614:
1251:
485:
679:
919:
1042:
applications must be filed within one year of arriving in the United States. Defensive asylum is typically filed by individuals seeking to request a defense against removal or deportation from the United States. The primary distinction between these two processes is whether removal proceedings have been initiated for an applicant. If an individual has been placed in removal proceedings they must seek defensive asylum. If an individual has not been placed in removal proceedings, they are able to seek affirmative asylum.
1404:
church. Theoretically they would stay to the main highway, reach the port and take the first ship out of
England. In practice, however, the fugitive could get a safe distance away, abandon the cross-staff and take off and start a new life. However, one can safely assume the friends and relatives of the victim knew of this ploy and would do everything in their power to make sure this did not happen; or indeed that the fugitives never reached their intended port of call, becoming victims of
47:
1380:-stool"). Some of these items survive at various churches. Elsewhere, sanctuary held in an area around the church or abbey, sometimes extending in radius to as much as a mile and a half. Stone "sanctuary crosses" marked the boundaries of the area; some crosses still exist as well. Thus it could become a race between the felon and the medieval law officers to the nearest sanctuary boundary. Serving of justice upon the fleet of foot could prove a difficult proposition.
1075:
based on the strength of their educational/professional qualifications or on the level of danger they face in their country of origin. Amongst the academic community, such an approach is considered to be the narrative of the "gifted or traumatized" refugee. By contrast, the human-interest approach experts advocate for seeks to reframe the application process around the individual and focus on each applicant's unique story and experience.
1154:
486:
488:
1065:; that is to say that the outcome of asylum determinations depends in large part on the personality of the particular adjudicator to whom an application is randomly assigned, rather than on the merits of the case. The very low numbers of Iraqi refugees accepted between 2003 and 2007 exemplifies concerns about the United States' refugee processes. The Foreign Policy Association reported that:
544:, which most countries are parties of. Currently, in different countries there exist different legal statuses and legal definitions for asylum rights and refugees. Asylum is generally seen as a temporary form of refugee. The discretion due to the commonly encountered uncertainty about the credibility of the claims in the asylum application can be reduced with consistent local rules.
489:
1058:(INS). In the aftermath of the attacks, the United States established three distinct organizations that each handle a different aspect of US immigration law, including the US Citizenship & Immigration Services (USCIS), Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Customs & Border Protection (CFB). Asylum applications are handled by the USCIS.
864:, France granted 7,000 people the status of political refugee in 2006, out of a total of 35,000 requests; in 2005, the OFPRA in charge of examining the legitimacy of such requests granted less than 10,000 from a total of 50,000 requests. Numerous exiles from South American dictatorships, particularly from
1411:
Knowing the grim options, some fugitives rejected both choices and opted for an escape from the asylum before the forty days were up. Others simply made no choice and did nothing. Since it was illegal for the victim's friends to break into an asylum, the church would deprive the fugitive of food and
1110:
The
Egyptians, Greeks and Hebrews recognized a religious "right of asylum", protecting people (including those accused of crime) from severe punishments. This principle was later adopted by the established Christian church, and various rules were developed that detailed how to qualify for protection
1074:
Refugee and asylum policy advocates have called for a system based upon the "human interest approach" which seeks to allow asylum applicants be assessed on a case-by-case basis, as opposed to being assessed against other applicants. Under the US asylum structure, applicants' cases are often analyzed
1023:
around the world. The annual number of refugees admitted varies from year to year and is determined by a joint collaboration between the incumbent presidential administration and
Congress. By contrast, the United States does not enforce any such quota for asylum seekers. Rather, the annual number of
991:
recognizes the right of asylum of individuals as specified by international and federal law. In accordance with international law, the United States considers asylum candidates on the basis of persecution or fear they will be persecuted on account of race, religion, nationality, and/or membership in
743:
Some of the criteria for which an asylum application can be rejected include: i) Passage via âsafe" third country, ii) Safe
Country of Origin (An asylum seeker can be a prior refused asylum if they are a national of a country considered to be "safe" by the French asylum authority OFPRA), iii) Safety
1069:
Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis... has been the inability for the US to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the US has granted fewer than 800 Iraqis refugee status, just 133 in 2007. By contrast, the US granted asylum to more than
1443:
would suddenly get the upper hand by winning a battle, some adherents of the losing side might find themselves surrounded by adherents of the other side and not able to get back to their own side. Upon realizing this situation they would rush to sanctuary at the nearest church until it was safe to
1415:
In the 14th century, fugitives claiming sanctuary were protected by an Act of 1315. It was stipulated that fugitives should be allowed access outside of the church to urinate and defecate, and also not be allowed to die due to hunger while being protected in church. Sanctuary can only be confirmed
1078:
According to US Department of
Justice in 2023 there were 478,885 asylum applications filed, 31,630 asylum applications granted, and 937,611 asylum applications pending. The US Department of Justice shows for 2023 a rate of granting asylum at 14.40%, denial rate at 15.67%, administrative closure at
1383:
Church sanctuaries were regulated by common law. An asylum seeker had to confess his sins, surrender his weapons, and permit supervision by a church or abbey organization with jurisdiction. Seekers then had forty days to decide whether to surrender to secular authorities and stand trial for their
1403:
to the crown. The coroner, a medieval official, would then choose a port city from which the fugitive should leave
England (though the fugitive sometimes had this privilege). The fugitive would set out barefooted and bareheaded, carrying a wooden cross-staff as a symbol of protection under the
1049:
in 1980... the United States has admitted more than 3.1 million refugees." During much of the 1990s, the United States accepted over 100,000 refugees per year, though this figure has recently decreased to around 50,000 per year in the first decade of the 21st century, due to greater security
1041:
There are two main types of asylum an applicant can request under US law: affirmative asylum and defensive asylum. To apply for affirmative asylum, applicants must be physically present in the United States, regardless of their current immigration status. In most cases, affirmative asylum
2182:
1102:, was the last foreigner to be granted political asylum by China. From 1980 to the present, no foreigner has been granted political asylum by China. All foreigners who have been granted political asylum in China are foreign pro-communist political leaders.
