Romaniote Jews - Knowledge

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velarized and non-velarized stops and , spelled , and , spelled . The distinction between and (ס/צ) is maintained as vs. , i. e., a voiceless alveolar fricative against a voiceless alveolar affricate, a pronunciation common to Byzantine and Ashkenazic pronunciation; "strong" and "weak" , spelled (t/θ) preserved in Ashkenazic pronunciation as /; velar and pharyngeal and , spelled , both of which are pronounced , as in Ashkenazic; the glottal and pharyngeal stops and , spelled , both of which are weakened to the point of almost total absence in syllable-initial and syllable-final position, another characteristic shared with the Ashkenazic tradition. שׁ was pronounced as in the Romaniote tradition of Hebrew pronunciation. The loss of spirantization rule for postvocalic, non-geminated Old Hebrew b, d, g, p, t, k homorganic fricatives (this rule is not found now in either the Balkan or the North African Sephardic diaspora) may have been due Romaniote practice (it is observed partly in Yiddish Hebraisms and in the Ashkenazic pronunciation of monolingual Hebrew texts). The was pronounced as

3924: 2922: 3840:, which could be noted shortly after the war have been > before front vowels, unusual intonation patterns and some peculiar lexical items, mostly of Hebrew-Aramaic provenance. Lexemes, such as Hebrew-Aramaic loans, were easily identified as "ours" and "theirs," i.e., Sephardic vs. Romaniote. While composing texts on their religion, the Greek Jews followed the literary standards of Greek syntax and morphology, using a number of Hebrew-Aramaic loanwords. The Hebrew-Aramaic component would be written down in ways reflecting traditional Romaniote pronunciation, for example 5360:"The prophetic readings of the Byzantine ritual differed fundamentally from those of the other Rabbanite Jews of the diaspora. They have been preserved in the editions of the haftarot published with the Commentary of David Kimchi in Constantinople, 1505; and in the edition of the Pentateuch and haftarot, published in Constantinople, 1522" (and theorizing the Romaniote readings were a perpetuation of the selections of early medieval Eretz Yisrael). Louis Finkelstein, "The Prophetic Readings According to the Palestinian, Byzantine, and Karaite Rites", 61: 3608: 128: 8275: 4109: 3388: 8718: 4349: 168: 148: 108: 88: 8289: 8356: 8338: 3318: 4274:. It is open for services every Saturday morning as well as all major Jewish holidays. The synagogue also houses a museum devoted to Greek Jewry and offers guided tours to visitors on Sundays. Like the community in Jerusalem, the prayers today follow the Sephardic rite, but they preserve a few piyyutim from the Romaniote rite. 4123:, the Romaniote community has dwindled to 50 mostly elderly people. The Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue there is open primarily on the High Holidays, or in the case of the visit of a chazzan, or is opened for visitors on request. Immigrant Romaniotes return every summer to the old synagogue. After a long time a 3871:

Second and third generation Romaniote immigrants in New York city have good knowledge of Greek. In the beginning of the 21st century 90% asserted that they understand Greek while 40% could speak Greek comfortably. Over a third could read Greek satisfactorily. The number of persons fluent in the Greek

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in the Mincha of Shabbat Hanukkah. In the second half of the 19th century, the Romaniote community of Greece made an effort to preserve the Romaniote liturgical heritage of Ioannina and Arta, by printing various liturgical texts in the Hebrew printing presses of Salonika. Today, the Romaniote Liturgy

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that create the impression of a carpet, in a geometric pattern of blue, gray, red and white. Two Greek inscriptions were found in front of the synagogue's entrance, on the western side of the building. Today, only part of the synagogue's mosaic floor is extant, and it has been moved from its original

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The Romaniote Jewish Community of Chalkis is not the oldest one in Greece, but it is the only one in Europe that has been living in the same city for 2,500 years without interruption and the community is still active in the city's life. The community has a synagogue and a cemetery with important and

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that Judaeo-Greek has always been interchangeable with the spoken variety of Greek, which was used by the surrounding Christian community, but had a few special features in its various geographical and chronological types (for example the Judaeo-Greek of Crete and that of Constantinople). Besides

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The Romaniote pronunciation of the Hebrew language is very close in its major features to the common Modern Hebrew pronunciation. The vowel-system is a simple five-vowel system without either quantitative or qualitative distinctions. Typical was the absence of distinction between: the Semitic

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by Yoseph HaYevani was made available to those Jews (Sephardi immigrants) who were less proficient in Greek. The Byzantine Karaites, showed a knowledge of Greek philosophical terminology. Rabbinic authors spiced their comments with Greek phrases. The familiarity of Romaniote Jewry with the

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in 1932 under the auspices of the National Archaeological Service. Based on the quality of the floor's mosaic, the building is believed to have been constructed in the 4th century CE (300–350 CE) and used until the 7th century. The mosaic floor of the synagogue consists of multi-colored

3368:, there were approximately 1,950 Romaniotes left in Ioannina. Centered around the old fortified part of the city (or Kastro), where the community had been living for centuries, they maintained two synagogues, one of which, the Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue still remains today. 3800:

has left a legacy of some fifteen works on astronomy, grammar (dikduk), biblical commentaries and piyyutim; some of the later have even been included in the Karaite prayerbook. Several manuscripts containing mystical works have survived. The question of an independent Romaniote

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The Romaniotes traditionally gave to a child a mystical document known as an "aleph". This hand-painted "birth and circumcision certificate" was created by a family member and then handed down. The aleph was written in mystical codes for the purpose of warding off the wiles of

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the few phonetic differences between Judaeo-Greek and Standard Modern Greek the most common difference has been the use of Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords in Judaeo-Greek. Considerable are also the phonetic differences between Romaniote Hebrew (look downwards on paragraph

4083:(Thesion) was used as a synagogue during its construction at the end of the 4th century CE (396–400). This view was expressed by the archaeologist H. Thompson, from the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, but was not developed into a complete theory. The 5823: ; Philippe Bobichon, Manuscrits en caractères hébreux. Vol. I : Bibliothèque nationale de France, Manuscrits de théologie n° 669 à 720, Brepols, Turnhout, 2008, pp. 30-37, 40-46, 124-153 ; 198-201, 234-237, 266-269, 272-275, 278-283, 292-294 4096:

old inscriptions. The Synagogue is on Kotsou Street. It is unknown when the first synagogue in Chalkis was constructed. In 1854, during the Holy Week a great fire destroyed the synagogue. In 1855 it was re-constructed in the same size with funds offered by

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was read at the wedding ceremony proper. This is different in that other Jews bless the bride and groom at the time of the actual wedding. In addition, there are ritual differences in the building of the Synagogue and in the building and the use of the

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At the beginning of the 20th century, the Romaniote community of Ioannina numbered about 4,000 people, mostly lower-class tradesmen and craftsmen. Their numbers dwindled after that due to economic emigration; after the Holocaust and in the wake of

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The intellectual pursuits of Romaniote Jews reflected in their history their geographical location within the Jewish and gentile world. Direct heir to Palestinian Jewish traditions on the one hand, they were also heir to the teachings of the

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Vena Hebraica in Judaeorum Linguis: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Hebrew and Aramaic Elements in Jewish Languages (Milan, October 23–26, 1995), p. 274 "Situation des communautes romaniotes contemporaires".

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traditions. Romaniote Jewry, throughout its history, expended great effort on religious poetry, which reached its peak during the period 1350–1550. The writing of piyyutim was clearly held as its own genre. In the twelfth century

4324:. In 2024, a team of researchers announced that a modern Romaniote Jewish man from Greece belongs to "a previously undiscovered" branch of the Y-chromosomal haplogroup J-P58 found to be "dating straight back 7,000 years to the 3904:

of the Greek-speaking lands. In many cases manuscripts of Romaniote origin from the Byzantine Empire, or from later times can be recognised as "Romaniote", only with the science of Paleography, if they do not contain a

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in 1953 led the last remaining Romaniote Jews to leave the island towards Athens. The vast majority of Romaniotes have relocated to Israel and the United States, with the world's largest community located in New York.

3556:, θήκη "container"), from which they are never completely taken out. Among the Romaniote Jews, tradition dictates, that the most holy Sefer Torah, the Law of Moses, be read with the scroll standing upright in its 3352:

After the liberation of Ioannina on February 21, 1913, the Rabbi and the Romaniote community of Ioannina welcomed at the New Synagogue of Ioannina the liberator of the city, Crown Prince Constantine, the future

3252:, so the city was a shade of its former glory. The event of the conquest of Constantinople was written down by a Romaniote Payetan in a lament hymn, composed with several phrases from the Old Testament in the 5783:

Beit-Arie, M. ed. Rowland Smith, D. and Salinger, P. S. "The Codicological Database of The Hebrew Paleography Project: A Tool for Localising and Dating Hebrew Medieval Manuscripts. In: Hebrew Studies, pp.

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of the Metroon was based on a small piece of marble found near the Metroon that had two Jewish symbols carved on one side, and the resemblance of the building to the synagogue of Sardis in Asia Minor.

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alone and murdered. Many Greek Jews were forced to pay their own tickets to the death camps. Almost all Romaniote Jews of the island of Crete, together with some resistance fighters, died on the ship

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is well documented. Biblical translations, piyyutim, folksongs, Ketubbot, liturgical instructions, glossaries, mystical texts and the use of Greek words in commentaries in Judaeo-Greek are known.

3782:, a handbook of biblical apologetics. In tune with the intellectual currents among Romaniotes, Shemarya was trained in philosophy and was able to translate directly from Greek to Hebrew. The 5168:

by Yonah David, Shirei Zebadiah (Jerusalem 1972), Shirei Amitai (Jerusalem, 1975) and Shirei Elya bar Schemaya (New York and Jerusalem 1977); and the material in the Chronicle of Ahima'az.

3314:, the Jews historically played an important part in the transport trade. In the centuries following 1492 most of the Romaniote communities were assimilated by the more numerous Sephardim. 8459: 4142:, at 16 Ioustinianou street. Its name means "the Old Synagogue". It was constructed in 1829, most probably over the ruins of an older synagogue. Its architecture is typical of the 3044:

in 70 CE. Before the migration of the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi Jews into the Balkans and Eastern Europe, the Jewish culture in these areas consisted primarily of Romaniote Jews.

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of the Ottoman Empire until their leading position was lost to a wave of new Jewish arrivals. These events initiated the first great numerical decline of the Romaniote community.

