Nativism (politics)

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América do Sul. Japanese Brazilians were prohibited from driving motor vehicles (even if they were taxi drivers), buses or trucks on their property. The drivers employed by Japanese had to have permission from the police. Thousands of Japanese immigrants were arrested or expelled from Brazil on suspicion of espionage. There were many anonymous denunciations because of "activities against national security" arising from disagreements between neighbours, recovery of debts and even fights between children. Japanese Brazilians were arrested for "suspicious activity" when they were in artistic meetings or picnics. On July 10, 1943, approximately 10,000 Japanese and German immigrants who lived in

1508:, a more permanent resolution. This law reduced the number of immigrants able to arrive from 357,803, the number established in the Emergency Quota Act, to 164,687. Though this bill did not fully restrict immigration, it considerably curbed the flow of immigration into the United States, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe. During the late 1920s, an average of 270,000 immigrants were allowed to arrive, mainly because of the exemption of Canada and Latin American countries. Fear of low-skilled Southern and Eastern European immigrants flooding the labor market was an issue in the 1920s, the 1930s, and the first decade of the 21st century (focused on immigrants from 721:. The country encouraged European immigration, but non-white immigration always faced considerable backlash. On July 28, 1921, representatives Andrade Bezerra and Cincinato Braga proposed a law whose Article 1 provided: "The immigration of individuals from the black race to Brazil is prohibited." On October 22, 1923, representative Fidélis Reis produced another bill on the entry of immigrants, whose fifth article was as follows: "The entry of settlers from the black race into Brazil is prohibited. For Asian there will be allowed each year a number equal to 5% of those residing in the country.(...)". 1690: 1733:, poor education and poverty play in creating nativism among the hosts and a caste-type underclass, more similar to white-black tensions in the US. Sociologists Josip Kešić and Jan Willem Duyvendak define nativism as an intense opposition to an internal minority that is portrayed as a threat to the nation because of its different values and priorities. There are three subtypes: secularist nativism; racial nativism; and populist nativism that seeks to restore the historic power and prestige of indigenous elites. 53: 637: 4884: 775:

2% of the total number of entrants of each nationality that had been received in the last 50 years. Only the Portuguese were excluded. The measures did not affect the immigration of Europeans such as Italians and Spaniards, who had already entered in large numbers and whose migratory flow was downward. However, immigration quotas, which remained in force until the 1980s, restricted Japanese immigration, as well as Korean and Chinese immigration.

4913: 874:, it is an unbailable crime to address someone in an offensive racist way, and it is illegal to discriminate against someone on the basis of his or her race, skin colour, national or regional origin or nationality; thus, nativism and opposition to multiculturalism would be too much of a polemic and delicate topic to be openly discussed as a basic ideology for even the most right-leaning modern 762:

ours". In 1941 the Brazilian minister of justice, Francisco Campos, defended the ban on the admission of 400 Japanese immigrants into São Paulo writing: "their despicable standard of living is a brutal competition with the country's worker; their selfishness, their bad faith, their refractory character, make them a huge ethnic and cultural cyst located in the richest regions of Brazil".

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which the Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.

812:, was virtually turned into a "concentration camp" (expression of the time) from which no Japanese could leave. This time, the Brazilian ambassador in Washington, D.C., Carlos Martins Pereira e Sousa, encouraged the government of Brazil to transfer all the Japanese Brazilians to "internment camps" without the need for legal support, in the same manner 4089: 1827:

became notorious for the prevalence of nativist viewpoints in the 16th century, and conditions worsened in the 1580s. Many European immigrants became disillusioned by routine threats of assault, numerous attempts at passing legislation calling for the expulsion of foreigners, and the great difficulty

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For the Poles in the mining districts of western Germany before 1914, nationalism (on both the German and the Polish sides) kept Polish workers, who had established an associational structure approaching institutional completeness (churches, voluntary associations, press, even unions), separate from

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questioned about allowing Palatine refugees to settle in Pennsylvania. He was concerned about the potential consequences of their arrival, particularly regarding the preservation of Pennsylvania's English identity and heritage. He questioned whether it was prudent for a colony established by English

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an intense opposition to an internal minority on the grounds of its foreign (i.e., “un-American”) connections. Specific nativist antagonisms may and do, vary widely in response to the changing character of minority irritants and the shifting conditions of the day; but through each separate hostility

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spread in the mid-1920s from the U.S. to parts of Canada, especially Saskatchewan, where it helped topple the Liberal government. The Klan creed was, historian Martin Robin argues, in the mainstream of Protestant Canadian sentiment, for it was based on "Protestantism, separation of Church and State,

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of people of immigrant origin in Brazil. In 1933, a constitutional amendment was approved by a large majority and established immigration quotas without mentioning race or nationality and prohibited the population concentration of immigrants. According to the text, Brazil could not receive more than

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O Malho' in its edition of December 5, 1908 issued criticised the Japanese immigrants in the following quote: "The government of São Paulo is stubborn. After the failure of the first Japanese immigration, it contracted 3,000 yellow people. It insists on giving Brazil a race diametrically opposite to

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Since the 1990s France experienced rising levels of Islamic antisemitism and acts. By 2006, rising levels of antisemitism were recorded in French schools. Reports related to the tensions between the children of North African Muslim immigrants and North African Jewish children. In the first half of

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In recent decades distrust of immigrating populations and populism have become major themes in considering political tensions in Europe. Many observers see the post-1950s wave of immigration in Europe as fundamentally different to the pre-1914 patterns. They debate the role of cultural differences,

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Importantly, it’s not just the nativists who are saying this is a battle over values and culture. Their strongest opponents believe this too, and they are not prepared to concede the high ground on what constitutes a “real citizen” to the populists. For them, this is a battle about the rule of law,

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The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country -- men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban

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issued by the police; over 200 Japanese schools were closed and radio equipment was seized to prevent transmissions on short wave from Japan. The goods of Japanese companies were confiscated and several companies of Japanese origin suffered restrictions, including the use of the newly founded Banco

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he jet fuel that’s really feeding the populist firestorm is nativism, the strong belief among an electorally important segment of the population that governments and other institutions should honour and protect the interests of their native-born citizens against the cultural changes being brought

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It is found, in the first place, that the illiteracy test will bear most heavily upon the Italians, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Asiatics, and lightly, or not at all, upon English-speaking emigrants, or Germans, Scandinavians, and French. In other words, the races most affected by the

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Hans-Georg Betz examines three facets of nativism: economic, welfare, and symbolic. Economic nativism preaches that good jobs ought to be reserved for native citizens. Welfare nativism insists that native citizens should have absolute priority in access to governmental benefits. Symbolic nativism

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In 1933–1939, many people from Nazi Germany, particularly those belonging to minorities which were persecuted under Nazi rule, especially the Jews, sought to emigrate to the United Kingdom. As many as 50,000 may have been successful. There were immigration caps on the number who could enter and,

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the very culture of the bulk of the population of these regions will tend to be primarily Latin-American in nature rather than what is inherited from earlier American traditions ... Could it really be that there was so little of merit that it deserves to be recklessly trashed in favor of a

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illiteracy test are those whose emigration to this country has begun within the last twenty years and swelled rapidly to enormous proportions, races with which the English speaking people have never hitherto assimilated, and who are most alien to the great body of the people of the United States.

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was the first of many nativist acts of Congress which attempted to limit the flow of immigrants into the U.S.. The Chinese responded to it by filing false claims of American birth, enabling thousands of them to immigrate to California. The exclusion of the Chinese caused the western railroads to

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led to the suppression of German cultural activities in the United States, Canada, and Australia. There was little violence, but many places and streets had their names changed (The city of "Berlin" in Ontario was renamed "Kitchener" after a British hero), churches switched to English for their

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led to fears that Catholics were a threat to the national (British) values. In Canada, the Orange Order campaigned vigorously against the Catholics throughout the 19th century, often with violent confrontations. Both sides were immigrants from Ireland and neither side claimed loyalty to Canada.

