7085:, on-going trauma, chronic insomnia, self-hatred, nightmares, paranoia, difficulty re-establishing intimate relationships, shame, disgust, anger, and persistent fears. They could have trouble sleeping, experience changes in their appetite, or develop full-blown emotional problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, substance abuse, or dependence. Individuals who have experienced sexual assault are at risk for other day-to-day problems, including arguing with family members and having problems at work. Lack of medical psychological support resources also puts victims of war rape at further disadvantage. Refugee women are also at a disadvantage of receiving adequate assistance to deal with the psychological consequences of war rape – not only do they lack legal representation, they also may lack protection from the perpetrators of the violent act. Furthermore, there is an increase in dislike of refugees and asylum seekers which is another obstacle in the psychological healing process of victims seeking assistance outside of their countries that may still be under civil strife. Psychological support and counseling sessions given by individuals not part of the ethnic, linguistic, or community may incite difficulties in communication between patient and caregiver. As a result, adequate emotional and psychological support to the victims is not fully developed, affecting the long-term healing potential for the patient.
7200:
hampered by the lack of material resources available to the medical community on-ground. Medical practitioners and health-care workers face daunting challenges in conflict and post-conflict area. As the WHO explains, "healthcare delivery fragments and deteriorates, memory and knowledge are eroded, and power disperses". War-torn societies in immediate post-conflict zones have broken medical infrastructure such as: destroyed or partially destroyed hospitals (or clinics); non-functioning hospitals; poor, scarce or inadequate medical supplies, lack of running water, and scarce or lack of electricity. Dismantling weapons from armed rebels and other groups are prioritized in immediate post-conflict situations which in effect de-prioritizes the immediate physical and psychiatric care that war rape victims are in urgent need of. "If we do not have the capacity to prevent war, we have a collective responsibility to better understand and treat its psychiatric, medical, and social consequences." Access to psychological health services further causes inequity for survivors of war rape who are at the margins of society living in chronic poverty or located in rural regions. Healthcare and psychiatric care is a key component to the healing processes of war rape.
135:
11047:兆文毅至軍,庫車已降於雅將軍,阿克蘇亦遣人迎降。八月二十四日,兆文毅遇雅將軍偕入,傳旨斬順德訥,即前守卡縱霍集占遁去者也。逮雅將軍送京,擇城中伯克鄂對隨軍,而留哈密回目玉素富及總兵閻師相率駐兵守。時舒文襄方為兵,效力軍前,亦令留阿克蘇讚畫諸務。兆文毅即起程,有烏什城伯克霍集斯者,即前縛送達瓦齊者,遣其子呼岱巴爾氐來迎。九月朔,兆文毅至烏什,以霍集斯熟回部事,與同進葉爾羌,分遣侍衛齊淩紮布偕鄂對往撫和闐六城。十月,兆文毅至葉爾羌。其城周十餘里,霍集占已堅壁清野,凡村莊人戶悉移入。初六日,我軍分七隊進,賊兩門各出四五百騎來迎,我兵擊敗之。賊又從北門出數百騎,索倫兵然遁,賴健銳營兵數百岸然不動,我兵得以濟,又敗賊眾,賊入城不復出。兆文毅以兵少不能圍城,欲伺便取勝,乃擇有水草處結營,即所謂黑水營也。聞納、三二將軍將至,遣愛隆阿以兵八百迎之。又偵知賊蓄在城南棋盤山,欲先取之以充軍實。十三日,由城南奪橋過河,甫過四百餘兵,橋忽斷,賊出四五千騎來截,步賊萬餘在後。我兵陣而前,騎賊退,步賊以鳥槍進,我兵方擊步賊,而騎賊又從後夾攻,兼有自兩翼衝入者。兆文毅馬中槍斃,再易馬又斃,我兵為賊所截,散落成數處,人皆自為戰,無不以死自誓,殺賊無算。而我兵陣亡者亦數百人,受傷者無算,總兵高天喜、副都統三保、護軍統領鄂實、監察御史何泰、侍衛特通額俱戰歿。日暮收兵歸,護大營過河者,亦泅水歸,馬力疲乏,不能衝殺,遂掘壕結寨守。所掘壕既淺,壘亦甚低,賊可步屟入,遂日夜來攻。我兵處危地,皆死中求生,故殺賊甚力。賊懼我兵致死,欲以不戰收全功,別築一壘於壕外,為長圍守之,如梁、宋所謂夾城者。意我兵食盡當自斃也,而營中掘得窖粟數百石,稍賴以濟。賊又決水灌營,我兵泄之於下遊,其水轉資我汲飲,已而隨處掘井皆得水。又所占地林木甚多,薪以供爨,常不乏。賊以鳥槍擊我,其鉛子著樹枝葉間,每砍一樹,輒得數升,反用以擊賊,惟拒守日久,糧日乏,僅瘦駝羸馬亦將盡,各兵每乘間出掠回人充食。或有夫婦同擄至者,殺其夫,即令其妻煮之,夜則薦枕席。明日夫肉盡,又殺此婦以食,被殺者皆默然無聲,聽烹割而已。某公性最嗇,會除夕,明忠烈公瑞、常中丞鈞皆至其帳聚語,屈指軍糧,過十日皆鬼籙矣。某公慨然謂:「吾出肅州時,有送酒餚者,所餘餖飣今尚貯皮袋中,呼奴取出供一啖。」時絕糧久,皆大喜過望,既飽而去,則私謂曰:「某公亦不留此,事可知矣!」不覺泣下。蓋自十月中旬被圍,已將百日,無復生還望也。納義烈公木劄爾、三公泰亦以十三日至愛隆阿軍,聞兆文毅等戰,率二百騎衝入,為賊所殺。
4736:
Manchu banner garrisons were annihilated on 5 roads by
Russians as they suffered most of the casualties. Manchu Shoufu killed himself during the battle of Peking and the Manchu Lao She's father was killed by western soldiers in the battle as the Manchu banner armies of the Center Division of the Guards Army, Tiger Spirit Division and Peking Field force in the Metropolitan banners were slaughtered by the western soldiers. Baron von Ketteler, the German diplomat was murdered by Captain Enhai, a Manchu from the Tiger Spirit Division of Aisin Gioro Zaiyi, Prince Duan and the Inner city Legation Quarters and Catholic cathedral were both attacked by Manchu bannermen. Manchu bannermen were slaughtered by the Eight Nation Alliance all over Manchuria and Beijing because most of the Manchu bannermen supported the Boxers in the Boxer rebellion. The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders.
6771:
explanations of rape: essentialist, that view rape during war as an intrinsic part of male behavior; structuralist, that view rape as having a political component; and social constructionist, that view rape as having a particular meaning depending on context. In the structuralist framework, rape may be seen as a form of torture designed to destroy a woman's identity as a woman within a particular culture, or to destroy an ethnic community itself. She cites examples of women being raped in front of other civilians, and different groups of women being more likely to experience sexual violence. In the social constructionist framework, she cites work that argues that the act of sexual intercourse can be used to feminize one participant and masculinize another, so the rape of men can seem to damage the identity of those who are raped by feminizing them.
5094:
twice and targeted
Indonesian collaborator bureaucrats and Japanese officers in 1944. Japan killed a lot of Indonesian rebels while crushing them with deadly force. In Sukmana, Singapurna, the Tasikmalaya regency, the conservative religious teacher Kiai Zainal Mustafa told his followers that in the month when Muhammad was born they would gain divine protection when he gave a sign. In February 1943, Japanese Kempeitai caught wind of what was happening and came to the area but the roads were blocked to stop them. The Indonesian villagers and students began to fight the Japanese and seized the sabre of the Japanese chief to kill him. More Japanese arrived and 86 Japanese and 153 Indonesian villagers died in the fighting. The Japanese then arrested Zainal and 22 others for execution. Supriyadi lead a Peta mutiny against the Japanese in February 1945.
182:
4965:
3625:
6924:"To the victor go the spoils" has been a war cry for centuries, and women classed as part of the spoils of war. Furthermore, war rape has been downplayed as an unfortunate but inevitable side effect of sending men to war. Also, war rape has in the past been regarded as a tangible reward to soldiers (who were paid irregularly), and as a soldier's proof of masculinity and success. In reference to war rape in ancient times, Harold Washington argues that warfare itself is imaged as rape, and that the cities attacked are its victims. He argues that war rape occurs in the context of stereotypes about women and men, which are part of the basic belief that violent power belongs to men, and that women are its victims.
7393:
breasts, vaginas or buttocks, often during or following rape. Pregnant women were not spared from sexual violence and on many occasions victims were killed following rape. Many women were raped by men who knew they were HIV positive and it has been suggested that there were deliberate attempts to transmit the virus to Tutsi women and their families. War rape occurred all over the country and it was frequently perpetrated in plain view of others, at sites such as schools, churches, roadblocks, government buildings or in the bush. Some women were kept as personal slaves for years after the genocide, and they were eventually forced to move to neighbouring countries after the genocide along with their captors.
7262:; rape was used to terrorize the civilian population, extort money from families, and force people to flee their homes. According to a 2000 Human Rights Watch report war rape in the Kosovo War can generally be subdivided into three categories: rapes in women's homes, rapes during fighting, and rapes in detention. The majority of the perpetrators were Serbian paramilitaries, but they also included Serbian special police or Yugoslav army soldiers. Most rapes were gang rapes involving at least two perpetrators. Rapes occurred frequently in the presence, and with the acquiescence, of military officers. Soldiers, police, and paramilitaries often raped their victims in the full view of numerous witnesses.
7007:
4422:. Koxinga sent Hambroek to Fort Zeelandia demanding that he persuade them to surrender or else Hambroek would be killed when he returned. Hambroek returned to the Fort, where two of his other daughters were being held prisoner. He urged the commander of the Fort not to surrender, and returned to Koxinga's camp. He was then executed by decapitation, and in addition to this, a rumor was spread among the Chinese that the Dutch were encouraging the native Taiwanese aboriginals to kill Chinese, so Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners in retaliation, in addition to a few women and children who were also being held prisoner.
5631:
11019:黑水營之圍,孤軍陷萬里外,凡三月得全師以出,誠千古未有之奇事也。將軍兆惠既深入葉爾羌,賊眾我寡,且馬力疲不能衝殺,乃佔一村寨,掘濠築壘自守,即所謂黑水營也。所掘濠既淺,壘亦甚低,賊可步屧入,遂日夜來攻,而我兵處危地,皆死中求生,故殺賊甚力。賊懼我兵致死,欲以不戰收全功,别築一壘於濠外,爲長圍守之,如梁唐所謂夾城者,意我兵食盡,當自斃也。而營中掘得窖粟數百石,稍賴以濟。賊又決水灌營,我兵泄之於下流,其水轉資我汲飲。已而,隨處掘井皆得水。又所占地林木甚多,薪以供爨常不乏。賊以鳥槍擊我,其鉛子著枝葉間,每砍一樹輒得數升,反用以擊賊。惟拒守既久,粮日乏,僅瘦駝羸馬亦將盡。各兵每乘間出掠回人充食。或有夫婦同掠至者。殺其夫,即令妻煮之,夜則薦枕席。明日夫肉盡,又殺此婦以食。被殺者皆默然無聲,聽烹割而已。某公性最嗇,會除夕,明公瑞、常公鈞等皆至其帳聚語,屈指軍粮,過十日皆鬼籙矣。某公慨然謂:『吾出肅州時有送酒肴者,所餘餖飣,今尚貯皮袋中。』呼奴取出,供一啖。時絕粮久,皆大喜過望。既飽而去,則私相渭曰:『某公亦不留此,事可知矣。』不覺泣下,蓋自十月初旬被圍,至此已將百日,無復生還望也。而上已預調兵在途,富將軍、舒參贊率以進援,果毅阿公又以駝馬至,遂轉戰而入。兆將軍亦破壘而出,兩軍相遇,乃振旅歸。是役也,地在萬里之遙,圍及百日之久,不傷一人,全師而返,國家如天之福,於此可見。然向非預調索倫兵在途,將緩不及事,於此益見睿算之遠到云。其年遂盡平回地。
7916:
Department of
Peacekeeping Operations. The peacekeepers are mainly composed of military personnel (but to a less number also the police) sent by governments of various member-states. However, over the course of their involvement in the field, peacekeepers have also been accused and at times found guilty of committing rape and other forms of sexual violence to the local population, in particular to women and children. Among all international staff in the conflict zone, United Nations peacekeepers (handled by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations) have been most frequently identified as the perpetrators of rape.
8005:
dependent on the employee status of the offender. UN civilian staff and personnel have functional immunity that can only be waived by the UN Secretary-General. In the case of military personnel, they are subject to the jurisdiction of their respective sending governments. The usual practice for offending soldiers has been to repatriate the personnel and prosecute them in their home country. In several cases, punitive measures are imposed such as demotion or dishonorable dismissal. However, very few among guilty personnel have faced criminal charges in their home countries after repatriation.
6971:
this relationship and puts men in the 'receiving' role of the victim. Similarly, the 'penetrating' role of men as opposed to the 'receiving' role of women in conventional sexual intercourse illustrates this constructed power relationship. Hence, male rape victims experience the worst possible 'humiliation' with regards to the ingrained social roles they are traditionally expected to fulfill. Moreover, their stigmatization takes on particularly severe dimensions within conservative social environments in which homosexual intercourse – regardless of consent – is punished harshly. For example,
8254:, the commander did not consider the depiction of a penis appropriate on a uniform which was worn into battle. The decision was questioned by some Swedish heraldists, with Vladimir Sagerlund asserting that coats of arms which contain pictures of lions without penises were historically given to those who had betrayed the Swedish Crown. The state heraldist Henrik Klackenberg complained by stating that his heraldry unit should have been consulted before such a change was made, but he did not intend to take any legal action. The controversy attracted attention from countries around the world.
3510:. The Trial Chamber held that rape (which it defined as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive") and sexual assault constitute acts of genocide insofar as they were committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted group, as such. It found that sexual assault formed an integral part of the process of destroying the Tutsi ethnic group and that the rape was systematic and had been perpetrated against Tutsi women only, manifesting the specific intent required for those acts to constitute genocide.
8266:
5903:
7630:
7658:. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today. War rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war" by commentators. Louise Nzigire, a local social worker, states that "this violence was designed to exterminate the population." Nzigire observes that rape has been a "cheap, simple weapon for all parties in the war, more easily obtainable than bullets or bombs." The rape of men is also common. Men who admit they were raped risk
6979:, male victims of sexual violence often struggle to get proper support because they are accused of being gay. In certain cases, gender roles concerning violence and sexual conduct are so deeply ingrained that the mere existence of male rape is denied. In Nigeria, 81 per cent of people are against human rights for homosexuals. A 2021 study showed that as a result, both victims and perpetrators justify the act as a form of spiritual security which will bring the perpetrators 'physical safety, material wealth or socio-political ascendancy.'
5872:
6908:, but many studies show that war rape is more frequently perpetrated on women than men. This may be due to the reluctance of men to come forward with accusations of being raped, and also an institutional bias amongst NGOs, who frequently focus resources on female victims. However rape against women is also underreported. Perpetrators of sexual violence against women and children "commonly include not only enemy civilians and troops but also allied and national civilians and even comrades in arms."
7117:
isolation, often abandoned by their husbands and rejected by their communities The ordeal is thus not over with the survival of the act of abuse but has a long-term effect that can only to a limited extent be dealt with by the victims themselves. The process of re-victimization captures how victims of sexual violence continue to "receive additional hurt after the direct cause of victimization has disappeared" with stigmatization and exclusion being among the main sources of re-victimization.
5132:
China for sanctuary and aid from the
Chinese Communists. A French reporter was told by Vietnamese violate notables, "We know what war always is, We understand your soldiers taking our animals, our jewelry, our Buddhas; it is normal. We are resigned to their raping out wives and our daughters; war has always been like that. But we object to being treated in the same way, not only our sons, but ourselves, old men and dignitaries that we are." Vietnamese rape victims became "half insane".
4727:, went on violent rampages against Manchu civilians, looting, raping, and murdering numerous civilians they came across. The number of women who committed suicide numbered in the thousands. A western Journalist, George Lynch, said "there are things that I must not write, and that may not be printed in Great Britain, which would seem to show that this Western civilization of ours is merely a veneer over savagery." All of the eight nations in the alliance engaged in looting and war rape.
3063:, who urged soldiers to observe the rules of war, since obeying the regulations separated the "men" from the "brutes". Conquering the riches and property of an enemy was regarded as legitimate reason for war in itself. Women were included with "property", since they were considered under the lawful ownership of a man, whether a father, husband, slave master, or guardian. In this context, the rape of a woman was considered a property crime committed against the man who owned the woman.
7191:: "Underreporting of cases may be attributed to the stigma associated with rape, shame and fear of reprisal, denial that rape occurs, intimidation by many Government officials and the inability to access some conflict-affected areas". This points to another difficulty victims of war rape have to deal with at the societal level. The perpetrators of rape are often officials or otherwise affiliated with the state's institutions, which might make reporting of assaults appear useless.
4499:. After the first day of fighting was over, and the night fell, plundering started. Primarily the Imperial troops, most notably the "Clerfayt" Regiment, badly misbehaved by robbing, raping and killing. Both Imperial and Patriot sources report an astonishing lack of discipline amongst the Imperial soldiers, and that their crimes committed against civilians at the early stages of combat was a crucial factor in motivating the civilian population of Ghent to side with the rebels.
6897:
hands, the spiritual bonding of men at arms, the manly discipline of orders given and orders obeyed, the simple logic of the hierarchical command—confirms for men what they long suspect—that women are peripheral to the world that counts." She writes that rape accompanies territorial advance by the winning side in land conflicts as one of the spoils of war, and that "Men who rape are ordinary Joes, made unordinary by entry into the most exclusive male-only club in the world."
21000:
8204:
powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised, including sexual access through rape or other forms of sexual violence". War time forced prostitution takes several forms ranging from individual trafficking by armed forces to the institutionalization of the act of rape by military or civil authorities. The term 'forced prostitution' is often used in the press to refer to women and girls displaced by war who are forced to engage in prostitution to survive.
6650:
2775:
21725:
8280:
2978:
and (g) sexual torture." The data-set defines conflict-related sexual violence as the sexual violence committed by "armed actors (specifically, state militaries, rebel groups, and progovernment militias) during periods of conflict or immediately postconflict," thus excluding sexual violence by civilians. More expansive definitions may define wartime sexual violence as being committed even by civilians if the conflict creates a sense of impunity.
8219:
7696:
38:
4833:
4715:
dozens of Eight
Nations Alliance soldiers during the entire course of the Beijing occupation. Only after the Eight Nations Alliance's retreat did the mother and daughter return home, only to hang themselves from the rafters. Upon this discovery, Chongqi, out of despair, soon followed suit (Sawara 266). He hanged himself on 26 August 1900. His son, Baochu, and many other family members committed suicide shortly after (Fang 75).
5090:
Suharto also sought to silence discussion on
Japanese war crimes due to Indonesia's own war crimes in East Timor after 1975, but Indonesians started talking about Indonesian comfort women in the 1990s following the example of Korea. Mardyiem, a Javanese Indonesian comfort woman talked about what happened to her after Indonesian comfort women were interviewed by Japanese lawyers, after decades of being forced to stay silent.
7797:
Kadham Swadi interviewed an Iraqi woman raped by multiple
American soldiers, telling her to keep it a secret, saying "We have daughters and husbands. For God's sake don't tell anyone about this." She had stitches on her arm from injuries when she tried to resist the rape and these were seen by Swadi. She was held in Baghdad in November 2003 at the former police compound al-Kharkh which was used as a US military base.
5234:, Soviet soldiers, encouraged by the local Chinese population, raped and massacred over one thousand Japanese women and children. Property of the Japanese were also looted by the Soviet soldiers and Chinese. Many Japanese women married themselves to local Manchurian men to protect themselves from persecution by Soviet soldiers. These Japanese women mostly married Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (
3560:
against humanity. The indictment was confirmed by a 2001 verdict by the
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia that rape and sexual enslavement are crimes against humanity. This ruling challenged the widespread acceptance of rape and sexual enslavement of women as intrinsic part of war. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia found three Bosnian Serb men guilty of rape of
4426:
happened next: "the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and then sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the
Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands." Koxinga himself took as his concubine Hambroek's teenage daughter, a girl described by the Dutch commander Caeuw as "a very sweet and pleasing maiden".
4045:
age, sex, fortune or class. The Mongol cannibal soldiers ate the deformed and old women right away, but they gang raped
Austrian virgin girls and beautiful women to death before eating them and then cut their breasts off, reserving them for their leaders before eating the rest of their bodies according to Frenchman Ivo of Narbonne who was in the town itself before the Mongols eventually retreated to Hungary.
5726:
absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were sexually matured would be segregated ... And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those camps".
3514:
and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighboring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994". The report states that on 2 September 1998, Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, composed of Judges Laïty Kama, Presiding, Lennart Aspegren and Navanethem Pillay, found Jean Paul Akayesu guilty of 9 of the 15 counts proffered against him, including genocide,
3113:
considered war rape as an indication of a man's success in the battlefield and "opportunities to rape and loot were among the few advantages open to... soldiers, who were paid with great irregularity by their leaders.... triumph over women by rape became a way to measure victory, part of a soldier's proof of masculinity and success, a tangible reward for services rendered.... an actual reward of war".
4816:. Most of the city's 20,000 Manchus were killed. The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the revolution. The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries, while the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. The native Hui Muslims (Mohammedans) of Xi'an (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the Manchus. Some wealthy Manchus survived by being
7187:, victims "expressed dismay at the fact that they were being urged to forget what happened to them in the name of peace and reconciliation". The fear of consequences and threat of exclusion felt by the victims makes it difficult to establish clear figures of war rape incidents and to hold perpetrators accountable for the crimes they have committed, as has been claimed with regards to war rape in
5267:
there were a total of 1000 Japanese civilians, repeatedly raping 10 girls each day as recalled by Yoshida Reiko and repeatedly raped 75 Japanese nurses at the Sunwu military hospital in Manchukuo during the occupation. The Russians rejected all the pleading by the Japanese officers to stop the rapes. The Japanese were told by the Russians that they had to give their women for rape as war spoils.
3651:(2009), one in a series of resolutions which recognized the detrimental impact that sexual violence in conflict has on communities, and acknowledged that this crime undermines efforts at peace and security and rebuilding once a conflict has ended. The office serves as the United Nations' spokesperson and political advocate on conflict-related sexual violence, and is the chair of the network
11547:
7757:
5388:, where they were largely unpunished (as opposed to rapes committed in Western Europe); the overall number of rapes is difficult to establish due to the lack of prosecutions of the crime by German courts. The Wehrmacht also established a system of military brothels, in which young women and girls from occupied territories were forced into prostitution under harsh conditions. In the
7929:
rape is not part of a war strategy that contributes to fulfilling the organization's mission, but rather more as means to relieve the perpetrators' sexual urges most often related to the military culture. Apart from putting the victim under the threat of physical violence, perpetrators induce sexual acts from the victim through payment, and granting or denying humanitarian aid.
3030:, argued that the lack of explicit recognition of war rape in international law or applicable humanitarian law can not be used as a defense by a perpetrator of war rape. Laws and customs of war prohibit offenses such as "inhuman treatment" or "indecent assaults", adding to this domestic military codes and domestic civil codes (national law) may make sexual assault a crime.
