773:
181:
Spontaneous second language acquisition (and the genesis of pidgins) involves the gradual relexification of the native or source language with target-language vocabulary. After relexification is completed, native language structures alternate with structures acquired from the target language.
205:
While the practice is most often associated with novice constructed language designers, it may also be done as an initial stage towards creating a more sophisticated language. A language thus created is known as a
777:
650:
Singler, John Victor (1996), "Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of
Haitian Creole and the Relexification Hypothesis",
1269:
39:, including basic vocabulary, with the lexicon of another language, without drastically changing the relexified language's grammar. The term is principally used to describe
202:, the term is applied to the process of creating a language by substituting new vocabulary into the grammar of an existing language, often one's native language.
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133:
was widely held in the late 1950s and the early 1960s, but it fell out of favour. It was later argued, for example, because of underlying similarities between
805:
1678:
1658:
641:
Muysken, Pieter (1981), "Halfway between
Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification", in Highfield, Arnold; Valdman, Albert (eds.),
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1383:
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218:, but the languages' grammars have diverged since then. The same process is at work in the genesis of
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1105:
850:
379:
95:
227:
965:
484:, The Language Library (6th ed.), Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, p. 412,
145:
is a substratum that was created when Fon-speaking
African slaves relexified their language with
1435:
872:
235:
596:
149:
vocabulary. However, the role of relexification in creole genesis is disputed by adherents of
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1138:
920:
862:
708:"Contraintes sur la relexification: les limites imposées dans un cadre théorique minimaliste"
523:
476:
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717:(in French), Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 245–280
404:
375:"The long agony of Hispanoromani. The remains of CalĂł in the speech of Spanish Gitanos"
150:
107:
530:, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs , De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 79–108,
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Meeting the
Computer Halfway: Language Processing in the Artificial Language Lojban
659:
603:, Oxford Paperback Reference (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 343,
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388:
239:
231:
169:, for example, have argued that the similarities in syntax reflect a hypothetical
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Psycholinguistics/Pidgins, Creoles, and Home Sign#The
Relexification Hypothesis
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442:, Change and variation in Hawaiian English, vol. 1, University of Hawaii
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110:. The language from which the lexicon is derived is called the "lexifier".
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Gamella, Juan F.; Fernández, Cayetano; Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (June 2015).
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Wittmann, Henri (1989), "Relexification et argogenèse," Communication,
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theories, arises from universal principles of simplification and
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Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press.
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its basic vocabulary with loanwords from another language.
729:
Arends, Jacques, Pieter
Muysken & Norval Smith. 1995.
945:
674:(fourth ed.), Blackwell Publishing, pp. 57–86
122:
are mixed languages that arose through relexification.
16:
Language change by vocabulary replacement or absorption
1637:
La
Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea
695:
524:"The Middle English creolization hypothesis revisited"
372:
701:(4), Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval: 335–38
451:
670:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002), "Pidgins and Creoles",
1719:
705:
173:, not the workings of relexification processes.
158:
66:Language creation and relexification hypothesis
176:
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446:
285:
601:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics
434:
340:
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643:Historicity and variation in creole studies
458:, Edinburgh University Press, p. 170,
806:
792:
706:Wittmann, Henri; Fournier, Robert (1996),
813:
753:, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
682:, Université de Besançon, Oct. 13-1, 1989
669:
478:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
309:
127:all creole languages derive their grammar
685:
680:1er Colloque international d’argotologie
591:
329:
273:
154:
1623:Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues
738:Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles.
649:
640:
585:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
559:
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471:
325:
297:
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86:takes nearly all of its lexicon from a
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744:Speer, Rob; Havasi, Catherine (2004),
652:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
425:
321:
185:
54:Relexification is not synonymous with
787:
731:Pidgins and Creoles: an introduction.