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Donald Trump's nativism is a fundamental corruption of the founding principles of the Republican Party. Nativists champion the purported interests of American citizens over those of immigrants, justifying their hostility to immigrants by the use of derogatory stereotypes: Mexicans are rapists;

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declared the Japanese surrender and stated that he was not really a deity, which news was seen as a conspiracy perpetrated in order to hurt Japanese honour and strength. Nevertheless, it followed hostility from the government. The Japanese Brazilian community was strongly marked by restrictive

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wing of the Republican Party has become a movement largely against immigration overhaul. The politicians, intellectual leaders and activists who consider themselves part of the Tea Party have redirected their energy from fiscal austerity and small government to stopping any changes that would

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in 1921. This bill was the first to place numerical quotas on immigration. It capped the inflow of immigrations to 357,803 for those arriving outside of the western hemisphere. However, this bill was only temporary, as Congress began debating a more permanent bill. The Emergency Quota Act was

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often proved more hospitable, and many immigrants left London permanently. Nativism emerged in opposition to Irish and Jewish arrivals in the early 20th century. Irish immigrants in Great Britain during the 20th century became estranged from British society, something which Lucassen (2005)

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The nativists went public in 1854 when they formed the "American Party", which was especially hostile to the immigration of Irish Catholics, and campaigned for laws to require longer wait time between immigration and naturalization; these laws never passed. It was at this time that the term

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about by immigration. This, according to the populists, is about protecting the “Real America” (or “Real Britain” or “Real Poland” or “Real France” or “Real Hungary”) from imported influences that are destroying the values and cultures that have made their countries great.

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The term "nativism" was first used by 1844: "Thousands were Naturalized expressly to oppose Nativism, and voted the Polk ticket mainly to that end." Nativism gained its name from the "Native American" parties of the 1840s and 1850s. In this context "Native" does not mean

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calls on the society and government to defend and promote the nation's cultural heritage. Betz argues that economic and welfare themes were historically dominant, but that since the 1990s symbolic nativism has become the focus of radical right-wing populist mobilization.

1289:"We must fight alienism and selfish ecclesiasticism.... The parents, the pastors and the church have entered into a conspiracy to darken the understanding of the children, who are denied by cupidity and bigotry the privilege of even the free schools of the state." 1147:

has suggested that American nativism has been explained primarily in psychological and economic terms due to the neglect of a crucial cultural and ethnic dimension. Furthermore, Kauffman claims that American nativism cannot be understood without reference to an

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movement formed in the 1970s and continues to the present day. Prominent members often press for massive, sometimes total, reductions in immigration levels. American nativist sentiment experienced a resurgence in the late 20th century, this time directed at

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wrote in 2002 he saw "unmistakable evidences of a growing differentiation between the cultures, respectively, of large southern and southwestern regions of this country, on the one hand", and those of "some northern regions". In the former, he warned:

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Hostility of native-born Canadians to competition from English immigrants in the early 20th century was expressed in signs that read, "No English Need Apply!" The resentment came because the immigrants identified more with England than with Canada.

3902:(Mohr Siebeck, 1991). Patriot groups in the UK concerned with two tier policing, the erosion of British culture, mass immigration and a rapid change in demographics are often described as being far right although this is certainly not the case 1244:(1854–1896), while others especially Irish Catholics and Germans, were usually Democratic. Hostility toward Asians was very strong in the Western region from the 1860s to the 1940s. Anti-Catholicism experienced a revival in the 1890s in the 958:

runs the connecting, energizing force of modern nationalism. While drawing on much broader cultural antipathies and ethnocentric judgments, nativism translates them into zeal to destroy the enemies of a distinctively American way of life.

675:) until the 1970s. Taiwanese identity constructed through literature in the post-civil war period led to the gradual acceptance of Taiwan's unique political destiny. This led to a peaceful transition of power from the Kuomintang to the 3287:"Kaufmann, EP, 'American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in The "Universal" Nation, 1776-1850,' Journal of American Studies, 33 (1999), 3, Pp. 437-457 | PDF | Ethnic Groups | Nativism (Politics)" 1239:

The new Republican Party kept its nativist element quiet during the 1860s, since immigrants were urgently needed for the Union Army. European immigrants from England, Scotland, and Scandinavia favored the Republicans during the

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nations, fostered and supported family-based immigration, and thus helped Italians on their immigration trajectory, with minimal nativism. Algerian migration to France has generated nativism, characterized by the prominence of

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Employment: The belief that immigrants acquire jobs that would have otherwise been available to native citizens, limiting native employment, and the belief that immigrants also create a surplus of labor that results in lowered

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in the 2000s. A-chin Hsiau (Author of Politics and Cultural Nativism) claims the origins of Taiwanese national identity to the 1970s, when youth activism transformed society, politics and culture which some are still present.

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in December 2009, the French Interior Minister Hortefeux described the acts of antisemitism as "a poison to our republic". He also announced that he would appoint a special coordinator for fighting racism and antisemitism.

361:, a University of Georgia professor, nativism is a largely American notion that is rarely debated in Western Europe; the word originated with mid-nineteenth-century political parties in the United States, most notably the 1487:

reached wide popularity among Americans and influenced immigration policy in the 1920s. In the 1920s, a wide national consensus sharply restricted the overall inflow of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. The

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Responding to these demands, opponents of the literacy test called for the establishment of an immigration commission to focus on immigration as a whole. The United States Immigration Commission, also known as the

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Many Australians opposed the influx of Chinese immigrants at time of the nineteenth-century gold rushes. When the separate Australian colonies formed the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, the new nation adopted

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After 1905, 4000 "Kanakas" were repatriated and the remaining 2500 were pushed out of the canefields by labour unions. Doug Munro, "The Labor Trade in Melanesians to Queensland: An Historiographic Essay,"

1164:, an active Know-Nothing, was elected on the American Party ticket to Congress from Maryland. He told Congress the un-American Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the recent election of Democrat 1073:. It impacted politics in the mid-19th century because of the large inflows of immigrants after 1845 from cultures that were different from the existing American culture. Nativists objected primarily to 2852: 4295:. Examines Irish immigrants in Britain, Polish immigrants in Germany, Italian immigrants in France (before 1940), and (since 1950), Caribbeans in Britain, Turks in Germany, and Algerians in France 3217: 1483:

of the United States. In his book, Grant argued that the American racial stock was being diluted by the influx of new immigrants from the Mediterranean, Ireland, the Balkans, and the ghettos.

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to exclude workers who could not read or write their own foreign language. Congress passed literacy tests, but presidents—responding to business needs for workers—vetoed them. Senator

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had 24 hours to close their homes and businesses and move away from the Brazilian coast. The police acted without any notice. About 90% of people displaced were Japanese. To reside in

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was accused of introducing nativist themes via his controversial stances on temporarily banning foreign Muslims from six specific countries entering the United States, and erecting a

920:, Canadian naturalized citizens of German or Austrian origins were stripped of their right to vote, and tens of thousands of Ukrainians (who were born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire) 1352:

In the 1890s–1920s era, nativists and labor unions campaigned for immigration restriction following the waves of workers and families from Southern and Eastern Europe, including the

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in 1890, as the state government passed a law that threatened to close down hundreds of German-language elementary schools. Catholic and Lutheran Germans rallied to defeat Governor

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were often distrusted because of their separatist social structure, their German-language schools, their attachment to their native tongue over English, and their neutrality during

3809: 671:, Taiwan became a sanctuary for Chinese nationalists who followed a Western ideology, fleeing from communists. The new arrivals governed through the Chinese Nationalist Party ( 2171: 2738:

Sharma, Nandita. "Migrants and indigeneity: Nationalism, nativism and the politics of place." Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies. Routledge, 2019. 246-257.

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Fetzer, Joel S. (January 2000), "Economic self-interest or cultural marginality? Anti-immigration sentiment and nativist political movements in France, Germany and the USA",

1585:'s immigration policies, which it saw as a threat to transform American society. It planned to defeat leading Republicans who supported immigration programs, such as Senator 4226:

Betz, Hans-Georg. "Against the 'Green Totalitarianism': Anti-Islamic Nativism in Contemporary Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe," in Christina Schori Liang, ed.

3380:(1974); Terrence G. Wiley, "The Imposition of World War I Era English-Only Policies and the Fate of German in North America," in Barbara Burnaby and Thomas K. Ricento, eds. 778:

During World War II they were seen as more loyal to their countries of origin than to Brazil. In fact, there were violent revolts in the Japanese community of the states of

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the host German society. Lucassen found that religiosity and nationalism were more fundamental in generating nativism and inter-group hostility than the labor antagonism.

1492:, which flourished in the United States during the 1920s, used strong nativist, anti-Catholic, and anti-Jewish rhetoric, but the Catholics led a counterattack, such as in 927:

Hostility to the Chinese and other Asians was intense, and involved provincial laws that hindered immigration of Chinese and Japanese and blocked their economic mobility.

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were strong supporters of Chinese exclusion and limits on immigration, because of fears that they would lower wages and make it harder for workers to organize unions.

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Dennis Kearney, President, and H. L. Knight, Secretary, "Appeal from California. The Chinese Invasion. Workingmen’s Address," Indianapolis Times, 28 February 1878.

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Daniel Renshaw, "What Makes a 'Good' Migrant? The division of migrants into those who are of benefit to British society and those who are not has a long history."