3283:, was perceived as an "expulsion" by the Jews. Nevertheless, the Romaniotes would remain the most influential Jewish community in the Empire for decades to come, determining the 5297:…but the fact that the most prominent hero of Jewish origin, Colonel Mordechai Frizis (1893–1940), originated from the ancient Romaniote community of Chalkis, speaks for itself. 2851:, also known as Byzantium, which included the territory of modern Greece, which this Jewish group inhabited for centuries. Historically, the Empire was commonly referred to as 5267:

J. Hacker, Ottoman policies towards the Jews and Jewish attitudes towards Ottomans during the Fifteenth Century in "Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire", New York (1982)

293:. They are one of the oldest Jewish communities in existence and the oldest Jewish community in Europe. The Romaniotes have been, and remain, historically distinct from the 3349:

for example ordered that the attitude of all non-Muslims should be one of "humility and abjection" and should not "live near Mosques or in tall buildings" or own slaves.

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were a thankful gift to the Synagogue of congregants who have received help, healing or salvation by God. The Romaniote term for the Passover ceremony (Seder) is חובה (

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follows (with slight differences) the mainstream Sephardic usage, while the Romaniotes and the Jews of Corfu have preserved their old and own Judaeo-Greek and Hebrew

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In the community of Volos many of the Romaniote pre-Sephardic traditions prevail. The community consists of Romaniotes as well as Sephardim (particularly from

2074: 5817:

Manuscrits en caractères hébreux conservés dans les bibliothèques de France. Vol. V : Bibliothèque nationale de France, Manuscrits de Théologie n°704-733

8651: 1729: 1424: 6030: 3583:. The Romaniote Jews have their own form of wedding blessing. Upon the betrothal, seven blessings are bestowed on the bride and groom to be, while wedding 1616: 3094:

edited and expanded the Sefer Josippon later. This community of Byzantine Jews of southern Italy produced such prominent works like the Sefer Ahimaaz of

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The community printed the piyyutim that they preserve in a pamphlet entitled 'Sefer ha-rinah veha-tefilah', which was printed in 1968 and again in 1998.

5858: 4590: 2824: 6554: 8706: 4679: 588: 7779: 4682:, University Professor of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering at George Mason University and former Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force 1611: 8169: 1859: 4698: 4627: 4097: 3990:

The majority of Romaniotes who survived the Holocaust left for Israel or the United States at the end of the war. The creation of the state of

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represent those of the Greek-speaking Jews of the Byzantine (or former Byzantine) Empire, ranging from southern Italy (in a narrower sense the

6852: 4226:. There are two Romaniote synagogues in Israel: the Zakynthos Synagogue in Tel Aviv, and the Beit Avraham Ve'ohel Sarah liKehilat Ioanina in 2113: 8684: 6609: 4270:, where it is used by the Romaniote emigrant community. It maintains a mailing list of 3,000 Romaniote families, most of them living in the 6186: 6055: 3310:. Thessaloniki had one of the largest (mostly Sephardi) Jewish communities in the world and a solid rabbinical tradition. On the island of 3279:, were concentrated in Constantinople, where they made up 10% of the city's population. The forced resettlement, though not intended as an 6620: 8407: 8129: 5667:

Krivoruchko, J. G. "Not Only Cherubs: Lexicon of Hebrew and Aramaic Origin in Standard Modern Greek (SG) and Modern Greek Dialects." In:

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The Ioanniotiki Synagogue, situated above the Jewish Community of Athens offices at #8 Melidoni St., is the only Romaniote synagogue in

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Piyyutim Recordings and written folios from the communities of Ioannina, Chalkis, Volos and Corfu and of other Greek Jewish communities

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Steiner, Richard C. (2007). "The Byzantine biblical commentaries from the Genizah: Rabbanite vs. Karaite". In Moshe Bar-Asherz (ed.).

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DNA research and genealogical works based on the Romaniote communities of Ioannina and Zakynthos are in progress. Nearly 4/5th of the

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As Mehmed wanted to make the city his new capital, he decreed its rebuilding. And in order to revivify Constantinople he ordered that

8412: 6388: 4767: 4112: 3124:) continued to be Greek-speakers until the 15th century. When they were expelled and went to different regions of Greece, especially 2037: 8327: 6676: 5727:

13: 1120-1145; Morag, S. "Between East and West: For a History of the Tradition of Hebrew During the Middle Ages" (in Hebrew). In:

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was Rabbi of Volos who saved Greek Jews during the Holocaust and helped to consolidate the community of Volos after World War II.

9035: 8175: 5838: 4663: 1410: 5527:"The Jews of Crete. Volume IV - A Cretan Book of Jonah. Greek-Hebrew text of the Book of Jonas traditionally read at Yom Kippur" 4206:

since the 2nd century AD. Ancient Jewish tombstones dating back to 325–641 AD, were also discovered in the neighbouring city of

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on March 25, 1944. The majority of the Jews deported were murdered on or shortly after April 11, 1944, when their train reached

7275: 6729: 6257: 5191: 3762: 2817: 1987: 1922: 1804: 5442: 3649:. They read the special "Megillah for the Purim Katan of Syracuse" and sing corresponding songs and hymns for this festivity. 8699: 7270: 6491: 6172: 5290: 4834: 3896:

The Hebrew Paleography resp. the Hebrew Epigraphy recognises a specific "Byzantine" or "Romaniote" Handwriting system of the

1108: 6590:, Queens College (New York) Special Collection and Archives and Hellenic American Project, JSTOR Open Community Collections 5242:

Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City."

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Today approximately 4,500 to 6,000 Jews remain in Greece. Of these, only a small number are Romaniotes, who live mainly in

1546: 7179: 6068: 5598:. Vol. V : Bibliothèque nationale de France, Manuscrits de Théologie n°704-733, Brepols, Turnhout, 2015, pp. 290-297 3955:, were murdered. Some Greeks collaborated with the deportations or expropriated Jewish property; a few, encouraged by the 3179:. The largest community in Greece at that time was in Thebes, where he found about 2000 Jews. They were engaged mostly in 8832: 8474: 7290: 7285: 6709: 4826:

Changing Educational Landscapes: Educational Policies, Schooling Systems and Higher Education - a comparative perspective

1814: 1631: 1621: 861: 6010: 8877: 8102: 6979: 6430: 6371: 4497: 3136:, they could continue to speak their Greek language, even if this language was somewhat different from that of Greece. 2210: 2160: 2125: 1819: 1684: 1551: 5923: 5904: 5364:, vol. 17 (1942–1943), page 423; Adolf Büchler, "The Reading of the Law and Prophets in a Triennial Cycle (part ii)". 4075:

of another building found in the excavations of the ancient Agora in Athens, is questionable. It is believed that the

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are covering the heads of the groom and the bride and are interchanged on their heads. At the end of a full year, the

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from all over his empire be resettled in the new capital. Within months most of the Empire's Romaniote Jews, from the

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The Jewish Museum of Greece, The Jewish Community of Ioannina: The Memory of Artefacts, "Songs and Hymns" (CD). 2017

9030: 8692: 8479: 7039: 6947: 4394: 3230: 2979: 2195: 2177: 2083: 1977: 1829: 1824: 1749: 1714: 1581: 5989: 5802:

Olszowy-Schlanger, J. "On the Hebrew script of the Greek-Hebrew palimpsests from the Cairo Genizah", 279-299. In:

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are engraved in stone on the walls of the synagogue. The Bet Chaim cemetery in Ioannina belongs to the community.

8464: 8204: 7398: 6034: 3106:. The liturgical writings of these Romaniote Jews, especially the piyyut were eminent for the development of the 3056: 2972: 2713: 2612: 2167: 2150: 2103: 2002: 1912: 1849: 1799: 1779: 1774: 1694: 1668: 1643: 1521: 1511: 1501: 1481: 1476: 6340: 6085: 9025: 7080: 6640: 6300: 4593:, Former Assistant District Attorney of Brooklyn, and Liberal Party candidate for New York State Senate in 1950 3234: 2186: 2172: 2140: 2120: 2088: 2032: 2007: 1982: 1962: 1952: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1907: 1897: 1892: 1869: 1784: 1769: 1689: 1648: 1601: 1596: 1516: 1461: 9045: 9040: 8714: 8673: 8611: 8469: 8447: 8442: 8385: 8181: 7502: 4772: 4762: 4757: 4693: 4562: 4258:(from originally several Romaniote Synagogues in New York) is in operation in the entire Western Hemisphere: 4040: 3060: 3052: 2878: 2607: 2145: 2130: 2093: 2055: 2027: 2017: 2012: 1997: 1992: 1972: 1957: 1942: 1917: 1883: 1854: 1754: 1739: 1663: 1653: 1571: 1541: 1466: 1452: 424: 5855: 4917:

Monika Trümper, "The Oldest Original Synagogue Building in the Diaspora: The Delos Synagogue Reconsidered."

