416:, namely 'the threat or act by a state, or coalition of states, to affect either migration flows to/from a target state or its migrant stock as a punishment, unless the target state acquiesces to an articulated political or economic demand.' Coercive migration diplomacy strategies involve violence or the threat of force. For Adamson and Tsourapas, coercive migration diplomacy relies on states' adoption of a unilateral approach to interstate bargaining, namely a zero-sum perspective of relative gain, where only one side is expected to benefit. Greenhill has written on the conditions under which the intentional creation, manipulation, and exploitation of real or threatened mass population movements may constitute an element of
326:,' including 'both the strategic use of migration flows as a means to obtain other aims, and the use of diplomatic methods to achieve goals related to migration.' Migration has come to constitute an increasingly-important area of states' engagement with one another, with bilateral multilateral strategies including the promotion or discouragement of bilateral migratory flows; agreements on preferential treatment to certain foreign nationals; the initiation of guest-worker programmes or other short-term
37:
2494:
2506:
440:
namely 'the promise or act by a state, or coalition of states, to affect either migration flows to/from a target state or its migrant stock as a reward, provided that the target state acquiesces to an articulated political or economic demand.' Cooperative migration diplomacy is predicated upon
358:
of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: whereas, in the past, a central component of states' functions related to their ability to engage in war or to manage trade, the contemporary state is defined by the management of cross-border population mobility. As a result, migration affects the
435:
The emphasis on coercive behaviour does not encapsulate the full range of state practices: in the case of Niger, the government 'benefits from a degree of international legitimacy and support' and is particularly aid dependent. Besides coercion, states may engage in
363:, states' migration diplomacy is affected by their interests and bargaining position vis-Ă -vis other states, based partly on whether they are migration-receiving, migration-sending, or transit states.
382:, and argues that 'migration policy should be analyzed as an indirect form of foreign policy that uses the selection of migrants and quasi-asylum policies as diplomacy.' For İçduygu and Aksel, the
1363:
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875:
789:
1663:
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1005:
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924:İçduygu, Ahmet; Aksel, Damla B. (2014-10-16). "Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy: Negotiating Readmission Agreement between the eu and Turkey".
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Beyond international relations, a number of other social scientists have examined the link between migration and foreign policy in
1985:
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1103:
297:
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Frowd, Philippe M. (2020-02-01). "Producing the 'transit' migration state: international security intervention in Niger".
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threatened to inflict on Mexico. These sanctions prevented Mexico from developing an independent migration policy.
423:
Coercion is also used to force third countries to impose anti-migrant policies, for example the sanctions that the
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1637:
1541:
726:
The diplomacy of migration : transnational lives and the making of U.S.-Chinese relations in the Cold War
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diplomatic interactions of states and has become an object of interstate diplomacy. According to
Adamson and
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interstate bargaining explicitly aiming for mutually beneficial arrangements in the absence of aggression.
2038:
1755:
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876:"Migration as Diplomacy: Labor Migrants, Refugees, and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries"
790:"Migration as Diplomacy: Labor Migrants, Refugees, and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries"
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2467:
1762:
1668:
1592:
1551:
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342:
For political scientist James F. Hollifield, the latter half of the twentieth century gave rise to the
107:
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598:"Migration Diplomacy in the Global South: Cooperation, Coercion and Issue Linkage in Gaddafi's Libya"
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378:, and elsewhere. Thiollet examines the political dynamics of labor migration in the
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Weapons of Mass
Migration: Forced Displacement, Coercion, and Foreign Policy
1495:
394:
demonstrate the strategic use of migration diplomacy as a bargaining tool.
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87:
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Kelly
Greenhill has argued that cross-border mobility may be employed as "
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1965:
959:
Greenhill, Kelly M., 1970- editor Krause, Peter, 1979- editor (2018).
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485:
319:
640:
Hollifield, James F. (2006-02-23). "The
Emerging Migration State1".
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Coercion : the power to hurt in international politics
836:
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683:
Adamson, Fiona B; Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2019-05-01).
548:
Adamson, Fiona B; Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2019-05-01).
1664:European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis
430:
352:of the eighteen and nineteenth centuries, and the
1659:Migration and asylum policy of the European Union
1588:2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany
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682:
547:
397:
1794:
1691:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1104:
883:International Labor and Working-Class History
797:International Labor and Working-Class History
291:
1131:Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis
923:
724:Oyen, Meredith, 1978- author. (2016-02-19).