487:
1482:) and again moved into sanctuary at Westminster. To be sure she had all the comforts of home, she brought so much furniture and so many chests that the workmen had to knock holes in some of the walls to get everything in fast enough to suit her.
475:
as a person "who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion."
3254:
2263:
2159:
1913:
Vang, Jerry. "Limitations of the
Customary International Principle of Non-Refoulement on Non-Party States: Thailand Repatriates the Remaining Hmong-Lao Regardless of International Norms." Wis. Int'l LJ 32 (2014):
3036:
3249:
2071:
3553:
1321:
that followed 1066, two kinds of sanctuary had evolved: all churches had the lower-level powers and could grant sanctuary within the church proper, but the broader powers of churches licensed by royal
1965:"HelĂšne Lambert, Francesco Messineo, and Paul Tiedemann, COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES OF CONSTITUTIONAL ASYLUM IN FRANCE, ITALY, AND GERMANY: REQUIESCAT IN PACE?, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3"
2579:
3275:
1061:
Despite this, concerns have been raised with the US asylum and refugee determination processes. A recent empirical analysis by three legal scholars described the US asylum process as a game of
1478:
during that time. When King Edward IV died in 1483, Elizabeth (who was highly unpopular with even the
Yorkists and probably did need protection) took her five daughters and youngest son (
710:
580:
Upon cessation of the right of asylum, such as when the condition in the country of origin have changed that there is no longer danger of persecution, voluntary expatriation according to
3029:
1488:
changed the rules of asylum, reducing to a short list the types of crimes for which people were allowed to claim asylum. The medieval system of asylum was finally abolished entirely by
698:
similarly guaranteed the right of asylum to "anyone persecuted because of his activities in the cause of freedom". The modern French right of asylum is secured by the
Preamble of the
3464:
3071:
1399:
If the suspects chose to confess their guilt and abjure, they did so in a public ceremony, usually at the church gates. They would surrender their possessions to the church, and any
447:
2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
1045:
The majority of asylum claims fail or are rejected. Still, since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the United States than any other nation. "Since the passage of the
854:
While restricted, the right of political asylum has been conserved in France amid various anti-immigration laws. Some people claim that, apart from the purely judicial path, the
3022:
3207:
3146:
3061:
2167:
1836:"What an Ethics of Discourse and Recognition Can Contribute to a Critical Theory of Refugee Claim Adjudication: Reclaiming Epistemic Justice for Gender-Based Asylum Seekers"
3177:
1936:
A single asylum procedure and equitable to establish a uniform status valid throughout the European Union: the final building blocks of international protection are asked
3643:
2289:
1024:
asylum grants is dependent upon a combination of how many individuals submit applications and how many individuals are able to successfully prove their asylum claim.
751:
The notion of "internal asylum": the request may be rejected if the foreigner may benefit from political asylum on a portion of the territory of their home country.
1935:
896:
In April 2023, Latvia approved the asylum application of a Russian citizen. He had previously been harassed by authorities for his support of Russian opposition
3454:
3441:
3283:
3483:
3449:
3045:
2098:
2209:
3610:
640:(which suppressed internal borders) so that asylum seekers unsuccessful in one Member State would not reapply in another. The common policy began with the
830:. It had the effect of reducing in six months by about 80% the number of applicants from these countries. The second list, passed in July 2006, included
737:
1122:, that asylum could be granted to anyone who took refuge in a church or on church property, or at the home of a bishop. This protection was extended to
3221:
2613:
1417:
694:, for "foreigners banished from their fatherland for the cause of liberty". This constitution, however, never entered into force. The Preamble of the
1088:
3390:
3265:
3115:
664:. The European Union (EU+) received over 1.1 million asylum applications with a rate of granting refugee status or subsidiary protection at 43%.
