10397: 10357: 10351: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10289: 10283: 10282: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10135: 10129: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9990: 9984: 9982: 9976: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9931: 9920: 9919: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9848: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9804: 9796: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9738: 9718: 9715: 9709: 9702:Tzoudeo-Espaniol 9658:Dzhudeo-Espanyol 9630: 9618: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9591: 9548:Aki Yerushalayim 9485:Knaanic language 9455:Jewish languages 9394:La Mar Enfortuna 9389:Jennifer Charles 9337: 9336: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9266:Jennifer Charles 9255: 9245: 9235: 9226: – 'tomato' 9225: 9215: 9205: 9195: 9180: 9172: 9162: 9152: 9142: 9132: 9122: 9112: 9097: 9087: 9077: 9067: 9057: 9042: 9032: 9022: 9012: 8997: 8988: – 'prayer' 8987: 8977: 8964:+ Turkic ending 8963: 8957: 8947: 8937: 8927: 8917: 8907: 8897: 8887: 8877: 8867: 8857: 8847: 8837: 8827: 8817: 8807: 8792: 8782: 8772: 8762: 8753: – 'Sunday' 8752: 8742: 8721: 8705: 8689: 8678:Serbo-Croatian ( 8673: 8659: 8658: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8562: 8539: 8519: 8489: 8459: 8431: 8403: 8372: 8344: 8313: 8285: 8249: 8204:who set fire to 8193: 8161: 8129: 8106: 8048:To love another. 8044:To love another. 8031: 8027:No kero la vida, 8019:No kero la vida, 7997:No kero la vida, 7989:No kero la vida, 7960: 7953: 7952: 7941: 7896: 7876: 7861: 7846: 7831: 7818: 7800: 7785: 7770: 7756: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7733: 7732: 7643:Tufts University 7560: 7554: 7532: 7524: 7511: 7435: 7428: 7333:Novia que te vea 7274: 7264: 7244:Second World War 7194: 7188: 7179: 7164:Slavic languages 7041:In the medieval 6983: 6979: 6961: 6948: 6935: 6922: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6871: 6858: 6845: 6832: 6820: 6807: 6794: 6781: 6768: 6755: 6742: 6729: 6716: 6703: 6690: 6677: 6664: 6651: 6638: 6625: 6612: 6599: 6586: 6573: 6560: 6538: 6534: 6528:are paroxytones. 6527: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6315: 6311: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6210:is unnecessary. 6201: 6195: 6189: 6181: 6171: 6165: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6114: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6074: 6066: 6064: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5968: 5954: 5938: 5930: 5928: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5887: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5623: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5435:As a consonant, 5429: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5389: 5382: 5379:As a consonant, 5373: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5207: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5154:is unnecessary. 5145: 5139: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5109: 5100: 5098: 5093:As a consonant, 5089: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5041: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4709:-ava : favl 4639:-ava : favl 4593: 4592: 4479:-imos : com 4401:-ites : com 4340: 4339: 4230:-imos : biv 4220:-emos : com 4093: 4092: 4086:Verb conjugation 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 3992: 3986: 3969: 3957: 3955:el/eya/eyos/eyas 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3857: 3851: 3842: 3836: 3816: 3801: 3782: 3779: 3765: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3650: 3636: 3624: 3610: 3598: 3572: 3568: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3485: 3457: 3445: 3414: 3381: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3196: 3191: 3182: 3177: 3155: 3146: 3135: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3009: 2980: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2865: 2859: 2835: 2829: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2795: 2778: 2769: 2759: 2748: 2687: 2683: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475:(Macedonia) and 2407:Levantine Arabic 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2299: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2241: 2235: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1881: 1875: 1872:('to say,' with 1871: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1752: 1744: 1684:Source languages 1656: 1650: 1648:la noche la esta 1644: 1642:ha-laylah ha-zeh 1624:Romance language 1563: 1557: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1471: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1290: 1268:A 1902 Issue of 1212: 1206: 1200: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1046:Andalusi Romance 936:Romance language 929: 928: 927: 917: 864: 855: 843: 816: 799: 792: 782: 781: 773: 755: 753: 752: 743: 741: 740: 731: 729: 728: 719:language in 687:(normally using 675: 519: 466:(2 as of 2022), 443: 442: 441: 435: 408: 396: 395: 394: 387: 386: 385: 378: 377: 376: 369: 368: 367: 360: 358: 357: 356: 348: 346: 345: 344: 336: 334: 333: 332: 324: 323: 315: 314: 306: 305: 297: 296: 288: 287: 266: 265: 259: 252: 241: 234: 230: 227: 221: 216:this article by 207:inline citations 194: 193: 186: 179: 172: 168: 165: 159: 157: 123:"Judaeo-Spanish" 116: 92: 84: 73: 51: 50: 43: 21: 17190: 17189: 17185: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17179: 17110: 17109: 17108: 17096: 17086: 17084: 17074: 17072: 17064: 17062: 17057: 17024: 17008: 16986:Pannonian Latin 16972:African Romance 16955: 16908: 16839: 16832: 16770:Judeo-Provençal 16643: 16632: 16609: 16558: 16468:Chilean Chilote 16410: 16296: 16237: 16233: 16230: 16219: 16207:Moselle Romance 16174: 16023:Missouri French 15984:Franco-Ontarian 15859: 15848: 15841: 15581: 15546: 15523:Southern Latian 15426: 15391:Maltese Italian 15323:Central Italian 15307: 15300: 15295:Common Romanian 15211: 15195:Italo-Dalmatian 15173: 15163: 15133: 15128: 15112: 15086: 15048: 14981: 14925: 14919: 14894: 14847: 14841: 14820: 14815: 14785: 14780: 14767: 14734: 14705:Judaeo-Georgian 14665: 14614: 14559: 14526:Judeo-Provençal 14441: 14413: 14304: 14257: 14248:Judaeo-Tunisian 14228:Judaeo-Moroccan 14221:Judaeo-Baghdadi 14211:Judaeo-Egyptian 14206:Judaeo-Algerian 14192: 14183:Lishanid Noshan 14114: 14073: 14024: 14019: 13989: 13984: 13973: 13971: 13943: 13769: 13634: 13506: 13380: 13274: 13089:Judeo-Borujerdi 13064:Judeo-Malayalam 13010:Judeo-Aragonese 12981:Lishanid Noshan 12813: 12801: 12533:Oberlander Jews 12494: 12424: 12366: 12348: 12339: 12250:Wayback Machine 12207:Morning Edition 12150: 12135: 12115: 12113:Further reading 12105: 11976:Bunis, David M. 11939: 11938: 11932:Wayback Machine 11923: 11919: 11909: 11907: 11899: 11898: 11894: 11884: 11882: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11831: 11821: 11817: 11807: 11805: 11796: 11795: 11791: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11719: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11705: 11686: 11682: 11670: 11668: 11659: 11658: 11651: 11649: 11641: 11635: 11631: 11621: 11619: 11604: 11597: 11587: 11585: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11559: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11514: 11512: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11484: 11474: 11473: 11469: 11461: 11457: 11451:Wayback Machine 11442: 11438: 11432:Wayback Machine 11423: 11419: 11413:Wayback Machine 11404: 11400: 11392: 11388: 11379: 11375: 11365: 11363: 11333: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11312: 11308: 11298: 11296: 11286: 11282: 11272: 11270: 11255: 11251: 11244: 11230: 11226: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11172: 11168: 11161: 11147: 11143: 11136: 11122: 11118: 11111: 11097: 11093: 11086: 11072: 11068: 11043: 11039: 11035:, 9 March 2012. 11024: 11020: 11009: 11005: 11000:Wayback Machine 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10874: 10861: 10854: 10834: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10795: 10781: 10777: 10770: 10756: 10749: 10741: 10737: 10727:Iacob M. Hassán 10725:See preface by 10724: 10720: 10705:Wayback Machine 10694:Verba Hispanica 10692: 10688: 10678: 10676: 10666: 10662: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10616: 10603: 10590: 10589: 10585: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10512: 10508: 10498: 10496: 10488: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10437: 10433: 10426: 10412: 10401: 10358: 10354: 10348:Wayback Machine 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10306: 10305: 10301: 10290: 10286: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10240: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10161: 10157: 10147: 10145: 10137: 10136: 10132: 10118: 10114: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10083: 10082: 10078: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10042: 10041: 10037: 10027: 10025: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10002: 10000: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9970: 9969: 9962: 9960: 9955: 9944:Wayback Machine 9932: 9923: 9888: 9881: 9870: 9866: 9849: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9818: 9814: 9798: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9764: 9760: 9750: 9739: 9732: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9712: 9706:Xhudeo-Espanjol 9678:Giudeo-Espaneol 9674:Giudeo-Espagnol 9662:Džudeo-Espanjol 