579:
528:Studies in Middle English Linguistics
760:from the original on 23 October 2014
454:A Glossary of Historical Linguistics
672:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
645:, Ann Arbor: Karoma, pp. 52–78
440:General phonology and pidgin syntax
430:, New York: Oxford University Press
13:
723:
517:from the original on 29 March 2016
14:
1739:
1630:In the Land of Invented Languages
765:
94:while its grammar comes from the
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688:"Relexification et créologenèse"
562:"Relexification: A reevaluation"
776:Learning materials related to
587:, New York: The Modern Library
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159:Wittmann & Fournier (1996)
1:
1702:List of constructed languages
713:, in Fournier, Robert (ed.),
450:; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007),
418:
58:, by which a language merely
70:Relexification is a form of
7:
569:Anthropological Linguistics
361:Section on the term "relex"
249:
177:Second language acquisition
131:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
35:changes much or all of its
10:
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526:, in Fisiak, Jacek (ed.),
341:Bickerton & Odo (1976)
286:Campbell & Mixco (2007
1707:List of language creators
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1595:
1547:
1487:
1288:
1203:
1104:
894:
883:
821:
686:Wittmann, Henri (1994),
560:DeGraff, Michel (2002),
536:10.1515/9783110814194.79
522:Danchev, Andrei (1997),
261:
1679:Interlingue/Interlingua
846:International auxiliary
664:10.1075/jpcl.11.2.02sin
363:in the Conlang Wikibook
1384:Middle-earth languages
715:MĂ©langes linguistiques
426:Bakker, Peter (1997),
351:Wittmann (1989, 1994).
1659:Esperanto/Interlingua
1560:Esperanto orthography
1139:Pan-Germanic language
921:Communicationssprache
815:Constructed languages
733:Amsterdam: Benjamins.
438:; Odo, Carol (1976),
428:A Language of Our Own
256:Stratum (linguistics)
192:constructed languages
72:language interference
1151:Pan-Romance language
1026:Latino sine flexione
214:began as a relex of
141:that the grammar of
1728:Pidgins and creoles
1168:Pan-Slavic language
736:Sebba, Mark. 1997.
186:Conlangs and jargon
1555:Constructed script
1031:Lingua Franca Nova
1011:International Sign
597:"'Relexification'"
190:In the context of
151:generative grammar
129:from the medieval
125:A hypothesis that
108:grammaticalization
27:is a mechanism of
1715:
1714:
1570:Tolkien's scripts
1543:
1542:
1260:Logopandecteision
1223:Dutton Speedwords
1156:Neolatino Romance
1036:Lingwa de planeta
610:978-0-19-920272-0
545:978-3-11-081419-4
491:978-1-4051-5296-9
465:978-0-7486-2379-2
393:10.3828/rs.2015.3
171:Universal Grammar
120:Lanc-Patuá creole
102:or, according to
56:lexical borrowing
1735:
1664:Esperanto/Novial
1488:Ritual and other
1329:Elvish languages
1250:Lingua generalis
1238:Astrolinguistics
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724:Further reading
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29:language change
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822:Classification
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780:at Wikiversity
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766:External links
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658:(2): 185–230,
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473:Crystal, David
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448:Campbell, Lyle
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380:Romani Studies
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167:DeGraff (2002)
163:Singler (1996)
143:Haitian Creole
135:Haitian Creole
84:mixed language
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25:relexification
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61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:by which one
30:
26:
22:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1565:Sitelen Pona
1436:
972:esperantidos
941:Esperanto II
863:Experimental
746:
737:
730:
714:
698:
694:
679:
671:
655:
651:
642:
600:
584:
581:Joyce, James
575:(4): 321–414
572:
568:
527:
477:
453:
439:
427:
387:(1): 53–93.
384:
378:
368:
356:
347:
336:
317:
305:
293:
281:
269:
246:vocabulary.