6967:
family and turned away by the UN and the myriad international NGOs that are equipped, trained and ready to help women. … Often, says wives who discover their husbands have been raped decide to leave them. 'They ask me: "So now how am I going to live with him? As what? Is this still a husband? Is it a wife?" They ask, "If he can be raped, who is protecting me?"'"
6005:, Ukraine's Human Rights Commissioner, stated that sexual violence against civilians was weaponized by Russian soldiers as part of what she referred to as "genocide of Ukrainian people". According to Denisova, as of 6 April 2022, a special telephone helpline had received at least 25 reports of rape of women and girls from Bucha, aged between 14 and 24. The
8001:
own community. Second, UN higher officials previously dismissed such allegations as "boys will be boys". Third, fellow peacekeepers are accustomed to the "wall of silence" in the spirit of brotherhood characteristic of military culture but also to protect the reputation of their sending government. As a consequence, whistleblowers are often stigmatised.
7354:
number and nature of the victims as well as from the forms of rape." A 2000 report prepared by the Organisation of African Unity's International Panel of Eminent Personalities concluded that "we can be certain that almost all females who survived the genocide were direct victims of rape or other sexual violence, or were profoundly affected by it".
3296:. The tribunal, in Tokyo, prosecuted cases of sexual violence and war rape as war crimes under the wording "inhumane treatment", "ill-treatment", and "failure to respect family honour and rights". According to the prosecution, in excess of 20,000 women and girls were raped during the first weeks of the Japanese occupation of the Chinese city of
13219:
4696:(Fleming 84). Later in the war Yulu perished in the battle for Yangcun. When Beijing fell, the Allies abducted all seven of his daughters and then sent them to the Heavenly Palace in Beijing where they were violated repeatedly. Then they were held captive as sex slaves for the soldiers in one of the rape-manors mentioned above (Sawara 268).
13149:
7947:, where peacekeepers were found to regularly visit a Serb-run brothel in Sarajevo that housed Bosniak and Croat women who were forced to become prostitutes. According to the Outlook, sexual misconduct by Indian soldiers and officers on UN duty in Congo raised disturbing questions. In the early twenty-first century, several UN soldiers in
7976:. The investigation resulted in the jailing of six Nepalese troops. In Sudan, the Egyptian contingent was accused of raping six women when the civilians took shelter at the peacekeepers' headquarters in order to flee from the fighting. Allegations of rape of young women and children have also been launched against UN peacekeepers in
20042:
16063:
5263:
According to him, such accusations are refuted by the documents of the time, from which it is clear that such crimes were far less of a problem than in Germany. Asmolov further asserts that the Soviets prosecuted their perpetrators while prosecution of German and Japanese "rapists and looters" in WWII was virtually unknown.
4434:
Antonius Hambroek as concubines was featured in Joannes Nomsz's play which became famous and well known in Europe and revealed European anxieties about the fate of the Dutch women. The title of the play was "Antonius Hambroek, of de Belegering van Formoza" rendered in English as "Antonius Hambroek, or the Siege of Formosa".
13202:
7128:, as has been claimed in relation to systematic instances of rape in Rwanda and Bosnia. In this context, "rape as a weapon of war is not an individual issue, but a societal one." In a number of countries, the targeted infection of women with HIV, which creates further suffering for victims experiencing social exclusion and
13176:
7251:
in the streets, in their homes and/or in front of family members. Sexual violence occurred in multiple ways, including rape with objects, such as broken glass bottles, guns and truncheons. War rape occurred as a matter of official orders as part of ethnic cleansing, to displace the targeted ethnic group out of the region.
3178:(1863) was the first codification of the international customary laws of land war and an important step towards humanitarian law. The Lieber Code emphasized protection of civilians and stated that "all rape... prohibited under the penalty of death", which was the first prohibition of rape in customary humanitarian law.
7438:, multiple Human Rights Organizations reported cases of rape, violence and disappearance of women in the 1990s, claiming to be committed by security forces. Government officials, including the president, have denied the claims and agreed to co-operate with the investigations and prosecute whomever they find guilty. The
3564:(Bosnian Muslim) women and girls (some as young as 12 and 15 years of age), in Foča, eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina. Furthermore, two of the men were found guilty of the crime against humanity of sexual enslavement for holding women and girls captive in a number of de facto detention centres. Many of the women subsequently
5230:, Soviet and Mongolian soldiers attacked and raped Japanese civilians, often encouraged by the local Chinese population who were resentful of Japanese rule. The local Chinese population sometimes even joined in these attacks against the Japanese population with the Soviet soldiers. In one famous example, during the
7028:(FGM) and rape. In extreme instances of violent rape in war, the walls of the vagina are torn or punctured, resulting in severe pain and debilitating incontinence (urinary complications) and bowel containment. Violent rape is also a cause of obstetric fistula which is a hole in the female organ and birth canal.
3126:
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forbidden sexual assault, few prosecutions have been brought. According to Kelly Dawn Askin, the laws of war perpetuated the attitude that sexual assaults against women are less significant crimes, not worthy of prosecution. Until the early twenty-first century, war rape had been a hidden element of war.
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on the founding of Iceland, indicating that the Viking explorers had acquired wives and concubines from Britain and Ireland. Some historians dispute the Vikings' "rape and pillage" image, arguing that exaggeration and distortion in later medieval texts created an image of treacherous and brutal Northmen.
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are distinct as forms of war rape, as they entail more than the opportunistic rape by soldiers of women captives. Instead, women and girls are forced into sexual slavery, in some cases for prolonged periods. This is defined by the UN as "the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the
8000:
The most common challenge in reprimanding perpetrators is the significant underreporting of the issue mainly due to three reasons. First, the victims do not report or file complaints due to fears of revenge from the offender(s), denial of aid and the social stigma against rape victims in the victims'
7928:
Moreover, as members of their respective country's militaries, peacekeepers also carry with them in the peace operations the "hyper-masculine culture" that encourages sexual exploitation and abuse. The motivations for rape differ from the traditional perpetrators (government and rebel forces) in that
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published the "Ten Commandments", four of which portrayed Tutsi women as tools of the Tutsi community, as sexual weapons that would be used by the Tutsi to weaken and ultimately to destroy the Hutu men. Gender based propaganda also included cartoons printed in newspapers that portrayed Tutsi women as
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stands out in terms of the organised nature of the propaganda that contributed significantly to fuelling sexual violence against Tutsi women, the very public nature of the rapes and the level of brutality towards the women. Anne-Marie de Brouwer concludes that considering the massive scale and public
7239:, a series of conflicts from 1991 to 1999, have been described as "especially alarming". During the Kosovo War thousands of Kosovo Albanian women and girls became victims of sexual violence by Serbian paramilitaries, soldiers or policemen. The majority of rapes were gang rapes. Following the entry of
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reported that they had been subject to conflict-related sexual violence. Despite the popular perception that rape during conflict is primarily targeted against women, these figures show that sexual violence committed against men is not a marginal occurrence. The lack of awareness for the magnitude of
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reported being raped or sexually tortured. Stemple concludes that the "lack of attention to sexual abuse of men during conflict is particularly troubling given the widespread reach of the problem". Mervyn Christian of Johns Hopkins School of Nursing has found that male rape is commonly underreported.
6785:
argues that in modern conflicts rape is used deliberately as a military strategy. Amnesty International describes war rape as a "weapon of war" or a "means of combat" used for the purpose of conquering territory by expelling the population therefrom, decimating remaining civilians by destroying their
5603:
Soviet soldiers raped up to 800,000 Hungarian women according to Fruzsina Skrabski who made a film about the rapes and many Hungarian women became infected with STDs and became pregnant from it. Soviet veterans admitted to Skrabski that they had sex with the Hungarian women but said it was consensual
5131:
and Phu Lu, which caused 400 Vietnamese who were trained by the French to defect on 20 June 1948. Buddhist statues were looted and Vietnamese were robbed, raped and tortured by the French after the French crushed the Viet Minh in northern Vietnam in 194–1948 forcing the Viet Minh to flee into Yunnan,
5093:
Three major revolts happened against Japan by Indonesians in Java. Japanese forced Indonesians of West Java in Cirebon to hand over a massive quota of rice to the Japanese military with Japanese officers using brutality to extract even more than the official quota. The Indonesians in Cirebon rebelled
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and scholar of high standing in the Imperial Manchu court. He was also the father-in-law of the previous Emperor. His wife and one of his daughters, much like Yulu's daughters, were captured by the invading soldiers. They were taken to the Heavenly Temple, held captive and were then brutally raped by
4669:
The Allied forces would frequently capture women, no matter virtuous, wretched, old or young, and would, as much as they could, displace them to Biaobei alleys and to live in row houses there as prostitutes for the soldiery. The West end of this alley the path would have been blocked off, in order to
3852:
Rape of adult men remains one of the most closely kept secrets possibly because it was incompatible with the notion of masculinity; being sexually submissive as a man was considered utterly unmanly, even for the ancient writers. In the Greco-Roman world a "true man" could play only an active role and
3763:
journalists, who used video footage, photographs, GPS data from mobile phones and interviews with more than 150 people, there were at least seven locations where sexual assaults and mutilations of Israeli women and girls were carried out. They concluded that these were not isolated events but part of
3116:
During this period in history, war rape took place not necessarily as a conscious effort of war to terrorize the enemy, but rather as earned compensation for winning a war. There is little evidence to suggest that superiors regularly ordered subordinates to commit acts of rape. Throughout this period
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The role that Slavic women harassed by Avar warriors play in both stories may suggest that they both emerged from the same tradition.... There are however important differences between Nestor's and Fredegar's versions, which may indicate that they had access to different stages in the development of
7284:
forces conducted a sexual abuse strategy against thousands of Bosnian Muslim girls and women which became known as a "mass rape phenomenon". No exact figures on how many women and children were systematically raped by the Serb forces in various camps were established, but estimates range from 20,000
7254:
During the Bosnian War, the existence of deliberately created "rape camps" was reported. The reported aim of these camps was to impregnate the Muslim and Croatian women held captive. It has been reported that often women were kept in confinement until the late stage of their pregnancy. This occurred
7250:
It has been estimated that during the Bosnian War between 20,000 and 50,000 women were raped. The majority of the rape victims were Muslim women raped by Serbian soldiers. Although men also became victim of sexual violence, war rape was disproportionately directed against women who were (gang) raped
6998:
A 2013 study lists the physical injury to the victims of war rape as traumatic injuries, sexually transmitted diseases, maternal mortality, unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and persistent gynecological problems are of major concern. Because war rapes take place in zones of conflict, access to
6704:
experienced "sexual violence, including rape, sexualized torture, and cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment", that there are "reasonable grounds" to believe such abuse is "ongoing" and there was also "reasonable grounds to believe that conflict-related sexual violence occurred during the 7 October
5579:
describes it as the "greatest phenomenon of mass rape in history", and he has concluded that at least 1.4 million women were raped in East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia alone. According to Natalya Gesse, Soviet soldiers raped German females who were anywhere from eight to 80 years old. Soviet women
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clan, the Viceroy of the province of Zhili (present day Hebei). Yulu was on good terms with the invaders. He was a man who always sought to create good impressions, and due to this, the British Consul at Tianjin offered him asylum on board of one of Her Majesty's ships for his loyalty to the British
4394:
villages in frontier areas rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to acts of oppression, such as when the Dutch ordered that aboriginal women be turned over to them for sex, and when they demanded that deer pelts and rice be given to them by aborigines in the Taipei basin in Wu-lao-wan village,
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after the children and women tried to take refuge in the mosque. Tatar soldiers openly raped gentlewomen and virgins in public in both the small mosques and the Great Mosque. The brothers and fathers of the women were being tortured while forced to watch their female relatives get raped. The corpses
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and "slew mercilessly every Bedouin in the land and carried off their women captive". G. W. Murray said that "This drastic solution of the Bedouin question removed the pure Arab descendants of the Conquerors from the scene and so enabled the Beja to preserve themselves as an African race practically
3967:
were Scandinavians who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late 8th century to the early 11th century. Viking settlements in Britain and Ireland are thought to have been primarily male enterprises, with a lesser role for female Vikings. British Isles' women are mentioned in old texts
3803:
The practice of raping the women of a conquered group has remained a feature of warfare and conquest from the second millennium B.C. to the present. It is a social practice which, like the torture of prisoners, has been resistant to "progress", to humanitarian reforms, and to sophisticated moral and
3397:
of the 1949 Geneva Conventions provides that "violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture" and "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment" are prohibited under any circumstance whatsoever with respect
3151:
The violation of women is variously regarded as permitted or not. Those who allow it consider only the injury done to the person, which they hold it agreeable to the law of arms to inflict on anything belonging to the enemy. The other opinion is better: it takes into account not only the injury but
2977:
A prominent data-set on conflict-related sexual violence, Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC), builds on the ICC definition and covers seven forms of violence: "(a) rape, (b) sexual slavery, (c) forced prostitution, (d) forced pregnancy, (e) forced sterilization/abortion, (f) sexual mutilation,
7924:
Like traditional military ventures, peacekeepers are deployed in highly unstable areas similar to war zones, where there is absence of the rule of law, disintegration of society and great psychological and economic hardships. Having an image of wealth and authority, peacekeepers can easily exercise
7796:
in his report. US soldiers forced Iraqi male detainees at Abu Ghraib to engage in homosexual activities with each other and forced their anuses to make contact with each other's penises by piling them up on each other while their legs and hands were shackled and handcuffed. Iraqi female lawyer Amal
7325:
During the Rwandan genocide, from April until July 1994, hundreds of thousands of women and girls were raped or became the victims of other forms of sexual violence. Although no explicit written orders to commit rape and other acts of sexual violence have been found, evidence suggests that military
7093:
In addition to the physical and psychological damages resulting from rape, sexual violence in the context of war often disrupt the linkages between the rape victims and their communities. Thus, the phenomenon of war rape can structurally affect entire societies, which is closely linked to the logic
6970:
Sexual violence against men weaponizes ideas of gender and sexuality against victims, reinforcing gendered hierarchies and causing tremendous physical and mental pain to victims. Men are expected to exert violence, while women are victimized by it. In conflict situations, rape against men dissolves
6734:
of civilian areas is considered a way for soldiers to supplement their often meager income, which can be unstable if soldiers are not paid on time. Some militias that cannot afford to adequately pay their troops promote pillaging as a compensation for victory, and rape of civilians can be seen as a
5570:
war correspondent described what she had witnessed: "The Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty. It was an army of rapists." The majority of the rapes were committed in the Soviet occupation zone and an estimated two million German women were raped by Soviet soldiers.
5487:
committed at least 400 sexual offenses in Europe, including 126 rapes in the United Kingdom, between 1942 and 1945. A study by Robert J. Lilly estimates that at least a total of 14,000 civilian women in Britain, France and Germany were raped by American GIs during World War II. It is estimated that
5266:
Japanese women in Manchukuo were repeatedly raped by Russian soldiers every day including underage girls from the families of Japanese who worked for the military and the Manchukuo rail at Beian airport and Japanese military nurses. The Russians seized Japanese civilian girls at Beian airport where
4718:
Many Manchu bannermen in Beijing supported the Boxers in the Boxer Rebellion and shared their anti-foreign sentiment. The Manchu bannermen were devastated by the fighting during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion, sustaining massive casualties during the wars and subsequently being
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occurred after Uyghur women were gang raped by the servants and son of Manchu official Su-cheng. It was said that "Ush Muslims had long wanted to sleep on hides and eat their flesh" because of the rape of Uyghur Muslim women for months by the Manchu official Sucheng and his son. The Manchu Emperor
3778:
found credible evidence of "egregious human rights violations" perpetrated by the Israeli Defense Forces against Palestinian women and girls. The experts were "shocked by reports of ... deliberate targeting and extrajudicial killing” of Palestinian women and girls in Gaza. The report condemned the
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Secretary-General, Comprehensive Report Prepared Pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 59/296 on Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, Including Policy Development, Implementation and Full Justification of Proposed Capacity on Personnel Conduct Issues, 14, delivered to the General Assembly, U.N.
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KOEPANG, TIMOR 1945-10-03. TIMFORCE. TWENTY SIX JAVANESE GIRLS WHO WERE LIBERATED AT KOEPANG FROM JAPANESE BROTHELS. JUST PRIOR TO THEIR RELEASE THE JAPANESE ISSUED THEM WITH RED CROSS ARM BANDS IN AN ATTEMPT TO CAMOUFLAGE THE FOUL MANNER IN WHICH THESE GIRLS HAD BEEN USED. THESE GIRLS WILL NOW BE
7686:
had failed to protect the population from brutalisation. In 2020 the UN reported that in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a young man from Tanganyika Province was stripped naked, raped, and coerced by the Twa militia to rape his own mother. Similar violence against men and boys while in detention
7349:
made the landmark decision that the war rape during the Rwanda genocide was an element of the crime of genocide. The Trial Chamber held that "sexual assault formed an integral part of the process of destroying the Tutsi ethnic group and that the rape was systematic and had been perpetrated against
7116:
Psychosocial consequences of war rape describe how the linkages between victims and the society are altered as a result of sexual abuses during war. Both during and even more in the aftermath of conflict, when abuses become known, victims of war rape risk finding themselves in situations of social
6911:
The victims of war rape are usually "civilians", a category first recognized in the 19th century. Although war rape of women is documented throughout history, laws protecting civilians in armed conflict have tended not to recognize sexual assault on women. Even when laws of war have recognized and
5844:
The Soviet forces abducted Afghan women in helicopters while flying in the country in search of mujahideen. In November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country, including Laghman and Kama. Soviet soldiers as well as KhAD agents kidnapped young women from the
5729:
Bangladeshi women were raped during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 by the Pakistan army during night raids on villages. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents. One work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is
5209:
Some historians state that mass rapes took place during the initial phase of the occupation. For instance, Fujime Yuki has stated that 3,500 rapes occurred in the first month after American troops landed. Tanaka relates that in Yokohama, the capital of the prefecture, there were 119 known rapes in
5047:
In Java, the Japanese heavily recruited Javanese girls as comfort women and brought them to New Guinea, Malaysia, Thailand and other areas foreign to Indonesia besides using them in Java itself. When recruiting these girls, the Japanese would lie to the Javanese telling them that their girls would
5012:
professor Yoshiaki Yoshimi states there were about 2,000 centers where as many as 200,000 Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Taiwanese, Burmese, Indonesian, Timorese, Papuan, Micronesian, Dutch and Australian women were interned and used as sex slaves. There were comfort women stations in China,
4823:
A British missionary who witnessed the massacre commented that "Old and young, men and women, children alike, were all butchered ... Houses were plundered and then burnt; those who would fain have laid hidden till the storm was past, were forced to come out into the open. The revolutionaries,
4069:
During the 1241-2 Mongol invasion of Hungary, Mongol mass rapes of Hungarian women were recorded by the monk Rogerius who said they "found pleasure" in the act. The mass rapes of Hungarian women by the Mongols were recalled later when the Russian empire occupied Hungary in 1849 and when the Soviet
4044:
The Mongols invaded Hungary (Pannonia) and penetrated Austria almost to Vienna in 1241–1242. To the south of Vienna, they reached the Austrian town of Wiener Neustadt and devastated the countryside around the town, while they tortured and ate Austrian civilians indiscriminately regardless of their
3513:
In September 1999, the United Nations published a "Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide
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were by Jewish men and women. Previous war crimes trials had prosecuted for sex crimes, hence war rape could have been prosecuted under customary law and/or under the IMT (International Military Tribunals) Charter's Article 6(b): "abduction of the civilian population.... into slavery and for other
7665:
Despite the peace process launched in 2003, sexual assault by soldiers from armed groups and the national army continues in the eastern provinces of the country. Evidence of war rape emerged when United Nations troops move into areas previously ravaged by war after the peace process started. Gang
7396:
The long-term effects of war rape in Rwanda on its victims include social isolation (the social stigma attached to rape meant that some husbands left their wives who had become victims of war rape, or that the victims became unmarriageable), unwanted pregnancies and babies (some women resorted to
7353:
In his 1996 report, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Rwanda, Rene Degni-Segui stated that "rape was the rule and its absence was the exception." The report also stated that "rape was systematic and was used as a "weapon" by the perpetrators of the massacres. This can be estimated from the
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are sometimes restricted, such as their right to obtain an education and their right to be protected from discrimination and physical harm. Unwanted children who were born as a result of rape are potentially more vulnerable in both a psychological and a physical way and cases of child abandonment
6896:
was the first historian to attempt an overview of rape in war with documentation and theory. Brownmiller's thesis is that "War provides men with the perfect psychological backdrop to give vent to their contempt for women. The maleness of the military—the brute power of weaponry exclusive to their
5562:
describes how until early 1945, the abortions in Germany were illegal except for medical and eugenic reasons and so doctors opened up and started performing abortions to rape victims for which only an affidavit was requested from a woman. It was also typical that women specified their reasons for
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units, with the assistance of Wehrmacht soldiers who were stationed in territory that was under the administration of the German military; the rapes were committed against female captives before they were shot. Only one case of rape was prosecuted by a German court during the military campaign in
5270:
Soviet soldiers raped Japanese women from a group of Japanese families that were with Yamada Tami that attempted to flee their settlements in 14 August and go to Mudanjiang. Another group of Japanese women that were with Ikeda Hiroko that on 15 August tried to flee to Harbin but returned to their
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fell into the hands of American soldiers. At the time, there were only women, children and old people in the village, as all the young men had been mobilized for the war. Soon after landing, the marines "mopped up" the entire village, but found no signs of Japanese forces. Taking advantage of the
5089:
Suharto silenced public discussion in Indonesian on Japanese war crimes in Indonesia in order to stop anti-Japanese sentiment building up but it happened regardless when the movie Romusha came out in 1973 and the Peristiwa Malari (Malari affair) riots broke out in Indonesia in 1974 against Japan.
4871:
in his 1927 Freudian-oriented study, "Propaganda Technique in the World War". In September 1914, the French government set up a commission, that was also seen in Belgium to investigate reports of rape committed by German soldiers, however as historian Ruth Harris has documented the investigations
4433:
Memory of the fate of the Dutch women and of Hambroek's daughter has been kept alive through the subsequent historiography of the period, whence it has stoked various dramatised and fictionalised retellings of the story. The topic of the Chinese forcibly taking the Dutch women and the daughter of
3720:
had recommended to the U.N. Security Council earlier in 2013 (in September) that girls and women raped in war should have access to "services for safe termination of pregnancies resulting from rape, without discrimination and in accordance with international human rights and humanitarian law." In
3331:. "Nine, ten, twelve men at a time – they rape them on a collective basis." Rape was regarded by men in the Soviet army as a well-deserved form of punishment, whether the civilians had anything to do with the war or not. In total, historians estimate that over two million German women were raped.