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is related to that of Romaniote Jews. Romaniote Jewish men have been found to belong to various branches of

3482:(טוביה בר אליעזר), a Greek-speaking Talmudist and poet of the 11th century, worked and lived in the city of 8919: 8320: 8244: 8112: 8107: 7295: 7280: 7044: 6999: 6744: 5208: 4448: 3932: 3087: 2215: 2135: 2098: 2022: 1967: 1834: 1809: 1734: 1709: 1699: 1638: 1561: 1556: 1536: 1526: 1506: 1491: 1384: 1088: 852: 847: 302: 5770:

Beit-Arie, M. et al. "Classification of Hebrew Calligraphic Handwriting Styles: Preliminary Results." In:

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and can be subdivided in a wider sense in a Rabbanite community and in the Greco-Karaite community of the

8796: 8437: 8209: 8194: 7075: 6935: 4480: 4246:, the prayers today follow the Sephardic rite, but they preserve a few piyyutim from the Romaniote rite. 4146:

era, a large building made of stone. The interior of the synagogue is laid out in the Romaniote way: the

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who moved after 1328 to Negroponte prepared his supercommentary to Ibn Ezra and, circa 1346–47 wrote his

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Romaniote Memories, a Jewish Journey from Ioannina, Greece to Manhattan: Photographs by Vincent Giordano

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M. J. Akbar, "The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity", 2003, (p. 89)

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Krivoruchko, J. (2005). "A case of divergent convergence: the cultural identity of Romaniote Jewry". In

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followed a specific custom, particular to the Romaniote rite. The Romaniote Torah scrolls are housed in

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that immigrated to the Ottoman Empire between 1421 and 1453. Waves of Sephardi Jews were expelled from

3033: 2679: 2524: 2232: 1626: 822: 812: 548: 17: 8279: 8219: 8117: 8097: 7967: 7892: 7752: 7619: 7305: 7265: 6633: 5973: 5368:, vol. 6, nr. 1 (October 1893), pp. 1–73, discusses in some detail evidence of very early choices of 5138:

Bowman, S. Jewish Responses to Byzantine Polemics from the Ninth through the Eleventh Centuries, 2010

3918: 3884: 3882: 3706:(where the Torah scrolls are kept) is on the eastern wall and in the middle there is a wide interior 2793: 2486: 2337: 2278: 1169: 439: 3665:, their own way of cantillation and their special customs. A custom, which is still followed in the 3467:). This Minhag was once widespread in Southern Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Anatolia and the Crimea. 8944: 8662: 8199: 8030: 7329: 7204: 6587: 5077: 5001: 4420: 4191: 3965: 3629:

The Romaniotes are well known for their hymns in Judaeo-Greek and Hebrew, for their special way of

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Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum, Romaniote Synagogue in New York City Official website

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Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory

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tradition, probably deriving directly from Palestinian antecedents, is proved. An abridgement of

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which still survives to this day. A Romaniote oral tradition says that the first Jews arrived in

2887:(516 BCE – 70 CE). Recorded Jewish presence in Greece dates back over 2,300 years to the time of 2637: 2627: 2592: 2471: 2461: 2244: 1415: 1357: 1191: 870: 827: 542: 286: 6194: 5793:

Olszowy-Schlanger, J. "An Early Hebrew Manuscript from Byzantium", pp. 148-155. In: Zutot, 2002.

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The Language Idioms of Epirus (Northern, Central and Southern): The Gianniote and Other Lexicons

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Jewish communities) in the west, to much of Turkey in the east, Crete to the south, Crimea (the

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synagogue was discovered in 1829 near the ancient military port of the capital of the island of

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of a child) was held in the synagogue in 2000, and was an exceptional event for the community.

3999: 3775: 3420: 3219: 2756: 2491: 2405: 1471: 1023: 642: 612: 272: 5026: 3730:). In the years 2017 and 2018 the Romaniote rite Haggadah and the Romaniote rite prayer book ( 8934: 8621: 8214: 8135: 7917: 7624: 7507: 7248: 7238: 7231: 7216: 7102: 4658: 4259: 3906: 3890: 3837: 3611: 3452: 2647: 2642: 2587: 2375: 1290: 1018: 1005: 900: 617: 290: 5069: 4993: 8974: 8872: 8816: 8750: 8524: 8249: 8239: 7742: 6714: 5892: 5496: 4689: 4569: 4309: 4080: 3666: 2915: 2884: 2718: 2670: 2410: 2268: 1081: 946: 935: 893: 6584:, Queens College (New York) Special Collections and Archives and Hellenic American Project 6215: 6173:

History of the Community of Volos on the Cebtral Board of the Jewish Communities in Greece

5968: 4807: 2954: 8: 9020: 8959: 8954: 8929: 8811: 8776: 8646: 8402: 7897: 7865: 7791: 7700: 7646: 7253: 7053: 6787: 6752: 6605:: account of the Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue in Ioannina, with photos (personal site) 6242: 5671:, ed. Mark Janse, Angeliki Ralli and Brian Joseph, Patras: University of Patras, 205-219. 5070: 4994: 4867: 4747: 4616: 4577:, a prominent Romaniotissa, particularly noted for her translation of modern Greek poetry 4566: 4456: 4425: 3758: 3754: 3630: 3579:

which is the oldest European Jewish prayer rite. Later the first Mahzor was printed, the

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as early as the 1st century AD. Historians argue that Jews have been living in ancient

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was written by the Byzantine Jews of Southern Italy. R. Elnatan ben Moses Kalkes (from

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A strong Romaniote community was present in Corfu until the late 19th century, when a

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The Jews of Southern Italy (where they were living together with their Greek-speaking

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Brown, Adam; Levy-Toledano, Raquel; Penninx, Wim; Greenspan, Bennett; Waas, Michael.

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Ioanina: Preserving remnants of a Jewish community, 09/11/15. Retrieved on 22.05.2019

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Before the Flame Goes Out: A Document of the Romaniote Jews of Ioannina and New York

6560: 5772:

Proceedings of First International Workshop on Document Image Analysis for Libraries

5195: 4242:, Jerusalem is no longer in use. In Beit Avraham Ve'ohel Sarah liKehilat Ioanina in 3832: 60: 9050: 8949: 8825: 8560: 8509: 8079: 8047: 8008: 7979: 7962: 7912: 7713: 7522: 7455: 7408: 7356: 7324: 7315: 7300: 7174: 7149: 7125: 7009: 6940: 6857: 6724: 6418: 6359: 5943: 4810: 4707: 4549: 4502: 4487: 4385: 4364: 4353: 4301: 4235: 4207: 4068:, but can be opened for visitors upon request through the Jewish Community office. 3956: 3802: 3797: 3519: 3471: 3456: 3322: 3144: 2983: 2848: 2736: 2617: 2577: 2541: 2239: 1789: 1300: 1056: 960: 875: 765: 557: 350: 325: 313: 193: 8565: 3983:

enabled them to hide better from German deportations than Sephardi Jews who spoke

3959:, sheltered Jews. Roughly 49,000 Jews—Romaniotes and Sephardim—were deported from 8994: 8979: 8969: 8924: 8844: 8656: 8550: 8540: 7989: 7984: 7796: 7723: 7556: 7527: 7450: 7440: 7403: 7378: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7169: 7164: 7154: 7139: 6930: 6847: 6814: 6772: 6762: 6545: 5862: 5842: 4824: 4685: 4608: 4543: 4492: 4435: 4415: 4263: 4159: 4084: 4072: 3995: 3970: 3897: 3740:

according to the Romaniote custom and other texts. A Romaniote rite based reform

3711: 3703: 3682: 3634: 3541: 3307: 3207: 3107: 3006: 2999: 2958: 2698: 2657: 2652: 2632: 2554: 2548: 2481: 2433: 2273: 2254: 1405: 1134: 1046: 1029: 573: 388: 317: 263: 201: 197: 6588:

Vincent Giordano Photographs documenting Romaniote Jews of Ioannina and New York

5385: 4100:. The Synagogue opens every Friday evening and occasionally on Shabbat morning. 8789: 8755: 8514: 8375: 8293: 8268: 8089: 7996: 7954: 7934: 7922: 7902: 7816: 7806: 7774: 7767: 7747: 7718: 7690: 7685: 7651: 7561: 7485: 7475: 7413: 7211: 7159: 7070: 6827: 6822: 6757: 6686: 6015: 5994: 5278: 4621: 4602: 4443: 4390: 4368: 4321: 4317: 4293: 4143: 4065: 3980: 3815: 3784: 3515: 3511: 3475: 3440: 3338: 3303: 3295: 3210:: עץ החיים, lit. "Tree of Life", frequently a name of Romaniote synagogues) in 3199: 3164: 3072: 2991: 2962: 2946: 2798: 2597: 2452: 2332: 2311: 2288: 2283: 2261: 2249: 1844: 1325: 1224: 1202: 1139: 977: 955: 817: 796: 772: 538: 520: 459: 431: 384: 298: 283: 251: 189: 8305: 5880:

H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften

5731:, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 5740 (=1979-1980), pp. 141-156; Wexler, P. 3872:

Language is much lower in the group of the Greek Sephardim outside of Greece.

470:(which represents the oldest Jewish congregation on European soil), Ioannina, 9009: 8964: 8760: 8585: 8570: 8555: 8545: 8062: 7907: 7834: 7641: 7575: 7548: 7497: 7445: 7418: 7393: 7383: 7144: 7090: 7024: 7004: 6994: 6989: 6962: 6908: 6837: 6782: 6540: 6535: 5856:"Deportation of Jews of Ioannina", Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum 5065: 4723: 4713: 4612: 4507: 4471: 4380: 4375: 4333: 4128: 3984: 3678: 3674: 3638: 3615: 3607: 3537: 3499: 3444: 3400: 3176: 3037: 2746: 2741: 1947: 1874: 1400: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1207: 1159: 921: 760: 665: 627: 578: 455: 133: 31: 4166:

are kept) is on the eastern wall and in the middle there is a wide interior

3998:(1946–1949), led to an immigration of a number of Romaniotes to Israel. The 8886: 8575: 8499: 8042: 7839: 7801: 7762: 7351: 7095: 7034: 7014: 6974: 6957: 6925: 6913: 6874: 6792: 6767: 6602: 6520:), Jerusalem, 1978 (in Hebrew). One chapter sets out the Romaniote liturgy. 6187:"The Story of a Two-Thousand Year Old Jewish Community in Ioannina, Greece" 6098: 5596:

Manuscrits en caractères hébreux conservés dans les bibliothèques de France

5583:

Mekor Chayim: A Reform Liturgy for Erev Shabbat Based on the Romaniote Rite

4782: 4742: 4650: 4641: 4580: 4558: 4439: 4337: 4297: 4211: 4036: 4016: 3960: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3827: 3448: 3407:

and a Romaniote "Aleph" on the right side (a circumcision certificate with

3365: 3288: 3280: 3172: 3152: 3133: 3121: 2776: 2602: 2443: 2438: 2396: 2349: 1443: 1310: 1295: 1254: 1219: 832: 674: 443: 368: 360: 329: 70: 35: 6140:

Greece's Pivotal Role in World War II and Its Importance to the U.S. Today

5345:

The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek Versions of the Bible

2914:, which refers to "Moschos, son of Moschion the Jew", who may have been a 8052: 7567: 7492: 7470: 7373: 6967: 6896: 6891: 6879: 6869: 6422: 6363: 4453: 4163: 4151: 4124: 3736:) have been published in a series, containing also Romaniote poetry, the 3695: 3642: 3376: 3284: 3245: 3238: 3188: 2942: 2761: 2703: 2368: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1234: 6484:

Folklore and Ethnic Identity of the Jewish Community of Ioannina, Greece

5115:

History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire

4948:

Shai le-Sara Japhet: Studies in the Bible, its exegesis and its language

4701:, a musician of traditional and popular Greek music in the United States 8146: 7853: 7435: 7029: 6777: 6699: 6464: 6190: 5585:, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati 2018. 4574: 4108: 3685:

translation after the morning service on the last two days of Pessach.