759:, a Brazilian jurist, historian and sociologist described the Japanese immigrants as follows: "They (Japanese) are like sulfur: insoluble". The Brazilian magazine 1601:

What started five years ago as a groundswell of conservatives committed to curtailing the reach of the federal government, cutting the deficit and countering the

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and São Paulo, a subsequent debate in the population was concerned with the reasons why Brazil has such lax laws and enforcement concerning illegal immigration.

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Smith, Peter. "Recalling Bloody Monday; Events to mark 1855 anti-immigrant riots in city," The Courier-Journal, Louisville, Ky. (July 30, 2005); Crews, Clyde:

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Minkenberg, Michael. "The Radical Right and Anti-Immigrant Politics in Liberal Democracies since World War II: Evolution of a Political and Research Field."

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Hoard, a Republican, was defeated by the Democrats. A similar campaign in Illinois regarding the "Edwards Law" led to a Republican defeat there in 1890.

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services, and German Americans were forced to buy war bonds to show their patriotism. In Australia thousands of Germans were put into internment camps.

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https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/officialamerican/englishonly/#:~:text=The%20English%2Donly%20nativists%20who,English%20majority%20in%20the%20colony

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have also seen recent Hispanic immigration as creating a national identity crisis and presenting insurmountable problems for US social institutions.

529:, although the country remained home to many long-established Chinese families dating from before the adoption of White Australia. By contrast, most 4488: 3697: 2865:...it is these people – condemned as "queue-jumpers" by the public and politicians alike – who have pushed simmering resentment to boiling point. 2434: 1565:

David Mayers argues that Kennan represented the "tradition of militant nativism" that resembled or even exceeded the Know Nothings of the 1850s.

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PhD U. of California, Santa Barbara 1995. 374 pp. DAI 1996 56(8): 3277–78-A. DA9542027 Fulltext: online at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

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subsequently, some applicants were turned away. When the UK declared war on Germany in 1939, however, migration between the countries ceased.

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in 1834 (no one was injured). In the 1840s, small scale riots between Roman Catholics and nativists took place in several American cities. In

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Ross McCormack, "Cloth Caps and Jobs: The Ethnicity of English Immigrants in Canada, 1900–1914," in Jorgan Dahlie and Tissa Fernando, eds.

2737: 2259: 1671:, nativist, avowedly protectionist, and semi-isolationist party that is skeptical of immigration, free trade, and military interventionism. 1224:

in 1844, for example, a series of nativist assaults on Roman Catholic churches and community centers resulted in the loss of lives and the

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Antipathy of native-born white Australians toward British and Irish immigrants in the late 19th century was manifested in a new party, the

525:" as one of its founding principles. Under the White Australia policy, entry of Chinese and other Asians remained controversial until well 533:

were deported soon after the policy was adopted, while the remainder were forced out of the canefields where they had worked for decades.

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party, which saw Catholic immigration from nations such as Germany and Ireland as a serious threat to native-born Protestant Americans.

1578: 2954: 4493: 2176: 1232:, election-day rioters killed at least 22 people in attacks on German and Irish Catholics on 6 August 1855, in what became known as " 349:

measures. In the United States, nativism does not refer to a movement led by Native Americans, also referred to as American Indians.

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Darrell Bricker, “Next: Where to Live, What do Buy, and Who Will Lead Canada’s Future,” HarperCollins Publishers, 2020, pp. 166-167

2451: 2264: 2021: 621: 3018:"Uma análise da imigração (in) desejável a partir da legislação brasileira: promoção, restrição e seleção na política imigratória" 4583: 4568: 2166: 700: 1409: 4513: 3967: 3673: 1759:, integration was open for most Italian immigrants. The French state, which was always more of an immigration state than other 992:

Nativism was a political factor in the 1790s and in the 1830s–1850s. Nativism became a major issue in the late 1790s, when the

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Josip Kešić and Jan Willem Duyvendak, "The nation under threat: secularist, racial and populist nativism in the Netherlands,

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McLaughlin, Robert. "Irish Nationalism and Orange Unionism in Canada: A Reappraisal," Éire-Ireland 41.3&4 (2007) 80–109

2591: 1466: 1225: 4223:(Cambridge University Press; 2011) 288 pp. – examines anti-immigration activists and political candidates in 11 countries. 4647: 2156: 875: 791:

measures when Brazil declared war against Japan in August 1942. Japanese Brazilians could not travel the country without

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It affected the Japanese more harshly, because they were Asian, and thus seen as an obstacle to the whitening of Brazil.

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speakers, and the second-most of German), and were seen as particularly likely to form ghettos and to have high rates of

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2009, an estimated 631 recorded acts of antisemitism took place in France, more than the whole of 2008. Speaking to the

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pure patriotism, restrictive and selective immigration, one national public school, one flag and one language—English."

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Language: The belief that immigrants isolate themselves in their own communities and refuse to learn the local language.

419:. In situations where immigrants greatly outnumber the original inhabitants, nativists seek to prevent cultural change. 4944: 2141: 1858: 1664: 1062: 944: 804:, the Japanese had to have a safe conduct. In 1942, the Japanese community who introduced the cultivation of pepper in 537: 2401: 4375: 4292: 3426: 2244: 1257: 1117: 1021: 383:, opposition to immigration commonly arises in many countries because of issues of national, cultural, and religious 4099: 2643:

Anbinder, (2006); Barkan, (2003); Betz, (2007); Higham, (1955); Lucassen, (2005); Palmer, (1992); and Schrag, (2010)

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by trying to strictly limit immigration, and stretching the time to 14 years for citizenship. At the time of the

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Barkan, Elliott R. "Return of the Nativists? California Public Opinion and Immigration in the 1980s and 1990s."

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Modern-Day Xenophobia: Critical Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on the Roots of Anti-Immigrant Prejudice

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in the 1870s that incited attacks on the Chinese there and threatened public officials and railroad owners. The

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Patriotism: The belief that immigrants damage a nation's sense of community based on ethnicity and nationality.

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Minjoo Party, a nationalist, anti-immigration, pro-Chinese, Ukraine-indifferent, none-too-LGBT-friendly party

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Mclean, Lorna. "'To Become Part of Us': Ethnicity, Race, Literacy and the Canadian Immigration Act of 1919".

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Culture: The belief that immigrants will outnumber the native population and replace its culture with theirs.

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Charles S. Blackton, "Australian Nationality and Nativism: The Australian Natives' Association, 1885–1901,"

601:, which formerly had an ethnically Sindhi majority. Sindhis have also voiced opposition to the promotion of 4939: 4917: 4642: 4622: 4368: 3927:

Groenfeldt, D. "The future of indigenous values: cultural relativism in the face of economic development",

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D. Groenfeldt, "The future of indigenous values: cultural relativism in the face of economic development,"

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McLaughlin, Robert (Fall–Winter 2006). "Irish Nationalism and Orange Unionism in Canada: A Reappraisal".

2161: 1140: 901: 752:(in Brazil, it is regarded as usual for people of different backgrounds to marry), among other concerns. 118: 1798: 4483: 4430: 3785: 2546: 1221: 1213: 1178: 1124: 123: 4259:"Allochthons" means giving welfare benefits only to those groups that are considered to "truly belong" 1720:

making English the official language of the United States, but it received limited political support.

1156:"nativist" first appeared, as their opponents denounced them as "bigoted nativists". Former President 1127:

from the 1830s to the 1850s, primarily in response to a surge of Irish Catholic immigration. In 1836,

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American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the 'Universal' Nation, 1776–1850,

436:: The belief that immigrants do not pay enough taxes to cover the cost of the services they require. 4899: 2694: 2543:"The Rise and Fall of the New Nativism: Economic Forces, Ethnic Politics and US Immigration Policy" 2421: 2416: 2209: 1838: 1606:

legitimize people who are here illegally, either through granting them citizenship or legal status.

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settlers to be overwhelmed by newcomers who might not integrate into English culture and language.

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migrating from India entered the province, becoming a majority in the provincial capital city of

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Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran, and Dennis C. Spies, "Immigration and welfare support in Germany."

1398:, nativists in the 1920s focused their attention on Southern and Eastern Europeans due to their 1024:. In 1800, Jefferson was elected president, and removed most of the anti-immigrant legislation. 4858: 4777: 4478: 3934:

Jensen, Richard. "Comparative Nativism: The United States, Canada and Australia, 1880s–1910s,"

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Concentration Camps North America: Japanese in the United States and Canada During World War II

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Identity and Intolerance: Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and the United States

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Ceuppens, Bambi. "Allochthons, Colonizers, and Scroungers: Exclusionary Populism in Belgium,"

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White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy toward Orientals in British Columbia

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Identity and Intolerance: Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and the United States

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White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy toward Orientals in British Columbia

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Public Affairs, argues nativism is the root cause of the early 21st century wave of populism.