9650:Djudeo-Espanyol 9646:Djudeo-Espagnol 9631: 9627: 9622: 9621: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9573: 9526:Pallache family 9445: 9263: 9033: – 'money' 9023: – 'plate' 8828: – 'grave' 8730: 8657: 8645:Coplas de Purim 8577: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8564: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8530: 8527: 8521: 8516: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8491: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8470: 8467: 8461: 8456: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8433: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8414: 8411: 8405: 8400: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8374: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8355: 8352: 8346: 8341: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8315: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8296: 8293: 8287: 8282: 8272: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8131: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7914: 7736:Judaeo-Spanish 7731: 7726: 7611: 7591:Abraham Palacci 7540:Mishkan T'filah 7445: 7402: 7394:Judeo-Malayalam 7295:interwar period 7210:) wrote in his 7039: 7000:Turkish variant 6993:Cyrillic script 6970: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6487: 6253:‎⟩ 6248: 6232:in native words 6065:‎⟩ 6060: 6008:‎⟩ 6003: 6000:‎⟩ 5995: 5988:‎⟩ 5983: 5969:‎⟩ 5964: 5929:‎⟩ 5924: 5901:‎⟩ 5896: 5771:‎⟩ 5766: 5755:‎⟩ 5750: 5710:) to represent 5708:‎⟩ 5703: 5702:to the letter ( 5691:‎⟩ 5686: 5683:‎⟩ 5678: 5671:‎⟩ 5666: 5635:‎⟩ 5630: 5604:‎⟩ 5599: 5485:) to represent 5483:‎⟩ 5478: 5477:to the letter ( 5462:‎⟩ 5457: 5412:‎⟩ 5407: 5199:‎⟩ 5194: 5176:in native words 5122:‎⟩ 5117: 5110:‎⟩ 5105: 5099:‎⟩ 5094: 5088:‎⟩ 5083: 5080:‎⟩ 5075: 5072:‎⟩ 5067: 4994:‎⟩ 4989: 4986:‎⟩ 4981: 4970:‎⟩ 4965: 4962:‎⟩ 4957: 4954:‎⟩ 4949: 4946:‎⟩ 4941: 4938:‎⟩ 4933: 4922: 4886: 4858: 4828:-ían : com 4652:-ías : com 4610: 4605: 4600: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4328:-an : favl 4160:-as : favl 4110: 4105: 4100: 4088: 4048:('synagogue'): 3903: 3808:Duerme, duerme, 3795:kerido ijiko, 3774:representing : 3669: 3570:Vowel phonemes 3567: 3094: 3077: 2717: 2700: 2682: 2662: 2570: 2566: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2496: 2492: 2443: 2419: 2411:Egyptian Arabic 2395:Algerian Arabic 2368: 2306: 2216: 2156: 1949:Portuguese Jews 1940: 1856:('heart,' with 1853:coraçón/korasón 1803:Modern Spanish 1733:Modern Spanish 1691: 1686: 1661:to that style. 1632: 1602:Judaeo-Spanish 1438:kastiyano viejo 1262: 1244:communities in 1234:native speakers 1050:Ottoman Turkish 979:the Netherlands 883:Without proper 871: 853: 839: 812: 795: 788: 777: 776: 769: 759: 750: 748: 747: 738: 736: 735: 726: 724: 720: 718: 711:Official status 676: 671: 637: 609: 602: 555:Western Romance 535:Latino-Faliscan 520: 517:Language family 515: 506: 505:Native speakers 437: 436: 423: 399: 390: 381: 372: 363: 351: 339: 327: 318: 312:djudyo / djidyo 309: 300: 291: 282: 260: 249: 248: 247: 242: 231: 225: 222: 212:Please help to 211: 195: 191: 180: 169: 163: 160: 117: 115: 105: 93: 52: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Ladino language 15: 12: 11: 5: 17188: 17178: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17120:Judaeo-Spanish 17107: 17106: 17094: 17082: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17055: 17048: 17039: 17029: 17026: 17025: 17023: 17022: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17009: 17007: 17006: 17005: 17004: 16999: 16989: 16982: 16975: 16967: 16965: 16961: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16954: 16953: 16952: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16925: 16916: 16914: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16874: 16873: 16872: 16867: 16857: 16856: 16855: 16844: 16842: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16828: 16827: 16826: 16812: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16795: 16794: 16793: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16737: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16718: 16710: 16705: 16702:Judaeo-Catalan 16698: 16697: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16685: 16684: 16679: 16669: 16661: 16648: 16646: 16638: 16637: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16630: 16624: 16617: 16615: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16606: 16605: 16591: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16574: 16566: 16564: 16560: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16549: 16548: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16531: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16484: 16483: 16482: 16472: 16471: 16470: 16457:Latin American 16453: 16448: 16436: 16434:Judaeo-Spanish 16431: 16426: 16420: 16418: 16412: 16411: 16409: 16408: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16361: 16356: 16349: 16337: 16330: 16325: 16324: 16323: 16312: 16306: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16287: 16282: 16281: 16280: 16270: 16265: 16264: 16263: 16252: 16250: 16241: 16225: 16224: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16210: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16170: 16165: 16155: 16154: 16153: 16148: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16122: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16105: 16104: 16097: 16096: 16095: 16085: 16080: 16063: 16058: 16057: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16036: 16035: 16034: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16020: 16019: 16018: 16008: 16003: 16002: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15980: 15979: 15974: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15953: 15952: 15947: 15929: 15924: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15895: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15864: 15862: 15851: 15843: 15842: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15837: 15827: 15820: 15819: 15818: 15817: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15805: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15747: 15742: 15741: 15740: 15725: 15724: 15723: 15718: 15703: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15642: 15637: 15627: 15626: 15625: 15620: 15604: 15602: 15593: 15587: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15580: 15579: 15577:Judaeo-Italian 15574: 15573: 15572: 15567: 15554: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15542: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15514: 15513: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15468: 15467: 15457: 15456: 15455: 15445: 15434: 15432: 15428: 15427: 15425: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15410: 15405: 15404: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15346: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15319: 15317: 15310: 15302: 15301: 15299: 15298: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15237: 15232: 15230:Istro-Romanian 15227: 15221: 15219: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15209: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15197: 15187: 15181: 15179: 15178:Major branches 15175: 15174: 15170:classification 15162: 15161: 15154: 15147: 15139: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15126: 15120: 15118: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15094: 15092: 15091:Sign languages 15088: 15087: 15085: 15084: 15081: 15078: 15073: 15070: 15064: 15062: 15061:Standard forms 15058: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15046: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14989: 14987: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14933: 14927: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14908: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14892: 14891: 14890: 14878: 14873: 14864: 14858: 14856: 14849: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14839: 14828: 14826: 14822: 14821: 14814: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14791: 14782: 14781: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14765: 14755: 14744: 14742: 14740:Sign languages 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14722: 14712: 14702: 14692: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14670: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14656:Judaeo-Marathi 14649: 14637: 14622: 14620: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14612: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14569: 14567: 14565:Judaeo-Iranian 14561: 14560: 14558: 14557: 14550: 14543: 14536: 14529: 14522: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14512: 14511: 14499:Judaeo-Spanish 14496: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14482: 14479:Judaeo-Mantuan 14475: 14466:Judaeo-Italian 14463: 14460:Judaeo-Catalan 14455: 14453: 14451:Judaeo-Romance 14447: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14423: 14421: 14419:Jewish English 14415: 14414: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14405: 14404: 14397: 14395:Judeo-Alsatian 14387: 14386: 14385: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14347: 14345: 14325: 14316: 14310: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14292: 14276: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14224: 14223: 14213: 14208: 14202: 14200: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14159: 14158: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14128: 14126: 14124:Judaeo-Aramaic 