3670: 3597: 3495: 3387: 3264: 3249: 3215: 3013: 2995: 2419: 1433: 1362: 1320: 1149: 1129: 688: 595: 515: 5283:

Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence

4908:

May–June 1998 (24:03), via Center for Online Judaic Studies, cojs.org.

3514:

in 1547 has the Hebrew text in the middle of the page, with a Ladino (

8803: 8782: 8067: 7532: 7423: 7334: 6952: 6886: 5845:

Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum, Retrieved January 5, 2009

4877: 4789:, the two cities in Greece with the most prominent Jewish communities 4635: 4584: 4538: 4526: 4325: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4203: 4171: 4135: 4003: 3806: 3653: 3491: 3392: 3346: 3226: 3064: 3041: 3017: 2892: 2582: 2567: 1657: 1605: 1367: 1315: 1305: 986: 982: 972: 887: 647: 463: 435: 404: 294: 6903: 5905:"This Day in Jewish History / Jewish Community of Crete Lost at Sea" 4348: 3229:

found the city in a state of disarray. The city had indeed suffered

1335: 8984: 7786: 7728: 7673: 7668: 7339: 6625: 5614:

82nd edition, (Jerusalem 1974), and Weinberger, Anthology, pp. 8-11

5541:

The Haggadah According to the Custom of the Romaniote Jews of Crete

5497:"Megillat Antiochos: Religiöse Begriffe aus der Welt des Judentums" 4786: 4717: 4631: 4357: 4227: 4223: 4195: 4147: 4120: 4020: 3952: 3947:, 86% of the Greek Jews, especially those in the areas occupied by 3928: 3737: 3689: 3545: 3483: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3276: 3241: 3114: 3079: 3029: 2967: 2751: 2361: 2293: 1124: 632: 583: 364: 333: 6240:

Laura Silver, "Spreading little-known history of Romaniote Jews",

5459:

Ross, M. S., Europäisches Zentrum für Jüdische Musik, CD-Projekt:

4190:. Ancient historic texts mention that Jews lived in the region of 3757:. The Byzantine Jewish/Romaniote literature shows a rich blend of 3637:

and for their Jewish-Greek folksongs, based on regional melodies.

3020:, who trace back their history to the times of the Greek-speaking 8355: 8342: 8001: 7885: 7880: 7870: 7858: 7678: 7663: 7607: 7542: 7517: 7480: 7344: 7019: 6918: 6842: 6734: 6660: 6575: 6389:"Avotaynu DNA Project Discovers 7,000 Year Old Neolithic Lineage" 5944:"Ladino language | Sephardic, Judeo-Spanish, Hebrew | Britannica" 5928: 5651:

Moisis, A. "Hebrew words in the language of Jews of Greece." In:

5228:

A Hebrew lament from Venetian Crete on the fall of Constantinople

4199: 4183: 4076: 4024: 3623: 3588: 3436: 3432: 3412: 3379:

charges forced most of the Jewish community to leave the island.

3326: 3325:(1893–1940) from the ancient Romaniote Greek Jewish community of 3272: 3184: 3168: 3160: 3068: 2911: 2727: 2693: 2562: 2356: 1345: 1340: 1212: 1103: 998: 994: 990: 739: 734: 711: 693: 568: 563: 553: 531: 506: 467: 380: 372: 337: 321: 213: 8337: 6318: 5347:, 2000, p. 180. The Greek text is published in D. C. Hesseling, 5258:

Avigdor Levy; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, New Jersey, (1994)

4935:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 758. 2978:

In 1977 another ancient synagogue was discovered in Athens, the

2949:. The floor was covered for protection and was studied again by 8857: 8740: 8726: 8717: 8348: 8072: 7939: 7875: 5512:

The Jewish Museum of Greece, The Jewish Community of Ioannina:

5443:"Counting Down From Destruction, Looking Forward to Redemption" 5317:

The Jewish Museum of Greece, The Jewish Community of Ioannina:

5128:

Historiography among Byzantine Jews: The case of Sefer Yosippon

5072:

Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures

4996:

Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures

4950:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Bialik Institute. pp. 243–262. 4654: 4061: 4032: 4028: 3991: 3979:

During the German occupation, the Romaniotes' ability to speak

3789: 3732: 3596:. It is a Romaniote tradition to write on the Ketubah the year 3584: 3572: 3564: 3526: 3503: 3460: 3428: 3372: 3342: 3260: 3223: 3180: 3156: 3129: 3110: 3103: 3048: 2938: 2926: 2907: 2903: 2387: 2382: 2342: 2327: 1438: 1330: 750: 716: 702: 637: 479: 475: 451: 420: 408: 392: 230: 173: 153: 113: 93: 6386: 6120: 5642:, vol. 1. Etaireia Ipeirotikon Meleton, Ioannina 1964 (Greek). 4808:'Jewish museum in Cyprus aims to build bridges to Arab world,' 3681:

verse by verse by alternating from Hebrew to its paraphrasing

3117:

and are preserved to this day in the most Ashkenazi mahzorim.

8023: 8018: 7972: 7927: 7848: 7843: 7107: 6862: 6832: 6121:"ΙΣΡΑΗΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΒΟΛΟΥ - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF VOLOS" 4961:

Danon, A. (1912). "Notice sur la littérature gréco-caraïte".

4530: 4187: 4167: 4044: 3901: 3707: 3593: 3540:

while the whole Torah was read in the Palestinian way of the

3533: 3507: 3403:

similar to the Byzantine Christian tradition) hanging on the

3311: 3299: 3211: 3148: 3125: 3091: 3003: 2869:(Ῥωμανιῶτες), essentially meaning an inhabitant of Rhomania. 2856: 1350: 779: 683: 652: 471: 416: 412: 400: 396: 376: 66: 6301:"FamilyTreeDNA - Romaniote DNA Project: Y-DNA Classic Chart" 5804:

Jewish-Greek tradition in antiquity and the Byzantine empire

5729:

Proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Judaica

5238: 5236: 5076:. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill. p. 5000:. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill. p. 2925:

Mosaic floor of a Jewish synagogue in Greece, built 300 AD,

8122: 6656: 6578:, sponsored by The International Survey of Jewish Monuments 6561:

L’Autre des non-juifs ...et des juifs : les romaniotes

6125:ΙΣΡΑΗΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΒΟΛΟΥ - THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF VOLOS 4857:(by Ethan Marcus), 24 April 2018; retrieved on 10 May 2018. 4534: 4523: 4155: 3699: 3334: 3192: 2998:

synagogues. Concurrently the oldest synagogue found in the

502: 226: 5723:

78, p. 45; Morag, S. (1971/2). "Pronunciation of Hebrew."

4726:, Brazilian entrepreneur, media tycoon and television host 4138:

is located in the old fortified part of the city known as

3502:

and also of some poems. Romaniote scholars translated the

450:. After the war, a majority of the survivors emigrated to 6563:" ("The Other for Non-Jews ... and Jews: the Romaniots") 6184: 5233: 4170:. The names of the Ioanniote Jews who were killed in the 3294:

The number of Jews was soon bolstered by small groups of

3268: 3009:, which has an inscription dated between 250 and 175 BCE 6138:

Goodpaster, Andrew Jackson; Rossides, Eugene T. (2001).

5270: 5179:

The Medieval Salento: Art and Identity in Southern Italy

4692:

club and was the first ever official goalscorer for the

3195:. At the time, they were already known as "Romaniotes". 6530: 5461:

Synagogale Musik der romaniotischen Juden Griechenlands

5028:

Cursing The Christians? A History of the Birkat HaMinim

4921:, Vol. 73, No. 4 (October–December, 2004), pp. 513–598. 3994:

in 1948, combined with the violence and anarchy of the

5562:

Prayerbook According to The Rite of The Romaniote Jews

4829:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 160. 3567:(prayer book) for the Romaniote rite was known as the 3455:: some of these are thought to have been based on the 6582:

Vincent Giordano Before the Flame Goes Out Collection

6551:, Romaniote prayer book for the Weekdays and Holidays 5876:"The Holocaust in Greece: Genocide and its Aftermath" 5819:, Brepols, Turnhout, 2015, pp. 22-31, 72-81, 290-297 4064:. Built in 1906, it now has services only during the 3744:

in Greek and Hebrew has also been published in 2018.

3218:

which passed to Ottoman authority in 1324. After the

6295: 6293: 5254: 5252: 4851:

Taking Greek Jewish Life to the Streets of New York.

4644:, is a Greek intellectual, author and leader of the 4587:

songs with a successful career in the United States.

4474:, a Jewish messiah claimant of the 17th century C.E. 3927:

A woman weeps during the deportation of the Jews of

3641:

brought to Ioannina the celebration of the Sicilian

2865:"Romans", while the Greek-speaking Jews were called 2366: 2347: 770: 277: 27:

Jewish community native to the Eastern Mediterranean

6541:

United Brotherhood Good Hope Society of Janina Inc.