8004:
However, if there would indeed be reports, the UN instituted the Conduct and Discipline Teams (CDTs) to conduct an investigation referring the allegations for serious offense to the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). When found guilty, the course of the specific disciplinary action is
7915:
In contemporary conflict zones, international organizations, particularly the United Nations peacekeepers, have been involved in maintaining peace and stability in the area as well as distribute humanitarian aid to the local population. At present there are 16 Peace Operations directed by the UN
6966:
reports on war rape in Uganda: " is usually denied by the perpetrator and his victim. … Survivors are at risk of arrest by police, as they are likely to assume that they're gay – a crime in this country and in 38 of the 53 African nations. They will probably be ostracised by friends, rejected by
5548:
that although the exact number of women and girls who were raped by members of the Red Army in the months preceding the capitulation, and in the years following it, will never be known, their numbers are likely to be in the hundreds of thousands, quite possibly as high as the two million victims
4925:
The sometimes widespread and systematic occurrence of war rape of enemy and allied civilians by soldiers has been documented. During World War II and in its immediate aftermath, war rape occurred in a range of situations, ranging from institutionalized sexual slavery to war rapes associated with
4664:
Indeed, it appeared common practise for the invading soldiers to capture women, regardless of class or creed, to rape them. This was done by forcing them to work as sex slaves in rape-manors they had established in the Beijing hutongs (alleys formed by siheyuan residences). This excerpt from the
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stationed in a barracks in Karasu (Black water or Heishui 黑水 in Chinese) in Yarkand cooked and ate Uyghur Muslims after butchering them. If the Manchu soldiers caught a married Uyghur Muslim couple, the Manchus would eat the Uyghur man while gang raping the Uyghur woman and then cook and eat her
4127:
wrote that Timur's Tatar soldiers committed mass rape on the native women of Aleppo, massacring their children and forcing the brothers and fathers of the women to watch the gang rapes which took place in the mosques. Ibn Taghribirdi said the Tatars killed all children while tying the women with
3162:
In the late 18th century and 19th century, treaties and war codes started to include vague provisions for the protection of women: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1785) specified that in case of war "women and children.... shall not be molested in their persons". Article 20 of the Order No. 20
7602:
said in 2008 that rape was no longer just perpetrated by combatants but also by civilians. According to UNICEF rape is common in countries affected by wars and natural disasters, drawing a link between the occurrence of sexual violence and significant uprooting of a society and the crumbling of
7199:
Disrupted healthcare sectors is a term the World Health Organization describes for medical facilities that are destroyed or partially destroyed in war torn areas. Health care facilities are essential for the establishment of support systems for rape victims. Psychological support units are also
7140:
War rape can have an equally strong and a long-lasting effect on children who are born as a result of it. On the one hand, these children may not be immediately identified and as a result, they might not find out about their origins until they reach a later point in their lives. In turn, if the
6916:
linked the hidden aspect to the largely gender-specific character of war rape – abuse committed by men against women. This gender-specific character has contributed to war rape being "narrowly portrayed as sexual or personal in nature, a portrayal that depoliticizes sexual abuse in conflict and
5725:
to carry out late-term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims was an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused
5583:
Antony Beevor estimates that up to half of all rape victims were victims of gang rapes. Naimark states that not only did each victim have to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days, it also inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation. Naimark concludes "The social
4735:
Manchu property including horses and cattle were looted while their villages were burnt by the Russian Cossacks as Manchus were driven out as refugees and slaughtered by Russian cossacks according to S. M. Shirokogoroff when he was in Heilongjiang along the Amur river garrison of Heihe (Aihun).
4425:
The surviving Dutch women and children were then enslaved, with the Dutch women being sold eventually to Chinese soldiers to become their wives, after Koxinga's commanders had thoroughly used them for their own sexual pleasures. The daily journal of the Dutch fort is the primary source for what
4365:
ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, the Qing forces enslaved all the Uyghur children and women and slaughtered the Uyghur men. Manchu soldiers and Manchu officials regularly having sex with or raping Uyghur women caused massive hatred and anger by Uyghur Muslims to Manchu rule. The
3693:
The Office has eight priority countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Central African Republic (CAR); Colombia; Côte d'Ivoire; Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); Liberia; South Sudan and Sudan. While six of the eight priority countries are in Africa, this problem is widespread and the Office of the
3559:
soldiers, policemen, and members of paramilitary groups after the takeover of the city (April 1992). The indictment was of major legal significance and was the first time that sexual assaults were investigated for the purpose of prosecution under the rubric of torture and enslavement as a crime
3112:
It is suggested that one reason for the prevalence of war rape was that at the time, military circles supported the notion that all persons, including women and children, were still the enemy, with the belligerent having conquering rights over them. In the late Middle Ages, the laws of war even
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in an attempt to regulate the conduct of armies engaged in "justifiable" wars. Salisbury believed that acts of theft and "rapine" (property crimes) should receive the most severe punishment, but also believed that obeying a superior's commands whether legal or illegal, moral or immoral, was the
7392:
Sexual violence against women and girls during the Rwandan genocide included: rape, gang rape, sexual slavery (either collectively or individually through "forced marriages"), rape with objects such as sticks and weapons often leading to the victim's death, sexual mutilation of, in particular,
4395:
sparking a rebellion in December 1652. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan aborigines and in a subsequent fight 30 aboriginals and two additional Dutch people died, after an embargo of salt and iron on Wu-lao-wan. The aboriginals were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.
3888:
Each year, the Huns came to the Slavs, to spend the winter with them; then they took the wives and daughters of the Slavs and slept with them, and among the other mistreatments the Slavs were also forced to pay levies to the Huns. But the sons of the Huns, who were raised with the wives and
3427:
Article 4 of the Fourth Geneva Convention excludes civilians under their own national authority, nationals of a state not party to the convention, neutral persons living in the belligerent nation, and allied nationals from protection under the convention. Non-protected rape victims are instead
7361:
Within the context of the Rwandan genocide, victims of sexual violence were predominantly attacked on the basis of their gender and ethnicity. The victims were mostly Tutsi women and girls, of all ages, while men were only seldom the victims of war rape. Women were demonized in the anti-Tutsi
7357:
The Special Rapporteur on Rwanda estimated in his 1996 report that between 2,000 and 5,000 pregnancies resulted from war rape, and that between 250,000 and 500,000 Rwandese women and girls had been raped. Rwanda is a patriarchal society and children therefore take the ethnicity of the father,
7167:
The societal consequences of war rape can equally have a negative impact on post-conflict reconciliation and the judicial follow-up on wartime crimes, including rape. Given the stigmatisation of victims and their isolation or fear thereof, they might prefer to remain silent with regard to the
5262:
dismisses Western accounts of Soviet violence against civilians in the Far East as exaggeration and rumor and contends that accusations of mass crimes by the Red Army inappropriately extrapolate isolated incidents regarding the nearly 2,000,000 Soviet troops in the Far East into mass crimes.
5043:
The Japanese forced Vietnamese women to become comfort women and with Burmese, Indonesian, Thai and Filipino women they made up a notable portion of Asian comfort women in general. Japanese use of Malaysian and Vietnamese women as comfort women was corroborated by many different testimonies.
3284:
According to records, at least 34 140 European women were forced to prostitution during the German occupation of their countries, along with concentration camp female prisoners. In many cases, girls and women were abducted from the streets of occupied cities during German patrols.
3100:
were prohibited by some army codes as early as the 14th century because of the tendency to create strong hostility in civilian populations and the detrimental effects to army discipline. Despite early efforts to systematize the laws of war, rape continued to be a problem in the 15th and 16th
7733:
Armed militias in Sudan's strife-torn Darfur region are continuing to rape women and girls with impunity, an expert from the United Nations children's agency said today on her return from a mission to the region. Pamela Shifman, the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) adviser on violence and sexual
7255:
in the context of a patrilineal society, in which children inherit their father's ethnicity, hence the "rape camps" aimed at the birth of a new generation of Serb children. According to the Women's Group Tresnjevka more than 35,000 women and children were held in such Serb-run "rape camps".
6770:
Inger Skjelsbæ carried out a review of 140 publications explaining wartime sexual violence. She argues that explanations must take account of the increased general risk of rape, that certain groups of women are at more risk of rape, and that men are raped. She distinguishes three classes of
20032:
16053:
7674:
as a result of particularly violent rape. Witness accounts include an instance of a woman who had the barrel of a gun inserted into her vagina, after which the soldier opened fire. Incontinence and vaginal fistula leads to the isolation of war rape victims from her community and access to
7738:(IDPs) at one camp and another settlement in North Darfur last week. "Rape is used as a weapon to terrorize individual women and girls, and also to terrorize their families and to terrorize entire communities," she said in an interview with the UN News Service. "No woman or girl is safe."
5698:
Research by the Papuan Women's Working Group together with the Asia Justice Rights (AJAR) found 4 out 10 have either experienced shootings, torture, sexual violence, arbitrary detention, husbands/family members lost or killed, husbands/family members detained, or property theft/damaging.
5048:
become waitresses and actresses. The Japanese destroyed many documents related to their rape of Indonesian Javanese girls at the end of the war so the true extent of the mass rape is uncountable, but testimony witnesses records the names and accounts of Indonesian Javanese comfort women.
4202:. Over time, some of these women, particularly those who bore children, could gain significant influence within the imperial court, although their initial capture and enslavement were marked by coercion and violence. The practice contributed to the demographic and cultural changes in the
5085:
J. F. van Wagtendonk and the Dutch Broadcast Foundation estimated a total of 400 Dutch girls were taken from the camps to become comfort women. Japanese soldiers raped Indonesian women and Dutch women in the Netherlands East Indies. Many of the women were infected with STDs as a result.
3163:(1847), a supplement to the US Rules and Articles of war, listed the following as severely punishable "Assassination, murder, malicious stabbing or maiming, rape". The Declaration of Brussels (1874) stated that the "honours and rights of the family.... should be respected" (article 38).
6957:
the rape of men during conflict relates to chronic underreporting. Although the physical and psychological repercussions from rape are similar for women and men, male victims tend to demonstrate an even greater reluctance to report their suffering to their families or the authorities.
5588:
in the fall of 1949, until, one could argue, the present." Some 90% of raped Berlin women in 1945 contracted sexually transmitted infections, and 3.7% of all children born in Germany from 1945 to 1946 had Soviet fathers. The history of the Soviet rape of German women was considered a
3526:
and of Additional Protocol II thereto. On 2 October 1998, Jean Paul Akayesu was sentenced to life imprisonment for each of the nine counts, the sentences to run concurrently. Both Jean Paul Akayesu and the Prosecutor have appealed against the judgement rendered by the Trial Chamber.
8025:
on conflict-related sexual violence, the mass rape of Rohingya girls and women were not a culmination of individual choices to rape nor an unfortunate by-product of war but a part of the Myanmar military policy strategically carried out to forcibly remove the Rohingya ethnic group.
7023:
as a result of these particularly violent instances of rape. Vaginal fistula is a medical condition of vaginal abnormality where there is hole in the vagina in close proximity to the colon (anus or rectum) or bladder. In some cases, it is a birth defect, in others it is a result of
3804:
ethical considerations. I suggest this is the case because it is a practice built into and essential to the structure of patriarchal institutions and inseparable from them. It is at the beginning of the system, prior to class formation, that we can see this in its purest essence.
3326:
The phrase "from eight to 80" was used to describe potential victims of Soviet mass-rape. "Red Army soldiers don't believe in 'individual liaisons' with German women," wrote the playwright Zakhar Agranenko in his diary when he was serving as an officer of the marine infantry in
5054:
In Bali, the Japanese sexually harassed Balinese women when they arrived and started forcing Balinese women into brothels for prostitution, with Balinese men and Chinese men used as recruiters for the Balinese women. All of the brothels in Bali were staffed by Balinese women.
7376:. Examples of gender based hate propaganda used to incite war rape included statements by perpetrators such as "You Tutsi women think that you are too good for us" and "Let us see what a Tutsi woman tastes like". Victims of war rape during the Rwandan genocide also included
5575:, based on surging abortion rates in the following months and on hospital reports written at the time, with an estimated 10,000 women dying in the aftermath. Female deaths resulting from rapes committed by Soviet soldiers stationed in Germany are estimated to total 240,000.
7901:. Taliban fighters killed and raped the female relatives of police commanders and soldiers. The Taliban also raped and killed midwives who they accused of providing reproductive health services to women in the city. One female human rights activist described the situation:
3002:, trafficking in persons when committed in situations of conflict for the purpose of sexual violence/exploitation and any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity perpetrated against women, men, girls or boys that is directly or indirectly linked to a conflict.
4190:, were frequently targeted in Ottoman raids, known as "devshirme" or through warfare. Captured individuals were often enslaved and transported to various parts of the empire. Among these captives, young women and girls were particularly sought after for inclusion in the
3716:, which supported abortion rights for girls and women raped in wars, "noting the need for access to the full range of sexual and reproductive health services, including regarding pregnancies resulting from rape, without discrimination." United Nations Secretary General
7384:
Sexual violence against men occurred significantly less frequently, but it frequently included the mutilation of their genitals, which were often displayed in public. The perpetrators of war rape during the Rwandan genocide were mainly members of the Hutu militia, the
5672:
included sexual violence and rapes directed against Vietnamese civilians by United States and South Korean troops. According to Sabine Cherenfant, "some children likely were conceived through consensual relationships" while "many children were conceived through rape".
7380:
women considered moderates, such as Hutu women married to Tutsi men and Hutu women politically affiliated with the Tutsi. War rape also occurred regardless of ethnicity or political affiliation, with young or beautiful women being targeted based on their gender only.
5748:(war heroine) is a title given, by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the women raped and tortured during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any social stigma the women might face in the society. How successful this effort was is doubtful, though.
2956:
The perpetrator invaded the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the
12699:
7951:
have been accused and convicted of raping boys as young as 14 years. In one instance, Uruguayan UN soldiers were accused in 2011 of raping a Haitian boy, sparking protests that called for the withdrawal of UN peacekeeping forces. In Congo in 2004, peacekeepers from
5525:, the Soviet occupation was accompanied by the mass rape of Polish women and girls, as well as the plunder of all private property by Soviet soldiers. Reportedly the scale of the attacks prompted communists installed by the Soviets to prepare a letter of protest to
4041:'s reign say that after a conquest, the Mongol soldiers looted, pillaged and raped. Some troops who submitted were incorporated into the Mongol system in order to expand their manpower. These techniques were sometimes used to spread terror and warning to others.
3779:“arbitrary detention” of women and children who were subjected to “inhuman and degrading treatment,” including rape, strip searches, threats of sexual violence, and other forms of sexual and psychological abuse such as withholding of food and medical treatment.
4429:
As late as 1684 some of these Dutch women were still being held captive as wives or slave concubines by the Chinese. In Quemoy a Dutch merchant was contacted and an arrangement to release the prisoners was proposed by a son of Koxinga, but it came to nothing.
7227:(ICTY) to deal openly with these abuses. The issue of rape during armed conflict was brought to the attention of the United Nations after the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, in conjunction with the Bosnian war. Reports of sexual violence during the
4622:
As British troops suppressed the rebellion, angered by reports of massacres and rapes of British civilians, reprisals were often carried out against Indian civilians, particularly at Cawnpore. Indian women were often a target of rape by the enraged soldiers.
6713:'." Consequently, later on 23 April 2024, the UN refused to acknowledge the rape allegations against Hamas and did not include the group in the blacklist of state and non-state parties guilty of sexual violence in 2023 due to the lack of credible evidence
15362:十一万人的志愿军后勤部队中,从1952年一月到十一月中,共发生自杀一百零九人,自伤的三十九人,逃亡的六百八十七人,汽车肇事压死的八十一人,压伤的九十四人,误伤的一百零八人,强奸的四十一人,通奸的五百一十四人,鸡奸的一百五十人。"金盾出版社1986年7月1版《抗美援朝战争后勤经验总结 资料选编综合类下册 (Lessons About Logistics in Resist US and Aid Korea War: Comprehensive Selected Materials Vol.2)》,P427
5255:. A foreigner witnessed Soviet troops, formerly stationed in Berlin, who were allowed by the Soviet military to go into the city of Shenyang "for three days of rape and pillage". The Soviet Army's reputation in the region was affected for years to come.
7153:
and Rwanda show how children who were born as a result of war rape and the mothers who do not want them both have to face struggles with regard to issues which are related to their identities – both in an administrative and a personal sense – and their
16167:
14137:
4369:
was preceded by another Manchu official, Binjing, who raped a Muslim daughter of the Kokan aqsaqal from 1818 to 1820. The Qing sought to cover up the rape of Uyghur women by Manchus to prevent anger against their rule from spreading among the Uyghurs.
2973:
The concept of "invasion" is intended to be broad enough to be gender-neutral and the definition is understood to include situations where the victim may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural, induced or age-related incapacity.
4731:
wrote that the behavior of the Russians and French was particularly appalling. Qing women and girls killed themselves in order to avoid being raped. The French commander dismissed the rapes, attributing them to the "gallantry of the French soldiers".
5073:
An unknown number of white females and children were either raped or sexually assaulted at various locations such as Banoeng, Padang, Tarakan, Menado, Flores island and Blora, at the beginning of the Japanese initial invasion and occupation. In the
3152:
also the act of unbridled lust and concludes that something pertaining to neither safety nor punishment should be no more lawful in war than in peace. This latter view is not the law of all nations, but it is the law of the more respectable ones.
12896:
9946:
The Avars ... did violence to the Dulebian women. When an Avar made a journey, he did not cause either a horse or a steer to be harnessed, but gave command instead that three of four or five women should be yoked to his cart and be made to draw
6722:
Wars and civil conflicts can create a "culture of violence" or a "culture of impunity" towards human rights abuses of civilians. During periods of armed conflict, there are structures, actors, and processes at a number of levels that affect the
3170:
were put in place by nations who were signatories to treaties. However, while the customs of war mandated more humane treatment of soldiers and civilians, new weapons and advanced technology increased destruction and altered the methods of war.
5218:, and resulted from that author misreading the crime figures in their source. The source states that the Japanese Government recorded 1,326 criminal incidents of all types involving American forces, of which an unspecified number were rapes.
14164:
11564:
14070:
5759:, published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes. This work has been criticized in Bangladesh and her research has been attacked by expatriate Bengalis.
4290:, many Imperial soldiers supposedly went out of control. The invading soldiers had not received payment for their service and demanded valuables from every household they encountered. There were reports of gang rapes of minors and torture.
6766:
argued that "women and girls are particularly targeted by the use of sexual violence, including as a tactic of war to humiliate, dominate, instil fear in, disperse and/or forcibly relocate civilian members of a community or ethnic group."
4910:
Although Armenian women attempted to evade sexual violence, suicide was frequently their only recourse. Women were displayed naked in Damascus, and were trafficked as sex slaves, serving as a significant revenue for accompanying soldiers.
14191:
7124:, where female sexuality is linked to male honour, virginity is a core value, and where a culture considers ethnicity transmitted through male genes. Given the ethnic dimension of sexuality, rape can become a means of ethnic cleansing or
6870:
was insignificant compared to military deaths, stating, "The women in Tigray? These women have only been penetrated by men, whereas our soldiers were penetrated by a knife." An unnamed Ethiopian general was quoted by physical geographer
10196:
6693:
5915:
8107:
A rape camp is a detention facility that is designed for or becomes a place where detainees are systematically and repeatedly raped, under the control and authority of state or non-state, armed or civilian, organisational structures.
5176:
According to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of Okinawa. However, he asserts this is probably not the true figure, as most cases were unreported.
8076:, a Tigrayan women's rights group, viewed the sexual violence as a deliberate use of rape as a weapon of war, stating "This is being done purposely to break the morale of the people, threaten them and make them give up the fight."
3147:(1625), concluded that rape (phrased as "the violation of women") "should not go unpunished in war any more than in peace", rejecting the view that it is permissible to inflict damage or harm "on anything belonging to the enemy":
12923:
6812:
In some conflicts, rape is used as a means of extracting information to force women and girls to give up the location of arms caches. In discussing gang rape as a means of bonding among soldiers, Cohen discusses the viewpoint of
4656:
The majority population of the hundreds of thousands of people living in the inner "Tartar" city of Beijing during the Qing were Manchus and Mongol bannermen from the Eight Banners after they were moved there in 1644. During the
20033:"United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Ms. Pramila Patten, urges all parties to prohibit the use of sexual violence and cease hostilities in the Tigray region of Ethiopia"
16054:"United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Ms. Pramila Patten, urges all parties to prohibit the use of sexual violence and cease hostilities in the Tigray region of Ethiopia"
5769:, London on 13 June 1971 titled "Genocide". The article was the first that exposed the brutal crackdown by the Pakistan army. It also highlighted the rape of Bihari women and other atrocities committed against them by Bengalis.
5488:
there were at least 3,500 rapes by American servicemen in France between June 1944 and the end of the war and one historian has claimed that sexual violence against women in liberated France was common. In the 2007 publication
7141:
children themselves but even more importantly, if the community knows about the 'war babies', they risk being regarded as the 'other' by the communities into which they were born. Recurring patterns in countries which include
6842:
Some political and military leaders publicly suggested during the twenty-first century that wartime sexual violence is legitimate in the sense that it is humorous, insignificant in comparison to military deaths, or expected.
7014:
War rape may include physical rape of the male organ. Gang rape and rape with human objects or physical objects, such as fists, sticks, rods, and gun barrels are also methods used in war rape. Women victims may suffer from
5997:, Ukrainian officials, rights groups, and international media reported growing evidence of sexual violence used by Russian military against Ukrainian women. Survivors of Russian occupation of the areas around Kyiv, such as
3281:: "other inhumane acts" and "enslavement". However, notwithstanding evidence of sexual violence in Europe during World War II, a lack of will led to rape and sexual violence not being prosecuted at the Nuremberg Tribunals.
6450:
2575:
4824:
protected by a parapet of the wall, poured a heavy, unceasing, relentless fire into the doomed Tartar (Manchu) city, those who tried to escape thence into the Chinese city were cut down as they emerged from the gates."
19493:
11649:
9934:
Every year, the Huns wintered with the Slavs, sleeping with their wives and daughters, and in addition the Slavs paid tribute and endured many other burdens. The sons born to the Huns by the Slavs' wives and daughters
5006:" is a euphemism for the estimated 200,000, mostly Korean, Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, Japanese, Taiwanese and Filipino women who were forced to serve as sex slaves in Japanese military brothels during World War II.
4602:
concluded that although Indian sepoys had engaged in massacres of British civilians after they captured them, there had never been one single instance of war rape committed by the sepoys. One such account published by
7651:, the prevalence and intensity of rape and other sexual violence is described as the worst in the world. A 2010 study found that 22% of men and 30% of women in Eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence.
2981:
In 2009, the UN established a mandate and adopted SCR 1888 resolution 2009 to tackle conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) as a peace and security issue and related violations. CRSV refers to rape, sexual slavery,
5571:
According to historian William Hitchcock, in numerous cases women were victims of repeated rapes with some women being raped as many as 60 to 70 times. A minimum of 100,000 women are believed to have been raped in
17193:
7168:
violations they have suffered. Indeed, underreporting of cases of rape during armed conflict is a practical challenge post-conflict communities have to face that is pointed to by a number of actors, including the
7094:
underlying the strategic use of rape as an instrument in armed conflicts. Raping 'enemy' women also constitutes an act of abuse and humiliation against the men of the community the victims were representative of.
3186:
During the 20th century, international legal procedures attempted to prevent and prosecute perpetrators of war rape. Similarly, individual states developed laws pertaining to war rape's victims and perpetrators.