502:Adamson, Fiona B. and Gerasimos Tsourapas. "
1808:
1369:List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe
322:tools, processes, and procedures to manage
1801:
1787:
1111:
1097:
1008:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
773:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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298:
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1346:2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster
1022:
1004:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
840:
769:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
700:
595:
565:
522:Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy
517:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.
1244:2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
1238:2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
873:
845:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
787:
1603:2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum
1025:"From Opposing the Wall to Becoming it"
685:"Migration Diplomacy in World Politics"
550:"Migration Diplomacy in World Politics"
2525:
1298:November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks
1986:Conseiller chargé des investissements
1782:
1643:2021–present Belarus–EU border crisis
1421:Operation Poseidon Rapid Intervention
1352:2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster
1092:
1049:
926:European Journal of Migration and Law
504:Migration Diplomacy in World Politics
2505:
1481:Lampedusa immigrant reception center
591:
589:
587:
585:
543:
541:
1718:European Border Surveillance System
1340:2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster
1328:2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters
1322:2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster
596:Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2019-01-08).
418:coercion in international relations
13:
1598:Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher
841:Greenhill, Kelly M. (2010-03-18).
689:International Studies Perspectives
654:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00223.x
554:International Studies Perspectives
508:International Studies Perspectives
496:
14:
2554:
582:
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334:of foreign nationals; and so on.
2504:
2493:
2492:
1674:European Union Agency for Asylum
1334:2023 Libya migrant boats sinking
1232:May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck
438:cooperative migration diplomacy,
324:cross-border population mobility
251:White genocide conspiracy theory
35:
2480:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
1043:
1016:
952:
431:Cooperative Migration Diplomacy
384:ongoing membership negotiations
1542:North Macedonia border barrier
917:
867:
781:
717:
676:
642:International Migration Review
633:
1:
1628:Murder of Pamela Mastropietro
1573:Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray
1417:(EU Navfor Med, 2015–present)
1304:2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks
1209:African immigration to Europe
1064:10.1080/01436597.2019.1660633
532:
337:
236:Criticism of multiculturalism
2475:Twin towns and sister cities
1768:Valletta Summit on Migration
1638:Murder of Desirée Mariottini
1613:2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot
1608:2016 Reutlingen knife attack
1547:Norway–Russia border barrier
1427:Migrant Offshore Aid Station
1292:2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck
1280:Burgenland corpses discovery
1262:2014 Libya migrant shipwreck
1256:2014 Malta migrant shipwreck
1120:2015 European migrant crisis
476:Refugee kidnappings in Sinai
414:coercive migration diplomacy
398:Coercive Migration Diplomacy
7:
1756:Schengen Information System
1618:Murder of Maria Ladenburger
963:. Oxford University Press.
444:
10:
2559:
2468:Plenipotentiary Conference
1669:European Asylum Curriculum
1593:Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen
526:International Organization
491:Selling of Jews by Romania
401:
108:Indefinite leave to remain
2488:
2438:
2412:
2314:
2138:
2067:
2047:
2019:
1963:
1930:
1914:
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1836:
1827:
1820:
1651:
1565:
1504:
1458:
1377:
1225:Migrant vehicle incidents
1224:
1139:
1126:
938:10.1163/15718166-12342060
895:10.1017/s0147547910000293
874:Thiollet, Helene (2011).
843:Weapons of Mass Migration
809:10.1017/s0147547910000293
788:Thiollet, Helene (2011).
410:weapons of mass migration
246:Opposition to immigration
2458:Parliamentary delegation
2337:Diplomatic accreditation
2103:African Diplomatic Corps
1844:Permanent representative
1557:Slovenian border barrier
1532:Hungarian border barrier
1517:Bulgarian border barrier
1330:(March & April 2023)
1140:Refugees and immigration
520:Teitelbaum, Michael S. "
2543:International relations
1906:Deputy chief of mission
1861:Resident representative
1763:Turkey's migrant crisis
1512:Austrian border barrier
412:" States may engage in
312:international relations
2352:Diplomatic credentials
1746:Migrants around Calais
1633:2018 Chemnitz protests
1583:2015 Corsican protests
1578:2015 Geldermalsen riot
1552:Poland–Belarus barrier
1491:Migrants around Calais
1397:Operation Mare Nostrum
1194:Immigration to Germany
1189:Immigration to Romania
621:Cite journal requires
159:Immigrant assimilation
52:Immigration by country
1943:Resident commissioner
1915:Bilateral-subnational
1527:Calais border barrier
1204:Immigration to Greece
1184:Immigration to Europe
1052:Third World Quarterly
851:10.7591/9780801458668
606:10.31235/osf.io/aky4j
528:38.3 (1984): 429–450.