3488:
3236:
1669:
1556:
656:. However, until today, the member states principally stay in charge for granting and organizing asylum. War refugees are protected under the
3226:
1821:
1693:
States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1020:
721:
633:
541:
468:
460:
3589:
2138:
3581:
3231:
3081:
1050:
concerns. As for asylum seekers, the latest statistics show that 86,400 persons sought sanctuary in the United States in 2001. Before the
551:
generally applies, which forbids returning asylum seekers to a country in which they would be in "well-founded fear" of persecution. This
540:
itself is seen generally as non-binding, the right of asylum as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is referenced in the
2072:"Authority delegated to OFPRA by art. L. 722-1 of Code de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d'asile, J.O., 4 December 2009"
938:
464:
3346:
3365:
2314:
562:
is a principle and a fundamental part in the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees non-refoulement order.
2960:
3528:
1925:
Zetter, Roger, et al. "An assessment of the impact of asylum policies in Europe, 1990-2000." Home Office Online Report 17.03 (2003).
613:
3164:
2632:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
716:
France also adheres to international agreements which provide for application modalities for the right of asylum, such as the 1951
3293:
2865:
1835:
1325:
extended sanctuary to a zone around the church. At least twenty-two churches had charters for this broader sanctuary, including
3306:
2666:
2606:
1055:
695:
1218:
744:
Threat (serious threat to the public order), or iv) Fraudulent Application (abuse of the asylum procedure for other reasons).
1858:
537:
437:
421:
307:
3637:
Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés
3523:
3280:
Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés
1810:
1750:
1392:
by the shortest route and never return without the king's permission. Those who did return faced execution under the law or
1190:
2834:
2462:
1706:"Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling : A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration"
3197:
3436:
2993:
2945:
2716:
1947:
1479:
1318:
3418:
2473:
1372:
Sometimes the criminal had to get to the chapel itself to be protected, or ring a certain bell, hold a certain ring or
1197:
881:
340:
3244:
3400:
3125:
3053:
2599:
2528:
2219:
2192:
1255:
1237:
1008:
3370:
2463:
Executive Office For Immigration Review, Adjuction Statistics, Total Asylum Applications, U.S. Department of Justice
168:
3626:
3321:
1692:
1171:
260:
3538:
1680:
1204:
913:
420:, because each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners. Contemporary right of asylum is founded on the
2474:
Aylum Decision Rates, Adjucation Statistics, Executive Office for Immigration Review, U.S. Department of Justice
2264:"Memorandum for the Secretary of State on Presidential Determination on Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2022"
3615:
3426:
3380:
3187:
2998:
2895:
2651:
1627:
1250:
1175:
996:
661:
3097:
2573:
1531:
1408:
justice under the pretense of a fugitive who wandered too far off the main highway while trying to "escape".
245:
3270:
2050:
1875:
1186:
858:
process is used to slow down and ultimately reject what might be considered as valid requests. According to
774:. If the demander of asylum comes from such a country, the request is processed in 15 days, and receives no
3662:
3410:
2935:
2363:
1099:
618:
608:
3360:
3192:
3563:
2761:
2671:
1948:
EU received over 1.1 million asylum applications in 2023, European Union Agency for Asylum, February 2024
1610:
1522:
978:
954:
901:
847:
691:
552:
112:
3182:
1876:"Courts, the new constitutionalism and immigrant rights: The case of the French Conseil Constitutionnel"
1115:
2638:
2028:
1653:
1551:
1502:
1416:
under confession to a witness. However, the right of sanctuary is often ignored such as in the case of
1016:
452:
117:
3498:
1054:
in 2001, individual asylum applicants were evaluated in private proceedings by officers of the former
2983:
2925:
2503:
1285:
300:
255:
1845:. Studies in Global Justice. Vol. 21. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 19â46.
3686:
3092:
2940:
2905:
2850:
2736:
2585:
1027:
According to US law, individuals are eligible for asylum status based on the following conditions:
931:
559:
1912:
690:
France was the first country to establish a constitutional right to asylum, in Article 120 of the
678:
3513:
3431:
3014:
2646:
1657:
1164:
20:
1310:
3459:
2676:
2661:
1456:
1385:
962:
958:
823:
699:
570:
333:
61:
3076:
1751:
Adelman, Howard. "Refuge or asylum-a philosophical perspective." J. Refugee Stud. 1 (1988): 7.
2988:
2796:
2786:
2751:
1211:
657:
467:. Before asylum is granted, an asylum seeker may be recognized as a refugee according to the
3107:
2518:
1267:
1079:
8.98% and other at 60.95% ("decision of abandonment, not adjudicated, other or withdrawn").
941:
accorded political asylum to various persecuted people, among whom were many members of the
2915:
2875:
2756:
2498:
1471:
1358:
1279:
1091:
stipulates that China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it for political reasons.