207:
204:
189:
180:
139:Fon language
124:
116:Media Lengua
104:universalist
69:
59:
53:
24:
18:
1647:Comparisons
1525:Palawa kani
1520:Medefaidrin
1195:Weltdeutsch
1185:Runyakitara
1173:Interslavic
1006:Interlingue
1001:Interlingua
984:Interglossa
911:Blissymbols
88:superstrate
74:in which a
60:supplements
21:linguistics
1674:Ido/Novial
1495:Balaibalan
1205:Engineered
1061:Pasilingua
951:Mundolinco
858:Engineered
627:4811330769
619:2007-34904
500:2007-52260
419:References
1548:Neography
1474:Verdurian
1444:Syldavian
1439:languages
1437:Star Wars
1431:Spocanian
1314:Brithenig
1304:Atlantean
1290:Fictional
1280:Toki Pona
1129:Eurolengo
966:Universal
926:Esperanto
898:auxiliary
886:languages
884:Specific
834:Fictional
595:(2007) ,
554:203288487
508:317317506
409:141941862
401:1528-0748
96:substrate
1722:Category
1505:Enochian
1464:Valyrian
1454:Tsolyáni
1421:Newspeak
1399:Sindarin
1334:Enchanta
1324:Dothraki
1296:artistic
1233:Kalaba-X
1178:Iazychie
1144:Tutonish
1114:Afrihili
1071:Solresol
1066:Sambahsa
1051:Nal Bino
961:Romániço
956:Reformed
936:Arcaicam
931:Adjuvilo
888:by group
829:Artistic
755:archived
635:2654835W
583:(1916),
512:archived
475:(2008),
250:See also
234:used by
226:such as
33:language
1585:Tengwar
1530:Yerkish
1510:Eskayan
1469:Venedic
1459:Utopian
1449:Teonaht
1426:Simlish
1404:more...
1389:Adûnaic
1374:Lydnevi
1354:KobaĂŻan
1349:Klingon
1228:Ithkuil
1161:Romanid
1124:Efatese
1119:Budinos
1096:VolapĂĽk
1041:Mondial
868:Musical
240:Spanish
236:Gitanos
220:jargons
196:jargons
45:creoles
41:pidgins
37:lexicon
1697:Portal
1580:Sarati
1416:Nadsat
1394:Quenya
1369:Loxian
1364:Lapine
1359:Láadan
1344:Kiliki
1319:Dritok
1294:other
1265:Lojban
1255:Loglan
1243:Lincos
1056:Novial
1016:Kotava
970:other
633:
625:
617:
607:
552:
542:
506:
498:
488:
462:
407:
399:
244:Romany
224:argots
216:Loglan
212:Lojban
200:argots
198:, and
165:, and
147:French
118:, and
112:Michif
80:creole
76:pidgin
47:, and
1596:Study
1575:Cirth
1500:Damin
1479:Wenja
1411:NaĘĽvi
1379:Mänti
1339:KÄ“len
1134:Guosa
1106:Zonal
1091:Uropi
1081:Unish
996:Intal
979:Glosa
916:Bolak
851:Zonal
758:(PDF)
751:(PDF)
711:(PDF)
691:(PDF)
565:(PDF)
515:(PDF)
482:(PDF)
405:S2CID
300::412)
288::170)
276::343)
262:Notes
208:relex
90:or a
82:or a
1535:Zaum
1190:Wede
1076:Sona
906:Babm
623:OCLC
615:LCCN
605:ISBN
550:OCLC
540:ISBN
504:OCLC
496:LCCN
486:ISBN
460:ISBN
397:ISSN
312::76)
230:, a
228:CalĂł
222:and
137:and
78:, a
1292:and
1213:aUI
1046:Neo
946:Ido
660:doi
532:doi
389:doi
98:or
19:In
1724::
1275:Ro
699:15
697:,
693:,
656:11
654:,
631:OL
629:,
621:,
613:,
599:,
573:44
571:,
567:,
548:,
538:,
510:,
502:,
494:,
403:.
395:.
385:25
383:.
377:.
328:,
324:,
194:,
161:,
157:,
153:.
114:,
51:.
43:,
23:,
807:e
800:t
793:v
662::
534::
411:.
391::
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