510:20.2 (2019): 113–128.
228:Opposition and reform
2075:Apostolic nunciature
1975:Agricultural attaché
1537:Melilla border fence
1466:Basroch refugee camp
1199:Immigration to Italy
513:Greenhill, Kelly M.
425:Trump administration
2367:Diplomatic immunity
2327:Consular assistance
1856:Ambassador-at-large
1741:Illegal immigration
1433:Proactiva Open Arms
1378:Maritime operations
1286:Death of Alan Kurdi
1268:Blue Sky M incident
1250:Lampedusa shipwreck
1216:Migration diplomacy
404:Refugees as weapons
346:which followed the
316:migration diplomacy
113:Migration diplomacy
62:Illegal immigration
2425:Letter of credence
2387:Diplomatic uniform
2382:Diplomatic service
2362:Diplomatic illness
2357:Diplomatic history
2110:Diplomatic mission
2027:Diplomatic courier
2007:Trade commissioner
1870:Bilateral-national
1751:Schengen Agreement
1522:Ceuta border fence
1486:Moria refugee camp
1423:(EU, 2015–present)
1411:(EU, 2018–present)
1399:(Italy, 2013–2014)
1385:Operation Poseidon
1358:MĂĽhldorf van crash
1316:Sofia lorry deaths
1310:Essex lorry deaths
997:has generic name (
762:has generic name (
702:10.1093/isp/eky015
567:10.1093/isp/eky015
456:Demographic threat
241:Immigration reform
187:Political theories
154:Social integration
57:Immigration policy
2520:
2519:
2430:Letter of protest
2398:Persona non grata
2332:Consular immunity
2130:Exclusive mandate
2063:
2062:
2015:
2014:
1980:Chargé de mission
1931:Bilateral-insular
1895:Chargé d'affaires
1882:High commissioner
1776:
1775:
1696:Dublin Regulation
1623:2017 Turku attack
1439:Aquarius Dignitus
1179:Sudanese refugees
1172:Assyrian refugees
308:
307:
259:Causes topics
195:Civic nationalism
168:Acculturation Gap
2550:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2495:
2347:Diplomatic cable
2125:Protecting power
2098:Diplomatic corps
2039:Foreign minister
2032:King's Messenger
1997:Military attaché
1992:Cultural attaché
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1708:Economic migrant
1652:Related articles
1451:(NGO, 2016–2017)
1443:SOS Méditerranée
1435:(NGO, 2015–2018)
1429:(NGO, 2014–2017)
1415:Operation Sophia
1409:Operation Themis
1403:Operation Triton
1391:Operation Hermes
1294:(September 2016)
1288:(September 2015)
1274:Ezadeen incident
1264:(September 2014)
1258:(September 2014)
1152:Kurdish refugees
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481:Refugee roulette
471:Prisoner of Zion
376:security studies
344:migration state,
300:
293:
286:
267:Economic migrant
215:Plurinationalism
210:Multiculturalism
179:Social exclusion
146:Social processes
138:Voluntary return
39:
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15:
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2446:Development aid
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2408:
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2115:High commission
2059:
2055:Diplomatic rank
2043:
2011:
2002:Science attaché
1959:
1926:
1910:
1901:Head of mission
1865:
1829:
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1807:
1777:
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1736:Fortress Europe
1686:Chain migration
1681:Asylum shopping
1647:
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1505:Border barriers
1500:
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1445:, 2015–present)
1405:(EU, 2014–2018)
1393:(EU, 2011–2013)
1387:(EU, 2006–2015)
1373:
1324:(February 2023)
1318:(February 2023)
1300:(November 2016)
1270:(December 2014)
1220:
1162:Libyan refugees
1157:Syrian refugees
1147:Afghan refugees
1135:
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328:labor migration
318:is 'the use of
304:
220:Ethnocentricism
200:Social cohesion
123:Right of asylum
118:Non-refoulement
103:Externalization
98:Immigration law
78:Border security
70:History and law
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1394:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:(October 2023)
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:(October 2019)
1307:
1306:(January 2018)
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1276:(January 2015)
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1252:(October 2013)
1247:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
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1167:Iraqi refugees
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1127:
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1108:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1058:(2): 340–358.
1042:
1015:
969:
951:
932:(3): 337–363.
916:
889:(1): 103–121.
866:
859:
830:
803:(1): 103–121.
780:
734:
716:
695:(2): 113–128.
675:
648:(3): 885–912.
