99:
Buddhist context, the elephant refers to true dharma, the blind refers to those who have views opposing Buddha, the sighted person refers to the king who was Buddha in his previous life, and the clear statement of the text is that blind people cannot enter the path of true salvation, and this is stated in the text as blind people "cannot go beyond
Samsara". Only Buddhas show the path to salvation and they will provide the means to cross the Samsara river. The parable ends with a very clear analogy: The light of other teachers is like the light of a firefly, whereas the Buddha's light shines like the sun: "When that illuminator appears, the light of the firefly goes out and shines no more."
486:“The Jews split into seventy-one sects, one of which will be in Paradise and seventy in Hell. The Christians split into seventy-two sects, seventy-one of which will be in Hell and one in Paradise. I swear by the One Whose Hand is the soul of Muhammad, my nation will split into seventy-three sects, one of which will be in Paradise and seventy-two in Hell.” It was said: “O Messenger of Allah, who are they?” He said: “The main body.” (Sunan Ibn Majah 3992, Book 36, Hadith 67)
20:
76:, are destined to repeat the cycle of suffering through endless reincarnations; while those who practice the true way can reach enlightenment. Neo-Buddhist groups sometimes consider their tradition the true path to enlightenment and engage in strong evangelical efforts to influence those they consider to be in darkness. Several sects associated with
490:
that. Indeed the children of Isra'il split into seventy-two sects, and my Ummah will split into seventy-three sects. All of them are in the Fire Except one sect." He said: "And which is it O Messenger of Allah?" He said: "What I am upon and my
Companions." " (Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2641, Book 40, Hadith 36)
489:
Another version of Hadith: "Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Amr: that the
Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "What befell the children of Isra'il will befall my Ummah, step by step, such that if there was one who had intercourse with his mother in the open, then there would be someone from my Ummah who would do
482:
The hadith attributed to the prophet
Muhammad and known as the hadith of 73 sects states that there will be 73 different sects and groups within Islam and that only one of these groups will reach salvation or heaven, while the others will be destined for hell. Two separate narrations of the hadith
98:
Perry
Schmidt-Leukel pointed out that the parable about the blind, which tries to describe the elephant in Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rûmi's Mesnevi, but whose original origin is in the Buddhist Pali Canon, is more related to religious exclusivity rather than pluralism in the Buddhist context. In the
113:
Some
Christians have argued that religious pluralism is an invalid or self-contradictory concept. Maximal forms of religious pluralism claim that all religions are equally true, or that one religion can be true for some and another for others. Most Christians hold this idea to be
493:
Scholars of major
Islamic sects have commented that the sect that achieved salvation in this hadith is the sect to which they belong. For example, Abū l-Ḥusayn al-Malaṭī, ‘Abd al-Qāhir Sunni scholars such as al-Baghdādī, Abū l-Muzaffar al-Isfarā'inī, al-Shahrastānī,
542:, giving them a mission to spread the concept of monotheism. Jews do not consider their chosenness to be a mark of superiority to other nations, but a responsibility to be an example of behavior for other nations to emulate.
985:
Kadir Gömbeyaz, The
Influence of the 73 Sects Ḥadīth on the Classification of Theological Sects in Islamic Heresiographical Literature, ULUM:Journal of Religious Inquiries, 1/2 (December 2018), pp. 245–258
181:
somewhat moderates the competing claims between some churches – one can potentially repair schism. For example, the
Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches each regard the other as schismatic rather than
850:
Kadir Gömbeyaz, The
Influence of the 73 Sects Ḥadīth on the Classification of Theological Sects in Islamic Heresiographical Literature, ULUM:Journal of Religious Inquiries, 1/2 (December 2018), p.251
805:
421:
In practice, however, neither the inclusion of Jews and Christians nor militant exclusivism toward "pagans" was always practiced. Trinitarian Christians were accused of
755:
Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
142:, however, which has many different denominations, has no consistent doctrine in this regard, and has a variety of different positions regarding religious pluralism.
276:
have the approach that all religions contain the truth and lead to the same ultimate goal, some Hindus have stated that this universalism is contrary to Hinduism.
706:
970:
982:
Perry Schmidt-Leukel, Hans-Peter Grosshans and Madlen Krueger (Eds.), Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Myanmar, London-New York; Bloomsbury Academic, 2022.
437:. Jews generally fared better than Christians under Islamic rule. Jews and Christians are viewed largely favorably as compared to any other religion.