2927:
There is no consensus definition of wartime sexual violence, as there is variance in what forms of violence are included in the definition and variance in which violence is considered conflict-related. The terms
19230:
13437:
9942:
It has long been noted that this text strikingly resembles the story of the Dulebians in the Russian Primary Chronicle. Nestor, the author of this twelfth-century chronicle, describes a similar behavior of the
16154:
3652:
7905:
When the Taliban asserted their control over Kunduz, they claimed to be bringing law and order and Shari'a to the city. But everything they've done has violated both. I don't know who can rescue us from this
6875:
as stating during early 2021 that, in the context of the Tigray War, rape during wartime was "expected", but should not happen in the presence of federal police or administrative officials. Peace researcher
6709:, in at least three locations." The report was not a full and legal investigation but designed to "collect and verify allegations", and thus the team highlighted that their conclusion "falls below 'beyond a
7746:
Every woman or girl she spoke to had either endured sexual assault herself, or knew of someone who had been attacked, particularly when they left the relative safety of their IDP camp or settlement to find
9833:
3685:
to harmonise the UN's response by leading UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict, a network of focal points from 13 UN agencies that amplify programming and advocacy on this issue in the wider UN
8246:, Engelbrektsson revealed that contrary to initial media reports which stated that the decision was made in response to complaints by female soldiers, it was he who made the decision, based on the 2000
5516:
During the war, German women were victims of brutal mass rapes committed against them by Soviet soldiers. Polish sources claim that mass rapes were committed in Polish cities that had been taken by the
3747:
perpetrated widespread violence against women, subjecting them to systemic sexual slavery, rape, and brutal forms of abuse, underscoring the heinous nature of their crimes against the Yazidi community.
20264:
4872:
were more to fuel narratives of nationalism and cultural hatred towards Germany. The individual stories of the women that were impacted were used to justify the war and to market it to the civilians.
8091:(EDF) as the tool of a totalitarian state, testimonies about soldiers refusing to rape being punished, the systematic continuation of patterns of rape over six to seven months, and similarities with
5975:, the military has escalated its systemic use of sexual violence, especially against women and political prisoners. Survivors face societal and legal challenges in reporting their crimes. During the
3221:
during the war, found substantial evidence of sexual violence and subsequently included rape and forced prostitution among the violations of the laws and customs of war. Efforts to prosecute failed.
16210:
9327:
3502:, that body rendered a judgment against the mayor of Taba Commune which found him guilty of genocide for the use of rape in "the destruction of the spirit, of the will to live, and of life itself."
16095:
13381:
5123:
Vietnamese civilians were robbed, raped and killed by French soldiers in Saigon when they came back in August 1945. Vietnamese women were also raped in North Vietnam by the French like in Bảo Hà,
18727:
7003:, antibiotics, and abortion are limited. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not uncommon. In certain instances, women were taunted by soldiers with the threat of infection.
4198:
were highly structured households that housed the women of the sultan and other high-ranking officials, where enslaved women were often used as concubines. They were sexually exploited including
16131:
7843:
religious minority has become deeply enmeshed in the organization and the radical theology of the Islamic State in the year since the group announced it was reviving slavery as an institution."
5051:
Japanese in one instance tried to disguise the Javanese comfort girls they were raping as red cross nurses with red cross armbands when they surrendered to Australian soldiers in Kupang, Timor.
3955:, schools, and libraries were not spared, causing immense cultural destruction to the Indian subcontinent. Accounts are consistent that the Huna warriors practiced mass rapes of women in India.
3315:
It is well known that brutal mass rapes were committed against German women; both during and after World War II. According to some estimates, over 100,000 women were raped by Soviet soldiers in
6445:
6022:
5932:
As of August 2021, the number of rape victims ranged from a minimum estimate of 512–516 rapes registered with hospitals in early 2021 to 10,000 rapes, according to British parliamentarian
5400:
the German Command opened a brothel for officers in one of the hotels into which hundreds of women and girls were driven; they were mercilessly dragged down the street by their arms and hair."
3051:
The ancient Greeks considered war rape of women "socially acceptable behavior well within the rules of warfare", and warriors considered the conquered women "legitimate booty, useful as wives,
2570:
8064:(ENDF) soldiers justified the rape on the grounds that "' father is Dr. Debretsion and ' is Dr. Abiy. We are not all the same", in reference to the two main political leaders of the conflict,
7603:
social norms. UNICEF states that in Kenya reported cases of sexual violence doubled within days of post-election conflict erupting. According to UNICEF rape was prevalent in conflict zones in
5288:
occurred, and December 1945. Although far from the scale of those committed by American, German or Soviet soldiers, rapes and other forms of sexual assault were committed by British forces in
4340:, many Korean women were subjected to rape at the hands of the Qing forces, and as a result they were unwelcomed by their families even if they were released by the Qing after being ransomed.
6012:
In October 2022, a UN official stated that Russia was using rape as part of its "military strategy", and that the actual number of victims was likely far higher than the official statistics.
5156:
in 1945. The Judge Advocate General's office reports that there were 971 convictions for rape in the U.S. military from January 1942 to June 1947, which includes a portion of the occupation.
16694:"Reasonable Grounds to Believe Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Occurred in Israel During 7 October Attacks, Senior UN Official Tells Security Council | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
7819:". ISIL has utilized sexual violence in order to undermine a sense of security within communities, as well as to raise funds through the sale of captives into sexual slavery. According to
7416:
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, established in 1994 after the Rwandan Genocide, has only brought three perpetrators before the Tribunal, with the first conviction in 1998.
3507:
16334:
5762:
During the war Bengali nationalists also indulged in the mass rape of ethnic Bihari Muslim women, since the Bihari Muslim community had remained loyal to the cause of a united Pakistan.
4820:. Wealthy Han Chinese enslaved Manchu girls and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women as wives. Hui Muslims also seized young pretty Manchu girls and raised them as Muslims.
3845:
For the Roman army, rape was more than just a weapon of terror; rape was regarded as the right of the victorious. It symbolized revenge, subjugation and the enslavement of the defeated.
19692:
10343:
9513:
5967:
has used multiple forms of sexual violence against civilians for decades, including rape, gang rape, coerced sex, forced marriage, and sexual slavery, and has been singled out by the
3849:
describes Roman soldiers carrying out conquest rape, while Livy, portrays rape as synonymous with the capture of a city. Women and children were not the only victims of ancient wars.
3707:
14476:
20154:
7616:
5596:
At the end of the war, Yugoslav communist leaders protested to Stalin about the large number of rapes committed by Soviet troops who had liberated parts of Yugoslavia. According to
20077:
17105:
Cohen, D.K. (2011). "Causes of Sexual Violence During Civil War: Cross-National Evidence (1980–2009) Prepared for the Minnesota International Relations Colloquium, March 28, 2011."
10365:
The Mamluk Sultanate from the Perspective of Regional and World History: Economic, Social and Cultural Development in an Era of Increasing International Interaction and Competition
4022:
Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. Song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the Jin.
2872:
and terrorize the enemy. Wartime sexual violence may occur in a variety of situations, including institutionalized sexual slavery, wartime sexual violence associated with specific
8907:
3464:
ethnic group and that the rape was systematic and had been perpetrated against Tutsi women only, manifesting the specific intent required for those acts to constitute genocide."
134:
13277:
7101:
estimated that in departments which had experienced conflict-related sexual violence, women in the department were at increased risk of intimate partner violence after the war.
6936:
by other men is also common in war. A 2009 study by Lara Stemple found that it had been documented in conflicts worldwide; for example, 76% of male political prisoners in 1980s
3518:
and crimes against humanity, murder, torture, rape, and other inhumane acts. The Tribunal found Jean Paul Akayesu not guilty of the six remaining counts, including the count of
12443:
22419:
21570:
14841:
14779:
11549:
Russia, Mongolia, China: Being Some Record of the Relations Between Them from the Beginning of the XVIIth Century to the Death of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, A.D. 1602–1676
7058:. If left untreated, the psychological effects of sexual assault and rape can be devastating, sometimes even deadly. Causes of death as the result of sexual violence include
7031:
Physical effects may also include bone breakage such as backbreaking and cranial cracks, causing future disability, visual and hearing impairment, and mental incapacitation.
5097:
Japanese raped Malay comfort women but UMNO leader Najib Razak blocked all attempts by other UMNO members like Mustapha Yakub at asking Japan for compensation and apologies.
2969:, against such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving genuine consent.
5600:, Stalin replied, "Can't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometres through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle?"
5360:
in September 1939; they were also committed against Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian women and girls during mass executions which were primarily carried out by the
17232:
16035:
13104:
9234:
7833:
that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world". In late 2014, ISIL released a pamphlet on the treatment of female slaves.
7258:
During the Kosovo War thousands of Kosovar Albanian women and girls became victims of sexual violence. War rape was used as a weapon of war and an instrument of systematic
5100:
The threat of Japanese rape against Chitty girls led Chitty families to let Eurasians, Chinese and full blooded Indians to marry Chitty girls and stop practicing endogamy.
9358:
April 2005, co-Funded by The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. See section "12.52 Crimes against humanity", Page 201. He references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360
3673:
to end impunity for sexual violence in conflict by assisting national authorities to strengthen criminal accountability, responsiveness to survivors and judicial capacity;
3300:. The War Crimes Tribunal in Tokyo included accounts of sexual violence crimes in the trial testimonies as well as public records. On a national level, a commander of the
17183:
5180:
When the Japanese surrendered, they anticipated that widespread rapes would occur during the following occupation and made rapid efforts to set up brothels to curb this.
21585:
19384:
4670:
prevent escape, the East end was the only way in or out. This way was guarded. Any person from the Allied forces could enter for pleasure and rape to his heart's desire.
16275:
15733:
13429:
9592:
3947:, in the very heart of India, slaughtering, pillaging, looting, burning, demolishing, and raping. Many cities in India were wiped out by the onslaught of the invaders;
21528:
21523:
19661:
5172:
situation, they started "hunting for women" in broad daylight and those who were hiding in the village or nearby air raid shelters were dragged out one after another.
5103:
Japanese soldiers raped Indian Tamil girls and women that were forced to work on the Burma railway. This led to Japanese soldiers contracting venereal disease such as
18089:] Long-term Effects on Victims and Society", paper presented at the 7th Global Conference on Violence and the Contexts of Hostility, 5–7 May 2008, Budapest, p. 4.
9857:"People, Place, and Power in Tacitus' Germany: Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics, 6 December 2-Royal Holloway, University of London"
8542:
4607:, regarding an incident where 48 British girls as young as fourteen and ten had been raped by the Indian sepoys in Delhi, was criticised as an obvious fabrication by
21932:
18459:
18159:
7298:
7224:
6814:
6171:
5717:
in 1971, numerous women were tortured and raped by the Pakistani army. Exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Most of the women were captured from
5013:
Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, North and South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, New Guinea, the Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin.
3569:
2296:
8178:(EDF); an ENDF–EDF rape camp at a construction site during which queueing rapists took turns to hold the baby of the victim; and a third rape camp next to a river.
3584:. However, a total ban on abortion is a requirement of US humanitarian aid for war victims, with no exceptions for rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother.
20268:
9250:
5195:
3676:
the protection and empowerment of civilians who face sexual violence in conflict, in particular, women and girls who are targeted disproportionately by this crime;
19560:
9822:
9391:"SECURITY COUNCIL DEMANDS IMMEDIATE AND COMPLETE HALT TO ACTS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CIVILIANS IN CONFLICT ZONES, UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTING RESOLUTION 1820 (2008)"
5332:
was among the Italian military units which committed rapes in Greece. Italian soldiers also committed rapes in Yugoslavia and France during World War II, and the
3694:
Special Representative is engaged on this issue in Asia and the Pacific (in Cambodia for residual cases from the Khmer Rouge period) and the Middle East (Syria).
3261:. The possibility of prosecuting sexual violence as a war crime was present because of the recognition of war rape as serious violation of the laws of war in the
3159:
emerged as an influential figure when he pleaded for the immunity of civilians against the ravages of war, considering men and women civilians as non-combatants.
21967:
19474:
18887:
16200:
7642:
6247:
5988:
2372:
17795:"Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons. Guidelines for Prevention and Response, UNHCR (SGVB Guidelines)"
8560:
5584:
psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of the occupation, through the founding of the
5461:
on 17 June 1944, were responsible for mass rapes, though their behaviour was considered less brutal than that of the French North African troops in continental
5144:
in early 1946, they "dragged young women into their jeeps, took them to the mountain, and then raped them. I heard them screaming for help nearly every night".
3640:, which noted that "rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide".
2965:
The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or
16600:
16085:
9459:
5849:
and the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons, to rape them. Women who returned home were considered 'dishonoured' by their families.
19857:
17920:Østby, Gudrun; Leiby, Michele; Nordås, Ragnhild (2019). "The Legacy of Wartime Violence on Intimate-Partner Abuse: Microlevel Evidence from Peru, 1980–2009".
10237:
9301:
8507:
3268:
While the Nuremberg Tribunals failed to charge Nazi war criminals with rape, witnesses testified about it occurring. Several of the testimonies of victims of
21618:
16747:
7097:
Research in 2019 suggests that wartime sexual violence may increase instances of intimate partner abuse in the affected society. A study on the aftermath of
3075:(first proclaimed in 989) which discouraged soldiers from attacking women and civilians in general and through the propagation of a Christianized version of
16629:
16121:
12469:
6817:", in which military groups use gang rape as a socialization tactic during armed conflict. By using gang rape during armed conflict, militia group members:
5210:
September 1945. At least seven academic books and many other works state that there were 1,336 reported rapes during the first 10 days of the occupation of
3117:
of history, war became more regulated, specific, and regimented. The first formal prosecution for war crimes did not take place until the late Middle Ages.
21761:
20588:
18143:
Daniel-Wrabetz, Joana (2007). "Children Born of War Rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Convention on the Rights of the Child". In Carpenter, Charli (ed.).
15981:
15325:
9331:
7782:. US soldiers also sodomized children with women present when the women and children were arrested together and it was recorded on video tape according to
11194:. Bishop Henry McNeal Turner Studies in North American Black Religion Series. Vol. 2 (2nd, illustrated, reprint ed.). Orbis Books. p. 222.
8022:
5721:
and private homes and kept as sex-slaves inside the Dhaka Cantonment. Australian Doctor Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and
3889:
daughters of these Wends could not finally endure this oppression anymore and refused obedience to the Huns and began, as already mentioned, a rebellion.
3475:
between 2008 and 2014, said in a statement after the verdict: "From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered a
20840:
13377:
12549:
9657:
8587:
4467:
widows by the Board of Rites. Mongol and Manchu women were married by the Albazinians. The wives married by the Albazinians were former jailed convicts.
18725:
5777:
wrote "He'd been shocked by the Bengali outrages in March, but he maintained that what the army was doing was altogether worse and on a grander scale".
18099:
17885:
Skjelsbæk, Inger (25 July 2016). "Victim and Survivor: Narrated Social Identities of Women Who Experienced Rape During the War in Bosnia-Herzegovina".
7062:
and murder. Murder of sexual assault and rape victims may be perpetrated by the rapist or as part of an honor killing by family members of the victim.
6437:
4907:
in 1915, Turkish soldiers frequently raped and killed Armenian women and children. In many cases, Turkish civilians also participated in these crimes.
2895:, in whole or in part, a targeted group. International legal instruments for prosecuting perpetrators of genocide were developed in the 1990s, and the
2562:
20196:
19940:
19693:"UN peacekeepers took part in rapes during Bosnian Genocide | We Remember the Bosnian Genocide, 1992–95. Mi se Sjećamo Genocida u Bosni, 1992–95"
13407:
7108:
are faced with distinct social stigmas. The existence of taboos around the issue of war rape can also be an obstacle to post-conflict reconciliation.
5070:
women born to Japanese fathers and Papuan mothers. Around 100 Micronesian women from island of Truk in the Carolines were also used as comfort women.
19810:"SUDAN: With UN Peacekeepers Accused of Rape in Sudan, UN Women & Ban Ki-Moon Adviser Won't Answer, Other Priorities – News Library & Events"
19633:
16439:
3839:
3472:
3394:
16324:
11036:
4750:
It was reported in 1905 that many Russian women were raped by Japanese troops causing widespread venereal disease in many Japanese troops after the
21927:
11008:
10471:
7988:
were involved in the rape of a woman. Members of the Moroccan contingent faced rape charges during the course of their duties at the UN mission in
6774:
6196:
5033:
3593:
3289:
2321:
4230:
committed extensive sexual violence against the city's inhabitants. The soldiers, primarily Spanish and German mercenaries, engaged in widespread
21553:
13676:
8247:
7520:
5625:
4349:
4062:'s account of devastation and slaughter the Mongols wrought upon Europeans during the Mongol invasion of Hungary and Transylvania is in his book
3713:
3648:
3637:
3515:
16802:
9190:
7792:
and an Iraqi woman called Noor sent a letter from the prison detailing her rape by US military policeman which was verified by US Major General
7541:) women "with impunity" with the Bangladeshi security forces doing little to protect the Jummas and instead assisting the rapists and settlers.
3682:
to increase recognition of rape as a tactic and consequence of war through awareness-raising activities at the international and country levels;
21957:
21548:
21499:
20006:
16553:
15259:
14110:"Japanese+officers+to+provide+a+number+of+nurses+as+prostitutes,+as+they+believed+this+would+minimizee+the+number+of+rapes+by+Soviet+soldiers"
11687:
11339:
Potgieter, Everhardus Johannes; Buys, Johan Theodoor; van Hall, Jakob Nikolaas; Muller, Pieter Nicolaas; Quack, Hendrik Peter Godfried (1917).
4093:
uninfluenced by Arab blood, while leaving the desert edges of Upper Egypt free for settlement by the Western Bedouin." The army was led by the
20291:
19809:
19455:
13248:
9939:) eventually found this shameful oppression intolerable; and so, as I said, they refused to obey their lords and started to rise in rebellion.
5494:, sociology and criminology professor J. Robert Lilly estimates US soldiers raped at least 11,040 women and children during the occupation of
4525:
took Wahhabi Saudi women and girls as slaves, despite them being Muslim and enslavement of Muslims being illegal. The jihadist Islamist Saudi
4133:
in the streets and mosques resulted in stink permeating Aleppo. The women were kept naked while being gang raped repeatedly by different men.
21558:
21541:
19696:
17948:
15583:
11596:. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 69 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. p. 188.
11490:. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 69 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. p. 188.
8934:
3724:
Sexual violence against women in 21st-century warfare remains a major issue in various conflicts worldwide, including but not limited to the
17819:
16413:
13049:"Cultural Autobiography, Testimonial, and Asian American Transnational Feminist Coalition in the 'Comfort Women of World War II' Conference"
3141:, considered the father of the law of nations and the first to conduct a comprehensive work on systematizing the international laws of war,
21536:
20197:"'We lay like corpses. Then the raping began': 52 years on, Bangladesh's rape camp survivors speak out | Global development | The Guardian"
18639:"Bosnia: Landmark Verdicts for Rape, Torture, and Sexual Enslavement: Criminal Tribunal Convicts Bosnian Serbs for Crimes Against Humanity"
17591:
O'Brien, Daniel P; Venis, Sarah; Greig, Jane; Shanks, Leslie; Ellman, Tom; Sabapathy, Kalpana; Frigati, Lisa; Mills, Clair (17 June 2010).
15956:
15755:
website of Drishtipat "A non-profit, non-political expatriate Bangladeshi organization ... registered public charity in the United States."
15417:
Reports of French soldiers, especially members from the French Legion, cutting up pregnant women's bellies were not uncommon during the war
14480:
12954:"Comfort women were Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Burmese, Thai, Dutch, Australian, and Vietnamese women and girls forced into sexual slavery"
9514:"The prosecution at national level of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) committed by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)"
9484:
7734:
exploitation, said she heard dozens of harrowing accounts of sexual assaults – including numerous reports of gang-rapes – when she visited
7389:". Rapes were also committed by military personnel within the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), including the Presidential Guard, and civilians.
5507:
4700:
4681:
20144:
17542:"Sexual and gender-based violence in areas of armed conflict: a systematic review of mental health and psychosocial support interventions"
16719:
16502:
13351:
9111:"Disegnodilegge d'iniziativa dei senatori Magliocchetti e Bonatesta: Norme in favore delle vittime di violenze carnali in tempo di guerra"
3662:
of Sweden, established the Office and served as the United Nations' spokesperson and political advocate on this issue. In September 2012,
20064:
19041:
19017:
18909:
16574:
14579:
7425:
7129:
6949:
6412:
6387:
6363:
5722:
5478:
4575:
3269:
2537:
2512:
2488:
11172:
6009:
posted a recording allegedly of a Russian woman encouraging her deployed partner to rape Ukrainian women as long as he uses protection.
5284:
Italian statistics record eight rapes and nineteen attempted rapes by British service members in Italy between September 1943, when the
21937:
21489:
20711:
19117:
16025:
13048:
13021:
12968:
12940:
12820:
12791:
8141:
shelled hospitals and schools and segregated sexually matured women who were then taken to the compound made available for the troops.
7346:
6724:
5435:
5333:
5296:, some commanders proved reluctant to prosecute their men. There were also reports of sexual assaults committed by British soldiers in
3980:
3679:
to mobilize political ownership by fostering government engagement in developing and implementing strategies to combat sexual violence;
3441:
3017:
2902:
19682:
Novick, Natalie. "When Those Meant to Keep the Peace Commit Sexualized Violence |Women Under Siege Project." Accessed 18 December 2013
13285:
12995:
11666:
8869:
8087:
of the ENDF as the largest contributor of armed forces to United Nations peacekeeping operations, the strict command hierarchy of the
6700:
reported in March 2024, with the "full cooperation" of the Israeli government, that there was "clear and convincing information" that
3479:. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war." An estimated 500,000 women were raped during the 1994
3105:
stood for a gradual emergence of the notion that glory or conquest were not necessarily acceptable reasons to start a war. The jurist
102:
21825:
20979:
19417:
18193:
14585:
11741:
11714:
7760:
Iraqi male prisoners forced into homosexual contact with each other's genitals touching other men's bodies in a "human pyramid" pile.
6392:
5708:
2517:
22409:
19344:
17540:
Tol, Wietse A; Stavrou, Vivi; Greene, M Claire; Mergenthaler, Christina; van Ommeren, Mark; García Moreno, Claudia (5 August 2013).
9145:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946-April 1949
74:
21754:
21661:
20568:
Lewis, Dustin A. (23 July 2009). "Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence Against Men in Conflict Settings Under International Law".
19322:
18888:"United Nation's Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy"
18638:
16849:
16466:
16265:
14039:
9149:
5351:
5329:
3343:
1105:
55:
10638:
6834:
While war rape may not be an apparent tool or weapon of war, it does serve as a primary tool to create a cohesive military group.
6809:
experience human trafficking for sexual or labour exploitation due to the breakdown of economies and policing in conflict regions.
5926:
family members, "sex in exchange for basic commodities", and "increases in the demand for emergency contraception and testing for
3759:
performed acts of sexual violence against Israeli women, including mutilation, rape and torture. According to an investigation of
21565:
19398:
17222:
15878:
10886:
9232:
7938:
7806:
7302:
7169:
6422:
5968:
5067:
2547:
1532:
18415:
Rojnik, B.; Andolsek-Jeras, L.; Obersnel-Kveder, D. (March 1995). "Women in difficult circumstances: war victims and refugees".
15627:
9413:"About the Office | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict"
7662:
by their community, and criminal prosecution, because they may be seen as homosexual, which is a crime in 38 African countries.
22285:
21494:
20984:
20673:
15708:
9434:
6680:
6546:
6397:
4307:
2805:
2671:
2522:
81:
18324:
Analysing Disrupted Health Sectors: A Modular Manual. Department of Recovery and Transition Programmes Health Action in Crises
14413:
5036:
estimated that 20,000 women and children were raped or otherwise sexually assaulted during the first month of the occupation.
21600:
20645:
20628:
20558:
20535:
20428:
20407:
20385:
20359:
20248:
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18341:
17969:
17379:
17153:
17087:
16009:
15730:
15383:
15282:
15066:
14906:
Heineman, Elizabeth (1996). "The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's 'Crisis Years' and West German National Identity".