14120: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14050: 14048: 14041: 14032: 14026: 14025: 14018: 14017: 14010: 14003: 13995: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13982: 13968: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13921:non-Christian 13919: 13918: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13877: 13870: 13863: 13858: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13817: 13812: 13811: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13779: 13777: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13767: 13762: 13761: 13760: 13755: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13706: 13696: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13667: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13655: 13644: 13642: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13620:Shulchan Aruch 13617: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13608:Sefer Yetzirah 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13588:Pardes Rimonim 13585: 13578:Kabbalah texts 13575: 13574: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13522: 13516: 13514: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13390: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13378: 13373: 13371:Land of Israel 13368: 13367: 13366: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13345: 13344: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13284: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13272: 13267: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13257: 13256: 13249: 13247:Judeo-Alsatian 13239: 13238: 13237: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13099:Judeo-Hamedani 13096: 13091: 13086: 13076: 13074:Judaeo-Occitan 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13033: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13015:Jewish English 13012: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13003: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12946:Judaeo-Aramaic 12943: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12934:Judeo-Tunisian 12931: 12926: 12924:Judeo-Moroccan 12921: 12920: 12919: 12917:Judeo-Baghdadi 12904: 12899: 12894: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12821: 12819: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12773: 12768: 12766:Livornese Jews 12763: 12753: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12736: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12657: 12656: 12655: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12613: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12562: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12513:Afrikaner-Jode 12504: 12502: 12493: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12434: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12374: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12338: 12337: 12330: 12323: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12292:David M. Bunis 12277: 12271: 12266: 12253: 12236: 12231: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12200: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12166:Ladinokomunita 12163: 12158: 12153: 12145: 12139:Judaeo-Spanish 12134: 12133:External links 12131: 12130: 12129: 12122: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12103: 12090: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12046: 12032: 12025: 12018: 12011: 12008: 11997: 11990: 11973: 11959: 11937: 11936: 11917: 11892: 11866: 11841: 11815: 11804:. 23 June 2021 11798:"Flory Jagoda" 11789: 11771: 11750: 11712: 11703: 11680: 11637:Austin, Dana. 11629: 11595: 11566: 11552: 11522: 11511:. 30 July 2010 11494: 11467: 11455: 11436: 11417: 11398: 11386: 11373: 11327: 11318: 11306: 11280: 11263:sefaradizo.org 11249: 11242: 11224: 11206: 11166: 11159: 11141: 11134: 11116: 11109: 11091: 11084: 11066: 11037: 11018: 11003: 10981: 10924: 10859: 10852: 10828: 10816: 10775: 10768: 10747: 10735: 10718: 10686: 10660: 10643: 10636: 10601: 10583: 10531: 10524: 10506: 10481: 10456: 10450:978-0997825404 10449: 10431: 10424: 10399: 10372:(6): 831–838. 10352: 10344:Sephardic Song 10332: 10320: 10299: 10284: 10269: 10262: 10231: 10213:(6): 831–838. 10193: 10169:Lexicographica 10155: 10130: 10112: 10094: 10076: 10061: 10035: 10010: 9985: 9921: 9902:(2): 343–363. 9879: 9864: 9840: 9812: 9783: 9776: 9758: 9741:Judaeo-Spanish 9729: 9728: 9720: 9719: 9710: 9698:Judeo-Espanýol 9690:Judeo-Espaniol 9682:Ġudeo-Espanjol 9670:Dżudeo-Espańol 9642:Cudeo-Espanyol 9638:Judeo-Espagnol 9624: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9585: 9584: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9561: 9559:Ashkenazi Jews 9552: 9544: 9536: 9528: 9523: 9521:Cicurel family 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9274:Elysian Fields 9262: 9261:Modern singers 9259: 9258: 9257: 9247: 9237: 9227: 9217: 9207: 9197: 9183: 9182: 9164: 9154: 9153: – 'easy' 9144: 9143: – 'whim' 9134: 9124: 9114: 9100: 9099: 9089: 9079: 9069: 9059: 9045: 9044: 9034: 9024: 9014: 9000: 8999: 8989: 8979: 8969: 8949: 8948: – 'dead' 8939: 8938: – 'dead' 8929: 8919: 8909: 8899: 8898: – 'west' 8889: 8879: 8869: 8859: 8849: 8839: 8829: 8819: 8809: 8795: 8794: 8784: 8783: – 'wood' 8774: 8764: 8754: 8744: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8707: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8690: 8683: 8675: 8674: 8667: 8656: 8653: 8631:Nebuchadnezzar 8608:Medieval Spain 8584: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8567: 8565: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8540: 8532: 8531: 8524: 8522: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8494: 8492: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8464: 8462: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8436: 8434: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8408: 8406: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8377: 8375: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8349: 8347: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8318: 8316: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8290: 8288: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8254: 8252: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8196: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8166: 8164: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8134: 8132: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8107: 8099: 8098: 8036: 8034: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7929: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7811: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7740: 7737: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7701:Ottoman Empire 7699:opened in the 7680:In Spain, the 7649:in Paris, the 7610: 7607: 7475:services. The 7444: 7441: 7401: 7398: 7371:Moshe Ha-Elion 7365:A survivor of 7338:Guita Schyfter 7267:Sabbatai Tsevi 7248:Las Incantadas 7168:Serbo-Croatian 7066:Ottoman Empire 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7015: 7004:Latin alphabet 6996: 6989:Greek alphabet 6985: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6547:Phoneme (IPA) 6545: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6257: 6256: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6233: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6211: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6047: 6023: 6021: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6011: 5972: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5891: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5694: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5611: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5578: 5577: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5469: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5440: 5431: 5425: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5169: 5163: 5156: 5155: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5102: 5091: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5022: 5019: 4921: 4918: 4885: 4882: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4826: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4779: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4732: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4691:-ía : com 4689: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4621:-ía : com 4619: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4565: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4518: 4496: 4495: 4477: 4459: 4458: 4454:-ó : favl 4452: 4436:-yó : com 4434: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4314:-en : com 4312: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4273: 4263: 4241: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4218: 4200: 4199: 4195:-a : favl 4193: 4179: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4146:-es : com 4144: 4138: 4137: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4072:vozas, fuentas 4055: 4029:hermano/ermano 3994: 3973:In verbs, the 3971: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3868:trinitarianism 3860:folk etymology 3844: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3819:(Translation) 3817: 3802: 3784: 3752: 3707: 3703:muevo, muestro 3697:nuevo, nuestro 3684: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3547: 3529: 3526: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3337: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3293: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3185: 3183: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2938: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2901: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2804: 2802: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2681: 2678: 2664:The number of 2661: 2658: 2442: 2439: 2418: 2415: 2413:respectively. 