1051:
444:
1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
293:
30:
3623:
Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail
3102:
2160:"No nosĆ«tÄ«ĆĄanas uz Ukrainu bÄgoĆĄs Krievijas pilsonis tiesas ceÄŒÄ izcÄ«na patvÄrumu LatvijÄ"
46:
8:
3654:
2965:
2686:
2681:
2656:
2290:"U.S. Annual Refugee Resettlement Ceilings and Number of Refugees Admitted, 1980-Present"
1924:
1763:
1705:
1517:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1421:
1095:
982:
683:
653:
214:
122:
71:
16:
Juridical concept in which someone persecuted by their country may take refuge in another
3494:
2550:
3311:
3003:
2880:
2806:
2701:
2445:
2437:
1986:
1733:
1440:
1291:
1143:
733:
729:
637:
250:
163:
66:
3533:
3469:
918:
705:
In addition to the constitutional right to asylum, the modern French right to asylum (
3375:
2910:
2870:
2823:
2771:
2696:
2524:
2449:
2429:
2425:
2238:
2215:
2188:
1990:
1895:
1891:
1854:
1793:
1737:
1725:
1467:
1432:
1373:
1362:
815:
775:
763:
725:
649:
641:
574:
378:
374:
204:
177:
3112:
Etablissement public national des fonds de prévoyance militaire et de l'aéronautique
1577:
397:
2900:
2816:
2781:
2421:
2027:
1976:
1887:
1846:
1783:
1775:
1717:
1526:
1425:
1271:
1062:
927:
865:
767:
747:
The December 10, 2003, law limited political asylum through two main restrictions:
673:
494:
276:
224:
219:
188:
147:
3543:
1811:
Gibney, Mark. "A" well-founded fear" of persecution." Hum. Rts. Q. 10 (1988): 109.
1704:
Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara (April 2020).
3172:
3066:
2978:
2930:
2890:
2791:
1960:
1674:
1582:
1546:
1541:
1512:
1400:
1354:
1338:
1012:
885:
724:(ratified in 1952), the additional 1967 protocol; articles K1 and K2 of the 1992
622:
581:
548:
229:
209:
127:
107:
87:
1850:
2920:
2845:
2801:
1489:
1393:
1295:
897:
717:
629:
433:
382:
370:
3548:
3680:
3518:
2950:
2885:
2766:
2485:
2433:
2139:"How the US and the UK accept far fewer Afghan refugees than other countries"
1899:
1797:
1729:
1507:
1436:
988:
566:
510:
413:
390:
354:
173:
3554:
Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles
2384:
2339:
1466:
was living in London with several young daughters. She moved with them into
1304:
3086:Ătablissement de communication et de production audiovisuelle de la DĂ©fense
2860:
2855:
2746:
2623:
2591:
1779:
1681:
The universal declaration of human rights in National and International Law
1366:
1326:
522:
514:
97:
3255:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise
2410:"Refugee Advocacy, Traumatic Representations and Political Disenchantment"
1605:
782:
order. The first list, enacted in July 2005, included as "safe countries"
2726:
2005:
1981:
1964:
1788:
1046:
1000:
855:
779:
778:
protection. They may contest the decision, but this does not suspend any
597:
585:
401:
366:
358:
183:
142:
102:
92:
38:
2441:
2409:
2731:
2036:
2013:
1721:
1639:
1485:
1474:
was restored to the throne in 1471 and giving birth to their first son
1334:
835:
787:
556:
498:
2099:
Asile politique: la France ajoute cinq Etats à sa liste de pays «sûrs»
3605:
3276:
Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research
2711:
2121:
2103:
1536:
1449:
1405:
1275:
966:
946:
942:
923:
877:
873:
860:
799:
393:
346:
1153:
711:
Code of Entry and Residence of Foreigners and of the Right to Asylum
3250:Ăcole Nationale SupĂ©rieure de l'Ălectronique et de ses Applications
2973:
2811:
1330:
1131:
1119:
831:
811:
526:
405:
3044:
1764:"Who Is a Refugee? Uncertainty and Discretion in Asylum Decisions"
1640:"Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967"
1262:, indicating that the chapel did not enjoy ecclesiastical immunity
3329:Ătablissement national des produits de l'agriculture et de la mer
2776:
2721:
2706:
2691:
2051:"Code de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d'asile"
1346:
1322:
950:
843:
827:
819:
807:
771:
645:
518:
506:
472:
409:
386:
281:
137:
3504:
Opérateur du patrimoine et des projets immobiliers de la culture
3465:
Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Lyon
1342:
1299:
1123:
922:
Remains of one of four medieval stone boundary markers for the
766:) now makes a list of allegedly "safe countries" which respect
736:. Finally, the right of asylum is defined by article 18 of the
652:
in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the
636:. Common policies appeared in the 1990s in connection with the
632:
member states formed over a half-century by application of the
502:
417:
3156:
Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail
2184:
Revolutionary Refugees: German Socialism in Britain, 1840-1860
1007:
outside the United States to be admitted to the country under
3651:
Centre de ressources, d'expertise et de performance sportives
2163:
1389:
1377:
1350:
1259:
1127:
869:
839:
803:
791:
783:
755:
3262:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure des arts et techniques du thĂ©Ăątre
2085:
702:, via a reference to the Preamble of the 1946 Constitution.