14765:
14710:
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8917:
8053:
7775:
7765:
6355:
6307:
4920:
4565:
2480:
2432:
19188:
15726:
13522:
11746:. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa. Vol. 57 (illustrated ed.). Franz Steiner. p. 148.
8870:"Sexual Violence in the Holocaust: Perspectives from Ghettos and Camps in Ukraine | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Kyiv - Ukraine"
21091:
21037:
16362:
9981:
9887:"The Language of Roman Adultery: a Thesis Submitted to The University of Manchester for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy"
9278:
8546:
7812:
7297:. Numerous Bosnian Serb officers, soldiers and other participants were indicted or convicted of rape as a war crime by the
6372:
6368:
5958:
5511:
5474:
4323:
2497:
2493:
19494:"Isis releases 'abhorrent' sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives"
18468:
17449:
Eichert, David (2019). "'Homosexualization' Revisited: An Audience-Focused Theorization of Wartime Male Sexual Violence".
14374:
13629:
5304:
after their liberation from German occupation, and a number of men were convicted of these crimes while fraternizing with
4964:
21747:
20743:
17029:
16592:
16122:"'We're here to make you HIV positive': Hundreds of women rush to Tigray hospitals as soldiers use rape as weapon of war"
15664:
12792:"Chapter 20: Sexualized Racism, Gender and Nationalism: The Case of Japan's Sexual Enslavement of Korean "Comfort Women""
6359:
6282:
5639:
5446:. According to Italian sources, more than 7,000 Italian civilians, including women and children, were raped by Goumiers.
4959:
4398:
Dutch women were kept as sexual slaves by the Chinese after the Dutch were expelled from Taiwan in 1662. During the 1662
4030:
3365:. It was estimated that 2,000 women and 600 men were raped and most of these crimes took place in the rural area between
3166:
In the 19th century, the treatment of soldiers, prisoners, the wounded, and civilians improved when core elements of the
2484:
2407:
1888:
181:
88:
19399:"Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas"
19089:
10253:
9856:
7579:
According to Amnesty International, documented cases of war rape in the early twenty-first century include incidents in
3975:, where prisoners of war captured in battle as well as commercial slave trade from non-Arab lands sometimes ended up in
21795:
21575:
21518:
21296:
21096:
15750:
15490:
15056:
14593:
14147:
14080:
13795:
13714:
13686:
13659:
13532:
13505:
13493:
13258:
13231:
13186:
13114:
13087:
13005:
12978:
12906:
12830:
12803:
12657:
12135:
12058:
11979:
11925:
10280:
10206:
9761:
9587:
7494:
7429:
4665:"Miscellaneous Notes about the Boxers", written by Japanese journalist Sawara Tokusuke, describes one such rape-manor:
3262:
3199:
3195:
2083:
1861:
476:
20112:
19299:
16242:
14295:
13452:
3853:
those who were submissive were stigmatized. Tacitus mentions Roman recruiting officers dragging off the most striking
3842:
explains that rape did not only serve as an instrument of sexual gratification or a tool for anger relief management.
3721:
March 2013, Ban Ki-moon had also recommended to the Council that women raped in war have access to abortion services.
20953:
20845:
20610:
20502:
20467:
17979:
15567:
15541:
15516:
15410:
15235:
15211:
15025:
14757:
14733:
14531:
13250:
The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War: In cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation
13224:
The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War: In cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation
13079:
The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War: In cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation
12453:
12372:
11751:
11601:
11574:
11495:
10991:
10869:
10842:
10777:
10581:
10182:
10131:
9721:
9027:
8802:
8675:
8163:
8035:
8021:. Mass rape has been a central weapon of war against the ethnic minorities by the Myanmar military. According to the
6867:
6432:
6330:
5859:
5802:
5752:
4632:
4553:
4488:
3338:(Italian for "Moroccan' deeds") is a term which is applied to the mass rape and killings of Italian civilians by the
2854:
2557:
2455:
1537:
121:
17077:
13549:
9951:
the story. Whatever the case, it is clear that Fredegar used here a Slavic tradition, though in a rationalized form.
7778:, where prisoners were forced to humiliate themselves. American soldiers gang raped a 14-year-old Iraqi girl in the
3277:". Similarly, it would have been possible to prosecute war rape as crime against humanity under Article 6(c) of the
70:
22438:
20932:
19861:
16977:
16266:"'Practically this has been a genocide' – Doctors say rape is being used as a weapon of war in Ethiopia's conflict"
10082:
9328:"UN Security Council Takes a Historic Stand Supporting Abortion Access for Women Raped in War / Library / Homepage"
9298:
8514:
8373:
8171:
8096:
8061:
7638:
7623:
7550:
6953:
6427:
6407:
6377:
6211:
5994:
4887:, he ordered a female Communist sympathizer to be whipped "until there was not a white spot left on her backside".
4599:
4591:
3729:
2552:
2532:
2502:
2336:
1615:
19835:
17427:
16660:
16658:
16623:
16621:
6790:
characterizes "group rape perpetrated by the conquerors" as "a metonymic celebration of territorial acquisition".
3580:
United States law specifies that rape in wartime is punishable by death or imprisonment under Section d(g) of the
22463:
22041:
21623:
21276:
18977:
5.3 (1994): 327. "women in Kashmir who have suffered rape and death under the administration of the Indian army."
15803:
15451:
13810:
For detailed accounts of rapes by Australian occupation troop during the occupation of Japan, see Allan Clifton,
7712:
7556:
7504:
6763:
6417:
6297:
6080:
5533:
5393:
4650:
4329:
4206:, as many of these enslaved women converted to Islam and their offspring became integrated into Ottoman society.
3666:
of Sierra Leone took over as the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict.
3624:
3202:
required only that "amily honour and rights the lives of persons... must be respected" by the occupying powers.
2542:
2422:
2205:
1960:
1598:
1385:
230:
12798:. Brill's Series on Modern East Asia in a Global Historical Perspective (reprint ed.). BRILL. p. 464.
10222:
8079:
Arguments for sexual violence in the Tigray War constituting a deliberate campaign satisfying the definition of
7770:
Male prisoners of war may be subject to rape and sexual violence. Sexual violence against male prisoners of the
7442:
has reported that individual investigations and proceedings relating to these cases have commenced at the local
4137:
witnessed the slaughters and rapes Timur's Tatar soldiers carried out. Mass rapes were also recorded in Timur's
3539:
when the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia issued arrest warrants in 1993, based on the
3071:
In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church sought to prevent rape during feudal warfare through the institution of
21998:
21942:
21426:
21067:
20963:
20835:
18304:"Physicians for Human Rights: Nowhere to Turn: Failure to Protect, Support and Assure Justice to Darfuri Women"
16655:
16618:
16387:
16162:
14279:
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14201:
14174:
14120:
13768:
13741:
13159:
13060:
13031:
12933:
12751:
Watanabe, Kazuko (1999). "Trafficking in Women's Bodies, Then and Now: The Issue of Military 'Comfort Women'".
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12292:
11890:
The boxer rebellion: the dramatic story of China's war on foreigners that shook the world in the summer of 1900
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civilians who were praying at a Mosque in addition to mass raping Moro girls who had been taken aboard a boat.
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to bond soldiers and create a sense of cohesion within units, particularly when troops are recruited by force.
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Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in War and Its Aftermath: Realities, Responses, and Required Resources
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The Akayesu judgement includes the first interpretation and application by an international court of the 1948
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War's Impact on Children Born of Rape and Sexual Exploitation: Physical, Economic and Psychosocial Dimensions
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Some of the notable cases of murdered raped victims and the massacres associated with the rape incidents are
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Psychosocial workers with International Rescue Committee (IRC) help rape survivors in South Kivu DRC in 2010.
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Peace and freedom, Volume 40, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, page 57, The Section, 1980
12009:
Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period (1644-1911/2)"", 74–75. Great Barrington, Massachusetts: Berkshire, 2018.
10361:"Cross-Boundary Hatred: (Changing) Attitudes towards Mongol and 'Christian' mamlūks in the Mamluk Sultanate"
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Rape and other sexual violence against women was commonly used by French troops and opposing members of the
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Twentieth century impressions of Netherlands India: Its history, people, commerce, industries and resources
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Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars
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abortions as being mostly socio-economic (inability to raise another child), rather than moral or ethical.
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regularly engaged in gang rapes before killing the women or leaving them in the desert to die; a number of
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2078:
782:
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19958:
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13790:. Vol. 2134 of Princeton Legacy Library (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 195.
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gained wide publicity after graphic photos documented such abuses on male Iraqi prisoners by US guards at
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4418:, two of his daughters, and his wife were among the Dutch prisoners of war who were being held captive by
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Alma Mater 64 (2004) – "Okupowany Kraków- z prorektorem Andrzejem Chwalbą rozmawia Rita Pagacz-Moczarska"
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The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
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17593:"Provision of antiretroviral treatment in conflict settings: the experience of Médecins Sans Frontières"
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
12391:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
11944:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928
10481:
9485:"Gender-Based Violence continues to surge in eastern DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb"
7342:, "it is difficult to imagine anybody in Rwanda who was not aware of the sexual violence taking place."
7330:, and they also condoned the acts which were already taking place, without making efforts to stop them.
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19926:"Profile: Bureaucrat at Large in the Balkans; Yasushi Akashi, Almost Painfully Diplomatic U.N. Envoy",
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McEvoy, B.; Edwards, C. J. (1 June 2005). "Heredity – Human migration: Reappraising the Viking Image".
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Rape camps set up by the Bosnian Serb authorities have been extensively documented in the Bosnian War.
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male rape victims explain their choice to not speak out with the fear of being branded homosexuals. As
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caused the murders of approximately 300,000 to 400,000 West Papuans and many thousands of women raped.
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Despite this precaution, 1,336 rapes reportedly occurred during the first 10 days of the occupation of
4590:. Incidents of rape committed by Indian sepoys against British women and children were reported in the
4536:
4048:
Images of Ivo of Narbonne's description of Mongol soldiers raping and eating European women appears in
3460:, the Trial Chamber held that "sexual assault formed an integral part of the process of destroying the
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insisted that all women, including female combatants, should be spared from sexual assault in wartime.
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17:
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5816:, women were frequent victims of sustained war rape perpetrated by government security forces and the
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16720:"A UN envoy says there are 'reasonable grounds' to believe Hamas committed sexual violence on Oct. 7"
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in Tigray is, leave it for DNA to find out. It's probably wrong to say this, but: those who went to
6727:. Sexual violence is one of many types of violence directed against civilians in wartime situations.
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7873:. He also said, "Apparently, he decided to punish, using rape," while witnesses confirmed that the
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links of affiliations, by the spread of AIDS, and by eliminating cultural and religious traditions.
6001:, reported gang-rapes, assaults taking place at gunpoint, and rapes committed in front of children.
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5040:
estimated that the number of Chinese women raped by Japanese soldiers ranged from 20,000 to 80,000.
3736:; women continue to be subjected to rape, sexual slavery, and other forms of gender-based violence.
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established them in 1945 and 1946 respectively to prosecute the major war criminals of the European
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16945:"Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide"
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The Uthmani State and the Standpoint of the Dawah of Shaykh Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab Concerning It
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Tutsi women only, manifesting the specific intent required for those acts to constitute genocide."
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and Violations of the Laws or Customs of War. Specifically, it was recognized that Muslim women in
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concerned the maltreatment of civilians and "any devastation not justified by military necessity".
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was widely considered a precedent. However, these legal instruments have so far only been used for
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1980:
1527:
1220:
1038:
886:
18400:
Joachim, I. (2004). "Sexualised violence in war and its consequences". In Mondiale, Medica (ed.).
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The group rape perpetrated by the conquerors is a metonymic celebration of territorial acquisition
15557:
15506:
15041:
12315:
10302:
Life After Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s
9299:"Bosnia-Herzegovina : Foca verdict – rape and sexual enslavement are crimes against humanity"
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7881:-like drugs. The Libyan government, on the other hand, does not recognize the ICC's jurisdiction.
7815:(ISIL) has employed sexual violence against women and men in a manner that has been described as "
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19347:(Report). p. ARTICLE 15–6 INVESTIGATION OF THE 800th MILITARY POLICE BRIGADE. Archived from
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According to Fredegar, the Wends emerged from a peculiar union of Avar warriors and Slavic women:
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6746:," having been used in various armed conflicts throughout the twentieth century alone, including
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Acts of sexual violence committed by combatants during armed conflict, war or military occupation
17666:"Mental Health Consequences in Men Exposed to Sexual Abuse During the War in Croatia and Bosnia"
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9916:
9580:"Sexual & Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War During the October 7, 2023 Hamas Attacks"
6862:, didn't just go and come back. Each of them had about 10 kids. ." On 21 March 2021, during the
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use rape as a maturation ritual to increase the tolerance of troops for violence, especially in
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in March 2023, army troops raped and sexually assaulted at least 3 women before executing them.
5940:. Several claims have been made implicating both sides of the conflict in the systematic use of
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17509:"Spiritual security: an explanatory framework for conflict-related sexual violence against men"
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15133:
14115:. Transitions: Asia and the Pacific (3, illustrated ed.). Avalon Publishing. p. 102.
13355:
13226:. Vol. 19 van Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia. BRILL. p. 194.
11087:
8374:"Why Soldiers Rape – Culture of misogyny, illegal occupation, fuel sexual violence in military"
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in 1988, rape has been leveraged as a 'weapon of war' by Indian security forces comprising the
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6541:
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mentioned the Ottoman enslavement of Saudi women and girls in his book attacking the Ottomans,
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and conquered Taiwan, the Chinese took Dutch women and children prisoner. The Dutch missionary
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16601:"UN Mission Says It Has 'Clear and Convincing' Information That Hamas Sexually Violated Women"
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15373:
14196:. Vol. 24 of Papers of the Japanese Studies Centre. Japanese Studies Centre. p. 38.
13785:
13731:
13307:
13253:. Vol. 19 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia. BRILL. p. 193.
13082:. Vol. 19 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia. BRILL. p. 191.
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More than 500 rapes were reported in Eastern Congo in August 2010, leading to an apology from
5498:. Many armed soldiers committed gang rapes at gunpoint against female civilians and children.
3832:. Ancient sources held multiple, often contradictory attitudes to sexual violence in warfare.
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Anna Shotton, "A Strategy to Address Sexual Exploitation by U.N. Peacekeeping Personnel", 39
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Historia de las mujeres, tomo III, Del Renacimiento a la Edad Moderna, Georges Duby, page 555
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9658:"UN experts appalled by reported human rights violations against Palestinian women and girls"
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The short-term psychological injuries to the victims include feelings of fear, helplessness,
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only applied to enemy nationals, not that of an ally, meaning such acts were not war crimes.
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19141:"Kira Cochrane talks to filmmaker Lisa F Jackson on her documentary about rape in the Congo"
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16146:
14324:"Sex, Military Brothels and Gender Violence during the Italian Campaign in the USSR, 1941–3"
14323:
12881:
Questions of How Many Chinese Were Killed by the Japanese Army in the Great Nanking Massacre
12168:
11359:
De Hollanders op Formosa, 1624–1662: een bladzijde uit onze kolonialeen zendingsgeschiedenis
11040:
5755:
organized a conference titled "South Asia in Crisis: United States Policy, 1961–1972" where
3645:
Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict
2849:, the phenomenon has broader sociological motives. Wartime sexual violence may also include
22355:
21952:
21810:
20927:
20733:
19140:
18554:
18303:
16297:
15081:
Atina Grossmann. "A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers".
14949:
14614:
12825:. Oxford oral history series (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 215.
11416:. Amsteldam: Izaak Duim, op den Cingel, tusschen de Warmoesgracht, en de Drie-Koningstraat.
10433:
9591:. Proofreading: Nili Alexandrovitz. Background research: Timor Tal. Cover photo: Oren Ziv.
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and the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The events inspired the Golden Bear winner at the
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220:
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The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present
9227:
is quoted by Professor Paul Walters in his presentation of her honorary doctorate of law,
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8655:
Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski,
8473:
8456:
7290:
5328:
committed numerous rapes and other forms of sexual assault against local Greek women. The
4275:
3628:
Some of the delegates to the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict held in 2014
8:
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15485:. Coming to America: The History of Immigration to the United States. Rosen. p. 61.
14451:
14417:
13703:
13648:
13494:"Marginalized by Silence- Victims of Japanese Occupation in Indonesia's Political Memory"
12845:
12170:
Ianfu, the Comfort Women of the Japanese Imperial Army of the Pacific War: Broken Silence
11569:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 15 (illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 368.
10861:
The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860
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Oshiro Masayasu (former director of the Okinawa Prefectural Historical Archives) writes:
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4754:. Hal Gold estimated there were 20,000 recorded incidents of rape against Russian women.
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Violence against women in war: Handbook for professionals working with traumatized women
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16774:
16528:"25 women and girls say they were raped by Russian troops in Bucha – Ukrainian official"
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11998:(Yihetuan wenxian huibian), ed. Zhongguo shixue hui (Taipei: Dingwen, 1973), 1: 266–268.
11552:. Burt Franklin research & source works series. Vol. 2. Macmillan. p. 431.
11012:
9631:
9460:"The Worst Place on Earth to be a Woman: Violence against Yemeni Women in Peace and War"
8405:"Mobilizing the Will to Prosecute: Crimes of Rape at the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals"
7104:
Besides the psychosocial effects on women as the most frequent victims of wartime rape,
5885:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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4661:
in 1900, western and Japanese soldiers mass raped Manchu women and Mongol banner women.
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Some women were gang-raped by the Bishop's soldiers during the defeat of the Anabaptist
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19634:"Must boys be boys? Ending Sexual Exploitation & Abuse in UN Peacekeeping Missions"
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Apio, Eunice (2007). "Uganda's Forgotten Children of War". In Carpenter, Charli (ed.).
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16201:"Conflict in Tigray Region of Ethiopia – Volume 691: debated on Thursday 25 March 2021"
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Director: Skrabski Fruzsina director of photography: Daniel Farkas (9 September 2013).
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14452:"Zur Debatte um die Ausstellung. Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944"
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Warsaw 1967 page 67 "Zanotowano szereg faktów gwałcenia kobiet i dziewcząt żydowskich"
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Vikman, Elisabeth (April 2005). "Ancient origins: Sexual violence in warfare, Part I".
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in the Kosovo War, rapes of Serbian, Albanian, and Roma women were committed by ethnic
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17854:"The Nature and Psychosocial Consequences of War Rape for Individuals and Communities"
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17184:"From Apologies to Atrocities: How to make sense of leadership statements in Ethiopia"
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10887:"Between the 'Ummah' and 'China':The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society"
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rape and rape with objects has been reported. The victims of war rape may suffer from
4594:, particularly after British civilians fell into Indian hands after sieges such as at
3816:
armies reportedly engaged in war rape, which is documented by ancient authors such as
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America at War Since 1945: Politics and Diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War
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12709:
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The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894-1924
12516:
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11894:
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11720:
11719:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. p. 107.
11693:
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10023:
9794:
9757:
9717:
9690:
9611:
9578:
Ben Canaan, Ron; Ziv, Hadas (26 November 2023). Grossman, Lital; Shalev, Guy (eds.).
9228:
9224:
8982:
8957:
8913:
8798:
8671:
8490:
8478:
8084:
8018:
7874:
7482:
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5153:
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4496:
4415:
4287:
4259:
4101:
4077:
4063:
3491:
3468:
3453:
3416:
The prohibitions outlined in the 1949 Geneva Conventions were reinforced by the 1977
3410:
3305:
3278:
3265:
assertion that "amily honour and rights the lives of persons... must be respected."
3083:
3023:
2897:
2743:
2275:
2173:
2134:
2043:
1990:
1893:
1883:
1878:
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1826:
1799:
1744:
1445:
1435:
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1300:
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1125:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1015:
968:
938:
777:
570:
547:
481:
19273:"1,800 new pictures add to US disgust: Stills shown of women forced to bare breasts"
18444:
18045:
17697:
17342:
17310:
16775:"UN fails to black list Hamas for rape, Israel condemns decision while US is silent"
16155:"UNFPA Ethiopia response to the Tigray crisis – Situation Report 15 to 30 June 2021"
15429:
13581:
13333:
13134:
CARED FOR BY THE NETHERLANDS INDIES CIVIL ADMINISTRATION. (PHOTOGRAPHER K. B. DAVIS)
11298:
Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants
10558:
10530:
9806:
9739:
Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones: From the Ancient World to the Era of Human Rights
8430:
7654:
Since fighting broke out in 1998 tens of thousands of people have been raped in the
7286:
5336:
was marked by numerous instances of sexual exploitation and rape by Italian troops.
4699:
Another story relays the fate that befell the women of Chongqi's household. Chongqi
4258:
were repeatedly subjected to pillaging, arson, and rape committed by both the rebel
3026:
was rare prior to the late 1990s. Kelly Dawn Askin, the senior legal officer at the
2913:
in citing the international nature of conflict in order for prosecution to proceed.
2103:
22232:
22207:
22118:
22113:
21922:
21871:
21646:
21431:
20696:
20490:
19561:"Afghanistan: Harrowing accounts emerge of the Taliban's reign of terror in Kunduz"
19533:
18424:
18386:
18366:
18068:
18033:
17929:
17894:
17865:
17677:
17614:
17604:
17563:
17553:
17520:
17458:
17322:
17002:
Brown C (2012). "Rape as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo".
16956:
16907:"Human Rights, Victimhood, and Impunity: An Anthropology of Democracy in Argentina"
16872:
16864:
16604:
15925:
14958:
14917:
14880:
14653:
14335:
14226:
13561:
13430:"Documents detail how Imperial military forced Dutch females to be 'comfort women'"
10536:
10062:
10035:
10015:
9786:
9354:
9139:
8564:
8468:
8416:
8271:
8265:
7944:
7339:
7320:
7281:
7259:
7184:
6743:
6710:
6583:
6578:
6563:
6521:
6277:
6201:
5718:
5168:
5017:
4976:
4453:
4263:
3972:
3725:
3605:
3572:, commented that "rape has never been the concern of the international community."
3487:
3486:
Professor Paul Walters in his April 2005 statement of support of Pillay's honorary
3480:
3376:
Following World War II, the judges at the Nuremberg trials in 1946 stated that the
3339:
3320:
3293:
3230:
3106:
3059:". One of the first references to the "laws of war", or "traditions of war" was by
3034:
2987:
2892:
2708:
2703:
2688:
2646:
2402:
2326:
2108:
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2005:
1898:
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1729:
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747:
690:
685:
643:
466:
443:
350:
279:
208:
191:
19165:
18954:
18660:
17462:
17119:
16630:"UN finds 'convincing information' that Hamas raped and tortured Israeli hostages"
15683:
14780:"Red Army troops raped even Soviet and Polish women as they freed them from camps"
14249:
Soldier, Sailor, Beggarman, Thief: Crime and the British Armed Services since 1914
13817:
12796:
Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Interactions, Nationalism, Gender and Lineage
11803:
11164:
10239:
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 016II: Matthew Paris OSB, Chronica maiora II
10120:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).
7786:. An Iraqi girl, 14 years old, was raped multiple times by US guards according to
7039:
Victims and survivors of war rape are at very high risk of psychosocial problems.
5392:
women were kidnapped by German forces for prostitution as well; one report by the
3764:
a broader pattern in which Hamas "weaponized sexual violence" during the attacks.