5628:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. 4657:Minister of Health and former president and CEO of 4611:, a psychiatrist, philosopher and innkeeper of the 65:Members of the Romaniote Greek Jewish community of 6333:"Family Tree of the Jewish Community of Zakynthos" 6258:"Spreading little-known history of Romaniote Jews" 6137: 5755:The Karaite community in Istanbul and their Hebrew 5624:Bowman, Steven (1985). "Language and Literature". 5474:Yanniotika Evraika Tragoudia. Ekdoseis Epeirotikes 4931:Bowman, Steven (1985). "Language and Literature". 3147:and recorded details about communities of Jews in 3082:was written down in the 10th century in Byzantine 3067:) to the north and the Jews of the early medieval 3012:The Romaniotes are Greek Jews, distinct from both 3002:is also the oldest Samaritan synagogue: it is the 6290: 6280:"FamilyTreeDNA - Romaniote DNA Project: About Us" 5990:"The Jewish Palate: The Romaniote Jews of Greece" 5249: 4873:Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History 4688:, legendary Greek football player who played for 3677:in Judaeo-Greek. Another custom was to chant the 73:(front left) with his sons (back). Prior to 1940. 9007: 6415:The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews 6356:The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews 5192:"International Jewish Cemetery Project – Turkey" 4732:(1947–), American nuclear and forensic scientist 3792:) wrote a lengthy kabbalistic treatise entitled 3688:Romaniote Synagogues have their own layout: the 3474:for a long time, and many of them still use the 3248:in 1347, and now had been long cut off from its 8335: 6610:"The pre-Ashkenazi and Sephardi Romaniote Jews" 6011:"The Pre-Ashkenazi and Sephardi Romaniote Jews" 5508: 5506: 4605:, Vietnam War veteran. Medal of Honor recipient 3969:when it was torpedoed by the British submarine 3656:from the year 1735 gives the order to read the 3306:-ruled Greece. They spoke a separate language, 359:). Large Romaniote communities were located in 124: 4866: 4098:Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance 3860:) and Sephardic Hebrew, for example Sephardic 3086:by the Greek-speaking Jewish community there. 462:. Today there are still functioning Romaniote 332:or the languages of their new home countries. 8700: 8321: 6641: 6236: 6234: 6232: 5663: 5661: 5053:Medieval Jewish Civilisation: An Encyclopedia 4980:Istanbul Karaylari Istanbul Enstitüsü Dergisi 4154:are read out during services) is on a raised 4079:, discovered in 1930 at the foot of the hill 3889:and the as which are typical sounds of the 3698:are read out during services) is on a raised 2883:Jews have lived in Greece since at least the 2818: 6417:. Academic Studies Press. pp. 58, 128. 5733:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews 5503: 3909:or other characteristics of identification. 3830:language of Ioannina underwent a process of 3726:published a Romaniote rite Pesach-Seder CD ( 3560:; it is considered improper to lay it flat. 8130:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 5865:, July 28, 2005, retrieved January 5, 2009. 5494: 5276: 4753:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 4704:Albert Sabbas, a renowned nuclear physicist 3912: 3198:The first Romaniote synagogue coming under 3113:, as they found their way through Italy to 1062:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 446:and the deportation of most of the Jews to 354: 344: 8707: 8693: 8328: 8314: 6648: 6634: 6229: 6142:. American Hellenic Institute Foundation. 5658: 5332:Ritus. Eine Beschreibung synagogaler Riten 3747: 3714:made of silver as stars or tablets called 3395:of the Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue of 2825: 2811: 6547:Seder Tefillot ke-minhag kehillot Romania 6536:The Association of Friends of Greek Jewry 6009:Esquenazi, Deborah S. (October 5, 2006). 6008: 4768:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire 4710:, Egyptian-Greek-French singer-songwriter 4676:Leon Batis, a holocaust survivor and hero 4666:, a descendant of the Romaniote branches 4113:Municipal Ethnographic Museum of Ioannina 3645:. The Jews of Ioannina call this holiday 2994:found in Thessaloniki may originate from 6677:Index of Jewish history-related articles 6255: 5655:. N. p., Athens 1958, pp. 58–75 (Greek). 5031:. Oxford University Press. p. 203. 4822: 4347: 4107: 3922: 3606: 3386: 3316: 2945:, who was working for the court of King 2920: 164: 144: 104: 84: 8176:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 6813: 5924:"Jewish Community of Crete Lost at Sea" 5695:Judeo-Greek in the era of globalization 5682:Judeo-Greek in the era of globalization 5380: 5378: 4945: 4800: 4664:Katherine, Crown Princess of Yugoslavia 4552:, officer of the Greek Army during the 4127:(the Jewish ritual for celebrating the 3853:Judeo-Greek in the era of globalization 3722:), which means obligation. In 2004 the 14: 9008: 8395: 6451:Judeo-Greek: The Language, The Culture 5894:Tickets in den Tod-Jüdische Allgemeine 5848: 5829: 5623: 5064: 5024: 4991: 4930: 3770:wrote down his exegetical commentary, 3506:into Greek. A polyglot edition of the 2982:, which may be the synagogue in which 8688: 8309: 6629: 6412: 6358:. Academic Studies Press. p. 4. 6353: 6031:"Holocaust and present-day situation" 5987: 5921: 5854:Raptis, Alekos and Tzallas, Thumios, 5610:Cf. afterword in Benjamin Klar, ed., 5246:23 (1969): 229–249, specifically 236. 4960: 4343: 4039:. A mixed community of Romaniote and 3900:, which has been developed among the 3451:Jews, and are closer to those of the 3399:with the typical Romaniote Shadayot ( 6655: 5404:Introduction to the Mahzor Bene Roma 5375: 4823:Mattheou, Dimitris (April 8, 2010). 4646:Workers Revolutionary Party (Greece) 4583:, a singer of Greek traditional and 3382: 328:words, but today's Romaniotes speak 79:Regions with significant populations 6499:Bibliography on the Romaniote Jewry 6393:Avotaynu DNA Project, June 18, 2024 6339:. November 17, 2014. Archived from 6319:"Romaniote Jews of Ioannina Greece" 3875: 3836:. The only phonetic differences to 267: 24: 8123:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 8103:American Jewish Historical Society 6443: 4906:Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR). 4624:, an author and holocaust survivor 4498:Aaron ben Joseph of Constantinople 4222:Most Romaniotes in Israel live in 4198:and in particular in neighbouring 3575:and represented the Minhag of the 2973:the island's Archaeological Museum 25: 9062: 6524: 6033:. Romaniotes Jews. Archived from 5499:(in German). Jüdische Allgemeine. 5495:Chajm Guski (December 11, 2014). 3522:translation on the other and the 3341:often hinged on the whims of the 3102:, the Aggadath Bereshit and many 2941:by the Scottish-German historian 853:Historical population comparisons 316:, a Greek dialect that contained 8716: 8354: 8336: 8287: 8274: 8273: 6056:"ΙΣΡΑΗΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΚΕΡΚΥΡΑΣ" 5988:Wasko, Dennis (March 14, 2011). 5922:Green, David B. (June 9, 2014). 5708:Changing Educational Landscapes, 5430:The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia 5102:The Occult Sciences in Byzantium 4249: 3532:In the early Romaniote rite the 3427:and the Romaniote commentaries ( 2980:Synagogue in the Agora of Athens 2861:) and its Christian citizens as 1497:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1411:Historical population by country 166: 146: 126: 106: 86: 59: 6453:. Jay Street Publishing, 2003. 6406: 6380: 6347: 6325: 6311: 6272: 6249: 6220: 6209: 6185:Liz Elsby with Kathryn Berman. 6178: 6166: 6156: 6131: 6113: 6091: 6079: 6061: 6049: 6023: 6002: 5981: 5961: 5936: 5915: 5897: 5886: 5868: 5809: 5796: 5787: 5777: 5764: 5747: 5738: 5713: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5645: 5632: 5626:The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453 5617: 5604: 5588: 5575: 5554: 5533: 5519: 5488: 5479: 5466: 5453: 5435: 5422: 5409: 5396: 5372:, particularly of the Karaites. 5354: 5337: 5324: 5311: 5302: 5261: 5220: 5202: 5184: 5171: 5154: 5141: 5132: 5120: 5107: 5100:Magdalino, P. and Mavroudi, M. 5094: 5058: 5045: 5018: 4985: 4973: 4933:The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453 4262:, at 280 Broome Street, in the 4031:. About 3,500 Jews now live in 3851:Krivoruchko states in her work 3821: 3244:in 1204 and even a case of the 2906:, a small coastal town between 9036:Greek people of Jewish descent 8195:Relations with other religions 4954: 4939: 4924: 4911: 4898: 4860: 4843: 4816: 4035:, while another 1,000 live in 4010: 3943:, when Greece was occupied by 2986:preached. Inscriptions in the 2891:. The earliest reference to a 13: 1: 8612:Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki 8182:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 4793: 4773:History of the Jews in Turkey 4763:History of the Jews in Greece 4758:History of the Jews in Cyprus 4694:Greece national football team 4563:Order of the Phoenix (Greece) 4561:, Rabbi and Recipient of the 4043:still lives on the Island of 3844:, was spelled and written as 3639:Jewish immigrants from Sicily 3518:) translation on one side, a 2971:location to the courtyard of 2896: 2879:History of the Jews in Greece 1068:Christianity and Judaism 8647:Don Pacifico affair and case 8113:Leo Baeck Institute New York 8108:American Sephardi Federation 5969:"The Jews of the Ionian Sea" 4870:(2002). Rhodes, P.J. (ed.). 4630:, of the Matsas family from 4565:, which was given to him by 4533:, religious philosopher and 4449:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi 3652:The Mahzor of the Romaniote 3571:. It was actually the first 3544:. The order for reading the 3088:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi 312:Their distinct language was 303:expulsion of Jews from Spain 7: 8797:Albanians of Western Thrace 6936:Constantinopolitan Karaites 5836:"The Holocaust in Ioannina" 5362:Hebrew Union College Annual 5285:. Peter Lang. p. 159. 4736: 4277: 4103: 3598:since creation of the world 3529:at the bottom of the page. 3419:The Romaniote prayer rite ( 3026:Constantinopolitan Karaites 2367: 2348: 2075:Latin America and Caribbean 771: 278: 235:Constantinopolitan Karaites 10: 9067: 8602:Holocaust Museum of Greece 8164:National Library of Israel 6805:Zionism, race and genetics 6559:Marie-Élisabeth Handman, " 6514:Meḥqare Tefillah ve Piyyut 6260:. European Jewish Congress 5861:February 26, 2009, at the 5744:Drettas 1999, pp. 280-286. 