795:
634:
Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees
362:
3510:
Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives
3072:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure de techniques avancĂ©es Bretagne
900:, and he faced court-martial for alleged war crimes after
2568:
2030:
Constitution of the Fifth French Republic (original text)
1703:
547:
When asylum claims are rejected, the principle called of
497:
grants asylum to a couple of hundred elderly people from
569:
can be used to interpret the right of asylum, including
427:
3634:
Centre d'Ă©tudes et de recherches sur les qualifications
1628:
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, UN, 1951
760:
Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides
3644:
Centre rĂ©gional des Ćuvres universitaires et scolaires
3640:
Centre national des Ćuvres universitaires et scolaires
3442:
National Center of Cinematography and the moving image
2233:
2231:
1938:, Brussels, October 21, 2009 (press release Europa.eu)
1294:(4th/5th century BC) enacted sanctuary laws among the
709:) is enshrined on a legal and regulatory basis in the
369:, such as a second country or another entity which in
3259:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure de la nature et du paysage
3178:Ăcole Nationale SupĂ©rieure des Mines de Saint-Ătienne
2004:
1959:
1428:, he was beheaded once forcibly removed from church.
19:"Political asylum" redirects here. For the band, see
3477:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure d'arts de Cergy-Pontoise
3062:
Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace
2228:
1470:for sanctuary, living there in royal comfort until
1178:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1070:
100,000 Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War.
762:â French Office for the Protection of Refugees and
738:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
3620:Agence centrale des organismes de sécurité sociale
3138:Conseil national des activités privées de sécurité
2984:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
1290:(c. 1136) says that the legendary pre-Saxon king
1111:and what degree of protection one would receive.
644:in 1990. It continued with the implementation of
453:Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 14
3678:
992:a particular social group or political opinion.
479:
3648:Caisse nationale de solidarité pour l'autonomie
3611:Institut des hautes études de défense nationale
3116:National Office for Veterans and Victims of War
3659:Service départemental d'incendie et de secours
3573:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure de sĂ©curitĂ© sociale
3484:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure des arts dĂ©coratifs
3335:Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation
3089:Ătablissement public d'insertion de la dĂ©fense
3046:Ătablissement public Ă caractĂšre administratif
2520:The Time Traveller's guide to Medieval England
1557:New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants
1089:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
3480:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure de la photographie
3450:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration
3284:National Computer Center for Higher Education
3030:
2607:
1822:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1656:in Context: Law, Politics, Morals, (2nd ed),
1082:
880:, were received in the 1970s-80s. During the
722:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
591:
542:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
469:Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
461:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
459:The right of asylum is supported by the 1951
301:
3082:Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service
2621:
1873:
969:) actions, political asylum was restricted.
3474:Ăcoles nationales supĂ©rieure d'architecture
2652:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
1710:International Journal of Management Reviews
1384:alleged crimes, or to confess their guilt,
1283:
465:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
3590:Institut national des Ă©tudes territoriales
3303:Centre international d'études pédagogiques
3037:
3023:
2614:
2600:
1843:Migration, Recognition and Critical Theory
308:
294:
3489:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure des Beaux-Arts
3222:Groupe des Ă©coles nationales dâingĂ©nieurs
2552:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey
2364:"Asylum Seekers (most recent) by country"
2119:"La porte Ă©troite de l'asile politique",
1980:
1787:
1238:Learn how and when to remove this message
3266:Ăcole nationale supĂ©rieure Louis-LumiĂšre
2516:
1874:Joppke, Christian; Marzal, Elia (2004).
1623:
1621:
1249:
1037:Are seeking admission at a port of entry
917:
677:
612:
584:or historically in some cases immediate
483:
2866:Right to an adequate standard of living
2407:
2315:"Obtaining Asylum in the United States"
1761:
1563:
1455:In 1470, when the Lancastrians briefly
3679:
3307:National Centre for Distance Education
3237:Ăcole nationale d'ingĂ©nieurs de Tarbes
2667:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
2180:
1880:European Journal of Political Research
1833:
1056:Immigration and Naturalization Service
3227:Ăcole nationale d'ingĂ©nieurs de Brest
3018:
2595:
2574:Refugees, Asylum-Seekers and Migrants
2523:. Random House UK. pp. 244â245.
2211:Jewish London: an illustrated history
2207:
1618:
1015:. Of these, many are recommended for
538:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
438:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
428:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
422:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3366:Ăcole nationale de l'aviation civile
3232:Ăcole nationale d'ingĂ©nieurs de Metz
2555:by Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, pp. 35â36
1804:
1768:International Journal of Refugee Law
1176:adding citations to reliable sources
1147:
1034:Are already inside the United States
3582:Ministry of Territorial Development
3437:Centre national des arts plastiques
3423:BibliothĂšque publique d'information
1652:Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston,
1444:come out. A prime example is Queen
1137:
1118:decided in 511, in the presence of
904:for objecting to military service.
377:. This right was recognized by the
13:
3524:Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner
2486:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Sanctuary"
1603:
517:, these people stayed in camps in
353: 'sanctuary'), is an ancient
14:
3698:
3401:Agency for French Teaching Abroad
3347:Ministry of Ecological Transition
3332:Agence de services et de paiement
2787:Right to refuse medical treatment
2562:
2389:United States Department of State
2344:United States Department of State
2340:"U.S. Refugee Admissions Program"
1841:. In Schweiger, Gottfried (ed.).