22300:
22217:
21988:
21790:
21713:
21605:
21233:
21196:
21101:
20867:
20857:
20825:
20820:
20810:
20618:
20521:
20418:
20349:
20102:
19498:
19192:
19045:
18731:
18021:
17369:
16803:"Israel fumes as UN secretary-general leaves Hamas off sexual violence blacklist"
16232:
16090:
15961:
15737:
15613:
15112:
14723:
13829:
13498:
Feelings at the Margins: Dealing with Violence, Stigma and Isolation in Indonesia
12268:
12152:
12130:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 72.
12102:
12053:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 80.
11947:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 38.
11820:
11373:
11357:
11340:
11323:
11276:
11259:
11242:
11216:
11189:
11176:
11089:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 4: East Asia
10671:"Communism in Central Europe at the Time of the Reformation: The Fall of Münster"
9684:
9305:
9238:
8134:
7683:
7671:
7307:
7172:, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights as well as international
7159:
have been reported in various contemporary conflict and post-conflict societies.
7020:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6598:
6536:
6480:
6267:
6237:
6063:
5790:
5659:
5431:
5141:
5009:
4955:
4864:
4844:
4658:
4638:
4124:
4049:
3869:
3740:
3703:
3499:
3402:
or who are not taking part of direct hostilities in non-international conflicts.
2999:
2991:
2940:
2846:
2826:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2661:
2605:
2392:
2362:
2188:
1918:
1903:
1821:
1777:
1719:
1375:
1370:
1260:
1250:
1165:
1140:
1082:
923:
853:
843:
695:
680:
603:
575:
375:
355:
203:
20495:
Comfort women : sexual slavery in the Japanese military during World War II
19475:"Islamic State issues abhorrent sex slavery guidelines about how to treat women"
19066:
17720:
16822:"UN Secretary-General excludes Hamas from conflict-related sexual violence list"
16225:
16185:
14680:
12311:
Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century)
9282:
3334:
Rapes were also committed against allied nationals during the war; for example,
22405:
22375:
22305:
22290:
22280:
22270:
22197:
22101:
22027:
21680:
21249:
21207:
20937:
20862:
20815:
20788:
20748:
20477:
Walsh, Brian (October 2018). "Sexual Violence During the Occupation of Japan".
20134:
20132:
20130:
20037:
20028:
19905:
18179:
Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones
18145:
Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones
16693:
16196:
16058:
16049:
15840:
15668:
15456:
15306:
15204:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949.
15186:
14042:[Victory in the Far East]. In Dyukov, Aleksandr; Pyhalov, Igor (eds.).
13565:
12846:
Paragraph 2, p. 1012, Judgment International Military Tribunal for the Far East
11522:
The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages
10983:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864
10834:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864
8309:
8298:
8243:
8200:
8191:
7793:
7555:
Numerous scholars and human rights agencies assert that since the onset of the
7458:
7125:
6859:
6697:
6551:
6526:
6302:
6262:
6140:
6135:
6095:
5998:
5923:
5919:
5739:
5682:
5597:
5537:
4642:
4203:
4175:
4171:
4155:
3976:
3905:
3881:
3873:
3809:
3772:
3760:
3663:
3445:
3399:
3218:
2966:
2934:
2884:
2834:
2676:
2651:
2427:
2387:
2265:
2260:
2220:
2093:
1841:
1265:
1225:
1203:
1190:
1180:
1150:
1067:
1020:
823:
814:
705:
658:
638:
628:
598:
565:
453:
410:
365:
237:
170:
20179:
18622:
18258:
17736:
17037:
16666:"UN team says Hamas likely carried out sexual violence in Israel on 7 October"
16573:
Chen, Philip; Wang, Tim; Lister, Josh; Pennington, Heather (15 October 2022).
16503:"Rape as a weapon: huge scale of sexual violence inflicted in Ukraine emerges"
15985:
15344:
14963:
14944:
12997:
Korean 'Comfort Women': Military Brothels, Brutality, and the Redress Movement
12898:
Korean 'Comfort Women': Military Brothels, Brutality, and the Redress Movement
12394:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 193.
12367:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 192.
10597:
9790:
9606:. The source's exact date is from www.phr.org.il/en/gender-based-violence-eng/
9368:
8421:
8404:
7285:
to 50,000. Mass rape mostly occurred in eastern Bosnia (especially during the
6880:
interpreted the comments by the prime minister as Abiy "jok about" gang rape.
5546:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
5536:
soldiers are estimated to have raped around 2,000,000 German women and girls.
5377:), rather than rape. Jewish women were particularly vulnerable to rape during
5356:
Rapes were committed by Wehrmacht forces on Jewish women and girls during the
4813:
4214:
Spanish conquistadors kidnapped and raped Native American women and children.
22432:
22380:
22086:
21739:
21301:
21180:
20793:
20783:
20369:
19050:
Asia Watch & Physicians for Human Rights A Division of Human Rights Watch
18037:
17898:
17681:
17146:
A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Towards a History of the Vanishing Present
16868:
16821:
16641:
16480:
15815:
15559:
Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 12, July 14 to July 22, 2005
15292:
14378:
14361:
14339:
14211:
13204:
JPRI Critique: A Publication of the Japan Policy Research Institute, Volume 9
13023:
Double Agency: Acts of Impersonation in Asian American Literature and Culture
12583:
12103:"Social Organization of the Manchus: A Study of the Manchu Clan Organization"
11761:
11611:
11505:
11427:
10753:
10718:
9066:
8979:
Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence
8482:
8045:
7783:
7538:
7236:
7214:
7188:
7051:
6794:
6593:
6556:
6348:
6272:
6252:
6242:
6125:
6039:
5833:
5576:
5526:
5484:
5378:
5368:
5075:
5003:
4997:
4856:
4837:
4783:
4705:
4686:
4532:
4526:
4053:
4026:
4015:
3744:
3350:
3309:
3214:
3079:
ideal of a knight who protected innocents and did not engage in lawlessness.
2718:
2681:
2473:
2397:
2377:
2367:
2250:
2164:
1940:
1928:
1784:
1704:
1620:
1603:
1460:
1315:
1295:
978:
973:
953:
933:
848:
819:
794:
670:
648:
633:
608:
448:
370:
333:
328:
225:
20127:
20103:"Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: 'I lost my hand when a soldier tried to rape me'"
16264:
Feleke, Bethlehem; Mackintosh, Eliza; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (20 March 2020).
16233:"Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: 'I lost my hand when a soldier tried to rape me'"
15375:
The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History
15245:
13706:
The Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes During World War II
13678:
The Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes during World War II
13453:"Japanese war crimes and Allied crimes trials in Borneo during World War II"
13055:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. 175.
12233:
Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923
10067:
10050:
8381:
7247:. Rapes by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army have also been documented.
5529:, while masses in churches were held in expectation of a Soviet withdrawal.
3530:
22310:
22242:
22222:
22212:
22202:
22172:
21830:
21351:
21255:
21153:
20922:
20805:
20773:
20682:
20595:
20541:
20351:
War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals
20140:
19307:
19189:""Not Women Anymore": The Congo's rape survivors face pain, shame and AIDS"
18971:
Chinkin, Christine. "Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law."
18378:
18160:"Bosnia's rape babies: abandoned by their families, forgotten by the state"
17689:
17628:
17609:
17577:
17558:
17334:
17286:
17218:
17015:
16298:"Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara"
15159:
14972:
14745:
14300:
14291:
14166:
Common Grounds: Violence Against Women in War and Armed Conflict Situations
14142:(2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 114.
13573:
13467:
13131:
11994:
Sawara Tokusuke, "Miscellaneous Notes about the Boxers" (Quanshi zaji), in
11780:
10766:
10666:
10027:
10019:
9798:
9662:
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights | ohchr.org
8909:
The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbruck Concentration Camp for Women
8905:
8285:
8235:
8213:
7965:
7943:
UN peacekeepers' involvement in rape was found as early as 1993 during the
7910:
7788:
7675:
reconstructive surgery is limited in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
7534:
7150:
6962:
6901:
6877:
6855:
6588:
6343:
6216:
6130:
6110:
5817:
5794:
5789:, Greek victims of rape were treated and received abortions at the British
5774:
5756:
5643:
5585:
5567:
5441:
5409:
5389:
5361:
5305:
4787:
4728:
4461:
4403:
4361:
4333:
4134:
4038:
4019:
3944:
3929:
3917:
3909:
3813:
3796:
3556:
3362:
3335:
3328:
3234:
3138:
3088:
2945:
2713:
2468:
2341:
2255:
2235:
2127:
2053:
2033:
2028:
1923:
1868:
1502:
1497:
1320:
1235:
983:
717:
618:
415:
319:
18436:
16911:
Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice
16440:"Myanmar Regime Task Force Leaves Trail of Beheaded and Mutilated Victims"
15275:
Histories of the aftermath: the legacies of the Second World War in Europe
12415:
Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick; Kotker, Norman (1969). Kotker, Norman (ed.).
12287:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 197.
11593:
The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century
11525:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 177.
11487:
The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century
11460:
Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between Russia and China
11433:
Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West
10733:
10698:
10504:
10123:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
9632:"Islamic Jihad terrorist admits to rape, NYT probes Hamas sexual violence"
5140:
A former prostitute recalled that as soon as Australian troops arrived in
3448:(rape intended to affect a population or culture as a whole) as a form of
22385:
22360:
22182:
22157:
22147:
22130:
22081:
21717:
21306:
21141:
21086:
20778:
20551:
The Political Psychology of War Rape: Studies from Bosnia and Herzegovina
20440:"U.N. Peacekeepers and Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: An End to Impunity"
18682:
17933:
17870:
17853:
17792:
17525:
17079:
The Political Psychology of War Rape: Studies from Bosnia and Herzegovina
16554:"Russian Woman Tells Partner To Rape Ukrainians in Chilling Audio—Report"
15225:
14739:
14272:
To the Victor the Spoils: D-Day to Ve Day, the Reality Behind the Heroism
14227:"Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo"
13736:. Vol. 4 (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 161.
13596:
12673:
Kaiser, Hilmar (2010). "Genocide at the Twilight of the Ottoman Empire".
10788:
10540:
10367:. Mamluk Studies. Vol. 17. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 173.
10103:
9553:"The battle to highlight crimes against women in Hamas' attack on Israel"
7989:
7977:
7839:
said in August 2015 that "he systematic rape of women and girls from the
7580:
7560:
7508:
7474:
7443:
7386:
7277:
7228:
6937:
6603:
6115:
5669:
5301:
4900:
4767:
4457:
4449:
4105:
4089:
4000:
3948:
3921:
3857:
boys to non-consensual sex (rape) saying it was one of the causes of the
3717:
3421:
3308:, was convicted for, inter alia, "rape under his command". Some 35 Dutch
3246:
3206:
3175:
3167:
3011:
2842:
2728:
2240:
2038:
1789:
1754:
1593:
1280:
1245:
958:
901:
804:
588:
309:
304:
139:
20321:
16922:
16086:"Men forced to rape family members in Ethiopia's Tigray region, says UN"
15910:
14869:"A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers"
14842:"Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps"
13524:
The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan against the West in Java and Luzon, 1942-1945
13000:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press.
12901:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press.
12764:
10153:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 468.
9965:
9191:"Fourth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
8125:, the Pakistani military used Army Camps as rape camps as a part of the
7919:
7598:
Commenting on the rape of women and children in African conflict zones,
7358:
underlining the fact that war rape occurred in the context of genocide.
6705:
attacks in multiple locations across Gaza periphery, including rape and
5187:, although a similar figure has also been given for the whole of Japan.
4680:
Sawara also reports on the seven daughters of the Manchu bannerman Yulu
4598:. However, after the rebellion was suppressed, detailed analyses by the
3312:
brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948.
22340:
22162:
22152:
21358:
21136:
21004:
20897:
17179:
16906:
16876:
14929:
14657:
13763:. Religious Studies; 39 (illustrated ed.). Greenwood. p. 75.
13614:
12284:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
12023:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
10703:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
8293:
8069:
8041:
7973:
7679:
7619:
7406:
7373:
7232:
7121:
6872:
6863:
6851:
6798:
6793:
Evidence provided by Cohen also suggests that some militaries that use
6654:
6120:
6023:
Sexual and gender-based violence in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
5911:
5688:
5663:
5365:
Poland, and even then the German judge found the perpetrator guilty of
5292:
during the last months of World War II. Though a high priority for the
5112:
5059:
5037:
4868:
4840:
4711:
4255:
4163:
4109:
3984:
3417:
3377:
3254:
3125:
2779:
2245:
1995:
1965:
1687:
1056:
19385:"ISIS sexual violence is an act of terrorism, says former CIA analyst"
18988:
Sexual violence in times of war: A new challenge for peace operations?
18853:
War's dirty secret: Rape, prostitution, and other crimes against women
17995:
Clifford, Cassandra (2008). Rape as a Weapon of War and it's [
14892:
14009:
The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China
12209:
Rivers of blood, rivers of gold: Europe's conflict with tribal peoples
9531:"Israel Gaza: Hamas raped and mutilated women on 7 October, BBC hears"
8723:. United States: University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2013.
8721:
Looting and Rape in Wartime: Law and Change in International Relations
8306:, the historic term for the large-scale abduction of women during wars
7135:
6827:
Create an enhanced feeling of masculinity through bonding and bragging
4556:
from the Circassian refugees who were settled in the Ottoman Balkans.
3792:
Rape has accompanied warfare in virtually every known historical era.
3432:
to which their home or the offending foreign state may be a party to.
21898:
21046:
20768:
20763:
20174:
20172:
19460:
18072:
16752:
16471:
16325:"Sexual violence as weapon of war spreads to new regions in Ethiopia"
16290:
10572:
Reyna Pastor (2 June 2000). "Mujeres en España y en Hispanoamérica".
8314:
8218:
7932:
7816:
7695:
7659:
7244:
6933:
6918:
6778:
6706:
6573:
6100:
6090:
6085:
5744:
5427:
5252:
5160:
5104:
4645:
committed several massacres of foreign civilians (motivated by their
4612:
4608:
4251:
3821:
3551:) were subjected to systematic and widespread gang rape, torture and
3476:
3052:
2864:
During war and armed conflict, rape is frequently used as a means of
2859:
sexual assaults and rape committed amongst troops in military service
2850:
2830:
2698:
2225:
2215:
2210:
1985:
1809:
1759:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1559:
1350:
1345:
1310:
752:
438:
405:
294:
20999:
14921:
14750:
The Social Inheritance of the Holocaust: Gender, Culture, and Memory
14725:
Politicization of Sexual Violence: From Abolitionism to Peacekeeping
11264:(illustrated ed.). Lloyd's Greater Britain Pub. Co. p. 67.
9355:
Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma
6649:
5916:
United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict
5765:
Anthony Mascarenhas, published a newspaper article in June 1971, in
5522:
3508:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
3005:
2774:
37:
22227:
22076:
21866:
21695:
21346:
21176:
20917:
20912:
20240:
Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia
20107:
19858:"UN's Minusma peacekeepers 'raped woman in Mali' | Africatime"
19437:"ISIS: Enslaving, having sex with 'unbelieving' women, girls is OK"
19422:
19255:"UNICEF adviser says rape in Darfur, Sudan continues with impunity"
18931:
18414:
17724:
17148:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 300.
16826:
16670:
16558:
16237:
15987:
Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982
14884:
14703:
Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II
14640:
Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II
14611:
Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe During World War II
12822:
Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from Imperial Japan's Sex Slaves
11563:
Standaert, N. (2001). Standaert, Nicolas; Tiedemann, R. G. (eds.).
11032:
10421:. Global Issues – Facts On File. Infobase Publishing. p. 188.
10298:"5 Memory and the Narrative of Rape in Budapest and Vienna in 1945"
8508:"War on Women – Time for action to end sexual violence in conflict"
8251:
8080:
8049:
8014:
7771:
7742:
In the same article Pamela Shifman was reported to have said that:
7588:
7584:
7410:
7402:
6941:
6847:
6830:
Demonstrate dedication to the group and a willingness to take risks
6751:
6495:
5964:
5518:
5397:
5309:
5248:
5244:
5214:. Walsh states that this figure originated from Yuki Tanaka's book
5108:
4904:
4832:
4311:
4299:
4081:
4011:
3996:
3846:
3449:
3444:
established by the United Nations made landmark decisions defining
3076:
2888:
2877:
2620:
2000:
1975:
1608:
1240:
1215:
833:
388:
262:
20169:
19836:"Rape Allegations Faced by U.N. In South Sudan – The New York Sun"
18955:"Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh – rapists act with impunity"
18357:
Hollifield, Michael (April 2005). "Taking measure of war trauma".
17428:"IRIN Africa | HEALTH: Rape as a "weapon of war" against men"
16026:"'Disturbing' rape allegations in Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: UN'"
14868:
13334:"Bangka Island: The WW2 massacre and a 'truth too awful to speak'"
11062:
Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800
10532:
A Spectrum of Unfreedom: Captives and Slaves in the Ottoman Empire
10472:"The Question of Islamophobia and Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great"
10394:. Cities of the Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. p. 189.
10254:"Escaping the Mongols: A Survivor's Account from the 13th century"
8111:
7897:
had engaged in mass murders and gang rapes of Afghan civilians in
7615:
6952:
in 2010, 30% of women and 22% of men from the eastern part of the
5593:
subject until after the dissolution of the USSR and East Germany.
5167:
Soon after the U.S. marines landed, all the women of a village on
4578:" to the Indians and as the "Sepoy Mutiny" to the British, Indian
3708:
Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel
3612:, "or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity" as
3292:
did convict Japanese officers "of failing to prevent rape" in the
22177:
21373:
21363:
21341:
21326:
20021:
17213:
17211:
16724:
12259:
12257:
11546:
Baddeley, John Frederick (1919). Baddeley, John Frederick (ed.).
10304:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 143.
10051:"IngentaConnect The Vikings on the Continent in Myth and History"
9828:
8057:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7894:
7866:
7367:
7059:
7043:
6905:
6802:
6759:
6731:
5495:
5450:
5419:
5415:
5297:
5152:
A large number of rapes were committed by U.S. forces during the
5062:
were also used as comfort women. Local women were recruited from
5025:
5024:
sexually assaulted Chinese women who were trapped in the city of
4972:
4968:
4860:
4848:
4724:
4419:
4407:
4378:
4357:
4353:
4247:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4167:
4085:
4004:
3964:
3952:
3936:
3913:
3834:
3829:
3561:
3522:
and the counts relating to violations of Common Article 3 to the
3297:
3097:
2944:
are frequently used interchangeably. The Explanatory Note of the
2010:
1970:
1734:
1568:
1564:
911:
896:
772:
433:
428:
398:
337:
299:
20620:
What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France
20591:. International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative, June 2009.
20007:"'Survival sex': How NGOs and peacekeepers exploit women in war"
19345:
The "Taguba Report" On Treatment Of Abu Ghraib Prisoners In Iraq
17174:
17172:
17170:
17168:
15584:"Pemerintah Didesak Hentikan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Papua"
15117:
Kriegsverbrechen in Europa und im Nahen Osten im 20. Jahrhundert
15017:
The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968
13834:
10959:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 109.
10932:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 108.
9060:
9058:
8226:
next to coats of arms of the Nordic Battlegroup on 15 March 2007
8181:
8052:, there were widespread reports of rape and other sexual abuse.
7756:
5612:
During 11 months of 1952 in the 110,000-man logistics branch of
3544:
22295:
21883:
20800:
20651:
19695:. Bosniagenocide.wordpress.com. 9 December 2010. Archived from
18467:(MA). Royal Roads University. p. 61-62. Archived from
18085:
Cassandra Clifford: "Rape as a Weapon of War and it's [
18059:
Russel-Brown, Sherrie L. (2003). "Rape as an Act of Genocide".
16575:"Russia using rape as 'military strategy' in Ukraine: UN envoy"
15982:"Mass Killings in Civic Gatherings and the Kidnapping of Women"
14440:
Jews, Germans, and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany
13352:"Interview: Dutch foundation urges Japan to pay honorary debts"
13278:"'Japanese Troops Took Locals as Comfort Women': International"
11785:
11783:
11092:(revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 1823.
9937:
filii Chunonini quos in uxores Winedorum et filias generauerant
8906:
Herbermann, Nanda; Hester Baer; Elizabeth Roberts Baer (2000).
8303:
8073:
7898:
7878:
7840:
7830:
7722:
7704:
7599:
7334:
7327:
7146:
6972:
6755:
6739:
5825:
5572:
5063:
4817:
4692:
4616:
4611:, who pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in
4464:
4337:
4097:
4094:
3940:
3457:
3409:
explicitly prohibits wartime rape and enforced prostitution of
3366:
3316:
3060:
3056:
2873:
1517:
918:
735:
471:
19575:"Current peacekeeping operations. United Nations Peacekeeping"
18657:"Odjek – revija za umjetnost i nauku – Zločin silovanja u BiH"
17208:
16748:"Israel says Hamas weaponised rape. Does the evidence add up?"
15508:
Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 12, July 14 to July 22, 2005
12265:
Caught in the Chinese Revolution: a record of risks and rescue
12254:
11920:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 91.
8250:
on women, peace, and security. Since civilian women are often
5373:(committing a shameful act against his race as defined by the
4719:
driven into extreme suffering and hardship. The forces of the
3616:
if the action is part of a widespread or systematic practice.
3596:
Explanatory Memorandum, which defines the jurisdiction of the
3568:. However, Justice Richard Goldstone, chief prosecutor at the
22050:
21015:
17165:
15667:. SAIS Review, Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from
15536:. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press. p. 207.
12334:. Vol. 112. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
12193:
Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (2007).
10643:
10271:
Bak, János M.; Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László, eds. (2010).
9754:
Feminism and Religion: How Faiths View Women and Their Rights
9055:
9028:"Editorial Observer; New punishment for an ancient war crime"
7969:
7948:
7726:
7700:
7604:
7592:
5846:
5590:
5462:
4863:
in the first months of the war. After the war, the historian
4579:
4484:
4448:
Cattle and horses in the hundreds were looted and 243 ethnic
4195:
4191:
4159:
4116:
3877:
3817:
3775:
3756:
3733:
3461:
3435:
3358:
2880:, as well as individual or isolated acts of sexual violence.
993:
529:
524:
20596:"Duty, Honor, Rape: Sexual Assault Against Women During War"
20138:
18100:"Rape and HIV as Weapons of War – United Nations University"
17539:
17371:
Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East
16414:"Myanmar army killed 17 people in 2 villages, residents say"
13943:
13887:
13868:
12350:. Vol. 112. Atlantic Monthly Company. 191. p. 779.
10104:"Horrible Traffic in Circassian Women—Infanticide in Turkey"
9917:"Slavs In Fredregar: Medieval 'Gens' or Narrative Strategy?"
9686:
Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East
9164:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons"
8133:
who specialised in Abortions described in an interview with
5883:. The reason given is: new information since September 2021.
5384:
Rapes were also committed by German forces stationed on the
5258:
Konstantin Asmolov of the Center for Korean Research of the
3213:, set up in 1919 to examine the atrocities committed by the
20753:
20523:
Women as Wartime Rapists: Beyond Sensation and Stereotyping
19456:"Pamphlet provides Islamic State guidelines for sex slaves"
19090:"Prevalence of Rape in E.Congo Described as Worst in World"
17590:
16850:"Membership matters: Coerced recruits and rebel allegiance"
15562:. Government Printing Office. 30 December 2009. p. 2.
15511:. Government Printing Office. 30 December 2009. p. 2.
13615:"Researcher details shattered lives of local comfort women"
13597:"Researcher details shattered lives of local comfort women"
12077:
The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History
11743:
Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878
11338:
11301:(illustrated ed.). Hope Publishing House. p. 96.