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Race, Radicalism, Religion, and Restriction: Immigration in the Pacific Northwest, 1890–1924.

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Do you speak American . Sea to shining Sea . Official American . English only | PBS. (n.d.).

2425: 2406: 2331: 2326: 2219: 2214: 2146: 2080: 2073: 2014: 1937: 1891: 1806: 1777: 1547:

Despite the fact that, Mexican people descend from actual natives to the region, when noting

1520: 1453:

stance in relation to the growing political, economic, and social uncertainty related to the

1450: 1391: 1316: 1097: 1005: 917: 860: 828: 459: 4508: 4390: 3228:

Douglas Bradburn, "A clamor in the public mind: Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts."

797: 4949: 4888: 4837: 4832: 4523: 4285:

The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850.

3994: 3712: 2877: 1906: 1896: 1541: 1442: 1229: 1201: 1037: 864: 816:. No single suspicion of activities of Japanese against "national security" was confirmed. 476: 299: 36: 2982:

SUZUKI Jr, Matinas. História da discriminação brasileira contra os japoneses sai do limbo

779: 740:

immigrants, who conserved their languages and cultures instead of adopting Portuguese and

52: 8: 4969: 4732: 4710: 4705: 4652: 3872:

Bich Luu Lien, "Taking the Bread Out of Our Mouths": Xenophobia in Early Modern London,"

3567: 3171:

A Flannel Shirt and Liberty: British Emigrant Gentlewomen in the Canadian West, 1880–1914

2981: 2847: 2516: 2376: 2366: 2361: 2095: 2053: 2004: 1901: 1879: 1874: 1829: 1646: 1533: 1525: 1500: 1499:

After intense lobbying from the nativist movement, the United States Congress passed the

1489: 1418: 1380:

argued the need for literacy tests, and described its implication on the new immigrants:

1069:

but rather immigrant descendants of those descended from the inhabitants of the original

976: 771: 433: 128: 77: 16:

Policy of protecting the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants

4518: 4070:

Hughey, Matthew W. 'Show Me Your Papers! Obama's Birth and the Whiteness of Belonging.'

3696:

John Cassidy, "Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. into a Populist, Nativist Party.

3477:

Pula, James (Spring 1980). "American Immigration Policy and the Dillingham Commission".

2654:"Immigration and the Welfare State in Canada: Growing Conflicts, Constructive Solutions" 1689: 4595: 4578: 4573: 4548: 4533: 4465: 4445: 4435: 4405: 4037: 3914: 3486: 3148: 3074: 2714: 2706: 2124: 2068: 2063: 1962: 1886: 1574: 1241: 1161: 1149: 972: 840: 733: 724:

In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were negative feelings toward the communities of

613: 590: 256: 169: 72: 4271:

Russians as the New Minority: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States

3034:

Carta Maior – International News Section – Brazil, hope for Haitian illegal immigrants

2955:

RIOS, Roger Raupp. Text excerpted from a judicial sentence concerning crime of racism.

473:

Environment: The belief that immigrants increase the consumption of limited resources.

4802: 4683: 4288: 4221:

Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe

4161: 4019: 3634: 3585: 3575: 3422: 3078: 2718: 2554: 2321: 2151: 2129: 2090: 2009: 1824: 1765: 1496:

in 1921, where ethnic Irish residents hanged a Klan member in front of 3,000 people.

1399: 1377: 1070: 997: 980: 856: 848: 745: 741: 729: 704: 668: 620:

separatist movement. Nativist and nationalist sentiments increased greatly after the

334: 210: 183: 4339:, by Patrick J. Buchanan, op-ed, 4 October 2006. A conservative defense of nativism. 3131:

Laviolette, Forrest E. (31 May 1944). "Two years of Japanese evacuation in Canada".

1716:

proponents in the late 20th century proposed an English Language Amendment (ELA), a

783: 767: 4853: 4737: 4678: 4668: 4345:

Videos of 2008 US Presidential Election Candidates' Positions regarding Immigration

4252: 3361: 3140: 3066: 2698: 2456: 2395: 2356: 1802: 1742: 1709: 1701: 1642: 1552: 1438: 1353: 1324: 1282: 1263: 1194: 1190: 1157: 1139:, an Order of United Americans was founded as a nativist fraternity, following the 1042: 1013: 993: 887: 836: 801: 725: 710: 530: 282: 230: 225: 194: 153: 4214:

Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States

3989:

Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States

4964: 4842: 4614: 4503: 4134: 3831: 3641: 3095:(1991), quote on pp. 23–24. Robin p 86, notes the Klan in Canada was not violent. 3040: 2542: 2297: 1842: 1705: 1611: 1513: 1446: 1365: 1361: 1320: 1109: 844: 606: 416: 235: 215: 138: 133: 113: 93: 4327:

Henry A. Rhodes, "Nativist and Racist Movements in the U.S. and their Aftermath"

4084:

Lee, Erika. "America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now."

3786:"Jews in France Feel Sting as Anti-Semitism Surges Among Children of Immigrants" 2292: 1469:. The racial concern of the anti-immigration movement was linked closely to the 1327:, targeted violence against Chinese workers, driving them out of smaller towns. 462:: The belief that immigrants are more prone to crime than the native population. 4894: 4812: 4787: 4782: 4695: 2930:"POLITICS AND CULTURAL NATIVISM IN 1970s TAIWAN: Youth, Narrative, Nationalism" 2351: 2110: 2105: 1977: 1972: 1947: 1833: 1760: 1655: 1369: 1165: 1152:

which took shape prior to the large-scale immigration of the mid-19th century.

1074: 897: 832: 824: 756: 484: 400: 380: 4034:

The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism

3321:

Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s

3262:

Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s

2710: 2686: 2578:

The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism

2553:. Research in migration and ethnic relations series. Ashgate. pp. 19–27. 819:

Nowadays, nativism in Brazil affects primarily migrants from elsewhere in the

4933: 4877: 4797: 4673: 4558: 4415: 4105: 3964:

The relationship between immigration and nativism in Europe and North America

3950:

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda

3630: 2903:

Politics and Cultural Nativism in 1970s Taiwan: Youth, Narrative, Nationalism

2039: 1987: 1967: 1957: 1756: 1480: 1373: 1332: 1328: 1233: 1197:

immigrants, who were not native at all and can hardly be called "nativists."

1186: 1144: 1143:

of the preceding spring and summer, in December 1844. The American historian

1136: 1082: 1017: 805: 586: 544: 445:

Housing: The belief that immigrants reduce vacancies, causing rent increases.

404: 330: 179: 3589: 2794:"Comparative nativism: the United States, Canada and Australia, 1880s–1910s" 2490: 1248:. It was led by Protestant Irish immigrants hostile to the Irish Catholics. 4148:

The Sash Canada Wore: A Historical Geography of the Orange Order in Canada.

4027: 3443:

At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943

2958: 2702: 2316: 2287: 2119: 2026: 1790: 1713: 1634: 1582: 1458: 1430: 1414: 1128: 1089: 1046: 792: 488: 362: 103: 4264:

Germany for the Germans?: The Political Effects of International Migration

4256: 3943:

Proving the way: conflict and practice in the history of Japanese nativism

3900:

Second chance: two centuries of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom

3845:

Germany for the Germans?: The Political Effects of International Migration

3382:

Language and Politics in the United States and Canada: Myths and Realities

3070: 3053:

The Sash Canada Wore: A Historical Geography of the Orange Order in Canada

2916:

The great exodus from China: Trauma, memory, and identity in modern Taiwan

442:: The belief that immigrants make heavy use of the social welfare systems. 4553: 3604:

Notre Dame Vs. the Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan

3456:`Traqueros': Mexican Railroad Workers in the United States, 1870 to 1930. 3110:

Enemy Aliens, Prisoners of War: Internment in Canada During the Great War

2838: 2282: 2100: 2058: 1752: 1602: 1586: 1406:

faith, and realigned their beliefs behind racial and religious nativism.