1424:who took shelter. In the case of
1412:water until a decision was made.
1256:St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, Dingli
1087:Paragraph 2 of Article 32 of the
907:
602:
3655:Chamber of Commerce and Industry
3627:Agence Nationale de la Recherche
3493:Ătablissement public des musĂ©es
3419:BibliothĂšque nationale de France
3322:Ministry of Agriculture and Food
2426:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2008.00255.x
2181:Lattek, Christine (2006-01-01).
2141:. New Statesman. August 19, 2021
1892:10.1111/j.0304-4130.2004.00176.x
1152:
972:
432:Right of asylum is enshrined by
389:, from whom it was adopted into
261:White genocide conspiracy theory
45:
3667:Association syndicale autorisée
3507:Institut national du patrimoine
3294:Ministry of National Education,
3165:Ministry of Economy and Finance
2544:
2510:
2492:
2478:
2467:
2456:
2401:
2377:
2356:
2332:
2307:
2282:
2256:
2201:
2174:
2152:
2131:
2113:
2092:
2078:
2064:
2043:
2020:
1997:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1918:
1906:
1867:
1827:
1815:
1755:
1163:needs additional citations for
914:Asylum and Immigration Tribunal
888:were granted asylum in France.
3616:French Academy of Technologies
3427:Centre des monuments nationaux
3381:French Office for Biodiversity
3371:Institut GĂ©ographique National
3217:Groupe Concours Polytechniques
3198:Ăcole des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux
3147:Ministry of Labour, Employment
2999:Sexual and reproductive health
2896:Right to a healthy environment
1744:
1697:
1686:
1663:
1646:
1632:
1597:
1583:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1570:
1376:, or sit on a certain chair ("
1031:Meet the definition of refugee
997:President of the United States
902:Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022
882:war in Afghanistan (2001â2021)
662:Temporary Protection Directive
365:might be protected by another
1:
3539:Musée national Gustave Moreau
3529:SĂšvres â CitĂ© de la cĂ©ramique
3354:Agence nationale de l'habitat
3338:Inventaire Forestier National
3208:Ministry of Higher Education,
2916:Right to public participation
1532:List of people granted asylum
1420:, or the peasants during the
1308:was used by the laws of king
480:Contemporary political asylum
246:Criticism of multiculturalism
3245:Institut d'Ă©tudes politiques
2936:Right to science and culture
2166:. 2023-04-23. Archived from
1100:National Assembly of Vietnam
682:Sanctuary ring on a door of
617:Medieval boundary marker at
609:Asylum in the European Union
357:concept, under which people
7:
3098:Musée national de la Marine
2762:Right to keep and bear arms
2672:Freedom from discrimination
2208:Black, Gerry (2003-10-13).
2007:French Constitution of 1946
1851:10.1007/978-3-030-72732-1_2
1762:Liodden, Tone Maia (2020).
1611:Online Etymology Dictionary
1523:Internally displaced person
1495:
1098:, the Vice Chairman of the
979:Asylum in the United States
955:Greenwich Royal Observatory
949:). With the 1845 attempted
10:
3703:
3501:- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2125:, February 13, 2007, p.20
1654:International Human Rights
1552:Global Compact on Refugees
1503:American fugitives in Cuba
1141:
1105:
1083:People's Republic of China
976:
911:
671:
606:
595:
592:Right of asylum by country
339:
118:Indefinite leave to remain
18:
3598:
3580:
3562:
3409:
3389:
3361:Ăcole des Ponts ParisTech
3345:
3320:
3292:
3206:
3193:Ăcole des mines de Nantes
3163:
3145:
3134:Right of Asylum in France
3124:
3052:
2959:
2926:Right to rest and leisure
2832:
2637:
2630:
2504:Historia Regum Britanniae
2414:Government and Opposition
2408:Pupavac, Vanessa (2008).
1286:Historia Regum Britanniae
1278:in about 600 AD. However
1003:refugees who are granted
937:In the 19th century, the
891:
667:
326:right of political asylum
256:Opposition to immigration
3446:Centre national du livre
3183:Ăcole des Mines de Douai
3126:Ministry of the Interior
3054:Ministry of Armed Forces
2941:Right to social security
2906:Right to Internet access
2851:Equal pay for equal work
2737:Presumption of innocence
2586:Asylum Law and Procedure
2580:Refugee law in Australia
1969:Refugee Survey Quarterly
932:East Riding of Yorkshire
3663:Ăle-de-France MobilitĂ©s
3514:Palace of Fontainebleau
3432:Centre Georges Pompidou
3271:CĂŽte d'Azur Observatory
3210:Research and Innovation
2817:right to be a candidate
2647:Equality before the law
2582:(Australian Government)
2576:(Amnesty International)
2053:(in French). Legifrance
1658:Oxford University Press
1302:(c. 500â570). The term
884:, tens of thousands of
21:Political Asylum (band)
3631:AD IsĂšre Drac Romanche
3564:Ministry of Solidarity
3460:Conservatoire de Paris
3391:Ministry of Europe and
3188:Ăcole des mines d'AlĂšs
3149:and Economic Inclusion
2677:Freedom of information
2662:Freedom of association
2517:Mortimer, Ian (2009).