5343:Natalio Fernandez Marcos, 5147:Howell, H. and Rogers, Z. 4882:Cambridge University Press 4599:, francophone Swiss writer 4481:Karaites of Constantinople 4281: 4090: 3916: 3486:. He is the author of the 3423:) as seen in the original 2876: 2872: 2857: 2836: 2680:Jewish political movements 2377:Conversion to Judaism 297:, some of whom settled in 29: 8912: 8769: 8733: 8671: 8630: 8594: 8533: 8492: 8430: 8384: 8363: 8262: 8118:Yeshiva University Museum 8098:Center for Jewish History 8088: 7953: 7825: 7699: 7593: 7124: 6743: 6685: 6667: 6486:. Lexington Books, 2008, 5974:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5841:December 8, 2008, at the 5721:Eurasian Studies Yearbook 5349:Les cinq livres de la Loi 4963:Revue des Études Grecques 4217: 4158:on the western wall, the 4055: 4050: 3919:Axis occupation of Greece 3868:(Σαβώθ) in Judaeo-Greek. 3702:on the western wall, the 3602:destruction of the Temple 3439:, vary from those of the 3415:) and ancestral details). 3302:in 1492; many settled in 1083:Hinduism and Judaism 440:Axis occupation of Greece 355: 353:("Empire of the Romans", 345: 255: 224: 219: 212: 207: 188: 183: 163: 143: 123: 103: 83: 78: 58: 51: 8663:National Union of Greece 6710:Ancient Israel and Judah 6413:Brook, Kevin A. (2022). 6354:Brook, Kevin A. (2022). 5684:, 2011, esp. pp. 125 ff. 5539:P. Gkoumas, F. Leubner, 5516:, 2017, p. 40 (Booklet). 4421:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo 4177: 3913:Holocaust and afterwards 3826:After World War II, the 3669:of Crete, is to read on 3098:, the Sefer Hachmoni of 2895:is an inscription dated 909:Temple in Jerusalem 602:Bar and bat mitzvah 448:Nazi concentration camps 395:, and on the islands of 289:community native to the 52: 30:Not to be confused with 9031:Ethnic groups in Greece 8617:Jewish Museum of Rhodes 8607:Jewish Museum of Greece 7086:North African Sephardim 7059:Jewish tribes of Arabia 6614:Jerusalem Post Magazine 6501:. First Edition, 2016. 5560:P. Sennis, F. Leubner, 5514:The Memory of Artefacts 5432:, 2011, s. v. "Mahzor". 5390:www.romaniotelegacy.org 5366:Jewish Quarterly Review 5321:, 2017, p. 4 (booklet). 5319:The Memory of Artefacts 5149:A Companion to Josephus 4992:Bonfil, Robert (2011). 4397:of the 5th century C.E. 4395:Jewish messiah claimant 4328:era." Romaniote Jewish 4284:Genetic studies on Jews 4234:. The former Romaniote 3748:Language and literature 3724:Jewish Museum of Greece 3600:and the year since the 3329:with his wife Victoria. 3187:, in the production of 3090:, a Romaniote Jew from 871:Twelve Tribes of Israel 485: 349:), which refers to the 8520:Hebrew Political Union 8189:Holocaust Encyclopedia 8159:Jewish Virtual Library 6608:Deborah S. Esquenazi, 6471:. Cadmus Press, 1989. 5693:Krivoruchko, Julia G. 5680:Krivoruchko, Julia G. 5281:; Pieter Plas (eds.). 4806:Menelaos Hadjicostis, 4634:, music producer (see 4520:Abraham Cohen of Zante 4462:Shemariah of Negropont 4360: 4116: 3936: 3618: 3416: 3330: 3235:a devastating conquest 3220:Fall of Constantinople 3143:travelled through the 3122:Christian counterparts 2930: 9026:Romaniote Jews topics 8622:Kehila Kedosha Janina 8136:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7918:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 7103:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 6853:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 6512:Goldschmidt, Daniel, 6305:www.familytreedna.com 6284:www.familytreedna.com 5725:Encyclopaedia Judaica 5244:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5025:Langer, Ruth (2012). 4730:Kenneth Alvin Solomon 4659:State of Israel Bonds 4351: 4282:Further information: 4260:Kehila Kedosha Janina 4111: 3957:Greek Orthodox Church 3926: 3907:Colophon (publishing) 3891:Standard Modern Greek 3838:Standard Modern Greek 3728:The Ioannina Haggadah 3626:, Adam's first wife. 3612:Kehila Kedosha Janina 3610: 3470:The Romaniotes spoke 3390: 3320: 3287:of the towns and the 3139:In the 12th century, 2924: 2877:Further information: 2837:Further information: 1617:São Tomé and Príncipe 1612:Republic of the Congo 1006:Second Temple Judaism 877:Kingdom of Judah 848:Modern historiography 478:, New York City, and 434:were murdered in the 291:Eastern Mediterranean 220:Related ethnic groups 9046:Jewish Greek history 9041:Jewish ethnic groups 8525:Maccabi Thessaloniki 6715:Second Temple period 6621:"Farewell My Island" 6598:, digital exhibition 6469:The Jews of Ioannina 6423:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn 6364:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn 5774:, pp. 299-305, 2004. 5761:, Oslo 1997, p. 113. 5759:Three Hebrew Primers 5735:, 1996, pp. 204-205. 5719:Kulik 2016, p. 185; 5697:, 2011, pp. 122-127. 5653:Greek-Jewish studies 5581:Greenberg, Yonatan, 5564:. Norderstedt 2018. 5543:. Norderstedt 2017. 5428:Mordecai Schreiber, 4690:Iraklis Thessaloniki 4570:King of the Hellenes 4332:haplogroups include 4115:with Romaniote items 3763:Palestinian rabbinic 3667:Etz Hayyim Synagogue 3355:King of the Hellenes 2849:Eastern Roman Empire 2719:World Agudath Israel 1860:United Arab Emirates 947:Second Temple period 937:Babylonian captivity 351:Eastern Roman Empire 336:is derived from the 8652:1891 riots in Corfu 8403:Hellenistic Judaism 8153:Jewish Encyclopedia 7898:Hekhalot literature 7709:Religious movements 7244:Judeo-Tripolitanian 6321:. December 4, 2010. 6243:New York Daily News 6197:on November 7, 2017 6037:on October 11, 2011 5882:. October 21, 2019. 5815:Philippe Bobichon, 5706:Dimitris Mattheou. 5594:Philippe Bobichon, 5417:Jewish Encyclopedia 5215:Channel 4 – History 4748:Hellenistic Judaism 4617:Manchester, Vermont 4567:George II of Greece 4457:Archbishop of Ohrid 4426:Ahimaaz ben Paltiel 4376:Asaph ben Berechiah 4254:Only one Romaniote 3552:('tik', from Greek 3281:anti-Jewish measure 3096:Ahimaaz ben Paltiel 2889:Alexander the Great 2839:Names of the Greeks 1012:Hellenistic Judaism 590:Land of Israel 549:Principles of faith 48: 8878:Slavic Macedonians 8642:Rhodes blood libel 8505:Jewish Koine Greek 8294:Judaism portal 8230:Jews and Halloween 8225:Jews and Christmas 7615:Rabbinic authority 7367:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6800:Xueta Christianity 6705:Origins of Judaism 6672:Outline of Judaism 6574:Vincent Giordano, 6569:Études balkaniques 6482:Fromm, Annette B. 6449:Connerty, Mary C. 6343:on April 20, 2022. 6101:. Edwardvictor.com 6099:"Ioannina, Greece" 6088:- Chabad of Greece 5948:www.britannica.com 4855:My Jewish Learning 4778:Jewish Koine Greek 4467:Zerachiah HaYavani 4431:Eleazar ben Killir 4411:Hillel ben Eliakim 4406:Tobiah ben Eliezer 4401:Shabbethai Donnolo 4361: 4344:Notable Romaniotes 4117: 3937: 3933:Auschwitz-Birkenau 3798:Mordecai Komatiano 3768:Hillel ben Eliakim 3759:Hellenistic Jewish 3658:Megillat Antiochos 3619: 3536:was subdivided in 3494:commentary on the 3480:Tobiah ben Eliezer 3465:Palestinian minhag 3417: 3331: 3141:Benjamin of Tudela 3100:Shabbethai Donnolo 3032:shortly after the 2935:Hellenistic Jewish 2931: 2900: 300–250 BCE 2573:Jewish Koine Greek 2115:Dominican Republic 1396:Judaism by country 1075:Jews and Christmas 930:Assyrian captivity 46: 9003: 9002: 8853:Megleno-Romanians 8682: 8681: 8488: 8487: 8426: 8425: 8303: 8302: 8269:extinct languages 8170:YIVO Encyclopedia 7945:Hebrew literature 7913:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 7753:Reconstructionist 7431:Judaeo-Portuguese 7120: 7119: 7076:Eastern Sephardim 6720:Synagogal Judaism 6616:, October 5, 2006 6518:On Jewish Liturgy 6492:978-0-7391-2061-3 5292:978-90-5201-297-1 5162:Jews of Byzantium 4982:3 (1957): 97–102. 4836:978-90-481-8534-4 4554:Greco-Italian War 4330:mitochondrial DNA 4240:Christian Quarter 4002:on the island of 3776:Shemarya HaIkriti 3755:Greco-Roman world 3461:Babylonian Talmud 3383:Nusach and Minhag 2885:Second Temple era 2835: 2834: 2784: 2783: 2532: 2531: 2279:Reconstructionist 2223: 2222: 1375: 1374: 1182: 1181: 1019:Jewish–Roman wars 967:Hasmonean dynasty 883:Kingdom of Israel 787: 786: 276: 240: 239: 16:(Redirected from 9058: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8847: 8835: 8828: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8721: 8720: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8686: 8685: 8676: 8634: 8561:Mordechai Frizis 8510:Yevanic language 8453:Internment camps 8428: 8427: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8358: 8351: 8345: 8340: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8277: 8276: 7409:Judeo-Golpaygani 7010:Palestinian Jews 6985:Alexandrian Jews 6941:Crimean Karaites 6858:Unterlander Jews 6811: 6810: 6725:Rabbinic Judaism 6650: 6643: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6603:Ioannina, Greece 6566: 6437: 6436: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6297: 6288: 6287: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6253: 6247: 6246:, June 18, 2008. 6238: 6227: 6224: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6193:. 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D. 5401: 5397: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5359: 5355: 5342: 5338: 5330:Zunz, Leopold. 5329: 5325: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5279:Detrez, Raymond 5275: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5241: 5234: 5225: 5221: 5210:The Black Death 5207: 5203: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5023: 5019: 5012: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4959: 4955: 4944: 4940: 4929: 4925: 4916: 4912: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884:. p. 381. 