1395: 1357: 1297: 1274: 1267: 1012:, including the Alien Act, the Naturalization Act and the Sedition Act. 820: 415:

which is based on fears that immigrants will "distort or spoil" existing

396: 338: 189: 148: 108: 98: 44: 4391:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

4331: 4193:

Riots in New Brunswick: Orange Nativism and Social Violence in the 1840s

4124:

The Nativist Movement in America: Religious Conflict in the 19th Century

3672:

Jeremy W. Peters, "Obama's Immigration Action Reinvigorates Tea Party,"

3490: 3233: 636: 4863: 4720: 4715: 4700: 3152: 2827: 2441: 2304: 2046: 1755:, and French unions were willing to overcome their fear of Italians as 1205: 1113: 1050: 672: 617: 572: 342: 20: 3399:

The Oxford History of Australia: vol. 4, The Succeeding Age, 1901–1942

1633:

In his 2016 bid for the presidency, Republican presidential candidate

1296:

In 1917–1918, a wave of nativist sentiment due to American entry into

744:(so that nowadays, Brazil has the most communities in the Americas of 4755: 4688: 4543: 1926: 1659:

that Trump was transforming the GOP into a populist, nativist party:

1278: 1001: 896:

attacked and tried to politically defeat the Irish Catholics. In the

714: 388: 358: 4044:

Roads to Rome: The Antebellum Protestant Encounter with Catholicism

3144: 329:

is the political policy of promoting or protecting the interests of

4848: 4186:

Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920–1940

4096:

America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States

3093:

Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920–1940

2383: 1982: 1694: 1668: 1462: 1341: 787: 749: 526: 4305:

Rose, Richard. "The End of Consensus in Austria and Switzerland,"

1667:

and middle-class voters, seeking to remake the G.O.P. into a more

1189:. Conversely, much of the opposition to Roman Catholics came from 559:

has been described as nativist by scholars due to its support for

4822: 4792: 4233:

Betz, Hans-Georg. ""Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration"

4004:

Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in

3920:

Betz, Hans-Georg. " Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration"

3728:

The American Language: The Case Against the English-only Movement

3333:

An American Holy Land: A History of the Archdiocese of Louisville

1493: 1403: 718: 598: 287: 143: 3825:

French interior minister says anti-Semitism at an alarming level

3346:

Episode in Anti-Catholicism: The American Protective Association

3106:

Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War

2839:

Dutter, Barbie; Spillius, Alex; Chapman, Paul (30 August 2001).

2687:"Crime, Poverty, and the Economic Origins of Political Nativism" 1577:" had turned its focus away from economic issues, spending, and 809: 4817: 4058:

Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925

3356: 3354: 3188:

Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925

3175:"No English Need Apply": Or, Canada as a Field for the Emigrant 2748:

Hans-Georg Betz, "Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration"

2136: 1529: 1509: 422:

Beliefs that contribute to anti-immigration sentiment include:

408: 392: 3770:

Dominique Schnapper, "Perceptions of Antisemitism in France."

2172:

Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

1340:

begin importing Mexican railroad workers in greater numbers ("

1160:

ran on the American Party ticket for the presidency in 1856.

1751:

Once Italian workers in France had understood the benefit of

1615: 582: 4131:

Not Fit For Our Society: Immigration and Nativism in America

3351: 3015: 814:

as was done with the Japanese residents in the United States

479:: The belief that immigration contributes to overpopulation. 4314:

Unwelcome Strangers: East European Jews in Imperial Germany

4081:

Journal of American Studies, 33 (1999), 3, pp. 437–57.

3711:

Donald Brand, "How Donald Trump's Nativism Ruined the GOP"

3386:

Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity

2957:

Federal Justice of 10ª Vara da Circunscrição Judiciária de

1078: 929:

In 1942 Japanese Canadians were forced into detention camps

602: 4349:"Anti-Immigration Groups and the Masks of False Diversity" 2693:, Political Nativism in the Antebellum West (1 ed.), 2523:, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 521–522 1032: 3212:

John B. Frantz, "Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans,"

1258:

German Americans § World War I anti-German sentiment

1185:) a few Roman Catholics whose families had long lived in 1675:

Donald Brand, a professor of political science, argues:

1471:

eugenics movement that was sweeping in the United States

4179:

Patterns of Prejudice: A History of Nativism in Alberta

3305:

The life and times of John Kelly, tribune of the people

1285:. Hoard attacked German American culture and religion: 766:

Years before World War II, the government of President

585:

has seen nativist movements, promoting control for the

2787: 2785: 2447:

Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic

1629:

inclusiveness, open borders, and global participation.

4251:

Volume 49, Number 2, September 2006, pp. 147–86

3564:

Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949

2255:

Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century

1473:

during the same period. Led by Madison Grant's book,

892:

Throughout the 19th century, well into the 20th, the

4351:. False Diversity in Anti-Immigration organizations. 3016:

de Souza Rodrigues, Julia; Caballero Lois, Cecilia.

2187:

Racism against Native Americans in the United States

1421:(circa 1923). Photograph currently preserved by the 1331:, an immigrant from Ireland, led a mass movement in 931:

in response to Japanese aggression in World War II.

3661:

George Kennan and the Dilemmas of US Foreign Policy

3560:"Chapter 9: Race over Rum, Romans, and Republicans" 2782: 2240:

History of the Catholic Church in the United States

1455:

arrival of European immigrants on the American soil

4172:Equal Rights: The Jesuits’ Estates Act Controversy 4117:Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I 3535: 3533: 3378:Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I 2840: 3511:. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 2961:, November 16, 2001 (Accessed September 10, 2008) 1218:attacked and burned down a Roman Catholic convent 1008:in 1798, the Federalists and Congress passed the 4931: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3414: 2832: 1837:attributes to the deep religious divide between 1540:, as the more pressing concern. Authors such as 1135:on a nativist ticket, receiving 1,496 votes. In 1081:and also because of their supposed rejection of 387:. The phenomenon has especially been studied in 4309:Volume 11, Number 2, April 2000, pp. 26–40 4133:(University of California Press; 2010) 256 pp. 3553: 3551: 3530: 2435:Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory 1593:: "Amnesty for Millions, Tyranny for All." The 612:These nativist movements are expressed through 411:. Thus, nativism has become a general term for 3461: 1815:Nativism grew rapidly in the 1990s and since. 1663:Trump has been drawing on a base of alienated 1096:of the 1890s, the anti-Asian movements in the 4376: 4276:Finzsch, Norbert, and Dietmar Schirmer, eds. 4242:Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe 4086:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 4049:Finzsch, Norbert, and Dietmar Schirmer, eds. 3733: 3104:Frances Swyripa and John Herd Thompson, eds. 2763:Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe 2646: 2634:Volume 35, Issue 9, November 2003, pp. 917–29 2540: 2225:Religious discrimination in the United States 1177:The American Party also included many former 307: 4728:Residential segregation in the United States 4287:University of Illinois Press, 2005. 280 pp; 3959:53.3 (2021): 394–417. doi.org/10.1086/714167 3548: 2691:Inventing America's First Immigration Crisis 2572: 2570: 2260:History of antisemitism in the United States 1020:fought against the new laws by drafting the 543:Since early 2000, opposition has mounted to 4216:(Cambridge University Press, 2005). 294 pp. 3991:(Cambridge University Press, 2005). 294 pp. 2779:, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Spring, 1995), pp. 609–27 2000:History of immigration to the United States 1311:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 922:were rounded up and put in internment camps 4383: 4369: 4065:The Catholic Press and Nativism, 1840–1860 3267: 3130: 3056: 1551:, the European-American Cold-War diplomat 853:from neighbouring South American countries 314: 300: 4008:ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201 3777: 3360:Quoted on p. 388 of William Foote Whyte, 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2826:, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Mar., 1958), pp. 37–46 2624: 2620:, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 5–23 2567: 2514: 2177:Interminority racism in the United States 4146:Houston, Cecil J. and Smyth, William J. 3362:"The Bennett Law Campaign in Wisconsin," 3167:Ethnicity, Power, and Politics in Canada 2927: 2882:"No, Kim Hasn't Given Up on Unification" 2589: 2452:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East 2402:List of conspiracy theories#Antisemitism 2265:History of the Jews in the United States 2022:Illegal immigration to the United States 1688: 1417:talking to PI reporter Robert Berman in 1408: 1304: 1031: 863:and considerable illegal immigration to 622:independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan 499: 3810:Anti-semitism is making a loud comeback 3557: 3051:Cecil J. Houston and William J. Smyth, 2870: 2618:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 2545:. In Han Entzinger; Marco Martiniello; 2167:Race and ethnicity in the United States 1479:nativists grew more concerned with the 1251: 1226:professionalization of the police force 1181:who ignored nativism, and included (in 996:expressed its strong opposition to the 971:shown by English colonists against the 701:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 4932: 4060:(1955), the standard scholarly history 3876:(July 2000), Vol. 19 Issue 2, pp. 1–22 3772:Antisemitism in the Contemporary World 3539: 2964: 2791: 2684: 2615: 2521:Encyclopedia of American Urban History 2050:, a German term for a dominant culture 1433:developed an explicitly nativist, pro- 1319:, ethnic White immigrants, especially 4364: 4269:Chinn, Jeff, and Robert Kaiser, eds. 3783: 2986:Folha de S.Paulo, 20 de abril de 2008 2876: 2842:"Boat people facing a wave of hatred" 2609: 2235:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 1799:Antisemitism in Germany § Hitler 1429:Between the 1920s and the 1930s, the 605:, as opposed to their native tongue, 4912: 4188:(University of Toronto Press, 1992); 4006:A companion to American immigration, 3936:Canadian Journal for Social Research 3476: 3303:Quoted in James Fairfax McLaughlin, 2948: 2928:Brasnett, Jonathan (17 March 2022). 2855:from the original on 12 January 2022 2551:Migration between states and Markets 1589:. A typical slogan appeared in the 1549:Mexican immigration in the Southwest 949:According to the American historian 851:), Spanish-speakers and Amerindians 631: 589:over their homeland. After the 1947 4733:Segregation academy (United States) 4648:Sex segregation in public restrooms 3401:(1993), pp. 153–55; Jurgen Tampke, 2918:(Cambridge University Press, 2020). 2157:Discrimination in the United States 1917:Radicalization in the United States 855:and, especially, West Africans and 13: 3981: 2988:(visitado em 17 de agosto de 2008) 2905:(Columbia University Press, 2021). 2142:Discrimination based on skin color 1859:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom 1053:(1943), founder and bishop of the 945:Nativism in United States politics 547:arriving in boats from Indonesia. 14: 4981: 4320: 3915:Xenophobia § Further reading 3784:Smith, Craig S. (26 March 2006). 3503: 3418:The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 3275:The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860 2250:African American–Jewish relations 2245:Antisemitism in the United States 1818: 1700:American nativists have promoted 1610:Political scientist and pollster 1022:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 987: 4911: 4883: 4882: 2412:White genocide conspiracy theory 2182:Racism against African Americans 1423:Museum of History & Industry 1090:Know Nothing or "American Party" 1088:Nativist movements included the 1077:because of their loyalty to the 938: 827:(this time, mostly Muslims from 709:The Brazilian elite desired the 635: 491:the native or indigenous people. 267:White genocide conspiracy theory 51: 3908: 3892: 3879: 3866: 3850: 3837: 3818: 3803: 3764: 3751: 3720: 3705: 3690: 3681: 3666: 3653: 3624: 3609: 3596: 3497: 3448: 3435: 3408: 3391: 3370: 3338: 3325: 3313: 3297: 3279: 3254: 3238: 3222: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3159: 3115: 3098: 3085: 3045: 3024: 3009: 2999:"Memória da Imigração Japonesa" 2991: 2921: 2908: 2895: 2816: 2792:Jensen, Richard (Spring 2009). 2768: 2755: 2742: 2731: 2678: 2590:Friedman, Uri (11 April 2017). 2337:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 2310:Xenophobia in the United States 1568: 1347: 1246:American Protective Association 1123:Nativist outbursts occurred in 962: 563:and opposition to immigration. 538:Australian Natives' Association 504: 4357:, Conservative Heritage Times. 4195:(Univ of Toronto Press, 1993). 3931:, 35#9 (2003), pp. 917–29 3774:(Routledge, 2021) pp. 261-272. 2637: 2583: 2534: 2508: 2483: 2230:Anti-Catholicism#United States 1855:History of the Jews in England 1536:, principally from across the 1315:In the 1870s and 1880s in the 1108:", by which the government of 1094:Immigration Restriction League 550: 1: 4298:Liang, Christina Schori, ed. 3938:(2010) vol 3#1 pp. 45–55 3506:"The Restriction Immigration" 3365:Wisconsin Magazine Of History 3173:(1982) p. xx; Basil Stewart, 2934:Pacific Affairs (UBC Journal) 2477: 1943:Criticism of multiculturalism 1922:Radical right (United States) 1485:The Passing of the Great Race 1476:The Passing of the Great Race 1337:Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 1277:caused a political uproar in 1262:From the 1840s to the 1920s, 1106:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 1102:Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 713:of the country, similarly to 352: 252:Criticism of multiculturalism 3858:American Sociological Review 3421:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 51–57. 2491:"the definition of nativism" 2467:Racism in Muslim communities 2462:Racism in Jewish communities 2192:Racial views of Donald Trump 1457:, predominantly composed of 1027: 695:Race and ethnicity in Brazil 677:Democratic Progressive Party 509: 487:: The belief immigrants are 407:, as well as in continental 25:Native American civil rights 7: 4960:Racially motivated violence 4590:Brown v. Board of Education 4206: 4140: 4110:American Nativism 1830–1860 3898:Gerhard Hirschfeld, et al. 3572:University of Alabama Press 3367:, 10: 4 (1926–1927), p. 388 3247:(under "Nativism"), citing 3108:(1983); and Bohdan Kordan, 2162:Racism in the United States 1867: 1684: 1538:United States–Mexico border 1141:Philadelphia Nativist Riots 902:anti-Catholicism in Britain 683: 566: 341:, including the support of 10: 4986: 4499:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 4174:(1979). in late 19c Canada 4150:U. of Toronto Press, 1980. 