2367: 2364: 2305: 2302: 2220:Ottoman Empire 2215: 2212: 2155: 2152: 2002:) and Spanish 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1664:Following the 1631: 1628: 1608:Ladin language 1474:Judeo-Espanyol 1446:ekseris romeka 1338:Judeo-Espanyol 1288:Judeo-Espagnol 1280:Ottoman Empire 1261: 1258: 1238:language shift 1102:Serbo-Croatian 1082:new and modern 951:Ottoman Empire 915:djudeoespanyol 906:Judaeo-Spanish 901: 900: 887:, you may see 873: 872: 865: 857: 856: 851: 845: 844: 837: 831: 830: 825: 819: 818: 810: 802: 801: 793: 785: 784: 774: 766: 765: 764:Language codes 761: 760: 723: 721: 716: 713: 712: 708: 707: 681:Latin alphabet 677: 673:Writing system 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 654: 651: 648: 643: 639: 638: 636: 635: 634: 633: 632: 631: 612: 610: 607: 604: 603: 601: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 594: 593: 592: 591: 590: 589: 588: 587: 586: 585: 584: 583: 582: 581: 580: 578:Judaeo-Spanish 523: 521: 514: 511: 510: 507: 504: 501: 500: 498:Sephardic Jews 495: 491: 490: 480: 476: 475: 449: 448:Native to 445: 444: 429: 425: 424: 409: 401: 400: 398: 397: 393:جوديو-اسپانيول 388: 379: 370: 361: 349: 337: 325: 316: 307: 298: 289: 279: 276: 275: 271: 270: 269:Judaeo-Spanish 262: 261: 244: 243: 198: 196: 189: 182: 181: 96: 94: 87: 82: 56: 55: 53: 46: 32:Ladin language 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17187: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17115: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17093: 17083: 17081: 17071: 17070: 17067: 17053: 17049: 17047: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17034: 17031: 17030: 17027: 17021: 17020:Proto-Romance 17018: 17017: 17015: 17013:Reconstructed 17011: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16994: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16987: 16983: 16981: 16980: 16979:British Latin 16976: 16974: 16973: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16962: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16879: 16878: 16875: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16858: 16854: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16841: 16835: 16825: 16824: 16820: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16800: 16799: 16798:Vivaro-Alpine 16796: 16792: 16789: 16788: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16771: 16767: 16763: 16762: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16731: 16728: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16654: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16645: 16639: 16628: 16625: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16604: 16603: 16602:Old Navarrese 16599: 16598: 16597: 16596: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16561: 16555: 16554: 16550: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16507: 16504: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16485: 16481: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16473: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16454: 16452: 16451:Equatoguinean 16449: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16441: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16417: 16413: 16407: 16406: 16402: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16380: 16376: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16367: 16366: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16354: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16338: 16336: 16335: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16321: 16318: 16317: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16307: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16293: 16292: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16262: 16259: 16258: 16257: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16242: 16239: 16232: 16226: 16216: 16215: 16211: 16209: 16208: 16204: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16180: 16177: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16159: 16156: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16143: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16103: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16091: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16041: 16040: 16037: 16033: 16032: 16028: 16024: 16021: 16017: 16014: 16013: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15941: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15918: 15917: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15905:Frainc-Comtou 15903: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15861: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15844: 15836: 15833: 15832: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15821: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15729: 15726: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15709: 15708: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15701:Judeo-Italian 15699: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15666: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15615: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15601: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15588: 15578: 15575: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15565: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15549: 15541: 15538: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15496:Castelmezzano 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15481: 15477: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15461: 15458: 15454: 15451: 15450: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15440: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15429: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15416: 15415: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15402: 15401:Swiss Italian 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15303: 15297: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15282:Transylvanian 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15241:Daco-Romanian 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15218: 15214: 15208: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15191: 15190:Italo-Western 15188: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15176: 15171: 15167: 15160: 15155: 15153: 15148: 15146: 15141: 15140: 15137: 15125: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15089: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14990: 14988: 14984: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14931: 14928: 14922: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14897: 14888: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14859: 14857: 14853: 14850: 14844: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14807: 14805: 14800: 14798: 14793: 14792: 14789: 14779: 14775: 14770: 14763: 14759: 14756: 14753: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14730: 14726: 14723: 14720: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14706: 14703: 14700: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14672: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14617: 14611: 14610: 14606: 14604: 14603:Judeo-Kashani 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14593:Judeo-Shirazi 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14583:Judeo-Persian 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14556: 14555: 14551: 14549: 14548: 14544: 14542: 14541: 14540:Judaeo-French 14537: 14535: 14534: 14530: 14528: 14527: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14516: 14510: 14507: 14506: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14483: 14481: 14480: 14476: 14474: 14473: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14461: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14452: 14448: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14416: 14410: 14409:Scots-Yiddish 14407: 14403: 14402: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14384: 14383: 14382:Klezmer-loshn 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14314:Indo-European 14311: 14300: 14296: 14295:Judaeo-Berber 14293: 14290: 14286: 14285: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14260: 14254: 14253:Judaeo-Yemeni 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14243:Judaeo-Syrian 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14199: 14198:Judaeo-Arabic 14195: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14157: 14156: 14152: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14121: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14027: 14023: 14016: 14011: 14009: 14004: 14002: 13997: 13996: 13993: 13981: 13980: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13951: 13946: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13905:Protestantism 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13875: 13871: 13869: 13868: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13856: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13839: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13822: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13776: 13772: 13766: 