10598:"A prelude to the wars of religion:The sack of Rome (1527)"
9716:(paperback ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 80.
7985:
7981:
7377:
7240:
6032:
5829:
5809:
5458:
5079:
4231:
4199:
3992:
3865:
3825:
3370:
2922:
2822:
2157:
289:
284:
19214:"UN has failed Congo mass rape victims, says investigator"
18493:
16263:
15444:
15371:
15326:"'Silenced Shame': Hungarian Women Remember Wartime Rapes"
14402:
Numer: 17/18/2007 Wprost "Seksualne Niewolnice III Rzeszy"
12509:
Takemae, Eiji; Ricketts, Robert; Swann, Sebastian (2003).
11689:
The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions and Resources
9294:
9292:
5508:
Rape during the occupation of Germany § Soviet troops
5422:, committed rapes and other atrocities in Italy after the
4633:
Boxer Rebellion § Occupation, looting, and atrocities
22325:
21933:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
21670:
20460:
Hidden horrors : Japanese war crimes in World War II
19441:
19270:
18404:. Cologne, Germany: Prisma, Saarbrücken. pp. 63–110.
17999:] Long-term Effects on Victims and Society (Report).
17820:"War, rape and genocide: From ancient times to the Sudan"
16746:
Weiniger, Catherine Philp and Gabrielle (1 August 2024).
16270:
14524:
Paisà. Vita quotidiana nell'Italia liberata dagli alleati
13917:. New York City: New York University Press. p. 212.
12967:
Stetz, Margaret D.; Oh, Bonnie B. C. (12 February 2015).
12308:
Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Otway, John; Bland, Percy (1914).
11278:
Far Eastern Journey: Across India and Pakistan to Formosa
10450:
De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History
10275:(Bilingual ed.). Central European University Press.
8581:
8579:
8056:(EEPA) described an incident of six young girls raped in
7225:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
7162:
6866:
that started in early November 2020, Abiy suggested that
6801:
that equate masculinity with dominance and control. Some
5604:
and not rape and that they received STDs from the women.
5430:
committed after the Battle of Monte Cassino by Goumiers,
4566:
Indian Rebellion of 1857 § Death toll and atrocities
3570:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3531:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
3200:
Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 regarding Land Warfare
162:
22019:
20257:
19906:"Special Reports | Peacekeepers 'abusing children'"
19534:"Libya: Gaddafi investigated over use of rape as weapon"
18959:
Survival International – The movement for tribal peoples
18910:"1,500 Moro massacre victims during Martial Law honored"
16572:
15879:"The terrible secrets of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus"
14716:
14046:(in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Yauza. Archived from
13496:. In Stodulka, Thomas; Röttger-Rössler, Birgitt (eds.).
13378:"Taiwan seeking redress over 'comfort women' from Japan"
13308:"Massacres and Atrocities of WWII in the Pacific Region"
12550:"Sexuality, Sexual Relations, Homosexuality – 1914–1918"
12421:(illustrated ed.). American Heritage. p. 365.
8956:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 13–32.
7925:
power over the local population, which is often abused.
7911:
Rape in contemporary peace operations by UN peacekeepers
6854:
stated, "So, if you're wondering what the proportion of
5820:. It has also been reported that during the August 1990
5479:
Rape during the occupation of Germany § U.S. troops
4018:, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by
2916:
21968:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
20145:"What 'Rape as a Weapon of War' in Tigray Really Means"
19719:"The Peacekeeper's Child | Outlook India Magazine"
19418:"ISIS Publishes Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves"
19387:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 September 2014.
19166:"A Conversation with Eve Ensler: Femicide in the Congo"
18194:"Legacy of Rwanda Violence: The Thousands Born of Rape"
18020:
Diken, Bülent; Laustsen, Carsten Bagge (29 June 2016).
17486:"Male rape survivors fight stigma in Uganda – Features"
16467:"'Russian soldiers raped me as my terrified son cried'"
11917:
Sold People: Traffickers and Family Life in North China
11463:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin. p. 187.
11378:(in Dutch). Vol. 2. A. Loosjes. 1851. p. 120.
10639:"Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij"
10331:. London: George Routledge & Sons, ltd. p. 29.
9289:
8017:
Muslim women were raped by Burmese soldiers during the
7643:
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
6742:, "systematic rape is often used as a weapon of war in
5989:
Sexual violence in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5483:
Secret wartime files made public in 2006 revealed that
4456:
when he invaded the Amur river basin in the 1650s. The
20139:
Mazurana, Dyan; Mekonen, Hayelom K.; Conley, Bridget;
17968:
Bloomfield, David; Barnes, Teresa; Huyse, Luc (2003).
16363:"Supporting the victims of sexual violence in Myanmar"
14945:"The unspoken secret: Sexual violence in World War II"
14581:
Normandy: From the Landings to the Liberation of Paris
14169:. Asian Center for Women's Human Rights. p. 173.
13986:
13974:
13962:
13931:
13704:"young+Tamil+women+were+forced+to+dance"&pg=PT107
12730:"Comfort Women Were 'Raped': U.S. Ambassador to Japan"
8576:
5247:
troops also looted and terrorized the local people of
4178:
populations, including those from regions such as the
3908:, India also saw countless invasions by warriors from
3712:
In 2013, the U.N. Security Council unanimously passed
20638:
Our Bodies, Their Battlefield: What War Does to Women
20420:
Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence
20265:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on systematic rape"
20065:"Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 73 – 1 February 2021"
17967:
17584:
15911:"Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women in International Law"
15087:
Berlin 1945: War and Rape "Liberators Take Liberties"
14414:"Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History"
13858:
13856:
9737:
Gaca, Kathy L. (2011). Heineman, Elizabeth D. (ed.).
8242:
had to be removed. In a February 2008 interview with
7920:
Motivations for rape and sexual abuse by peacekeepers
7514:
6694:
Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict
5797:. Other documented instances of war rape include the
5066:
as comfort women, along with a small number of mixed
4899:
which was committed by the Ottoman Turks. During the
4452:
girls and women were raped by Russian Cossacks under
20322:"Heraldists want penis reinstated on military badge"
18417:
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
17311:"Violence Against Women: Global Scope and Magnitude"
17101:
17099:
15665:"Rape in War: Challenging the Tradition of Impunity"
15402:
The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question
15048:
14990:"World Wars: The Battle for Berlin in World War Two"
14089:
13654:. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. p. 47.
13500:(illustrated ed.). Campus Verlag. p. 184.
12508:
11644:
11058:
9435:"2.12.1. Violence against women and girls: overview"
8513:. Nobel Women's initiative. May 2011. Archived from
8261:
8072:, the prime minister of Ethiopia. Weyni Abraha from
7333:
Compared to other conflicts, the sexual violence in
7326:
leaders encouraged or ordered their men to rape the
7088:
6824:
Establish status and a reputation for aggressiveness
5906:
Protestor holding sign in support of women in Tigray
4513:
The Marvelous Compositions of Biographies and Events
20607:"Extreme War Rape in Today's Civil-war-torn States"
20283:
20057:
18052:
18013:
17963:
17961:
17852:Hagen, Kristen; Yohani, Sophie (21 November 2010).
17715:
17713:
17711:
17709:
17707:
16943:Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (11 May 2021).
16002:
The War Chronicles: From Flintlocks to Machine Guns
15767:
Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia
14139:
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II
14112:
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes In World War Ii
14072:
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes In World War Ii
13733:
The Thailand-Burma Railway, 1942-1946: Asian labour
13109:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. pp. 61–64.
12620:"'Devilish Marks' and Rape in the Time of Genocide"
12571:
Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914
12468:Slater, Tom; Dixey, Marsh; and Halperin, James L.,
12307:
7610:
7413:(access to anti-retroviral drugs remains limited).
7136:
Impact on children who are born as a result of rape
6900:An estimated 45 million plus civilians died during
5982:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
21923:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
19785:"U.N. Faces More Accusations of Sexual Misconduct"
19300:"Hersh: Children sodomized at Abu Ghraib, on tape"
16360:
16120:Kassa, Lucy; Pujol-Mazzini, Anna (27 March 2021).
16119:
15946:, Hurst & Company, London, 2001, pp. 57, 67–68
15841:"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"
14899:
14503:"1952: Il caso delle 'marocchinate' al Parlamento"
14416:. Vallentinemitchell.metapress.com. Archived from
14006:
13853:
13818:"Australian Military Gang Rape of 'Fallen Blossoms
13051:. In Vo, Linda Trinh; Sciachitano, Marian (eds.).
12867:For One Veteran, Emperor Visit Should Be Atonement
12073:
11290:
11288:
9821:
9369:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
8715:
8713:
7933:Cases of rape and sexual abuse in peace operations
7800:
6015:
5243:According to British and American reports, Soviet
4786:women were also violently forced into involuntary
4317:
19505:
18834:
18832:
18830:
18828:
18815:
18813:
18811:
18809:
18807:
18579:
18577:
18575:
18573:
18571:
18526:
18524:
18522:
18296:
18151:
17971:Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: A Handbook
17096:
15681:
15155:"They raped every German female from eight to 80"
14815:"They raped every German female from eight to 80"
14163:Tanaka, Yuki (1998). Sajor, Indai Lourdes (ed.).
13404:"'Comfort Woman' Ellen van der Ploeg passed away"
12557:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
11629:"De Brabantse Omwenteling - De gevechten te Gent"
11410:"Antonius Hambroek, of de Belegering van Formoza"
9752:Gaca, Kathy L. (2016). Paludi, Michele A. (ed.).
9009:"For first time, Court Defines Rape as War Crime"
8585:
8455:Nordås, Ragnhild; Cohen, Dara Kay (11 May 2021).
7488:
7430:Indian Peace Keeping Force § Sexual violence
5839:
5634:Algerian woman sexually abused by the French army
4843:poster printed during World War I, depicting the
4615:, while the rebellion was mostly confined to the
4298:A significant number of women were gang-raped by
3658:In April 2010, the first Special Representative,
3473:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3006:History of laws against sexual assault during war
22430:
21953:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
21928:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
20292:"50,000 Iraqi Refugees forced into prostitution"
18999:
18555:"Kosovo: rape as a weapon of "ethnic cleansing""
18509:
18507:
17958:
17940:
17919:
17878:
17847:
17845:
17843:
17841:
17704:
16904:
16323:Kassa, Lucy; York, Geoffrey (29 November 2021).
15949:
15602:
14942:
13026:. Stanford University Press. 2005. p. 209.
12973:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 126.
12851:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12414:
10363:. In Amitai, Reuven; Conermann, Stephan (eds.).
10359:Yosef, Koby; Conermann, Stephan (17 June 2019).
10328:Sons Of Ishmael: A Study of the Egyptian Bedouin
10270:
10223:"Accounts of the Mongols in the Medieval Record"
10126:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27.
9138:
8912:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 33–34.
8252:sexually assaulted in the war zones of the world
7533:Bengali settlers and soldiers have raped native
6197:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
5803:in East Timor during the occupation by Indonesia
5034:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4653:sentiment) but were said to avoid raping women.
4324:Second Manchu invasion of Korea § Aftermath
3987:. Most of these slaves came from places such as
3776:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
3290:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2853:and rape with objects. It is distinguished from
2322:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
20609:. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
20444:Washington University Global Studies Law Review
19407:, 18 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
17793:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
17252:
17250:
16942:
15773:
15422:
15013:
13954:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanakaTanaka2003 (
13898:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanakaTanaka2003 (
13879:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanakaTanaka2003 (
13845:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanakaTanaka2003 (
13527:. Princeton University Press. p. 175,176.
13181:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 63.
12819:Qiu, Peipei; Su, Zhiliang; Chen, Lifei (2014).
11285:
11134:(illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 77.
10986:. Stanford University Press. pp. 206–207.
9924:Acta Universitatis Szegediensis: Acta Historica
9741:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78.
9220:
9218:
9045:
9043:
9041:
8710:
8248:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325
8112:Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
8068:, the deposed leader of the Tigray Region, and
7521:Persecution of indigenous peoples in Bangladesh
7265:
7111:
5626:Torture during the Algerian War of Independence
5555:. Many of these victims were raped repeatedly.
5190:Individual instances of rape by members of the
4437:
3516:direct and public incitement to commit genocide
21769:
20236:
20095:
19264:
18993:
18825:
18804:
18783:
18654:
18568:
18519:
18185:
18158:Holt, Kate; Hughes, Sarah (13 December 2005).
18142:
17988:
17858:International Journal of Psychological Studies
17308:
15206:Harvard University Press, 1995. pp. 132, 133.
13046:
12314:(reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p.
12100:
10358:
9383:
8954:Hebrew Literature in the Wake of the Holocaust
8840:
8838:
8731:
8729:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8537:
8535:
7972:have faced 68 cases of rape, prostitution and
7607:, Chad, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
6904:. Male and female civilians may be subject to
5702:
5235:
5078:, most of the Australian nurses captured were
4483:, Patriot rebels tried to capture the city of
4343:
4149:
3971:Female slavery was common during the medieval
3190:The prohibition of rape was excluded from the
22035:
21755:
21031:
20667:
20319:
19231:"CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE s/2020/487"
19138:
18763:
18736:
18504:
18019:
17838:
17800:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
17223:"July 2021 Employee of the Month: Abiy Ahmed"
16995:
16191:
15663:Thomas, Dorothy Q.; Reagan, E. Ralph (1994).
15398:
15042:"Silence Broken on Red Army Rapes in Germany"
14672:
14571:
14004:
13630:"Stirring look at comfort women in Singapore"
13207:. Japan Policy Research Institute. p. 1.
13178:Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II
13175:Stetz, Margaret D.; Oh, Bonnie B. C. (2015).
13106:Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II
13103:Stetz, Margaret D.; Oh, Bonnie B. C. (2015).
12970:Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II
12497:
11858:Critical issues in American religious history
11623:
11621:
11345:(in Dutch). G. J. A. Beijerinck. p. 337.
11123:
11121:
10810:. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 114.
10636:
10300:. In Bessel, Richard; Schumann, Dirk (eds.).
10005:
9577:
9089:"Silence Broken on Red Army Rapes in Germany"
8502:
8500:
8207:
8182:Forced prostitution and sexual slavery in war
7065:Long-term psychological injuries may include
6674:
5540:, a historian and fellow at the conservative
5439:
5196:their forces were stationed in post-war Japan
4983:'s "comfort battalions" is interviewed by an
4293:
3771:, a report published in February 2024 by the
3653:UN Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict
2799:
2135:
19631:
19180:
18253:
18251:
18136:
18092:
18058:
17774:. World Health Organization. 7 December 2010
17247:
17178:
16905:Humphrey, Michael; Valverde, Estela (2007).
15662:
15628:"1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History"
15277:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 20–21.
15272:
14377:(in Polish). 29 October 2007. Archived from
14251:. Oxford University Press, USA, p. 128–129;
14189:
14075:(reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 102.
13949:
13893:
13874:
13840:
13272:
13270:
12101:Shirokorgoroff, Sergei Mikhailovich (1924).
11191:A History of Christianity in Asia: 1500–1900
11086:Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998).
11085:
10735:The Thirty Years' War: a documentary history
10571:
10198:Medieval Record: Sources of Medieval History
9273:
9271:
9215:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9038:
7183:reported with regard to war rape during the
5550:
5366:
4516:
4377:, Manchu soldiers under Qing Manchu general
3134:, title page from the first edition of 1625.
20394:
19271:Dan Glaister; Julian Borger (13 May 2004).
18549:
18547:
18545:
18543:
18541:
18539:
17851:
17483:
17309:Watts, Charlotte; Zimmerman, Cathy (2002).
17117:
16975:
16361:Phyu Phyu Oo; Davies, Sara (28 June 2021).
15990:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
15764:
15531:
15482:How Vietnamese Immigrants Made America Home
14479:. Listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu. Archived from
13862:
12535:
12491:
12471:Political and Americana Memorabilia Auction
12080:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 201.
12026:. Princeton University Press. p. 174.
11974:. China Connections: Springer. p. 83.
11882:
11880:
11878:
11436:. Princeton University Press. p. 413.
11218:A history of Christianity in Asia, Volume 2
10864:(illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 39.
9322:
9320:
9318:
8835:
8761:
8759:
8746:
8744:
8726:
8681:
8586:Minzoni – Deroche, Angela (November 2005).
8532:
8454:
7869:'s troops used rape as a weapon during the
7426:Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka
6977:homosexuality is widely condemned in Uganda
6950:Journal of the American Medical Association
5723:International Planned Parenthood Federation
5271:settlements were raped by Soviet soldiers.
4875:
4757:
4559:
4552:Russians raped Circassian girls during the
4209:
22410:"The War Crime No One Wants to Talk About"
22042:
22028:
21938:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
21762:
21748:
21038:
21024:
20674:
20660:
20416:
20374:Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism
20315:
20313:
20311:
20309:
20307:
20305:
19812:. PeaceWomen. 14 June 2011. Archived from
19737:"Haiti anger over alleged Uruguay UN rape"
19662:"UN Peacekeepers and Cultures of Violence"
19511:
18990:, International Peacekeeping, 8:2, 75–76 "
18838:
18819:
18609:
18583:
18530:
18513:
18356:
18204:
18170:
18157:
18118:
18022:"Becoming Abject: Rape as a Weapon of War"
17772:"WHO | 10 facts on obstetric fistula"
17451:International Feminist Journal of Politics
16546:
15871:
15781:"Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh"
15478:
15258:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
15020:. Princeton University Press. p. 28.
15007:
14516:
14477:"Italian women win cash for wartime rapes"
14398:
14396:
14190:Tanaka, Toshiyuki; Tanaka, Yukiko (1995).
13912:
13702:Russell, Edward Frederick Langley (2016).
13675:Russell, Edward Frederick Langley (2016).
13053:Asian American Women: The Frontiers Reader
12794:. In Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter (eds.).
12617:
12547:
11893:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 285.
11685:
11618:
11328:(in Dutch). P. N. van Kampen. p. 337.
11221:(2nd ed.). Orbis Books. p. 222.
11118:
10956:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
10929:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
10837:. Stanford University Press. p. 124.
10731:
10235:
10175:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection
9854:
9049:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8899:
8893:
8856:
8795:Europe: A Cultural History. Second Edition
8792:
8649:
8639:
8637:
8620:"Sexual Violence in Conflict: Our Mandate"
8588:"Rape as a tactic of war – Advocacy Paper"
8497:
8351:"The Nation: The Plight of Women Soldiers"
8174:(ENDF) and with rapists from the ENDF and
7347:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
6681:
6667:
5334:Italian participation on the Eastern Front
4855:Rapes were allegedly committed during the
4847:. The rape of the young girl representing
4226:in 1527, troops of the Holy Roman Emperor
3442:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3436:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3383:
3018:International framework of sexual violence
2903:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2806:
2792:
2142:
2128:
21958:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
20980:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
20548:
20191:
20189:
19088:McCrummen, Stephanie (9 September 2007).
19087:
18457:
18331:
18248:
18004:
17946:
17884:
17869:
17618:
17608:
17567:
17557:
17524:
17506:
17275:
17273:
17271:
17269:
17267:
17265:
17075:
16960:
16936:
16898:
16322:
15273:Biess, Frank; Moeller, Robert G. (2010).
15075:
15054:
14962:
14866:
14678:
14586:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
14577:
13756:
13649:"Chitty+girls+being+hastily"&pg=PP66
13450:
13267:
12818:
12448:. University of Washington. p. 191.
12107:Royal Asiatic Society, North China Branch
11913:
11808:. London Printing and Publishing Company.
11566:Handbook of Christianity in China, Part 1
11562:
11127:
11112:
11065:. Stanford University Press. p. 59.
10348:. Smith, Elder & Company. p. 57.
10066:
9819:
9268:
9174:
9025:
8472:
8420:
7690:
7365:The December 1990 issue of the newspaper
6940:and 80% of concentration camp inmates in
5709:Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
4991:
4518:‘Aja’ib al-athar fi’l-tarajim wa’l-akhbar
3452:under international law. In the trial of
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
21662:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
20600:Journal of International Women's Studies
19941:"UN-believable – OhmyNews International"
19112:
19110:
18536:
18326:. World Health Organization. June 2009.
18191:
17994:
17388:
17367:
16745:
16500:
15904:
15902:
15900:
15378:. Oxford University Press. p. 261.
15365:
14905:
14412:Mitchell, Vallentine (10 October 2011).
14411:
14321:
14031:
13729:
13709:(reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster.
12750:
12280:
12019:
11875:
11861:. Baylor University Press. p. 539.
11854:
11835:
11768:
11712:
11545:
11322:Muller, Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas (1917).
10979:
10952:
10925:
10830:
10630:
10048:
9682:
9315:
9150:United States Government Printing Office
8756:
8741:
8371:
8348:
8217:
7846:
7755:
7694:
7628:
7614:
7034:
7005:
6821:Prompt feelings of power and achievement
6725:likelihood of violence against civilians
5901:
5836:American POW was raped by Iraqi troops.
5629:
5616:, there were 41 men charged with rapes.
5352:German military brothels in World War II
4963:
4831:
4549:Cossacks raped Muslim Circassian women.
3899:, Book IV, Section 48, written circa 642
3753:Hamas' surprise attack on Israel in 2023
3689:to emphasize greater national ownership.
3623:
3273:purposes" and "abduction unjustified by
3249:(in fact only Germans) and of Japan for
3124:
1106:List of military strategies and concepts
133:
22422:from the original on 25 September 2020.
22404:
20616:
20519:
20497:. New York: Columbia University Press.
20489:
20438:Defeis, Elizabeth F. (1 January 2008).
20368:
20302:
19884:"Another U.N. Peacekeeper Rape Scandal"
19379:
19377:
19361:
19320:
18850:
18399:
18318:
18316:
17812:
17448:
17394:
17217:
17113:
17111:
17001:
16819:
16717:
16598:
15908:
15838:
15658:
15656:
15654:
15652:
15650:
15648:
15534:Funu: The unfinished saga of East Timor
15324:Hunter, Lynn Joyce (24 November 2013).
15128:
15092:
14984:
14982:
14839:
14777:
14393:
14354:
14290:
14266:
14264:
14037:
13701:
13674:
13547:
13174:
13102:
12966:
12952:Lee, Morgan Pōmaika'i (29 April 2015).
12777:
12675:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
12563:
12225:
11886:
11818:
11789:
11774:
11664:
11518:
11456:
11426:
11214:
11187:
10665:
10177:(London; New York: Bantam Press, 2004)
10119:
8995:
8776:
8774:
8634:
8023:2018 report of the UN Secretary-General
7939:Peacekeeping child sexual abuse scandal
7807:Sexual Violence in the Iraqi Insurgency
7419:
7362:propaganda prior to the 1994 genocide.
7303:56th Berlin International Film Festival
6948:According to a survey published in the
5969:Secretary-General of the United Nations
5403:
5312:families during the winter of 1944–45.
4535:and the Position of the Call of Sheikh
3194:and was deliberately left vague by the
14:
22431:
22286:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
20985:False allegation of child sexual abuse
20454:
20437:
20400:Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape
20289:
20186:
20027:
19993:
19619:
19595:
19563:. Amnesty International. October 2015.
19555:
19553:
19551:
19512:Callimachi, Rukmini (13 August 2015).
19297:
18952:
18867:"Human Rights Watch World Report 1998"
18226:
17750:"WHO | Female genital mutilation"
17663:
17262:
17140:
17120:"How did rape become a weapon of war?"
17118:Smith-Spark, Laura (8 December 2004).
17071:
17069:
16841:
16627:
16356:
16354:
16352:
16048:
16038:from the original on 13 February 2021.