1834:Ingram, David (2021).
1284:
1263:
1072:
1019:by the offices of the
999:specifies a number of
963:propaganda of the deed
961:in the context of the
959:Siege of Sidney Street
934:
687:
625:
571:Critical legal studies
533:
457:
169:Immigrant assimilation
62:Immigration by country
2989:Intersex human rights
2797:Right of self-defense
2752:Right to a fair trial
2239:"Refugees and Asylum"
2074:. Legifrance.gouv.fr.
1961:Prof. Vincent Chetail
1480:Richard, Duke of York
1462:to the throne, Queen
1270:proclaimed the first
1253:
1142:Further information:
1067:
977:Further information:
921:
912:Further information:
681:
658:subsidiary protection
616:
492:
442:
436:in the Article 14 of
238:Opposition and reform
2876:Right to development
2757:Right to family life
2707:Freedom from torture
2692:Freedom from slavery
2588:(Human Rights First)
2540:– via Archive.
2499:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2385:"Refugee Admissions"
2187:. Psychology Press.
1780:10.1093/ijrl/eeab003
1564:Notes and references
1359:Winchester Cathedral
1280:Geoffrey of Monmouth
1172:improve this article
1052:September 11 attacks
945:movement (including
728:as well as the 1985
700:Constitution of 1958
696:Constitution of 1946
692:Constitution of 1793
619:St. Georgenberg
3411:Ministry of Culture
3077:Ăcole Polytechnique
2687:Freedom of religion
2682:Freedom of movement
2657:Freedom of assembly
2639:Civil and political
2294:migrationpolicy.org
1525:, a subcategory of
1518:Diplomatic immunity
1446:Elizabeth Woodville
983:Removal proceedings
732:, which defined EU
684:Notre-Dame de Paris
654:European Commission
513:. After the end of
367:sovereign authority
324:, sometimes called
123:Migration diplomacy
72:Illegal immigration
3312:Ward of the Nation
3108:Académie de Marine
3004:Right to sexuality
2881:Right to education
2807:Security of person
2702:Freedom of thought
2366:. Nationmaster.com
1982:10.1093/rsq/hdn043
1722:10.1111/ijmr.12222
1292:Dunvallo Molmutius
1268:Ăthelberht of Kent
1264:
1144:Asylum (antiquity)
1116:Council of Orleans
935:
770:and principles of
734:immigration policy
730:Schengen Agreement
688:
638:Schengen Agreement
626:
534:
251:Immigration reform
197:Political theories
164:Social integration
67:Immigration policy
3674:
3673:
3012:
3011:
2911:Right to property
2871:Right to clothing
2856:Fair remuneration
2824:Right to homeland
2772:Right to petition
2697:Freedom of speech
2107:, April 27, 2006
1860:978-3-030-72732-1
1604:Harper, Douglas.
1586:. Merriam-Webster
1433:Wars of the Roses
1396:from the Church.
1363:Westminster Abbey
1266:In England, King
1248:
1247:
1240:
1222:
1187:"Right of asylum"
1017:firm resettlement
776:social assistance
764:Stateless Persons
726:Maastricht Treaty
650:Dublin Regulation
642:Dublin Convention
575:Constitutionalism
490:
379:Ancient Egyptians
318:
317:
269:Causes topics
205:Civic nationalism
178:Acculturation Gap
3694:
3296:Youth and Sports
3093:Musée de l'Armée
3039:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2901:Right to housing
2835:Economic, social
2782:Right to protest
2777:Right to privacy
2616:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2270:. 8 October 2021
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1824:, Article 33 (1)
1819:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1574:
1527:displaced person
1426:Richard Folville
1422:Peasants' Revolt
1418:Isabella de Bury
1386:abjure the realm
1289:
1272:Anglo-Saxon laws
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1180:
1156:
1148:
1138:Medieval England
1063:refugee roulette
995:Every year, the
928:John of Beverley
866:Augusto Pinochet
800:Mauritius Island
768:political rights
674:Asylum in France
531:
495:Dutch government
491:
471:, which defines
455:
350:
343:
310:
303:
296:
277:Economic migrant
225:Plurinationalism
220:Multiculturalism
189:Social exclusion
156:Social processes
148:Voluntary return
49:
26:
25:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3687:Right of asylum
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3594:
3576:
3565:
3558:
3534:Musée du Louvre
3470:Ăcole du Louvre
3405:
3393:Foreign Affairs
3392:
3385:
3357:Agence de l'eau
3341:
3316:
3295:
3288:
3209:
3202:
3173:Mines ParisTech
3159:
3148:
3141:
3120:
3067:ENSTA ParisTech
3048:
3043:
3013:
3008:
2979:Family planning
2964:
2955:
2931:Right of return
2891:Right to health
2839:
2836:
2828:
2792:Right to resist
2742:Right of asylum
2633:
2626:
2620:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2268:The White House
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2097:
2093:
2086:"ofpra.gouv.fr"
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:, Oxford, 2000.