13763: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13750: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13717: 13714: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13701: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13688: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13680: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13593:Sefer HaBahir 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13579: 13576: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13520:Sifrei Kodesh 13518: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13383: 13377: 13376:Who is a Jew? 13374: 13372: 13369: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13305:Chosen people 13303: 13301: 13298: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13289: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13271: 13268: 13262: 13261:Scots-Yiddish 13259: 13255: 13254: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13234:Klezmer-loshn 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13104:Judeo-Shirazi 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13079:Judeo-Persian 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13069:Judeo-Marathi 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13047:Judeo-Italian 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12902:Judeo-Amazigh 12900: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12812: 12808: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12786: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12725:Hadhrami Jews 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12690:Mountain Jews 12688: 12686: 12685:Egyptian Jews 12683: 12681: 12680:Bukharan Jews 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12573: 12570: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12497: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12468:Lists of Jews 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12336: 12331: 12329: 12324: 12322: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12307: 12304: 12301: 12298: 12293: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12251: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12161:Ladino Center 12159: 12157: 12154: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12127: 12123: 12121: 12117: 12116: 12106: 12100: 12096: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12058: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12045: 12044:0-7818-1225-9 12041: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12024:30.2: 232–26. 12023: 12019: 12016: 12012: 12009: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11995: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11933: 11929: 11926: 11921: 11906: 11902: 11896: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11855: 11851: 11850:"Ramón Tasat" 11845: 11830: 11826: 11819: 11803: 11799: 11793: 11785: 11784:Esther Ofarim 11781: 11775: 11760: 11754: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11707: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11684: 11676: 11663: 11648:. p. 2/6 11647: 11640: 11633: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11607:Alphan, Melis 11602: 11600: 11583: 11582: 11576: 11570: 11562: 11556: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11498: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11471: 11464: 11459: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11440: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11421: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11402: 11395: 11390: 11383: 11377: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11331: 11322: 11315: 11310: 11295: 11291: 11284: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11259:"El Dio Alto" 11253: 11245: 11239: 11235: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11203: 11199: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11179: 11178:Kanun-ı Esasi 11170: 11162: 11156: 11152: 11145: 11137: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11112: 11106: 11102: 11095: 11087: 11081: 11077: 11070: 11061: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11041: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11022: 11016: 11012: 11007: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10855: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10840: 10832: 10825: 10820: 10813: 10810:, 1958–1966: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10785: 10779: 10771: 10765: 10761: 10754: 10752: 10744: 10739: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10675: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10639: 10637:0-521-60450-8 10633: 10629: 10624: 10623: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10554:(1): 89–110. 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10535: 10527: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10427: 10425:0-7818-0658-5 10421: 10417: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10336: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10303: 10295: 10288: 10280: 10273: 10265: 10263:9789401202503 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10246: 10238: 10236: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10144: 10140: 10134: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10072: 10065: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10024: 10020: 10014: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9980: 9974: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9936:Judeo-Spanish 9930: 9928: 9926: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9884: 9876:(in Spanish). 9875: 9868: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9847: 9845: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9816: 9808: 9802: 9794: 9787: 9779: 9773: 9769: 9762: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9714: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9694:Ĵudeo-Español 9691: 9687: 9686:Ǧudéo-Españól 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9629: 9625: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9511:Sephardi Jews 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9438: 9433: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9352: 9347: 9344: 9339: 9323:El Rey Nimrod 9317:Noches Noches 9307: 9306:Esther Ofarim 9303: 9299: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9179: 9178: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9113: – 'axe' 9111: 9110: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9078: – 'hat' 9076: 9075: 9070: 9068: – 'yet' 9066: 9065: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9013: – 'tea' 9011: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8967: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8652: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8544:(translation) 8542:I Was a Girl 8541: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8269: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228:(translation) 8225: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8111:(translation) 8108: 8105: 8104:Por una Ninya 8101: 8100: 8096: 8035: 8032: 8030: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7923:Ein Keloheinu 7919: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7631:American Jews 7627: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7602: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7553: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7535:Ein Keloheinu 7531: 7526: 7523: 7518: 7516: 7515:Ein Keloheinu 7510: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496:B'rikh Shemay 7493: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7443:Religious use 7440: 7437: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7336:(directed by 7335: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7257: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7166:, especially 7165: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7115:Hebrew script 7110: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017:The American 7016: 7013: 7012:The Holocaust 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6530: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6492: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6259: 6258: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6096: 6082: 6080: 6072: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6048: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6015: 5973: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5745: 5740: 5736:יוֹד ג׳׳יפﬞטי 5734: 5728: 5727: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5642: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5441: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5414:word-finally. 5402: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5103: 5092: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5001: 4931: 4927: 4920:Hebrew script 4917: 4915: 4911: 4910:Hebrew script 4907: 4903: 4895: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368:-í : com 4365: 4361: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4331: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181:-e : com 4178: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121:-o : com 4118: 4114: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4045:quehilá/keilá 4041: 4036: 4032:('brother'): 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3970:do not exist. 