632:
623:|journal=
581:
560:(2): 113–128.
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534:
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466:Pidyon shvuyim
463:
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451:Border barrier
446:
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399:
396:
392:European Union
349:garrison state
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2259:
2257:
2256:Paradiplomacy
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2239:
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2211:Full-spectrum
2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
2197:
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2100:
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2078:
2076:
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2046:
2040:
2037:
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2028:
2025:
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2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
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1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1955:Agent-general
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
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1936:
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1929:
1923:
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1917:
1913:
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1859:
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1847:
1846:
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1835:
1832:
1830:leader titles
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1479:
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1474:
1472:
1471:Calais Jungle
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:Migrant camps
1457:
1450:
1449:Jugend Rettet
1447:
1444:
1440:
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1434:
1431:
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1425:
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1311:
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1287:
1284:
1282:(August 2015)
1281:
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389:
385:
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374:, as well as
373:
369:
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355:trading state
351:
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330:schemes; the
329:
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175:
172:
169:
165:
164:Acculturation
162:
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157:
155:
152:
151:
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145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
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47:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2510:
2498:
2439:Other topics
2396:
2306:Wolf warrior
2240:
2090:
1984:
1893:
1837:Multilateral
1723:
1496:Hotspot camp
1336:(April 2023)
1246:(April 2011)
1240:(March 2009)
1215:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1028:
1018:
960:
954:
929:
925:
919:
886:
882:
869:
842:
800:
796:
783:
725:
719:
692:
688:
678:
645:
641:
635:
614:cite journal
557:
553:
525:
507:
437:
434:
422:
413:
407:
372:area studies
365:
353:
347:
343:
341:
315:
309:
112:
88:Repatriation
2322:Appeasement
2020:Other roles
1725:Fire at Sea
1354:(July 2023)
1348:(June 2023)
1342:(June 2023)
1035:14 November
1031:(in German)
995:|last=
760:|last=
380:Middle East
332:deportation
174:Persecution
93:Deportation
83:Citizenship
29:Immigration
2527:Categories
2404:Soft power
2276:Preventive
2266:Pilgrimage
2161:Commercial
1877:Ambassador
1828:Diplomatic
1476:La Linière
1234:(May 2007)
979:1049154958
533:References
402:See also:
338:Background
320:diplomatic
2538:Diplomacy
2420:Exequatur
2413:Documents
2271:Ping-pong
2241:Migration
2216:Guerrilla
2206:Freelance
2181:Debt-trap
2151:Checkbook
2085:Consulate
1814:diplomats
1810:Diplomacy
1720:(Eurosur)
1080:204433795
1072:0143-6597
987:cite book
946:1388-364X
903:0147-5479
817:0147-5479
752:cite book
744:967264274
711:1528-3577
670:153434023
662:0197-9183
576:1528-3577
486:Refusenik
361:Tsourapas
2499:Category
2451:Agencies
2392:Protocol
2301:Track II
2196:Economic
2171:Culinary
2166:Cultural
2156:Coercive
2120:Legation
2091:De facto
1938:Resident
1713:Edlumino
911:42891745
825:42891745
445:See also
390:and the
386:between
205:Nativism
21:a series
19:Part of
2511:Commons
2296:Stadium
2291:Shuttle
2286:Science
2236:Medical
2226:Hostage
2221:Gunboat
2186:Digital
2176:Defence
2093:embassy
2068:Offices
1966:Attaché
1731:Frontex
1701:Eurodac
368:history
128:Refugee
44:General
2463:Summit
2315:Topics
2281:Public
2261:Parley
2201:Energy
2191:Dollar
2146:Caviar
1922:Consul
1887:Nuncio
1078:
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967:
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909:
901:
857:
823:
815:
742:
732:
709:
668:
660:
574:
388:Turkey
2251:Panda
2139:Types
1950:Envoy
1821:Roles
1441:(NGO
1076:S2CID
907:S2CID
879:(PDF)
821:S2CID
793:(PDF)
666:S2CID
2231:Iron
1812:and
1068:ISSN
1037:2021
1010:link
1006:link
999:help
975:OCLC
965:ISBN
942:ISSN
899:ISSN
855:ISBN
813:ISSN
775:link
771:link
764:help
740:OCLC
730:ISBN
707:ISSN
658:ISSN
627:help
572:ISSN
133:Visa
2246:New
1060:doi
934:doi
891:doi
847:doi
805:doi
697:doi
650:doi
602:doi
562:doi
524:."
506:."
310:In
272:War
2529::
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625:(
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604::
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166:(
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