412:
religions, but an inclusivist attitude toward monotheists, including Christians and Jews. Believers in the oneness of God were given the status of
649:
Perry Schmidt-Leukel, Religious Pluralism and Interreligious Dialogue:the Gifford lectures, New York: Orbis Books-an extended edition, 2017, p.73
860:
965:
744:
689:
At least the Catholic position on the matter is clear, but with the Orthodox one less so. Many Orthodox object to the Catholic doctrines of
169:
each understands itself as the one and only original church. The claim to the title of the "one true church" relates to the first of the
72:
in an exclusivistic framework by pointing out that the implication that those who do not accept the teachings of the Buddha, such as the
673:
418:, conferring on them certain rights, including the right to practice their religions openly and not to be pressured to accept Islam.
976:
Perry Schmidt-Leukel, Buddha Mind-Christ Mind: A Christian Commentary on the Bodhicaryavatara, Leuven-Paris-Bristol: Peeters, 2019.
630:
261:
But that which clings blindly to one idea as if it were all, without logic, truth or insight, that has its origin in Darkness.
960:
943:
909:
813:
613:
309:
to Muhammad. Other Islamic books considered to be revealed by God before the Quran, mentioned by name in the Quran are the
973:, Religious Pluralism and Interreligious Dialogue:the Gifford lectures, New York: Orbis Books-an extended edition, 2017.
840:(Hadith/Tradition of Prophet) The Book on Faith: What Has Been Related About The Splitting That Will Occur In This Ummah
926:
728:
326:
108:
289:
979:
Perry Schmidt-Leukel and Joachim Gentz (Eds.), Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought, Macmillan:Palgrave, 2013.
1002:
402:
87:
are not exclusivist. For example, there are millions of Buddhists who would also consider themselves to follow
440:
The basic attitude of Muslims toward other religions are varied today, and certain Islamic nations, such as
230:
556:
166:
135:
502:, according to important Mu'tazili scholar Qāḍī 'Abd al-Jabbār the sect that achieved salvation was the
197:", which is not visible or institutional; this belief is sometimes referred to by the theological term "
1007:
119:
864:
694:
661:
Article stating that Jesus is the saviour and not Mohammed or Buddha—see second part of this article.
539:
285:
605:
170:
238:
127:
798:
Corrigan, John; Denny, Frederick; Jaffee, Martin S; Eire, Carlos (2016). "Monotheism in Islam".
146:
37:: Believers ascend into Heaven while sinners and those who reject the faith are doomed to Hell.
698:
386:
154:
597:
393:, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, encompassing everything from
73:
936:
Christianity and the World Religions: Paths of Dialogue with Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism
670:
8:
598:
561:
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57:
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were the saved sect, according to an Ismā'īlī scholar such as Abū Tammām al-Khawārizmī,
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which teaches that the true Christian Church comprises Anglican, Eastern Orthodox,
198:
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948:
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318:
273:
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Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions
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and were also sometimes treated as polytheists because of the doctrines of the
358:
342:
206:
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Testing Stark's Thesis:Is Mormonism the First New World Religion since Islam?
499:
248:
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931:
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448:, are more exclusivistic toward other religions than are others, such as
434:
389:, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following
269:
535:
527:
464:
409:
19:
861:""What Does It Mean For Jews to Be the Chosen People?" Pelaia, Ariela"
658:
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Problems of Religious Diversity. Exploring the Philosophy of Religion
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828:
743:
Frank Morales, Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu universalism –
422:
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234:
218:
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69:
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829:(Hadith/Tradition of Prophet) Tribulations:The division of nations
398:
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Frank Morales - Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu universalism
476:
414:
390:
378:
354:
338:
310:
298:
183:
178:
177:: "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church". The concept of
92:
895:. Kew, Vic: St. Hilary's Anglican Church, 1997. OCLC 38819137
571:
453:
381:
over time and consider the Quran to be the unaltered and the
362:
350:
346:
334:
314:
302:
115:
408:
Islam began its history with an exclusivist attitude toward
709:, "Two Orthodox bishops accuse the Pope of heresy" 04-15-14
515:
445:
426:
460:
385:
from Allah. Religious concepts and practices include the
161:. The Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the
797:
530:. The Jews believe the God of Abraham entered into a
48:, is the doctrine or belief that only one particular
680:
By Jason Carlson, Christian Ministries International
365:). The Quran also mentions God having revealed the
953:The Philosophical Challenge of Religious Diversity
902:Uncompleted Mission: Christianity and Exclusivism
994:
745:Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu universalism
600:The Oxford handbook of philosophy of religion
136:outside the true Church there is no salvation
16:Stance that only one spiritual belief is true
705:, among others, as heretical doctrines. See
255:यत्तु कृत्स्नवदेकस्मिन्कार्ये सक्तमहैतुकम्।
721:Religion, Identity and Conflict in Britain
595:
122:. The two largest Christian branches, the
712:
628:
749:
671:Defending Salvation Through Christ Alone
68:Some attempts have been made to portray
18:
373:. Most Muslims, however, maintain that
189:Many mainstream Protestants regard all
995:
718:
193:Christians as members of a "spiritual
258:अतत्त्वार्थवदल्पं च तत्तामसमुदाहृतम्
149:assert that they alone represent the
209:churchmanship, espouse a version of
604:. Oxford University Press. p.