3968: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862:: taking the 3861: 3856: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3793:Durme, durme, 3788: 3787: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3559: 3548: 3530: 3527: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2552: 2549:(Greece) and 2548: 2544: 2539: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2351:ir al Bismark 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1911: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1870: 1864: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1786: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1749:, pronounced 1748: 1741:, pronounced 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722:) as well as 1721: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1638: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Judeo-Aramaic 1586: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1281: 1278:) during the 1277: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1250:Latin America 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:lingua franca 1214: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1152:Jidyo, Djidyo 1147: 1141: 1140:Judyo, Djudyo 1135: 1129: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Old Aragonese 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 969:) as well as 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 938:derived from 937: 933: 921: 920:Hebrew script 916: 911: 910:Judeo-Spanish 907: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 880: 874: 869: 863: 858: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 836: 832: 829: 826: 824: 820: 817: Ladino 815: 811: 809: 808: 803: 798: 794: 791: 786: 780: 775: 772: 767: 762: 758: 746: 734: 722: 714: 709: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 668: 662: 658: 655: 652: 650:North-Eastern 649: 646: 645: 644: 640: 630: 627: 626: 625: 624:Proto-Romance 622: 621: 620: 617: 616: 615: 611: 605: 579: 576: 575: 574: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563:Ibero-Romance 561: 560: 559:Gallo-Iberian 558: 557: 556: 553: 552: 551: 550:Italo-Western 548: 547: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 532: 531: 528: 527: 526: 525:Indo-European 522: 518: 512: 508: 502: 499: 496: 492: 488: 487:native region 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450: 446: 440: 434: 430: 428:Pronunciation 426: 422: 421:Rashi scripts 418: 414: 413: 407: 402: 389: 380: 371: 362: 350: 338: 326: 322: 317: 313: 308: 304: 299: 295: 294:judió / jidió 290: 286: 281: 280: 277: 272: 267: 258: 255: 240: 237: 229: 219: 215: 209: 208: 202: 197: 188: 187: 178: 175: 167: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: – 124: 120: 119:Find sources: 113: 109: 103: 102: 97:This article 95: 91: 86: 85: 80: 78: 71: 70: 65: 64: 59: 54: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 17041: 17032: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16919: 16821: 16814: 16776:Languedocien 16768: 16761:Judeo-Gascon 16759: 16700: 16651: 16621:Barranquenho 16600: 16593: 16569: 16551: 16493: 16455: 16438: 16433: 16429:Extremaduran 16403: 16377: 16363: 16351: 16339: 16332: 16289: 16248:Asturleonese 16212: 16205: 16163:West Walloon 16151:Saintongeais 16099: 16075: 16071:Anglo-Norman 16029: 15962:Newfoundland 15922:Jersey Legal 15914: 15822: 15787:Southwestern 15770:Vallassinese 15659:Gallo-Picene 15600:Gallo-Italic 15562: 15478: 15473: 15412: 15378: 15293: 15239: 14967:Erromintxela 14924:Unrecognised 14773: 14725:Judaeo-Malay 14639: 14607: 14552: 14545: 14538: 14533:Judeo-Gascon 14531: 14524: 14517: 14498: 14492:Judaeo-Roman 14484: 14477: 14470: 14458: 14399: 14380: 14339: 14282: 14273:Ethiosemitic 14216:Judaeo-Iraqi 14178:Lishán Didán 14173:Lishana Deni 14153: 14146: 13970: 13963: 13949: 13872: 13865: 13853: 13836: 13819: 13653:perspectives 13487:Samaritanism 13448:Neo-Hasidism 13428:Conservative 13342:Names of God 13251: 13232: 13160: 13042:Judaeo-Greek 13037:Judeo-Gascon 12976:Lishán Didán 12971:Lishana Deni 12939:Judeo-Yemeni 12907:Judeo-Arabic 12781:Meshuchrarim 12700:Persian Jews 12633:Kurdish Jews 12611:Kaifeng Jews 12560:Beta Abraham 12523:Galitzianers 12478:Antisemitism 12453:Israeli Jews 12438:Assimilation 12285: 12240: 12206: 12190:Ladino music 12169: 12125: 12094: 12086: 12074: 12067: 12060: 12053: 12049: 12035: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12004: 12000: 11993: 11982:. Jerusalem 11979: 11962: 11948: 11942:Bibliography 11941: 11940: 11920: 11908:. Retrieved 11895: 11883:. Retrieved 11879:the original 11869: 11857:. Retrieved 11853: 11844: 11832:. Retrieved 11828: 11818: 11806:. Retrieved 11801: 11792: 11783: 11774: 11762:. Retrieved 11753: 11728: 11724: 11715: 11706: 11689: 11683: 11650:. Retrieved 11632: 11620:. Retrieved 11614: 11586:. Retrieved 11578: 11569: 11555: 11543:. Retrieved 11539:the original 11534: 11525: 11513:. Retrieved 11506: 11497: 11485:. Retrieved 11479: 11470: 11458: 11439: 11420: 11401: 11389: 11376: 11364:. Retrieved 11347:(4): 58–70. 11344: 11340: 11330: 11321: 11309: 11299:17 September 11297:. Retrieved 11293: 11283: 11273:17 September 11271:. Retrieved 11267:the original 11262: 11252: 11233: 11227: 11218: 11209: 11183: 11177: 11169: 11150: 11144: 11125: 11119: 11100: 11094: 11075: 11069: 11050: 11040: 11027: 11025:Nir Hasson, 11021: 11006: 10989:Reka Network 10984: 10972:. Retrieved 10947:(1): 62–71. 10944: 10940: 10927: 10915:. Retrieved 10890:(1): 51–61. 10887: 10881: 10838: 10831: 10819: 10811: 10788: 10782: 10778: 10759: 10738: 10730: 10721: 10713: 10708: 10693: 10689: 10677:. Retrieved 10673: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10646: 10621: 10595: 10586: 10551: 10547: 10534: 10515: 10509: 10497:. Retrieved 10493: 10484: 10472:. Retrieved 10468: 10459: 10440: 10434: 10415: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10335: 10323: 10313: 10307:(in Spanish) 10302: 10294:Vox Romanica 10293: 10287: 10278: 10272: 10244: 10222:. Retrieved 10210: 10206: 10196: 10184:. Retrieved 10172: 10168: 10158: 10146:. Retrieved 10142: 10133: 10123: 10115: 10106: 10097: 10088: 10079: 10070: 10064: 10052:. Retrieved 10047: 10038: 10026:. Retrieved 10022: 10013: 10001:. Retrieved 9997: 9988: 9961:. Retrieved 9935: 9899: 9895: 9873: 9867: 9858:The Guardian 9856: 9831:. Retrieved 9825: 9815: 9792: 9786: 9767: 9761: 9744: 9724: 9723: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9628: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9568:Mizrahi Jews 9546: 9538: 9530: 9465:Judeo-Gascon 9434: 9431:Avram Avinu. 9430: 9425:German band 9424: 9419: 9408: 9392: 9385:Oren Bloedow 9378: 9372: 9371: 9355: 9351:Buenos Aires 9348: 9343:Flory Jagoda 9340: 9335:Pampaparapam 9329:Adio Querida 9301: 9295: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9270:Oren Bloedow 9264: 9251: 9241: 9231: 9221: 9211: 9201: 9191: 9184: 9177:Maalé yahudí 9176: 9168: 9158: 9148: 9138: 9128: 9118: 9108: 9101: 9093: 9083: 9073: 9063: 9053: 9046: 9038: 9028: 9018: 9008: 9001: 8993: 8983: 8973: 8965: 8953: 8943: 8933: 8923: 8913: 8903: 8893: 8883: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8843: 8833: 8823: 8813: 8803: 8796: 8788: 8778: 8768: 8758: 8748: 8738: 8731: 8710:Macedonian ( 8696:Thessaloniki 8642: 8612: 8587: 8568: 8551: 8543: 8537:Yo era ninya 8525: 8512: 8495: 8476: 8465: 8452: 8437: 8420: 8409: 8396: 8378: 8361: 8350: 8337: 8319: 8302: 8291: 8278: 8255: 8235: 8227: 8222:(Adaptation) 8221: 8206:Thessaloniki 8182: 8167: 8150: 8135: 8118: 8110: 8037: 8025:Adio kerida, 8017:Adio kerida, 7995:Adio kerida, 7987:Adio kerida, 7969: 7958:Adio, kerida 7949: 7943: 7930: 7921: 7917: 7915: 7750: 7715: 7712:Melis Alphan 7705: 7694: 7679: 7628: 7623: 7612: 7587:Haim Palachi 7584: 7577: 7574:Aryeh Kaplan 7571: 7563:Judy Frankel 7549: 7547:prayerbook. 7538: 7534: 7527: 7513: 7495: 7481: 7461:Mizmor David 7460: 7446: 7438: 7426:Me-'am lo'ez 7420:Me-'am lo'ez 7418: 7416: 7411:Me-'am lo'ez 7409: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7362: 7352: 7346: 7332: 7321: 7312: 7308: 7303:nation-state 7299: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7254: 7252: 7233: 7223: 7211: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7182:Vulgar Latin 7156: 7140: 7133: 7131: 7111: 7080:(especially 7078:North Africa 7074:Western Asia 7062:and Portugal 7059: 7040: 7023:Romanization 6971: 6488: 6485:Latin script 6475: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6205: 6118: 6116: 6110: 6102: 6100: 6094: 6078: 6076: 6070: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5942: 5940: 5934: 5697: 5643:As a vowel, 5472: 5442:As a vowel, 5396:Consonantal 5342:דָּלֶת רָפֶה 5149: 5104:As a vowel, 5056:As a vowel, 5002: 4926:Rashi script 4923: 4914:Latin script 4899: 4894:Rashi script 4859: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4089: 4066:inferior/-ra 4039: 4001: 3997: 3990:corría/koria 3959: 3950: 3918: 3904: 3871: 3863: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3796: 3792: 3783:('to live'). 