3977:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) 3912: 3874:Immigrants and Minorities, 3454:Jeffrey Marcos Garcilazo, 3384:(1998); Russell A. Kazal, 3230:William and Mary Quarterly 2547:Catherine Wihtol de Wenden 1852: 1788: 1784: 1740: 1704:and deprecated the use of 1372:. A favorite plan was the 1308: 1255: 1222:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1214:Charlestown, Massachusetts 967:There was nativism in the 942: 885: 831:instead of overwhelmingly 823:, such as the new wave of 698: 692: 570: 513: 372: 124:Indefinite leave to remain 18: 4945:Anti-immigration politics 4872: 4746: 4661: 4613: 4544:Apartheid in South Africa 4464: 4396: 4063:Hueston, Robert Francis. 3966:(Washington press, 2012) 3647:The American Conservative 3415:John Soennichsen (2011). 3245:Oxford English Dictionary 3218:65#1 (1998), 21–34 online 2914:Dominic Meng-Hsuan Yang, 2824:Journal of Modern History 2777:Journal of Social History 2515:Goldfield, David (2007), 2342:Geography of antisemitism 2086:Opposition to immigration 1736: 1723: 1204:is often identified with 881: 688: 627: 557:Democratic Party of Korea 413:opposition to immigration 375:Opposition to immigration 368: 262:Opposition to immigration 4300:Europe for the Europeans 4228:Europe for the Europeans 3544:. Atheneum. p. 324. 3403:The Germans in Australia 2695:Fordham University Press 2422:Jews will not replace us 2417:Great Replacement Theory 2210:Religious discrimination 1848: 1718:Constitutional Amendment 1581:, and towards President 1521:immigration reductionism 870:According to the 1988's 19:Not to be confused with 4768:Anti-miscegenation laws 4603:Anti-miscegenation laws 4249:African Studies Review, 4237:(2019) 53#2 pp 111–135. 4158:Canadian Ethnic Studies 4032:Billington, Ray Allen. 3924:(2019) 53#2 pp 111–135. 3761:(2019) 53#5 pp 441-463. 3558:Feldman, Glenn (1999). 3479:Polish American Studies 3125:(1978); Roger Daniels, 2800:: 45–55. Archived from 2752:(2019) 53#2 pp 111-135. 2347:History of antisemitism 2197:Woodrow Wilson and race 1795:Islamophobia in Germany 1680:Muslims are terrorists. 1651:Journalist John Cassidy 1506:Immigration Act of 1924 1210:anti-Catholic sentiment 1131:ran unsuccessfully for 1010:Alien and Sedition Acts 770:initiated a process of 347:immigration-restriction 4859:White Australia policy 4778:Corporative federalism 4016:Social Science History 4001:Praeger, 2003. 235 pp. 3860:81.2 (2016): 242-261. 3618:Clash of Civilizations 3232:65.3 (2008): 565-600. 3169:(1981); Susan Jackel, 2936:. University of Ottawa 2888:. Busan, South Korea. 2703:10.2307/j.ctv119907b.8 2541:Max J. Castro (2004). 2389:In-group and out-group 2372:Religious antisemitism 2278:Rivers of Blood speech 2032:Persecution of Muslims 1993:Anti-Mexican sentiment 1912:Radical right (Europe) 1747:Antisemitism in France 1697: 1563: 1435:Anglo-Saxon Protestant 1426: 1387: 1175: 1168:as president, stating: 1133:Mayor of New York City 1116:to the United States. 1085:as an American ideal. 1057: 960: 894:Orange Order in Canada 872:Brazilian Constitution 516:White Australia policy 175:Immigrant assimilation 68:Immigration by country 4828:Religious intolerance 4355:A Defense of Nativism 4307:Journal of Democracy, 4257:10.1353/arw.2006.0102 4235:Patterns of Prejudice 4212:Alexseev, Mikhail A. 4115:Luebke, Frederick C. 4072:Qualitative Sociology 3995:Allerfeldt, Kristofer 3987:Alexseev, Mikhail A. 3922:Patterns of Prejudice 3913:Further information: 3889:(2017) 67#11 pp 8-11. 3759:Patterns of Prejudice 3542:Strangers in the Land 3540:Higham, John (1963). 3376:Frederick C. Luebke, 3071:10.1353/eir.2007.0009 2878:Myers, Brian Reynolds 2750:Patterns of Prejudice 2685:Ritter, Luke (2021), 2592:"What Is a Nativist?" 2426:Unite the Right Rally 2407:Stab-in-the-back myth 2332:Economic antisemitism 2327:Cultural antisemitism 2220:Religious persecution 2215:Religious intolerance 2147:Racism against Asians 2081:National conservatism 2074:Religious nationalism 2015:Identitarian movement 1892:Far-right subcultures 1853:Further information: 1807:Xenophobia in Germany 1789:Further information: 1778:World Jewish Congress 1731:Muslim fundamentalism 1692: 1558: 1467:Eastern European Jews 1412: 1392:Dillingham Commission 1382: 1305:Anti-Chinese nativism 1170: 1150:American ethnic group 1075:Irish Roman Catholics 1055:Pillar of Fire Church 1035: 1006:French First Republic 955: 886:Further information: 861:2010 Haiti earthquake 699:Further information: 571:Further information: 500:By country and region 244:Opposition and reform 4838:Second-class citizen 4833:Reservation in India 4559:United Arab Emirates 4489:Bulgaria and Romania 4343:PoliticosLatinos.com 4337:"A Nation or Notion" 4104:Leonard, Ira M. and 4074:35(2): 163–81 (2012) 4018:2003 27(2): 229–83. 3574:. pp. 160–192. 3504:Lodge, Henry Cabot. 3214:Pennsylvania History 2697:, pp. 105–147, 1907:Stochastic terrorism 1897:Right-wing terrorism 1830:English citizenship. 1526:undocumented workers 1252:Anti-German nativism 1230:Louisville, Kentucky 1202:American nationalism 1063:Indigenous Americans 1038:Guardians of Liberty 4940:Nativism (politics) 4706:Exclusionary zoning 4653:Separatist feminism 4431:Partition of Bengal 4088:19.1 (2020): 3–18. 3830:7 June 2011 at the 3568:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 2848:The Daily Telegraph 2576:Ray A. Billington, 2398:, a xenophobic slur 2377:Stereotypes of Jews 2367:Racial antisemitism 2362:Persecution of Jews 2096:Paleolibertarianism 2054:Localism (politics) 2005:Hyphenated American 1902:Religious terrorism 1880:Right-wing populism 1875:Right-wing politics 1665:white working-class 1647:illegal immigration 1573:By late 2014, the " 1561:polyglot mix-mash?" 1534:illegal immigration 1501:Emergency Quota Act 1490:Second Ku Klux Klan 1419:Seattle, Washington 1100:, resulting in the 977:Pennsylvania Colony 772:forced assimilation 593:, large numbers of 129:Migration diplomacy 78:Illegal immigration 4955:Far-right politics 4596:Massive resistance 4584:School segregation 4579:Separate but equal 4504:Dominican Republic 4406:Partition of India 4312:Wertheimer, Jack. 4266:(Greenwood, 1997). 4262:Chapin, Wesley D. 4240:Betz, Hans-Georg. 4160:2004 36(2): 1–28. 3973:Yakushko, Oksana. 3847:(Greenwood, 1997). 3843:Wesley D. Chapin, 3815:. 13 December 2009 3813:The Jerusalem Post 3790:The New York Times 3650:December 19, 2005. 3640:2010-10-26 at the 3405:(2007) pp. 120–24. 3397:Stuart Macintyre, 3344:Donald L. Kinzer, 3133:Far Eastern Survey 3039:2012-02-07 at the 2880:(3 January 2024). 2293:Supremacism#Racial 2125:Racial nationalism 2069:Racial nationalism 2064:Ethnic nationalism 1963:Ethnic nationalism 1887:Far-right politics 1698: 1575:Tea Party movement 1504:followed with the 1427: 1242:Third Party System 1162:Henry Winter Davis 1092:of the 1850s, the 1058: 1045:caricature by the 975:immigrants in the 647:. You can help by 614:Sindhi nationalism 591:Partition of India 561:Korean nationalism 527:after World War II 434:Government expense 257:Immigration reform 203:Political theories 170:Social integration 73:Immigration policy 4927: 4926: 4803:Majority minority 4684:Ethnic federalism 4466:Ethnic and racial 4426:Greece and Turkey 4042:Franchot, Jenny. 3726:Brandon Simpson, 3581:978-0-8173-8950-5 2761:Hans-Georg Betz, 2560:978-0-7546-4231-2 2322:Antisemitic trope 2152:Racism by country 2130:White nationalism 2091:Paleoconservatism 2010:Identity politics 1839:Irish Protestants 1766:Jean-Marie Le Pen 1591:Tea Party Tribune 1542:Samuel Huntington 1378:Henry Cabot Lodge 1216:, a nativist mob 1071:Thirteen Colonies 998:French Revolution 981:Benjamin Franklin 876:political parties 705:Slavery in Brazil 669:Chinese Civil War 665: 664: 531:Pacific Islanders 335:indigenous people 324: 323: 275:Causes topics 211:Civic nationalism 184:Acculturation Gap 4977: 4915: 4914: 4886: 4885: 4854:Social apartheid 4738:Social exclusion 4711:Forced migration 4679:Ethnic cleansing 4669:Auto-segregation 4411:Northern Ireland 4385: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4198:Ward, W. Peter. 4184:Robin, Martion. 4177:Palmer, Howard. 4106:Robert D. Parmet 4077:Kaufmann, Eric. 3903: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3834:14 December 2009 3822: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3709: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3474: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3374: 3368: 3358: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3307:(1885) pp 72-73 3301: 3295: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3260:Tyler Anbinder, 3258: 3252: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3220: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3119: 3113: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3049: 3043: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3001:. 