1651:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1547:Human migration
1542:Right of return
1513:Asylum shopping
1498:
1401:landed property
1394:excommunication
1355:Wells Cathedral
1339:Durham, England
1298:as recorded by
1244:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1108:
1085:
1001:legally defined
985:
975:
916:
910:
894:
886:Afghan refugees
676:
670:
660:clause and the
611:
605:
600:
594:
582:non-refoulement
549:non-refoulement
529:
484:
482:
456:
451:
430:
322:right of asylum
314:
230:Ethnocentricism
210:Social cohesion
133:Right of asylum
128:Non-refoulement
113:Externalization
108:Immigration law
88:Border security
80:History and law
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3599:Not classified
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:de l'Orangerie
3491:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3103:Musée de l'Air
3100:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2946:Right to water
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Right of reply
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Digital rights
2842:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2802:Right to truth
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
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3376:Météo-France
3133:
2966:reproductive
2861:Labor rights
2837:and cultural
2747:Right to die
2741:
2624:human rights
2622:Substantive
2551:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
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2392:. Retrieved
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2323:. Retrieved
2321:. 2021-09-16
2318:
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2298:. Retrieved
2296:. 2013-08-13
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2272:. Retrieved
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2247:. Retrieved
2245:. 2015-11-12
2242:
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2176:
2168:the original
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2143:. Retrieved
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2055:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:– via
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2022:
2012:– via
2006:
1999:
1975:(3): 16â32.
1972:
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1943:
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1670:Hurst Hannum
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1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1484:
1454:
1452:of England.
1441:Lancastrians
1430:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1382:
1374:door-knocker
1371:
1367:York Minster
1327:Battle Abbey
1316:
1309:
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1265:
1234:
1225:
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1194:
1182:
1170:Please help
1165:verification
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588:can follow.
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515:World War II
458:
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400:fled to the
373:could offer
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321:
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132:
98:Repatriation
3549:Musée Rodin
3243:7 of the 9
3220:3 of the 4
2994:LGBT rights
2727:Nationality
2717:LGBT rights
2274:29 December
2214:. Breedon.
2127:(in French)
2109:(in French)
1673: [
1468:Westminster
1435:, when the
1431:During the
1047:Refugee Act
1013:§ 1157
780:deportation
598:Refugee law
586:deportation
402:Netherlands
184:Persecution
103:Deportation
93:Citizenship
39:Immigration
3566:and Health
2732:Personhood
2394:2021-12-18
2370:2012-08-17
2349:2021-12-06
2325:2021-12-18
2300:2021-12-18
2249:2021-12-04
2145:2021-12-06
2057:2013-07-10
2037:Wikisource
2014:Wikisource
1590:2012-08-17
1486:Henry VIII
1335:Colchester
1319:Norman era
1254:Plaque at
1198:newspapers
1132:adulterers
836:Madagascar
788:Cape Verde
628:Asylum in
565:Different
536:While the
530:(in Dutch)
499:Yugoslavia
385:, and the
359:persecuted
3606:IAE Paris
2712:Legal aid
2450:146369207
2434:0017-257X
2122:Le Figaro
2104:Le Figaro
1991:145682715
1900:0304-4130
1798:0953-8186
1738:216204168
1730:1460-8545
1537:Refusenik
1492:in 1623.
1472:Edward IV
1464:Elizabeth
1450:Edward IV
1406:vigilante
1276:sanctuary
1124:murderers
1094:In 1979,
967:anarchist
947:Karl Marx
943:socialist
926:of Saint
924:sanctuary
878:Argentina
874:Dirty War
861:Le Figaro
848:Macedonia
553:customary
440:of 1948:
394:tradition
375:sanctuary
355:juridical
332:from
3681:Category
2974:Abortion
2812:Suffrage
2442:44484135
1683:, p. 145
1606:"asylum"
1578:"asylum"
1496:See also
1476:Edward V
1460:Henry VI
1457:restored
1437:Yorkists
1331:Beverley
1311:Ethelred
1120:Clovis I
872:and the
832:Tanzania
812:Mongolia
686:(France)
648:and the
527:Newsreel
509:and the
450:â
406:Voltaire
215:Nativism
31:a series
29:Part of
3495:d'Orsay
2722:Liberty
2536:2 April
1347:Norwich
1323:charter
1317:By the
1282:in his
1212:scholar
1134:alike.
1128:thieves
1106:History
953:of the
951:bombing
930:in the
844:Albania
828:Croatia
820:Ukraine
816:Georgia
808:Senegal
772:liberty
646:Eurodac
557:trucial
519:Austria
507:Hungary
473:refugee
410:England
391:Western
387:Hebrews
138:Refugee
54:General
2961:Sexual
2527:
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2191:
2032:
2009:
1989:
1898:
1857:
1796:
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