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3721:jugar/djugar 3686:The Spanish 3670: 3656: 3655: 3503: 3502: 2663: 2653: 2649: 2646:Thessaloniki 2623: 2575: 2542: 2540: 2503: 2501: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2427:South Slavic 2420: 2381: 2369: 2307: 2271: 2244: 2217: 2157: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2120: 2112: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2081:, Aragonese 2080: 2072: 2064: 2051: 2043: 2035: 2027: 2019: 2011: 2003: 1995: 1987: 1979: 1971: 1963: 1955: 1953: 1941: 1926: 1916:'voice' vs. 1892: 1888: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1765:remains or 1762: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1715: 1707: 1699: 1692: 1677: 1669: 1663: 1658: 1633: 1603: 1601: 1597:Judeo-Arabic 1592: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1526: 1512: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1460: 1459:An entry in 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:. The names 1421: 1417: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342:Judeoespañol 1341: 1337: 1335: 1312: 1284: 1276:Thessaloniki 1269: 1222:Adriatic Sea 1215: 1109:Rashi script 1106: 1078:spirituality 1034:Asturleonese 1011: 967:North Africa 944: 931: 909: 905: 904: 876: 835:Linguasphere 805: 695:); formerly 619:Vulgar Latin 577: 568:West Iberian 486: 412:Judeoespañol 411: 410: 250: 232: 223: 204: 170: 161: 151: 144: 137: 130: 118: 106:Please help 101:verification 98: 74: 67: 61: 60:Please help 57: 40: 16997:Campidanese 16823:Old Catalan 16816:Old Occitan 16553:Old Spanish 16487:Rioplatense 16291:Old Leonese 16119:Cotentinais 16083:Guernésiais 16006:Frenchville 15999:New England 15878:Bourbonnais 15830:Piedmontese 15824:Old Lombard 15716:Bergamasque 15640:Sammarinese 14855:Co-official 14752:German Sign 14519:Judeo-Latin 14401:Lachoudisch 14030:Afroasiatic 13895:Catholicism 13477:Hellenistic 13315:Eschatology 13253:Lachoudisch 13178:Lotegorisch 13156:Lachoudisch 13146:Koiné Greek 13059:Judeo-Latin 12996:Palestinian 12890:Palestinian 12739:Mustaʿravim 12665:Afghan Jews 12653:Berber Jews 12577:Bene Israel 12565:Falash Mura 12555:Beta Israel 12473:Persecution 12415:Middle Ages 12151:(in Ladino) 12070:4.2: 13–34. 12022:Diachronica 11859:24 December 11808:24 December 11764:24 December 11759:"BIOGRAPHY" 10796: [ 10729:to Romero, 10674:orbilat.com 10494:Lynn Chenel 10328:Historia 16 10054:3 September 10028:3 September 10003:3 September 9998:www.bbc.com 9668:(Hungary), 9593:Pronounced 9540:El Amaneser 9399:Vanya Green 9358:Yasmin Levy 8109:For a Girl 7671:David Bunis 7558:El Dyo Alto 7552:El Dio Alto 7543:, the 2007 7314:Kol Yisrael 7144:Me'am Lo'ez 7086:Netherlands 6504:) from the 6468:The Hebrew 6039:), usually 5537:זַיִן רָפֶה 4884:Orthography 4020:('thief'): 3834:amargasteis 3432:Approximant 3024:Approximant 2377:Reconquista 2165:haham/ḥaḥam 2158:Like other 2105:), Spanish 2065:, Asturian 1986:, Asturian 1931:labiodental 1823:in English 1568:, the word 1566:Middle Ages 1521:Paul Wexler 1406:was called 1038:Old Catalan 1018:Old Spanish 940:Old Spanish 891:instead of 659:(Tangiers, 629:Old Spanish 608:Early forms 218:introducing 17114:Categories 17044:indicates 17002:Logudorese 16535:Philippine 16501:Andalusian 16495:Peninsular 16385:Estremenho 16341:Portuguese 16268:Cantabrian 16101:Law French 16093:Sercquiais 15927:Meridional 15888:Champenois 15883:Burgundian 15694:Tabarchino 15684:Monégasque 15623:Parmigiano 15480:Neapolitan 15453:Manduriano 15420:Florentine 15287:Wallachian 15257:Bukovinian 15023:Portuguese 14952:Cantabrian 14899:Recognised 14709:Kartvelian 14660:Indo-Aryan 14652:Judeo-Urdu 13890:Anabaptism 13832:Jew (word) 13699:Leadership 13512:Literature 13497:Secularism 13443:Humanistic 13310:Conversion 13280:Philosophy 13121:Judeo-Urdu 12885:Babylonian 12730:Saada Jews 12715:Adeni Jews 12508:Ashkenazim 12463:Samaritans 12430:Population 12385:Israelites 11696:. p. 11671:|url= 11652:3 February 11515:19 October 11487:19 October 10679:9 November 9746:Ethnologue 9704:(Greece), 9576:References 9427:In Extremo 9302:Up To Date 8256:When King 7837:Portuguese 7776:Castillian 7579:Me'am Loez 7400:Literature 7106:Portuguese 6491:interpunct 6107:'June' or 5903:, usually 5227:בֵית רָפֶה 4956:. Whereas 4880:language. 4866:word order 3901:Morphology 3725:/d͡ʒuˈgar/ 3115:Pharyngeal 2680:Consonants 2670:consonants 2634:Macedonian 2598:Alexandria 2375:after the 2207:arrogancia 2201:arrogansya 2097:, Catalan 1970:(Galician 1698:("she" is 1678:castellano 1654:esta noche 1517:vernacular 1502:Espanyolit 1462:Ethnologue 1442:sepharadit 1422:Espanyolit 1295:entitled " 1242:expatriate 1230:extinction 1204:Espanyolit 1014:vocabulary 343:איספאנייול 226:March 2024 201:references 164:March 2024 134:newspapers 63:improve it 17104:Languages 17052:varieties 17035:indicate 16992:Sardinian 16949:Triestine 16897:Sursilvan 16808:Mentonasc 16786:Provençal 16735:Auvergnat 16721:Valencian 16677:Mallorcan 16667:Algherese 16642:Occitano- 16589:Navarrese 16577:Aragonese 16513:Castilian 16416:Castilian 16392:Uruguayan 16365:Brazilian 16328:Minderico 16322:/Eonavian 16285:Mirandese 16199:Valdôtain 16185:/Arpitan 16126:Orléanais 16077:Auregnais 16061:Mayennais 16011:Louisiana 15893:Ardennais 15873:Berrichon 15679:Intemelio 15635:Forlivese 15618:Bolognese 15564:Dalmatian 15528:Tarantino 15491:Benevento 15448:Salentino 15408:Sassarese 15372:Gallurese 15355:Romanesco 15308:Dalmatian 15272:Moldavian 15267:Maramureș 15225:Aromanian 15038:Ukrainian 14998:Bulgarian 14942:Estremeñu 14926:languages 14906:Aragonese 14871:Valencian 14848:languages 14776:indicate 14699:Dravidian 14578:Judeo-Tat 14427:Yeshivish 14376:Udmurtish 14371:Ukrainish 14356:Galitzish 14085:Ashkenazi 13952:indicate 13900:Mormonism 13885:Christian 13765:Symbolism 13753:Synagogue 13733:Mythology 13694:Education 13665:Astronomy 13648:Astrology 13465:relations 13270:Zarphatic 13218:Galitzish 13020:Yeshivish 12897:Catalanic 12860:Samaritan 12835:Ashkenazi 12816:Diasporic 12811:Languages 12756:Sephardim 12751:Romaniote 12638:Krymchaks 12572:Desi Jews 12448:Buddhists 11910:19 August 11885:19 August 11737:0882-8539 11353:0882-8539 10961:0014-3006 10904:0014-3006 10578:145143546 10570:0025-1003 10394:162360656 10386:1475-3820 10312:, in the 10148:5 October 10122:, in the 9916:1025-9996 9833:12 August 9801:cite book 9725:Citations 9680:(Italy), 8834:Atakanear 8662:Turkish ( 8089:Farewell, 8081:Farewell, 8059:Farewell, 8051:Farewell, 7852:Aragonese 7810:Standard 7798:llugares. 7714:wrote in 7635:Ashkenazi 7519:which is 7430:texts is 7408:Cover of 7367:Auschwitz 7213:Zenanname 7172:Bulgarian 7152:Maronites 7135:conversos 7010:) during 6541:Grapheme 6500:(written 6272:פֵא רָפֶה 6264:‎) 6052:otherwise 5916:otherwise 5529:‎) 5334:‎) 5266:‎) 5219:‎) 4878:inflected 4609:-ar verbs 4604:-ir verbs 4599:-er verbs 4356:-ar verbs 4351:-ir verbs 4346:-er verbs 4109:-ar verbs 4104:-ir verbs 4099:-er verbs 4060:grande/-a 4006:loanwords 3984:comí/komí 3979:imperfect 3975:preterite 3846:The form 3740:/xor'nal/ 3716:/ʒuɾˈnal/ 3277:Fricative 3233:Affricate 2877:Fricative 2843:Affricate 2660:Phonology 2626:phonology 2606:Jerusalem 2512:Bucharest 2441:Varieties 2373:Latinisms 2333:se farder 2321:abat-jour 2248:bilbiliko 2042:Galician 1850:Contrast 1775:baxo/baṣo 1772:Contrast 1666:Expulsion 1564:. In the 1550:Alfonso X 1546:enladinar 1508:Spanyolit 1418:Spanyolit 1377:romanized 1210:Spanyolit 1170:Sefaradhí 1117:alphabets 1098:Bulgarian 1012:The core 963:West Asia 912:(autonym 807:Glottolog 790:ISO 639-3 771:ISO 639-2 614:Old Latin 573:Castilian 494:Ethnicity 69:talk page 16928:Venetian 16902:Vallader 16892:Surmiran 16865:Cadorino 16848:Friulian 16781:Limousin 16750:Béarnese 16712:Western 16694:Northern 16682:Menorcan 16672:Balearic 16663:Eastern 16659:dialects 16518:Castrapo 16475:Peruvian 16446:dialects 16379:European 16347:dialects 16334:Portugis 16315:Galician 16256:Asturian 16194:Savoyard 16146:Poitevin 16114:Cauchois 16088:Jèrriais 15935:Canadian 15814:Varesino 15809:Ticinese 15797:Novarese 15792:Cremunés 15782:Ossolano 15777:Milanese 15765:Lecchese 15733:Brianzöö 15664:Ligurian 15630:Romagnol 15511:Arianese 15506:Irpinian 15501:Cilentan 15465:Pantesco 15460:Sicilian 15431:Southern 15367:Corsican 15343:Macerata 15338:Fabriano 15277:Oltenian 15247:dialects 15207:Southern 15117:See also 15083:Galician 15072:Asturian 15028:Romanian 14911:Asturian 14876:Galician 14681:Krymchak 14634:Hellenic 14432:Yinglish 14336:dialects 14323:Germanic 14289:Cushitic 14188:Betanure 14155:Galilean 14142:Talmudic 14132:Biblical 14110:Tiberian 14105:Yemenite 14090:Sephardi 14064:Medieval 14059:Mishnaic 14054:Biblical 13965:Category 13935:Hinduism 13925:Buddhism 13827:Genetics 13743:Politics 13716:Marriage 13675:Holidays 13670:Calendar 13551:Rabbinic 13527:/Hebrew 13472:Haymanot 13399:Orthodox 13386:Branches 13359:Kabbalah 13354:Haskalah 13332:Holiness 13208:dialects 13188:Shassagh 13151:Krymchak 13131:Kayliñña 13025:Yinglish 13001:Galilean 12991:Talmudic 12986:Biblical 12961:Betanure 12880:Biblical 12875:Mishnaic 12870:Medieval 12855:Tiberian 12850:Yemenite 12840:Sephardi 12776:Paradesi 12720:Ḥabbanim 12710:Teimanim 12675:Baghdadi 12648:Maghrebi 12616:Karaites 12594:Gruzínim 12582:Kochinim 12500:Diaspora 12458:Karaites 12443:Atheists 12380:Timeline 12246:Archived 11928:Archived 11662:cite web 11616:Hürriyet 11447:Archived 11428:Archived 11409:Archived 11361:42943398 11188:Würzburg 10996:Archived 10969:41444100 10935:(2011). 10912:41444099 10808:Tenerife 10710:cirilico 10701:Archived 10592:"Ladino" 10499:25 April 10474:25 April 9973:cite web 9952:Salonika 9940:Archived 9443:See also 9437:Baladino 9362:Flamenco 9129:Boyadear 9119:Biterear 9054:Abastádo 8954:Purimlik 8739:Alforría 8680:Sarajevo 8664:Istanbul 8597:djudería 8322:midwives 8244:djudería 7918:romances 7901:English 7859:lugares. 7829:lugares. 7816:lugares. 7806:Galician 7791:Asturian 7783:lugares. 7768:lugares. 7754:lugares. 7749:‎ 7717:Hürriyet 7488:Salonika 7453:Belgrade 7449:Sarajevo 7291:Sarajevo 7236:Salonica 7228:Salonica 7204:Yahudice 7192:parabole 7189:; Greek 7186:parabola 7180:'word' ( 7029:Spanish. 