4865: 4861: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4739: 4686:Alberto Nahmias 4680:Alexander Levis 4544:Abraham Benrubi 4493:Elijah Bashyazi 4479:Greek-speaking 4436:Elijah Mizrachi 4416:Elia del Medigo 4365:Byzantine times 4346: 4286: 4280: 4264:Lower East Side 4252: 4220: 4180: 4106: 4093: 4085:Jewish identity 4073:Jewish identity 4058: 4053: 4013: 3996:Greek Civil War 3921: 3915: 3898:Hebrew alphabet 3878: 3864:was spelled as 3824: 3750: 3683:Targum Jonathan 3635:Byzantine melos 3633:, based on the 3542:Triennial cycle 3459:instead of the 3433:Jewish exegesis 3385: 2992:Greek alphabets 2899: 2881: 2875: 2841: 2831: 2786: 2785: 2673: 2663: 2662: 2653:Judeo-Malayalam 2633:Judaeo-Georgian 2553: 2544: 2534: 2533: 2434:Yiddish theatre 2376: 2314: 2304: 2303: 2262: 2235: 2225: 2224: 2161: 2114: 2038: 1632: 1416:Genetic studies 1387: 1377: 1376: 1194: 1184: 1183: 1171: 1170: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1072: 1067: 1049:and Middle Ages 1047:Rabbinic period 1034: 1028: 1021: 1009: 980: 966: 936: 929: 920: 912: 908: 899: 894:in Judaism 891: 876: 799: 789: 788: 668: 658: 657: 601: 589: 534: 488: 167: 165: 147: 145: 127: 125: 107: 105: 87: 85: 74: 54: 44: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9064: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9016:Romaniote Jews 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901:Western Thrace 8897: 8890: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8868:Romaniote Jews 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8829: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8790:Cham Albanians 8786: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8712: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8638: 8636: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8534:Notable people 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8445: 8440: 8434: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8408:Byzantine Jews 8405: 8399: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8376:Sephardic Jews 8373: 8371:Romaniote Jews 8367: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8333: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8310: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8283: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8236:non-Christian 8234: 8233: 8232: 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5776: 5763: 5746: 5737: 5712: 5699: 5686: 5673: 5657: 5644: 5638:Bongas, E. A. 5631: 5616: 5603: 5587: 5574: 5553: 5532: 5518: 5502: 5487: 5478: 5465: 5452: 5434: 5421: 5408: 5406:, 1966, p. 34. 5395: 5374: 5353: 5336: 5323: 5310: 5301: 5291: 5269: 5260: 5248: 5232: 5219: 5201: 5183: 5177:Linda Safran, 5170: 5166:Hebrew Studies 5164:, p. 153; cf. 5153: 5140: 5131: 5119: 5106: 5104:, 2006, p. 293 5093: 5086: 5066:Bonfil, Robert 5057: 5055:, 2014 p. 127. 5044: 5037: 5017: 5010: 4984: 4972: 4953: 4938: 4923: 4910: 4897: 4890: 4868:David M. Lewis 4859: 4842: 4835: 4815: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4661: 4653:, is a former 4648: 4639: 4625: 4622:Michael Matsas 4619: 4606: 4603:Jack H. Jacobs 4600: 4594: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4476: 4475: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4444:Ottoman Empire 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4391:Moses of Crete 4388: 4383: 4378: 4369:Ottoman Empire 4345: 4342: 4294:Ashkenazi Jews 4279: 4276: 4272:tri-state area 4251: 4248: 4219: 4216: 4179: 4176: 4105: 4102: 4092: 4089: 4066:High Holy Days 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4012: 4009: 3914: 3911: 3877: 3874: 3823: 3820: 3816:Greek language 3785:Sefer Yosippon 3780:Sefer Amasyahu 3772:Sifre ve Sifra 3749: 3746: 3577:Byzantine Jews 3569:Mahzor Romania 3524:Judaeo-Aramaic 3516:Judaeo-Spanish 3512:Constantinople 3476:Greek language 3425:Mahzor Romania 3384: 3381: 3339:Ottoman Empire 3333:The status of 3296:Ashkenazi Jews 3084:Southern Italy 3080:Sefer Yosippon 3073:Eastern Europe 3047:The Romaniote 3022:Byzantine Jews 2963:Gabriel Welter 2947:Otto of Greece 2874: 2871: 2847:refers to the 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2714:Territorialism 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2598:Judaeo-Spanish 2595: 2593:Judaeo-Iranian 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2039:United Kingdom 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472:Bilad-el-Sudan 1469: 1464: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1427: 1425:Land of Israel 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1283:Related groups 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1140:Jewish atheism 1137: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091:Islamic–Jewish 1086: 1079: 1064: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1016: 1003: 975: 970: 963: 958: 956:Yehud Medinata 950: 949: 943: 942: 941: 940: 933: 926: 918: 905: 897: 885: 880: 873: 865: 864: 862:Ancient Israel 858: 857: 856: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 818:Land of Israel 815: 807: 806: 800: 795: 794: 791: 790: 785: 784: 783: 782: 777: 773:Shulchan Aruch 768: 763: 758: 753: 745: 744: 743: 742: 737: 729: 728: 722: 721: 720: 719: 714: 706: 705: 699: 698: 697: 696: 691: 686: 678: 677: 669: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 598: 593: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 551: 546: 539:God in Judaism 535: 530: 529: 526: 525: 524: 523: 518: 510: 509: 499: 498: 487: 484: 460:Western Europe 432:Jews of Greece 299:Ottoman Greece 284:Greek-speaking 244:Romaniote Jews 238: 237: 222: 221: 217: 216: 210: 209: 205: 204: 186: 185: 181: 180: 177: 161: 160: 157: 141: 140: 137: 121: 120: 117: 101: 100: 97: 81: 80: 76: 75: 64: 56: 55: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9063: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8873:Sephardi Jews 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8723:Ethnic groups 8719: 8710: 8705: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8677: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8586:Salamo Arouch 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8571:Roza Eskenazi 8569: 8567: 8566:Raphaël Salem 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8556:Gina Bachauer 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8546:Sabbatai Zevi 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8418:The Holocaust 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8346: 8339: 8331: 8326: 8324: 8319: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8296: 8295: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8220:Protestantism 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7908:Sefer HaBahir 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7835:Sifrei Kodesh 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7691:Who is a Jew? 7689: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:Chosen people 7618: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7577: 7576:Scots-Yiddish 7574: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7549:Klezmer-loshn 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7419:Judeo-Shirazi 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7394:Judeo-Persian 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7384:Judeo-Marathi 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7362:Judeo-Italian 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Judeo-Amazigh 7215: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7040:Hadhrami Jews 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7005:Mountain Jews 7003: 7001: 7000:Egyptian Jews 6998: 6996: 6995:Bukharan Jews 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6783:Lists of Jews 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6549:, Venice 1545 6548: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507:9783741273360 6504: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477:0-930685-03-2 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6459:1-889534-88-9 6456: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6320: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6223: 6217: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6151: 6149:9781889247038 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6100: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5790: 5784:165-197,1991. 5780: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5741: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5683: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5571: 5570:9783746091419 5567: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5549:9783743133853 5546: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5498: 5491: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5314: 5305: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5253: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117:, 2007, p. 91 5116: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5089: 5087:9789004203556 5083: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5051:Norman Roth, 5048: 5040: 5038:9780199783175 5034: 5030: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5011:9789004203556 5007: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4968: 4965:(in French). 4964: 4957: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4891:0-521-46564-8 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4724:Silvio Santos 4722: 4719: 4715: 4714:Moisis Elisaf 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613:Wilburton Inn 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4508:Judah Hadassi 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4473: 4472:Sabbatai Zevi 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381:Moses Capsali 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4298:Y-chromosomal 4295: 4291: 4290:autosomal DNA 4285: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250:United States 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4164:Torah scrolls 4161: 4160:Aron haKodesh 4157: 4153: 4152:Torah scrolls 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4129:coming of age 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3886: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704:Aron haKodesh 3701: 3697: 3696:Torah scrolls 3693: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3679:Song of Songs 3676: 3675:Book of Jonah 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3510:published in 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500:Five Megillot 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3358:Constantine I 3356: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3254:shibusi style 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3204:Etz ha-Hayyim 3201: 3196: 3194: 3193:silk garments 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3038:Second Temple 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2961:in 1928 and 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2638:Judeo-Aramaic 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2628:Judeo-Italian 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2608:Ghardaïa Sign 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233:Denominations 2229: 2228: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2061:United States 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1547:Guinea-Bissau 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1401:Lists of Jews 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160:The Holocaust 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 952: 951: 948: 945: 944: 939: 934: 932: 927: 923: 919: 916: 911: 906: 902: 898: 895: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 874: 872: 869: 868: 867: 866: 863: 860: 859: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808: 804: 803: 798: 793: 792: 781: 778: 775: 774: 769: 767: 764: 762: 761:Mishneh Torah 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 747: 746: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 731: 730: 727: 724: 723: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 707: 704: 701: 700: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 679: 676: 673: 672: 667: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 599: 597: 594: 592: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 559: 555: 552: 550: 547: 544: 540: 537: 536: 533: 528: 527: 522: 521:Who is a Jew? 