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Following the 849:Mainland Chinese 802:Baixada Santista 788:Emperor Hirohito 742:Brazilian habits 711:racial whitening 660: 657: 639: 632: 343:anti-immigration 316: 309: 302: 283:Economic migrant 231:Plurinationalism 226:Multiculturalism 195:Social exclusion 162:Social processes 154:Voluntary return 55: 32: 31: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4868: 4843:Separate school 4748: 4742: 4657: 4609: 4460: 4392: 4389: 4323: 4283:Lucassen, Leo. 4209: 4143: 3984: 3941:McNally, Mark. 3917: 3911: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3832:Wayback Machine 3823: 3819: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3710: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3642:Wayback Machine 3629: 3625: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3597: 3582: 3556: 3549: 3538: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3518:on 6 March 2012 3515: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3475: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3302: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3227: 3223: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3164: 3160: 3145:10.2307/3023407 3121:W. 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R. 4168: 4154: 4151: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4129:Schrag Peter. 4127: 4120: 4113: 4102: 4092: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4056:Higham, John, 4054: 4047: 4040: 4030: 4012: 4002: 3992: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3865: 3849: 3836: 3817: 3802: 3776: 3763: 3750: 3732: 3719: 3704: 3699:The New Yorker 3689: 3680: 3675:New York Times 3665: 3659:David Mayers, 3652: 3623: 3608: 3595: 3580: 3547: 3529: 3496: 3460: 3447: 3434: 3427: 3407: 3390: 3369: 3350: 3337: 3324: 3312: 3296: 3278: 3266: 3253: 3237: 3221: 3205: 3192: 3190:(1955), p. 2. 3179: 3158: 3139:(11): 93–100. 3114: 3097: 3091:Martin Robin, 3084: 3044: 3023: 3008: 2990: 2963: 2947: 2920: 2907: 2901:A-chin Hsiau, 2894: 2869: 2831: 2815: 2804:on 3 July 2017 2781: 2767: 2754: 2741: 2730: 2711:j.ctv119907b.8 2677: 2645: 2636: 2623: 2608: 2582: 2566: 2559: 2533: 2507: 2495:Dictionary.com 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2449: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2409: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2352:Jewish history 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2242: 2237: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2149: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2111:Talibanization 2106:Pashtunization 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2056: 2051: 2043: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1980: 1978:Han chauvinism 1975: 1973:Fundamentalism 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948:Dehumanization 1945: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1894: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1850: 1847: 1834:Dutch Republic 1832:Cities in the 1820: 1819:United Kingdom 1817: 1786: 1783: 1770:National Front 1757:strikebreakers 1738: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1656:The New Yorker 1631: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1608: 1607: 1595:New York Times 1570: 1567: 1400:Roman Catholic 1370:Russian Empire 1349: 1346: 1317:Western states 1306: 1303: 1291: 1290: 1253: 1250: 1166:James Buchanan 1110:Imperial Japan 1098:Western states 1029: 1026: 989: 988:Early republic 986: 964: 961: 953:, nativism is: 943:Main article: 940: 937: 898:British Empire 883: 880: 768:Getúlio Vargas 757:Oliveira Viana 693:Main article: 690: 687: 685: 682: 663: 662: 656:September 2022 642: 640: 629: 626: 595:Muhajir people 577:The Pakistani 568: 565: 552: 549: 545:asylum seekers 514:Main article: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 493: 492: 485:Decolonization 482: 481: 480: 477:Overpopulation 474: 470:Environmental 468: 467: 466: 463: 457: 454: 448: 447: 446: 443: 437: 431: 401:United Kingdom 381:Joel S. 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Retrieved 3789: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3727: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3677:Nov 25, 2014 3674: 3668: 3660: 3655: 3645: 3635:Free Vermont 3626: 3616: 3615:Huntington, 3611: 3603: 3598: 3563: 3541: 3520:. Retrieved 3513:the original 3499: 3482: 3478: 3455: 3450: 3442: 3437: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3345: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3304: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3273:Billington, 3269: 3261: 3256: 3249:Whig Almanac 3248: 3244: 3240: 3229: 3224: 3213: 3208: 3195: 3187: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3062: 3059:Éire-Ireland 3058: 3052: 3047: 3026: 3011: 3003:the original 2993: 2983: 2959:Porto Alegre 2950: 2938:. Retrieved 2933: 2923: 2915: 2910: 2902: 2897: 2889: 2886:Sthele Press 2885: 2872: 2864: 2857:. Retrieved 2846: 2834: 2823: 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2802:the original 2797: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2749: 2744: 2733: 2722:, retrieved 2690: 2680: 2668:. 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Retrieved 2494: 2485: 2317:Antisemitism 2288:Scapegoating 2120:Qatarization 2045: 2038: 2027:Islamophobia 1953:Dominization 1862: 1823:The city of 1822: 1814: 1810: 1791:Nazi Germany 1774: 1750: 1727: 1714:English Only 1699: 1674: 1654: 1641:between the 1635:Donald Trump 1632: 1609: 1594: 1590: 1583:Barack Obama 1572: 1569:21st century 1564: 1559: 1546: 1518: 1498: 1484: 1474: 1459:Irish people 1447:anti-Italian 1431:Ku Klux Klan 1428: 1388: 1383: 1351: 1348:20th century 1314: 1295: 1292: 1272: 1261: 1238: 1199: 1176: 1171: 1154: 1129:Samuel Morse 1122: 1118:Labor unions 1087: 1059: 1047:Ku Klux Klan 1036: 991: 969:colonial era 966: 963:Colonial era 956: 948: 933: 926: 915: 910:Ku Klux Klan 907: 891: 869: 818: 793:safe conduct 777: 765: 760: 754: 723: 708: 666: 653: 649:adding to it 644: 611: 576: 554: 542: 535: 519: 505:Asia-Pacific 494: 421: 378: 363:Know Nothing 356: 326: 325: 220: 104:Repatriation 29: 4950:Nationalism 4773:Black Codes 4721:labor camps 4628:Afghanistan 3663:(1990) ch 3 3485:(1): 5–31. 3441:Erika Lee, 2859:7 September 2808:23 February 2724:13 February 2283:Saudization 2101:Pashtunwali 2059:Nationalism 1603:Wall Street 1587:John McCain 1451:anti-Jewish 1396:World War I 1358:the Balkans 1298:World War I 1275:Bennett Law 1268:World War I 1049:-affiliate 951:John Higham 918:World War I 847:(primarily 845:East Asians 821:Third World 551:South Korea 397:New Zealand 331:native-born 190:Persecution 109:Deportation 99:Citizenship 45:Immigration 4970:Xenophobia 4934:Categories 4876:See also: 4864:Xenophobia 4716:Internment 4701:Ethnocracy 4191:See, S.W. 3522:3 December 3319:Anbinder, 2851:. London. 2517:"Nativism" 2478:References 2442:Xenophobia 2424:- See the 2305:Xenophobia 2047:Leitkultur 1938:Bumiputera 1597:reported: 1528:, largely 1443:anti-Irish 1368:, and the 1309:See also: 1256:See also: 1206:xenophobia 1114:emigration 1051:Alma White 673:Kuomintang 667:After the 618:Sindhudesh 573:Sindhudesh 489:colonizing 403:, and the 353:Definition 339:immigrants 21:Indigenism 4756:Apartheid 4689:Bantustan 4574:Civil War 4398:Religious 4166:0008-3496 4024:0145-5532 3251:1845 4/2. 3079:159767979 2719:241032808 1927:Alt-right 1843:Catholics 1653:wrote in 1614:, CEO of 1579:Obamacare 1342:traqueros 1279:Wisconsin 1183:the South 1104:and the " 1028:1830–1860 1004:with the 1002:Quasi-War 833:Christian 829:Palestine 780:São Paulo 715:Argentina 624:in 1971. 510:Australia 450:Cultural 426:Economic 389:Australia 359:Cas Mudde 4889:Category 4849:Shunning 4845:(Canada) 4808:Nativism 4662:Dynamics 4539:Rhodesia 4534:Portugal 4529:Malaysia 4494:Bulgaria 4436:Portugal 4098:(2019). 3828:Archived 3795:10 April 3638:Archived 3590:40830038 3491:20148034 3129:(1993); 3055:(1980); 3037:Archived 2853:Archived 2828:in JSTOR 2601:20 March 2549:(eds.). 2500:19 March 2384:Othering 1983:Hindutva 1868:See also 1768:and his 1753:unionism 1695:Colorado 1685:Language 1669:populist 1645:to halt 1463:Italians 1415:Klansmen 1112:stopped 857:Haitians 806:Tomé-Açu 750:endogamy 746:Venetian 734:Japanese 684:Americas 616:and the 579:province 567:Pakistan 385:identity 327:Nativism 221:Nativism 37:a series 35:Part of 4918:Commons 4823:Rankism 4793:Hafrada 4747:Related 4643:Judaism 4519:Germany 4479:Bahrain 4456:Myanmar 4451:Bahrain 4244:(1994). 4100:excerpt 4036:(1964) 4010:excerpt 3929:Futures 3714:Fortune 3335:(1990). 3264:(1992). 3153:3023407 2765:(1994). 2632:Futures 2527:4 March 1785:Germany 1710:Spanish 1702:English 1530:Mexican 1494:Chicago 841:Lebanon 730:Italian 719:Uruguay 599:Karachi 440:Welfare 144:Refugee 60:General 4965:Racism 4905:racial 4900:gender 4818:Racism 4749:topics 4615:Gender 4524:Israel 4514:France 4484:Brazil 4474:Canada 4421:Serbia 4416:Israel 4316:(1991) 4302:(2007) 4291: 4280:(2002) 4273:(1996) 4230:(2007) 4207:Europe 4202:(1978) 4181:(1992) 4164: 4141:Canada 4135:online 4126:(2013) 4119:(1974) 4112:(1971) 4090:online 4067:(1976) 4053:(2002) 4046:(1994) 4038:online 4022: 3968:online 3957:Polity 3952:(2001) 3945:(2005) 3862:online 3730:(2009) 3621:(1997) 3606:(2004) 3588: 3578: 3489: 3445:(2003) 3425: 3388:(2004) 3348:(1964) 3309:online 3291:Scribd 3234:online 3177:(1909) 3151: 3112:(2002) 3077: 2940:8 July 2717: 2709: 2670:11 May 2580:(1938) 2557: 2137:Racism 1825:London 1805:, and 1737:France 1724:Europe 1706:German 1510:Mexico 1465:, and 1449:, and 1413:Three 1404:Jewish 882:Canada 798:Santos 784:Paraná 738:Jewish 736:, and 726:German 689:Brazil 628:Taiwan 607:Sindhi 430:wages. 409:Europe 399:, the 393:Canada 369:Causes 4895:caste 4623:Islam 4549:Spain 4446:Spain 3516:(PDF) 3509:(PDF) 3487:JSTOR 3149:JSTOR 3075:S2CID 2715:S2CID 2707:JSTOR 2664:(PDF) 2657:(PDF) 1849:1930s 1616:Ipsos 1228:. In 1212:. 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