322:
13:
882:
773:Esposito (2002b), pp.111, 112, 118
217:, Oriental Orthodox, Scandinavian
201:". Some other Christians, such as
80:may be included in this category.
14:
1019:
955:. Oxford University Press, 1999.
375:previous messages and revelations
719:Knight, Frances (8 April 2016).
109:Christianity and other religions
56:is true. This is in contrast to
853:
844:
833:
822:
791:
776:
767:
758:
596:Wainwright, William J. (2005).
425:because of their veneration of
290:Divisions of the world in Islam
221:, and Roman Catholic branches.
102:
921:. Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
785:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
737:
683:
664:
652:
643:
622:
589:
379:partially changed or corrupted
1:
635:, BYU Studies, archived from
629:McDermott, Gerald R. (2005),
582:
268:Although Hindu sages such as
31:
231:Hinduism and other religions
7:
557:Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
545:
224:
167:Assyrian Church of the East
83:However, many followers of
63:
10:
1024:
893:Exclusivism and the Gospel
723:. Routledge. p. 143.
509:
459:Islam does accept sincere
283:
270:Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa
251:warns against exclusivism:
228:
157:gave his authority in the
120:Principle of contradiction
106:
695:Substitutionary atonement
286:Islam and other religions
279:
171:Four Marks of the Church
130:, both claim to be the "
327:prophets and messengers
147:Christian denominations
128:Eastern Orthodox Church
764:Esposito (2002b), p.17
538:, marking them as his
266:
264:— Bhagavad Gita, 18:22
153:– the church to which
38:
1003:Christian terminology
904:. Orbis Books, 1991.
804:. Routledge. p.
699:Immaculate Conception
405:and the environment.
387:five pillars of Islam
284:Further information:
253:
229:Further information:
107:Further information:
46:religious exclusivity
42:Religious exclusivism
22:
971:Perry Schmidt-Leukel
951:, and Kevin Meeker.
473:people "of the Book"
118:impossible from the
74:Noble Eightfold Path
988:doi number and link
938:. Doubleday, 1986.
891:, and Kevin Giles.
562:Spanish Inquisition
274:Sri Ramana Maharshi
58:religious pluralism
676:2009-10-03 at the
367:Scrolls of Abraham
331:Children of Israel
325:) revealed to the
239:Āstika and nāstika
165:communion and the
39:
1008:Religious studies
961:978-0-19-512155-1
944:978-0-385-19471-6
910:978-0-88344-751-2
899:Dickson, Kwesi A.
815:978-1-317-34699-9
615:978-0-19-513809-2
577:73 Sects (Hadith)
534:with the ancient
518:believe that the
173:mentioned in the
163:Oriental Orthodox
85:Eastern religions
78:Nichiren Buddhism
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863:. Archived from
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383:final revelation
371:Scrolls of Moses
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195:Christian Church
159:Great Commission
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26:, a painting by
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703:papal supremacy
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552:One true church
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132:one true church
124:Catholic Church
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357:) revealed to
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207:Anglo-Catholic
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927:0-631-21150-0
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920:
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889:Corney, Peter
887:
886:
867:on 2017-02-22
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24:Last Judgment
21:
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865:the original
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783:"Shari'ah".
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720:
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654:
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637:the original
631:
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528:one true God
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175:Nicene Creed
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391:Islamic law
35: 1580
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932:Küng, Hans
871:2015-02-17
659:Why Jesus?
583:References
536:Israelites
465:Christians
410:polytheist
377:have been
349:) and the
691:Purgatory
450:Indonesia
203:Anglicans
184:heretical
116:logically
674:Archived
546:See also
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500:Ismailis
433:and the
423:idolatry
369:and the
294:Islamism
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225:Hinduism
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191:baptized
126:and the
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