6991:and the 6448:‎ 6442:‎ 6422:‎ 6416:‎ 6400:‎ 6394:‎ 6379:‎ 6373:‎ 6358:‎ 6352:‎ 6332:‎ 6326:‎ 6295:‎ 6289:‎ 6274:‎ 6268:‎ 6249:⟨ 6224:‎ 6218:‎ 6196:‎ 6190:‎ 6172:‎ 6166:‎ 6151:‎ 6145:‎ 6115:‎ 6099:‎ 6091:, as in 6075:‎ 6061:⟨ 6020:‎ 6004:⟨ 5996:⟨ 5984:⟨ 5965:⟨ 5955:‎ 5939:‎ 5925:⟨ 5897:⟨ 5888:‎ 5873:‎ 5867:‎ 5852:‎ 5846:‎ 5831:‎ 5825:‎ 5809:‎ 5803:‎ 5787:‎ 5781:‎ 5767:⟨ 5751:⟨ 5738:‎ 5732:‎ 5704:⟨ 5687:⟨ 5679:⟨ 5667:⟨ 5631:⟨ 5624:‎ 5618:‎ 5600:⟨ 5590:‎ 5584:‎ 5560:‎ 5554:‎ 5539:‎ 5533:‎ 5513:‎ 5507:‎ 5479:⟨ 5458:⟨ 5430:‎ 5424:‎ 5408:⟨ 5374:‎ 5368:‎ 5344:‎ 5338:‎ 5318:‎ 5312:‎ 5297:‎ 5295:גִ׳׳ימֶל 5291:‎ 5276:‎ 5270:‎ 5250:‎ 5244:‎ 5229:‎ 5223:‎ 5195:⟨ 5168:‎ 5162:‎ 5140:‎ 5134:‎ 5118:⟨ 5106:⟨ 5095:⟨ 5084:⟨ 5076:⟨ 5068:⟨ 5048:‎ 5042:‎ 5017:Grapheme 4990:⟨ 4982:⟨ 4966:⟨ 4958:⟨ 4950:⟨ 4942:⟨ 4934:⟨ 4930:Solitreo 4904:and the 4874:fusional 4868:, has a 4777:vozotras 4773:vosotras 4769:vozotros 4765:vosotros 4730:mozotras 4726:mosotras 4722:mozotros 4718:mosotros 4516:vozotras 4512:vosotras 4508:vozotros 4504:vosotros 4475:mozotras 4471:mosotras 4467:mozotros 4463:mosotros 4261:vozotras 4257:vosotras 4253:vozotros 4249:vosotros 4216:mozotras 4212:mosotras 4208:mozotros 4204:mosotros 3941:vozotros 3935:vosotros 3911:pronouns 3781:/biˈviɾ/ 3749:/xu'gar/ 3095:alveolar 3088:Alveolar 3071:Bilabial 2945: ( 2718:alveolar 2711:Alveolar 2694:Bilabial 2666:phonemes 2642:Istanbul 2636:city of 2618:Rhodesli 2594:Budapest 2551:Istanbul 2547:Salonika 2477:Kastoria 2469:Sarajevo 2435:Romanian 2391:Moroccan 2287:halvadjí 2239:imrenmek 2233:emrenear 1769:, not . 1469:Espanyol 1454:musevije 1450:yahudije 1400:Djudezmo 1354:Espanyol 1324:Espanyol 1313:Sefaradi 1293:Haggadah 1271:La Epoca 1226:Salonika 1188:Yahudice 1176:Sefaradi 1113:Solitreo 1070:religion 897:Help:IPA 814:ladi1251 701:Cyrillic 693:Solitreo 642:Dialects 474:dialect) 417:Solitreo 17092:Judaism 17066:Portals 17033:Italics 16934:Chipilo 16877:Romansh 16840:Romance 16838:Rhaeto- 16803:Gardiol 16755:Landese 16745:Aranese 16730:Occitan 16689:Central 16653:Catalan 16644:Romance 16545:Creoles 16540:Saharan 16528:Murcian 16506:Llanito 16463:Chilean 16440:Spanish 16397:Creoles 16371:Mineiro 16353:African 16278:Riberan 16273:Leonese 16238:Iberian 16231:Romance 16158:Walloon 16131:Paydret 16109:Augeron 16049:Vosgien 16044:Gaumais 16039:Lorrain 16031:Creoles 15994:Muskrat 15940:Acadian 15868:Angevin 15858:Langues 15849:Romance 15755:Comasco 15728:Western 15721:Cremish 15711:Eastern 15706:Lombard 15674:Genoese 15669:Brigasc 15613:Emilian 15591:Western 15570:Istriot 15533:Vastese 15518:Molisan 15380:Italian 15316:Central 15262:Crișana 15217:Eastern 15200:Western 15185:Eastern 15068:Spanish 15033:Russian 15008:Italian 15003:English 14977:Tarifit 14915:Leonese 14887:Aranese 14881:Occitan 14867:Catalan 14832:Spanish 14774:Italics 14729:Malayic 14641:Knaanic 14630:Yevanic 14573:Bukhori 14509:Tetuani 14504:Haketia 14437:Heblish 14390:Western 14366:Poylish 14361:Litvish 14351:Eastern 14332:Yiddish 14168:Hulaulá 14163:Barzani 14100:Italian 14095:Mizrahi 13950:Italics 13775:Studies 13721:Divorce 13687:Kashrut 13682:Cuisine 13640:Culture 13571:Midrash 13566:Tosefta 13556:Mishnah 13544:Ketuvim 13539:Nevi'im 13502:Schisms 13492:Science 13482:Karaite 13453:Renewal 13414:Litvaks 13409:Hasidic 13364:Sefirot 13349:Halakha 13320:Messiah 13293:Mitzvah 13288:Beliefs 13242:Western 13228:Poylish 13223:Litvish 13213:Eastern 13203:Yiddish 13198:Shuadit 13183:Qwareña 13171:Tetuani 13166:Haketia 13141:Knaanic 13136:Kivruli 13084:Bukhori 13030:Heblish 12966:Hulaulá 12956:Barzani 12912:Yahudic 12845:Mizrahi 12705:Urfalim 12660:Mizrahi 12604:Neofiti 12599:Italkim 12528:Lita'im 12420:Zionism 12372:History 12346:Judaism 12256:Sefarad 11978:(1999) 11834:28 July 11673:value ( 11622:14 June 11545:22 July 11366:27 July 11033:Haaretz 10974:28 July 10917:28 July 10787:in the 10784:palavră 10346:at the 10330:, 1978. 10224:28 July 10186:29 July 10103:"Cover" 10085:"Cover" 9635:endonym 9555:Yiddish 9516:Tetuani 9460:Judaism 9450:Haketia 9332:" and " 9291:Fortuna 9232:fasaria 9039:Shasheo 8804:Alefbet 8694:Greek ( 8635:Pharaoh 8603:judería 8582: 8268:Abraham 8213: 7882:Occitan 7867:Catalan 7844:locais. 7724:Samples 7617:of the 7504:Shabbat 7494:prayer 7492:Aramaic 7473:Shabbat 7376:Odyssey 7293:in the 7259:rites ( 7197:palaver 7177:palavra 7160:Balkans 7102:Leonese 7098:Catalan 7090:England 7082:Morocco 7070:Balkans 7037:History 7008:Balkans 7002:of the 6175:silent 6059:Though 5923:Though 5895:Before 5274:גִﬞימֶל 5025:Phoneme 3967:ustedes 3558:Haketia 3471:Lateral 3120:Glottal 3100:Palatal 2930: 2917: 2895: 2860: 2830: 2811: 2796: 2733:Glottal 2723:Palatal 2690: 2654:karrose 2630:lexicon 2590:Ferrera 2586:Trieste 2563:/r/:/ɾ/ 2455:Haketia 2431:Italian 2387:Maghreb 2383:Haketia 2327:fardate 2228:Algeria 2224:Morocco 2214:Turkish 1947:of the 1925:'you'. 1863:corazón 1835:before 1811:before 1757:before 1689:Spanish 1674:Yiddish 1670:Judesmo 1637:Aramaic 1630:Origins 1612:Italian 1578:latimer 1574:latiner 1414:Tétouan 1409:Tetuani 1392:Judesmo 1388:Morocco 1379:: 1363:Haketia 1346:Sefardí 1309:Livorno 1232:. Most 1220:of the 1193:Turkish 1182:Ḥaketía 1158:Judesmo 1122:Español 1090:Italian 1062:Aramaic 1054:Semitic 1024:of the 987:England 983:Morocco 955:Balkans 934:, is a 893:Unicode 683:; also 679:Mainly 661:Tetuani 657:Haketia 545:Romance 472:Haketia 359:‎ 347:‎ 335:‎ 214:improve 148:scholar 16964:Others 16944:Talian 16939:Fiuman 16913:Others 16853:Fornes 16791:Niçard 16740:Gascon 16708:Patuet 16614:Others 16523:Castúo 16229:Ibero- 16189:Faetar 16136:Picard 16066:Norman 16054:Welche 15977:Magoua 15967:Quebec 15957:Brayon 15916:French 15898:Rémois 15847:Gallo- 15802:Pavese 15760:Laghée 15738:Canzés 15689:Royasc 15551:Others 15486:Barese 15414:Tuscan 15360:Sabino 15333:Ancona 15306:Italo- 15076:Basque 15045:, etc. 15018:German 15013:French 14993:Arabic 14957:Darija 14862:Basque 14689:Turkic 14685:Karaim 14674:Others 14646:Slavic 14619:Others 14341:argots 14299:Berber 14262:Others 14137:Targum 14069:Modern 14039:Hebrew 13758:Hazzan 13748:Prayer 13625:Siddur 13561:Talmud 13525:Tanakh 13460:Neolog 13433:Reform 13421:Modern 13404:Haredi 13327:Ethics 13193:Shassi 13161:Ladino 13126:Karaim 13109:Juhuri 12951:Targum 12865:Signed 12830:Modern 12825:Hebrew 12793:Xuetes 12589:Dönmeh 12548:Yekkes 12170:Ladino 12143:Curlie 12101: 12042: 11986: 11969: 11965:. USA 11955: 11951:. USA 11743: 11735: 11725:Shofar 11669:Check 11588:13 May 11359: 11351: 11341:Shofar 11240: 11157: 11132: 11107: 11082: 10967: 10959: 10910: 10902: 10850: 10766: 10634: 10630:–189. 10576: 10568: 10522: 10447: 10422: 10392: 10384: 10296:: 163. 10260: 9963:1 June 9914: 9774: 9252:kuturu 9222:domate 9192:meldar 9159:Kushak 9094:Trocar 9074:Chapeo 8984:Tefilá 8974:Sedaka 8944:Niftar 8894:Maaráv 8854:Beraxa 8844:Badkar 8759:Atemar 8712:Bitola 8627:Nimrod 8380:Terach 8258:Nimrod 7894:luòcs. 7874:llocs. 7647:INALCO 7593:, and 7572:Rabbi 7545:Reform 7477:Siddur 7469:Rhodes 7457:Serbia 7344:, and 7256:Donmeh 7230:, 1929 7127:Arabic 7125:- and 6471:geresh 6463:Notes: 6207:dagesh 6149:סָמֶךְ 6035:, and 5949:אינגﬞי 5474:shurúq 5354:/ð~ð̞/ 5348:/ð~ð̞/ 5316:דָּלֶת 5248:גִימֶל 5151:dagesh 5034:Notes 4862:syntax 4856:Syntax 4754:avamos 4596: 4491:, favl 4384:, favl 4343: 4133:, favl 4096: 4017:ladron 4011:ladrón 3852:-> 3837:-> 3812:Cierra 3736:jornal 3712:jurnal 3692:/mue-/ 3688:/nue-/ 3657:Notes: 3565:Vowels 3511:/ð~ð̞/ 3504:Notes: 3110:Uvular 3083:Dental 3078:dental 3076:Labio- 2706:Dental 2701:dental 2699:Labio- 2674:vowels 2672:and 5 2638:Bitola 2616:) and 2614:Hebron 2592:) and 2582:Venice 2534:as in 2495:as in 2473:Bitola 2433:, and 2399:Levant 2366:Arabic 2336:, and 2315:abazur 2304:French 2254:bülbül 2195:ga'avá 2174:) and 2171:ḥakham 1998:enaína 1958:daínda 1866:) and 1788:) and 1745:, and 1696:yeísmo 1659:Ladino 1616:ladino 1604:Ladino 1584:Targum 1561:ladina 1555:ladino 1538:Ladino 1513:Ladino 1489:לאדינו 1485:Ladino 1481:Ladino 1452:, and 1432:, and 1426:Djidio 1394:(also 1368:Arabic 1366:(from 1352:, and 1198:Ladino 1100:, and 1086:French 1076:, and 1066:Arabic 1064:, and 1058:Hebrew 1044:, and 995:Israel 985:, and 971:France 965:, and 959:Turkey 932:Ladino 828:Ladino 800:Ladino 783:Ladino 757:Israel 754: 745:France 742: 730: 685:Hebrew 530:Italic 479:Region 468:Brazil 460:Greece 456:Turkey 452:Israel 321:Ladino 274:Ladino 203:, but 150: 143: 136: 129: 121: 36:Ladino 17080:Spain 16887:Putèr 16882:Jauer 16870:Nones 16860:Ladin 16359:Asian 16016:Houma 15989:Métis 15972:Joual 15945:Chiac 15910:Gallo 15860:d'oïl 15252:Banat 14284:Qwara 14279:Kayla 14269:Geʽez 13930:Islam 13738:Names 13728:Music 13709:Rebbe 13704:Rabbi 13658:Monen 13613:Zohar 13534:Torah 13529:Bible 12643:Lemba 12518:Chuts 11741:JSTOR 11642:(PDF) 11357:JSTOR 10965:JSTOR 10908:JSTOR 10800:] 10574:S2CID 10390:S2CID 9581:Notes 9532:Şalom 9212:demet 9169:Maalé 9149:Kolay 9139:Innat 9109:Balta 9084:Preto 9064:Aínda 9029:Paras 9019:Chini 8994:Zahut 8961:Purim 8924:Mazal 8914:Maabe 8904:Maasé 8884:Kamma 8789:Ziara 8779:Shara 8769:Saraf 8749:Alhát 8649:Purim 8639:Herod 8615:Moses 8591:Avinu 8266:that 8023:Adio, 8015:Adio, 7993:Adio, 7985:Adio, 7912:Songs 7537:, in 7500:Torah 7382:Iliad 7262:Dönme 7123:Greek 6934:/g+z/ 6882:/t͡s/ 6611:/d͡ʒ/ 6585:/t͡ʃ/ 6544:Name 6524:, or 6498:/s+x/ 6420:שִׂין 6398:שִׁין 6312:with 6310:/t͡s/ 6299:/t͡s/ 6293:צָדִי 6170:עַיִן 6089:/ɲ+e/ 6085:/n+j/ 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