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 511: 508: 504: 501: 500: 496: 492: 491: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:United States 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 352: 342: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287:ethnic Jewish 285: 280: 274: 265: 261: 253: 249: 245: 236: 232: 228: 223: 218: 215: 211: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 178: 175: 162: 158: 155: 142: 138: 135: 134:United States 122: 118: 115: 102: 98: 95: 82: 77: 72: 68: 62: 57: 50: 41: 37: 33: 32:Romanian Jews 19: 8867: 8746:Cappadocians 8633:Antisemitism 8581:Albert Cohen 8576:Karolos Koun 8500:Greek citron 8475:Thessaloniki 8413:Ottoman Jews 8370: 8353: 8341: 8285: 8278: 8264: 8187: 8180: 8168: 8151: 8134: 7968:perspectives 7802:Samaritanism 7763:Neo-Hasidism 7743:Conservative 7657:Names of God 7566: 7547: 7357:Judaeo-Greek 7352:Judeo-Gascon 7291:Lishán Didán 7286:Lishana Deni 7254:Judeo-Yemeni 7222:Judeo-Arabic 7096:Meshuchrarim 7065: 7015:Persian Jews 6948:Kurdish Jews 6926:Kaifeng Jews 6875:Beta Abraham 6838:Galitzianers 6793:Antisemitism 6768:Israeli Jews 6753:Assimilation 6613: 6593: 6568: 6546: 6517: 6513: 6498: 6497:Gkoumas, P. 6483: 6468: 6450: 6414: 6408: 6398:September 5, 6396:. Retrieved 6392: 6382: 6355: 6349: 6341:the original 6336: 6327: 6313: 6304: 6283: 6274: 6262:. Retrieved 6251: 6241: 6222: 6211: 6199:. Retrieved 6195:the original 6180: 6168: 6158: 6139: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6105:September 7, 6103:. Retrieved 6093: 6086:"Synagogues" 6081: 6072: 6063: 6051: 6039:. Retrieved 6035:the original 6025: 6014: 6004: 5993: 5983: 5972: 5963: 5951:. Retrieved 5947: 5938: 5927: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5850: 5831: 5816: 5811: 5803: 5798: 5789: 5779: 5771: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5634: 5625: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5595: 5590: 5582: 5577: 5561: 5556: 5540: 5535: 5521: 5513: 5490: 5481: 5473: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5416: 5411: 5403: 5398: 5389: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5331: 5326: 5318: 5313: 5304: 5296: 5282: 5272: 5263: 5243: 5227: 5222: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5196:the original 5186: 5178: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5148: 5143: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5114: 5109: 5101: 5096: 5071: 5060: 5052: 5047: 5027: 5020: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4913: 4905: 4900: 4872: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4825: 4818: 4813:6 June 2018. 4802: 4783:Thessaloniki 4743:Greek citron 4699:Avram Pengas 4671: 4667: 4651:Joshua Matza 4642:Savas Matsas 4628:Minos Matsas 4609:Albert Levis 4597:Albert Cohen 4581:Amalia Bakas 4559:Moshe Pesach 4514:Modern times 4513: 4512: 4478: 4477: 4440:Hakham Bashi 4363: 4362: 4340:, and U6a3. 4300:haplogroups 4287: 4253: 4221: 4212:Moshe Pesach 4181: 4139: 4133: 4118: 4094: 4070: 4059: 4041:Apulian Jews 4037:Thessaloniki 4017:Thessaloniki 4014: 3989: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3961:Thessaloniki 3949:Nazi Germany 3945:Nazi Germany 3941:World War II 3938: 3895: 3879: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3828:Judaeo-Greek 3825: 3822:Judaeo-Greek 3810: 3793: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3751: 3741: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3690: 3687: 3662: 3651: 3647:Pourimopoulo 3646: 3631:cantillation 3628: 3620: 3580: 3568: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3531: 3487: 3472:Judaeo-Greek 3469: 3453:Italian Jews 3424: 3418: 3411:(mostly the 3391:View on the 3370: 3366:World War II 3362: 3351: 3332: 3293: 3289:Hakham Bashi 3285:Chief Rabbis 3258: 3253: 3203: 3197: 3181:cloth dyeing 3173:Thessaloniki 3138: 3134:Thessaloniki 3119: 3077: 3046: 3011: 2977: 2932: 2882: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2844: 2842: 2777:Post-Zionism 2648:Judeo-Berber 2643:Judeo-Arabic 2603:Judeo-Gascon 2350:Pidyon haben 2269:Conservative 1815:Saudi Arabia 1633:South Africa 1622:Sierra Leone 1444:Israeli Jews 1358:Mosaic Arabs 1311:Kaifeng Jews 1259: 1172:Arab–Israeli 1145:Emancipation 1024:Great Revolt 833:Anti-Judaism 828:Antisemitism 823:Name "Judea" 618:Baal teshuva 444:World War II 430:Most of the 429: 361:Thessaloniki 340: 330:Modern Greek 311: 309:after 1492. 259: 247: 243: 241: 71:Moshe Pesach 43:Ethnic group 40: 36:Italian Jews 8935:Australians 8770:Traditional 8751:Macedonians 8431:By location 8364:Communities 8210:Catholicism 7792:Hellenistic 7630:Eschatology 7568:Lachoudisch 7493:Lotegorisch 7471:Lachoudisch 7461:Koiné Greek 7374:Judeo-Latin 7311:Palestinian 7205:Palestinian 7054:Mustaʿravim 6980:Afghan Jews 6968:Berber Jews 6892:Bene Israel 6880:Falash Mura 6870:Beta Israel 6788:Persecution 6730:Middle Ages 6565:(in French) 6465:Dalven, Rae 6264:December 7, 6201:December 7, 5472:J. Matsas: 5447:pjvoice.org 5226:A. Sharon: 5160:Bowman, S. 5126:Dönitz, S. 4904:Pummer, R. 4720:(2019–2023) 4716:, mayor of 4454:Leo II Mung 4162:(where the 4150:(where the 4125:Bar Mitzvah 4081:Hephaestion 4011:Present day 3833:koinezation 3794:Eben Saphir 3694:(where the 3643:Purim Katan 3377:blood libel 3375:sparked by 3246:Black Death 3231:many sieges 3155:, Aphilon, 3034:destruction 2955:Furtwängler 2943:Ludwig Ross 2902:, found in 2867:Rhomaniṓtes 2772:Revisionist 2762:Neo-Zionism 2369:Zeved habat 2162:Puerto Rico 1988:Netherlands 1820:South Korea 1805:Philippines 1685:Afghanistan 1552:Ivory Coast 1326:Crypto-Jews 1291:Bnei Anusim 1270:Bene Israel 1235:Beta Israel 1192:Communities 1099:Middle Ages 838:Persecution 613:Bereavement 260:Rhomaniótes 9021:Greek Jews 9010:Categories 8975:Pakistanis 8894:Dodecanese 8833:Dodecanese 8817:Aromanians 8675:Synagogues 8205:Anabaptism 8147:Jew (word) 8014:Leadership 7827:Literature 7812:Secularism 7758:Humanistic 7625:Conversion 7595:Philosophy 7436:Judeo-Urdu 7200:Babylonian 7045:Saada Jews 7030:Adeni Jews 6823:Ashkenazim 6778:Samaritans 6745:Population 6700:Israelites 6191:Yad Vashem 5953:August 20, 5415:"Mahzor", 5113:Kohen, E. 4969:: 147–151. 4794:References 4575:Rae Dalven 4352:Statue of 3917:See also: 3671:Yom Kippur 3654:Kaffa Rite 3496:Pentateuch 3488:Lekach Tov 3437:Jewish law 3265:Christians 3250:hinterland 3216:Asia Minor 3189:silverware 3014:Ashkenazim 2959:E. Sukenik 2757:Maximalism 2709:Secularism 2689:Autonomism 2506:Literature 2299:Humanistic 1903:Azerbaijan 1865:Uzbekistan 1840:Tajikistan 1760:Kyrgyzstan 1745:Kazakhstan 1592:Mozambique 1567:Madagascar 1487:Cape Verde 1439:New Yishuv 1434:Old Yishuv 1385:Population 1363:Subbotniks 1321:Samaritans 1260:Romanyotim 1203:Ashkenazim 1150:Old Yishuv 1130:Sabbateans 1117:Modern era 1109:Golden Age 1036:Bar Kokhba 756:Beit Yosef 623:Philosophy 464:synagogues 438:after the 334:Their name 301:after the 279:Romanyotim 256:Ῥωμανιῶτες 248:Romaniotes 53:Ρωμανιώτες 47:Romaniotes 18:Romaniotes 8960:Georgians 8955:Filipinos 8945:Bavarians 8930:Assyrians 8821:Italians 8812:Armenians 8804:Souliotes 8783:Arvanites 8777:Albanians 8480:Zakynthos 8267:indicate 8215:Mormonism 8200:Christian 8080:Symbolism 8068:Synagogue 8048:Mythology 8009:Education 7980:Astronomy 7963:Astrology 7780:relations 7585:Zarphatic 7533:Galitzish 7335:Yeshivish 7212:Catalanic 7175:Samaritan 7150:Ashkenazi 7131:Diasporic 7126:Languages 7071:Sephardim 7066:Romaniote 6953:Krymchaks 6887:Desi Jews 6763:Buddhists 6571:, 9, 2002 6069:"HISTORY" 4878:Cambridge 4636:Minos EMI 4585:rembetiko 4539:Zakynthos 4527:physician 4326:Neolithic 4268:Manhattan 4256:synagogue 4244:Jerusalem 4232:Jerusalem 4204:Demetrias 4172:Holocaust 4136:synagogue 4004:Zakynthos 3848:(Σαλώμ). 3807:Aristotle 3492:midrashic 3445:Sephardic 3441:Ashkenazi 3393:Torah Ark 3347:Murad III 3242:Crusaders 3227:Mehmed II 3202:rule was 3108:Ashkenazi 3065:Krymchaks 3057:Calabrian 3042:Jerusalem 3018:Sephardim 3007:Synagogue 2996:Samaritan 2988:Samaritan 2957:in 1904, 2953:in 1901, 2893:Greek Jew 2845:Romaniote 2843:The name 2767:Religious 2623:Zarphatic 2613:Bukharian 2583:Judeo-Tat 2568:Yeshivish 2542:Languages 2497:Sephardic 2487:Israelite 2477:Ethiopian 2467:Ashkenazi 2406:Religious 2196:Australia 2178:Venezuela 2084:Argentina 2066:Greenland 1978:Lithuania 1830:Sri Lanka 1825:Singapore 1750:Kurdistan 1715:Indonesia 1705:Hong Kong 1658:Abayudaya 1582:Mauritius 1316:Igbo Jews 1306:Krymchaks 1225:Sephardim 1093:relations 987:Sadducees 983:Pharisees 973:Sanhedrin 888:Jerusalem 648:Synagogue 516:Etymology 436:Holocaust 405:Zakynthos 295:Sephardim 273:romanized 268:רומניוטים 184:Languages 8990:Russians 8985:Persians 8840:Maltese 8756:Cypriots 8734:Hellenic 8465:Kastoria 8460:Ioannina 8280:Category 8250:Hinduism 8240:Buddhism 8142:Genetics 8058:Politics 8031:Marriage 7990:Holidays 7985:Calendar 7866:Rabbinic 7842:/Hebrew 7787:Haymanot 7714:Orthodox 7701:Branches 7674:Kabbalah 7669:Haskalah 7647:Holiness 7523:dialects 7503:Shassagh 7466:Krymchak 7446:Kayliñña 7340:Yinglish 7316:Galilean 7306:Talmudic 7301:Biblical 7276:Betanure 7195:Biblical 7190:Mishnaic 7185:Medieval 7170:Tiberian 7165:Yemenite 7155:Sephardi 7091:Paradesi 7035:Ḥabbanim 7025:Teimanim 6990:Baghdadi 6963:Maghrebi 6931:Karaites 6909:Gruzínim 6897:Kochinim 6815:Diaspora 6773:Karaites 6758:Atheists 6695:Timeline 5859:Archived 5839:Archived 5463:, 2016-. 5370:haftarot 5068:(2011). 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