15834:
15832:
15684:"How did rape become a weapon of war?"
15323:
15223:
15152:
15134:"An orgy of denial in Hitler's bunker"
14812:
14637:
14550:
14162:
14135:
14107:
14068:
13646:
13520:
13491:
13384:from the original on 26 September 2017
13147:
12921:
12672:
12643:
12618:Barsoumian, Nanore (7 December 2011).
12441:
12387:
12360:
12211:. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 308.
12206:
12154:A Regional Handbook on Northeast China
12123:
12046:
11940:
11589:
11483:
11321:
11294:
11274:
11257:
11154:
10900:. Kobe University: 204. Archived from
10804:Yi, Pae-yong (2008). Chan, Ted (ed.).
10700:The Thirty Years War: Europe's tragedy
10696:
10565:
10528:
10324:
10194:
9776:
9756:. Praeger. pp. 179–180, 183–184.
9709:
9346:
9006:
8976:
8951:
8402:
8116:
7865:, claimed that there is evidence that
7163:Impact on post-conflict reconciliation
4883:related how, during the defeat of the
4544:
4144:
3864:According to medieval historians, the
3669:The six priorities of the office are:
3120:
22023:
21743:
21019:
20655:
20567:
20476:
20347:
20221:
20115:from the original on 16 February 2021
20073:Europe External Programme with Africa
19886:. Outsidethebeltway.com. 23 July 2007
19107:
18974:European Journal of International Law
18192:McKinley, James (23 September 1996).
18124:
18061:Berkeley Journal of International Law
17355:
17279:
17256:
17076:Skjelsbæk, Inger (13 February 2012).
16962:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102229
16847:
16388:"Myanmar's Ongoing War Against Women"
16337:from the original on 29 November 2021
16245:from the original on 16 February 2021
16152:
15979:
15918:European Journal of International Law
15897:
15682:Laura Smith-Spark (8 December 2004).
15372:Jens Hanssen; Amal N. Ghazal (2020).
14797:
14608:
14463:
14231:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
14193:Rape and War: The Japanese Experience
14095:
13992:
13980:
13968:
13937:
13627:
13594:
13220:"4. Occupation: Coercion and Control"
12697:
12150:
11967:
11407:
11388:
11355:
11131:Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan
10857:
10535:. Central European University Press.
10469:
10387:
10146:
9914:
9884:
9855:Van Broeck, Leen (20 December 2017).
9598:from the original on 27 November 2023
9508:
9506:
8844:
8829:
8817:
8780:
8765:
8750:
8735:
8704:
8692:
8643:
8474:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102620
8054:Europe External Programme with Africa
7766:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
7219:Evidence of the magnitude of rape in
6777:argues that some military groups use
5147:
4921:Allied war crimes during World War II
4739:
4491:garrison, which sought to retain the
4470:
3241:of real significance. The victorious
2917:Definition of wartime sexual violence
21092:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
20157:from the original on 27 October 2021
20083:from the original on 31 January 2021
20045:from the original on 31 January 2021
19759:"U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo"
19374:
18980:
18697:
18313:
18176:
17742:
17719:Martens, Jackie (24 January 2004). "
17108:
17030:"Sexual violence as a weapon of war"
16432:
16406:
16066:from the original on 31 January 2021
15801:
15645:
15609:"East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep"
15430:"Murder in the name of war – My Lai"
15089:(Spring, 1995), pp. 42–63. MIT Press
15034:
14979:
14681:"Revisionists challenge D-Day story"
14261:
14224:
13783:
13331:
13246:
13217:
13075:
13047:Linda Trinh Vo, Linda Trinh (2004).
12789:
12582:
12548:Crouthamel, Jason (8 January 2017).
11801:
11739:
11362:(in Dutch). W. Kirchner. p. 50.
10884:
10807:Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들
10446:"The Invasion of Syria by Tamerlane"
10414:
10341:
10295:
9751:
9736:
8932:
8797:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 216.
8771:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8403:Haddad, H.N. Hum Rights Rev (2011).
7995:
7813:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
7208:
5948:
5865:
5512:Rape during the liberation of Poland
5475:Rape during the liberation of France
4890:
4793:
4502:
4281:
4269:
4237:
4037:. Documents written during or after
3872:, who invaded Eastern Europe during
3270:sexual violence during the Holocaust
3066:
145:depicting a man kidnapping a woman (
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
20744:Genital modification and mutilation
20570:Wisconsin International Law Journal
20520:Sjoberg, Laura (22 November 2016).
19860:. En.africatime.com. Archived from
19548:
19514:"ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape"
19321:Harding, Luke (19 September 2004).
19067:"Africa war zones' 'rape epidemic'"
19006:. World Scientific. pp. 101–.
18655:Halilovic Aldi (21 December 2000).
18597:"War rape in the former Yugoslavia"
18458:Kerstiens, Frances (October 2004).
17947:Ward, Jeanne; Marsh, Mendy (2006).
17066:
16349:
16173:from the original on 10 August 2021
15930:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035874
15829:
15119:, Mittler, Hamburg Berlin Bonn 2002
14943:Kuwert, P.; Freyberger, H. (2007).
14840:Johnson, Daniel (24 January 2002).
14778:Johnson, Daniel (24 January 2002).
14375:"Obozy Podlegle Organom Policyjnym"
14241:
13410:from the original on 5 January 2016
13284:. 21 September 1999. Archived from
12993:
12951:
12894:
12474:, Heritage Auctions, 2005. p. 317.
11968:Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019).
11155:Heaver, Stuart (26 February 2012).
10637:Runa Hellinga (27 September 2019).
10201:. Hackett Publishing. p. 339.
10083:"Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery"
9836:from the original on 31 August 2022
9820:Madenholm, Terry (30 August 2022).
9545:
9064:
8166:included three known rape camps: a
7729:continues with impunity" reported:
7544:
7314:
7194:
6993:
4960:Rape during the occupation of Japan
4479:(13–16 November 1789), part of the
3600:, recognizes rape, sexual slavery,
3040:
24:
21097:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
20513:
19664:. Cultural Survival. 19 March 2010
19298:SEALEY, GERALDINE (15 July 2004).
19118:"Africa Tales of Rape in DR Congo"
19020:from the original on 20 April 2017
18764:Andrew Osborn (23 February 2001).
18281:"United Nations Official Document"
18212:"United Nations Official Document"
17974:. International IDEA. p. 61.
17507:Njoku, Emeka; Dery, Isaac (2021).
16949:Annual Review of Political Science
16718:Lederer, Edith M. (4 March 2024).
16599:Besheer, Margaret (4 March 2024).
16278:from the original on 20 March 2021
16213:from the original on 28 March 2021
16134:from the original on 27 March 2021
16098:from the original on 28 March 2021
15839:Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011).
15802:Anam, Tahmima (26 December 2013).
15305:
13628:Nanda, Akshita (23 January 2017).
13440:from the original on 2 March 2017.
13137:. Australian War Memorial. 120087.
10803:
10418:Genocide and International Justice
10061:(2). Ingentaconnect.com: 186–203.
9963:
9823:"Rape as an Ancient Weapon of War"
9588:Physicians for Human Rights-Israel
9571:
9503:
9279:"Rape as a Crime Against Humanity"
9243:
8981:. Berghahn Books. pp. 33–34.
8461:Annual Review of Political Science
8457:"Conflict-Related Sexual Violence"
8372:Benedict, Helen (13 August 2008).
7515:Bangladesh: Chittagong Hill Tracts
7495:Moro insurgency in the Philippines
7130:discrimination for having HIV/AIDS
6917:results in its being ignored as a
5640:Algerian National Liberation Front
5135:
4867:dismissed the rape allegations as
4710:was a nobleman from the Mongolian
4626:
3880:women and kept them in bondage as
3535:Rape first became recognized as a
3263:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
3101:centuries. The influential writer
25:
22485:
21586:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
20954:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
20841:in education in the United States
20611:American Sociological Association
20243:. University of Minnesota Press.
20143:; Burns, Delia (10 August 2021).
19186:
19039:"RAPE IN KASHMIR: A Crime of War"
18461:War Rape: The Aftermath for Women
18181:. Lynne Rienner. pp. 94–109.
17822:. Apha.confex.com. Archived from
17670:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
17235:from the original on 21 July 2021
17196:from the original on 15 July 2021
16820:Eichner, Itamar (23 April 2024).
16501:McKernan, Bethan (4 April 2022).
16464:
16004:. Fair Winds. 2009. p. 393.
15346:Silenced shame - OFFICIAL TRAILER
14638:Morrow, John H. (October 2008). "
10792:The History of Scotland: Volume 3
10502:
9986:. Deepak Shinde. 25 October 2016.
9196:. 19 October 1999. Archived from
8935:"Seksualne niewolnice III Rzeszy"
8437:
8164:Sexual violence in the Tigray War
8036:Sexual violence in the Tigray War
7884:
7877:also purchased a large number of
7574:
7120:This is particularly relevant in
7089:Psychosocial and societal effects
6837:
6810:
5860:Sexual violence in the Tigray war
5753:United States Department of State
5558:Atina Grossman in her article in
5330:24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"
4914:
4576:India's First War of Independence
4162:captives as slaves, including as
4025:The Mongols, who established the
3928:helped hasten the decline of the
2845:, but sometimes, particularly in
22398:
21724:
21723:
21529:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
20998:
20933:Sociobiological theories of rape
20681:
20640:(London: William Collins, 2020.
20613:, New York City, 11 August 2007.
20230:
20215:
19999:
19987:
19977:
19951:
19933:
19920:
19898:
19876:
19850:
19828:
19802:
19777:
19751:
19729:
19711:
19685:
19676:
19654:
19625:
19613:
19600:
19589:
19567:
19526:
19486:
19467:
19448:
19429:
19410:
19391:
19355:
19337:
19314:
19291:
19248:
19223:
19207:
19158:
19132:
19081:
19059:
19032:
18965:
18946:
18920:
18902:
18880:
18859:
18851:Barstow, Anne Llewellyn (2000).
18844:
18757:
18719:
18675:
18648:
18632:
18615:
18603:
18589:
18486:
18451:
18408:
18393:
18350:
18273:
18147:. Lynne Rienner. pp. 21–39.
18079:
17913:
17786:
17764:
17730:
17657:
17635:
17533:
17500:
17477:
17442:
17420:
17411:
17395:Stemple, Lara (1 January 2009).
17361:
17349:
17302:
17134:
17052:
17022:
16969:
16813:
16795:
16767:
16739:
16711:
16686:
16566:
16520:
16494:
16458:
16392:United States Institute of Peace
16380:
15994:
15973:
15936:
15858:
15795:
15758:
15743:
15720:
15701:
15675:
15620:
15590:(in Indonesian). 19 October 2017
15576:
15550:
15525:
15499:
15472:
15392:
15356:
15336:
15317:
15299:
15266:
15217:
15196:
15180:
15167:
15146:
15122:
15105:
14936:
14860:
14833:
14806:
14771:
14695:
14631:
14602:
14544:
14495:
14469:
14457:
14445:
14432:
14405:
14367:
14315:
14284:
14218:
14183:
14156:
14129:
14101:
14062:
13998:
13906:
13804:
13777:
13750:
13723:
13695:
13668:
13640:
13621:
13607:
13588:
13541:
13514:
13485:
13444:
13422:
13396:
13370:
13344:
13300:
13240:
13211:
13195:
13168:
13141:
13130:comfort women (2 October 1945).
13123:
13096:
13069:
13040:
13014:
12987:
12960:
12945:
12915:
12888:
12839:
12812:
12783:
12771:
12744:
12722:
12691:
12666:
12637:
12611:
12576:
12541:
12529:
12485:
12462:
12435:
12408:
12381:
12354:
12338:
12322:
12301:
12274:
12245:
12200:
12187:
12175:
12161:
12144:
12117:
12094:
12067:
12040:
12013:
12001:
11996:Compiled Materials on the Boxers
11988:
11961:
11934:
11907:
11848:
11836:Gittings, John (5 August 2000).
11829:
11812:
11805:The History of the Indian Mutiny
11795:
11733:
11706:
11679:
11658:
11638:
11635:, 1985, no. 3, pp. 124–143.
11583:
11556:
11539:
11512:
11477:
11450:
11420:
11401:
11382:
11366:
11349:
11332:
11315:
11268:
11251:
11235:
11208:
11181:
11148:
11106:
11079:
11052:
11030:
11024:
11000:
10973:
10946:
10919:
10894:Journal of Intercultural Studies
10878:
10851:
10824:
10195:Andrea, Alfred J. (March 2020).
10147:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2014).
10049:Coupland, Simon (1 April 2003).
9439:European Union Agency for Asylum
8593:. Caritas France. Archived from
8278:
8264:
8172:Ethiopian National Defense Force
8062:Ethiopian National Defense Force
7639:Rape during the Congo civil wars
7633:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7624:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7611:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7551:Rape during the Kashmir conflict
7170:United Nations Secretary-General
6954:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6888:
6648:
6248:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6021:This section is an excerpt from
5995:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5983:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5959:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
5944:against the civilian population.
5870:
5858:This section is an excerpt from
4385:
3649:Security Council Resolution 1888
3575:
3424:to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
2773:
2373:Democratic Republic of the Congo
180:
36:
21619:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
20623:. University of Chicago Press.
20589:"IHL Primer on Sexual Violence"
20479:The Journal of Military History
20417:de Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2005).
20354:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
20340:
17922:International Studies Quarterly
17664:Loncar, Mladen (29 July 2009).
16848:Gates, Scott (September 2017).
16628:Borger, Julian (4 March 2024).
16153:Gelaw, Abraham (13 July 2021).
15965:. 28 March 2003. Archived from
14679:Schofield, Hugh (5 June 2009).
14645:The Journal of Military History
14551:Wilson, David (27 March 2007).
14328:Journal of Contemporary History
13730:Kratoska, Paul H., ed. (2006).
13681:. Frontline Books. p. 93.
13595:Loone, Susan (11 August 2001).
12588:"Fascism and Social Revolution"
11692:(reprint ed.). Routledge.
11375:Algemeene konst – en letterbode
11247:. W. Y. Tsao. 1961. p. 54.
10797:
10782:
10760:
10725:
10690:
10659:
10604:
10590:
10522:
10496:
10463:
10438:
10408:
10381:
10352:
10335:
10318:
10289:
10264:
10246:
10229:
10215:
10188:
10167:
10140:
10113:
10097:
10075:
10042:
9999:
9990:
9974:
9957:
9908:
9878:
9848:
9813:
9770:
9745:
9730:
9703:
9676:
9650:
9624:
9523:
9477:
9452:
9427:
9405:
9361:
9156:
9132:
9103:
9081:
9019:
8970:
8945:
8926:
8887:
8862:
8850:
8823:
8811:
8786:
8698:
8158:
7829:and claims "justification by a
7801:2011 – present Iraqi insurgency
7713:Rape during the Darfur genocide
7557:insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
7505:Armed Forces of the Philippines
6764:United Nations Security Council
6016:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
5928:sexually transmitted infections
5780:
5619:
5394:International Military Tribunal
5315:
5279:
4895:Rape was widespread during the
4330:Second Manchu invasion of Korea
4318:Second Manchu invasion of Korea
4217:
4070:army occupied Hungary in 1945.
4029:across much of Eurasia, caused
3943:, and finally entered into the
3619:
3587:
3456:, the mayor of Taba Commune in
3224:
3181:
47:needs additional citations for
21999:International humanitarian law
21943:Special Court for Sierra Leone
21045:
20964:Sexually violent predator laws
19191:. Ms. Magazine. Archived from
17721:Congo rape victims seek solace
16163:United Nations Population Fund
15055:Hitchcock, William I. (2004).
14950:International Psychogeriatrics
14728:. London: Ashgate. pp. 80–81.
14526:, Mondadori, 2008, pages 267,
14013:. Simon and Schuster. p.
12482:, Poster is by Ellsworth Young
12281:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991).
12020:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2021).
12007:Chao-ying Fang. "Chongqi". In
11914:Ransmeier, Johanna S. (2017).
11686:Haxthausen, Baron Von (2013).
10388:Burns, Ross (25 August 2016).
9689:. A&C Black. p. 203.
9636:The Jerusalem Post (JPost.com)
9026:Rosenberg, Tine (April 1998).
8670:, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages,
8612:
8396:
8365:
8349:Benedict, Helen (6 May 2009).
8342:
8144:
8013:In 2016–2017 and beyond, many
7489:Philippines: Mindanao and Sulu
7338:nature of war rape during the
7293:), and in Grbavica during the
7075:post-traumatic stress syndrome
6927:
5938:United Nations Population Fund
5840:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
5649:
5549:estimated by Barbara Johr, in
5457:, who landed on the island of
5426:and in Germany. In Italy, the
5221:
5118:
4903:of Armenian civilians through
4881:Manfred Freiherr von Killinger
4827:
4582:rebelled en masse against the
4521:), that Ottoman forces in the
4375:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
4242:During the second half of the
3958:
3732:, and the ongoing conflict in
3697:
3647:(SRSG-SVC) was established by
3430:international human rights law
3211:Commission of Responsibilities
3093:ultimate duty of the soldier.
3055:, slave labor, or battle-camp
3047:International humanitarian law
2891:when it is committed with the
13:
1:
22067:Adverse childhood experiences
20908:Effects and aftermath of rape
20617:Roberts, Mary Louise (2013).
19632:Sarah Martin (October 2005).
19362:Harding, Luke (19 May 2004).
19236:. United Nations. 3 June 2020
18953:McEvoy, Mark (3 April 2014).
18766:"Mass rape ruled a war crime"
18371:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61003-3
17463:10.1080/14616742.2018.1522264
17374:. A&C Black. p. 20.
17327:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08221-1
16978:"Sexualised wartime violence"
15752:Sarmila Bose Rewrites history
15709:"Indians are bastards anyway"
15153:Beevor, Antony (1 May 2002).
14813:Beevor, Antony (1 May 2002).
14360:"55 Dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce"
14225:Ward, Rowena (1 March 2007).
13550:""Comfort Women" in Malaysia"
12515:. A&C Black. p. 67.
12442:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
12388:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
12361:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
12157:. The Institute. p. 110.
12124:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017).
12047:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017).
11941:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017).
11059:John Robert Shepherd (1993).
11006:
10770:Montrose: The King's Champion
10242:(in Latin and Middle French).
9683:Levinson, Bernard M. (2004).
9007:Simons, Marlise (June 1996).
8330:
8102:
7725:adviser says rape in Darfur,
7499:On 24 September 1974, in the
7399:sexually transmitted diseases
5852:
5808:It has been reported that in
5607:
5375:racial policy of Nazi Germany
4444:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4406:loyalist forces commanded by
4119:'s invasion of Syria, in the
21963:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
21948:International Criminal Court
21159:International Criminal Court
19959:"Bosnia sex trade shames UN"
19739:. BBC News. 6 September 2011
19139:Kira Cochrane (9 May 2008).
19069:. BBC News. 13 February 2008
18429:10.1016/0020-7292(94)02302-F
17397:"Male Rape and Human Rights"
17368:Levinson, Bernard M (2004).
17280:Storr, Will (17 July 2011).
15804:"Pakistan's State of Denial"
15727:"Hamoodur Rahman Commission"
14322:Pannacci, Raffaello (2020).
14038:Asmolov, Konstantin (2008).
13787:Vietnam and China, 1938-1954
13451:Narayanan, Arujunan (2002).
13332:Nunn, Gary (18 April 2019).
12418:The Horizon history of China
11855:Mathisen, Robert R. (2006).
11258:Wright, Arnold, ed. (1909).
11244:Free China Review, Volume 11
11163:. p. 25. Archived from
11128:Manthorpe, Jonathan (2008).
10732:Helfferich, Tryntje (2009).
10477:American University of Cairo
10415:Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009).
8664:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
8572:International Criminal Court
8335:
7984:, four UN peacekeepers from
7859:International Criminal Court
7857:The chief prosecutor of the
7853:2011 Libyan rape allegations
7780:Mahmudiyah rape and killings
7736:internally displaced persons
7656:Democratic Republic of Congo
7565:Central Reserve Police Force
7266:Mass rape in the Bosnian War
7112:Stigmatization and isolation
6735:reward for winning battles.
6471:Marital rape laws by country
5787:invasion of Cyprus by Turkey
5676:
5532:At the end of World War II,
5339:
5228:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
4804:In October 1911, during the
4438:Russian invasion of the Amur
4234:and sexual abuse of women.
4194:of the Ottoman elite. These
4003:), and Central Asia (mainly
3935:The Huna invaders conquered
3924:. The Huna invasions of the
3787:
3730:Democratic Republic of Congo
3598:International Criminal Court
3498:Under her presidency of the
3471:, who went on to become the
3413:in international conflicts.
2950:International Criminal Court
2909:conflicts, thus putting the
2596:Marital rape laws by country
7:
22004:International speech crimes
21786:Customary international law
21559:Russian invasion of Ukraine
20462:. New York, NY: Routledge.
20009:. Women Under Siege Project
19984:Doc. A/60/862 (24 May 2006)
19838:. Nysun.com. 3 January 2007
17752:. World Health Organization
17645:. Women Under Siege Project
17142:Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty
15909:Chinkin, Christine (1994).
15532:Ramos-Horta, Jose (1996) .
15479:Cherenfant, Sabine (2018).
15098:Helke Sander/Barbara Johr:
14578:Wieviorka, Olivier (2010).
14044:Velikaya obolgannaya voina
14040:"Pobeda na Dal'nem Vostoke"
12790:Yoon, Bang-Soon L. (2015).
12677:. Oxford University Press.
12195:Dictionary of Genocide: M–Z
12074:Joanna Waley-Cohen (2000).
11654:(in Arabic). p. 3/606.
11215:Moffett, Samuel H. (2005).
11188:Moffett, Samuel H. (1998).
10980:Millward, James A. (1998).
10953:Millward, James A. (2007).
10926:Millward, James A. (2007).
10831:Millward, James A. (1998).
10236:Paris, Mathew (1200–1299).
9779:Anthropology & Medicine
9352:As quoted by Guy Horton in
8937:(in Polish). Archived from
8662:The Black Book of Communism
8257:
8238:in the coat of arms of the
8097:during the Rwandan genocide
8093:rape during the Bosnian War
8083:include the well-organised
7751:
7455:Arumaithurai Tharmaletchumi
6807:internally displaced people
6438:Russian invasion of Ukraine
6007:Security Service of Ukraine
5941:
5914:included, according to the
5703:1971 genocide in Bangladesh
5687:The Indonesian invasion of
5656:Rape during the Vietnam War
5501:
5346:War crimes of the Wehrmacht
5260:Russian Academy of Sciences
5236:
5192:United States Army in Japan
5082:before they were murdered.
4776:Herero and Namaqua Genocide
4517:
4344:Manchu invasion of Xinjiang
4246:, Brabantian towns such as
4150:Ottoman conquests in Europe
2952:, defines rape as follows:
2563:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1599:Military–industrial complex
1078:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
22490:
21826:Convention Against Torture
21771:International criminal law
21533:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
20348:Askin, Kelly Dawn (1997).
19723:magazine.outlookindia.com/
18800:– via Find Articles.
18753:– via Find Articles.
18659:. Odjek.ba. Archived from
17700:– via SAGE Journals.
15405:. Routledge. p. 122.
14909:American Historical Review
14722:Harrington, Carol (2010).
14108:Tanaka, Toshiyuki (1996).
13913:Schrijvers, Peter (2002).
13566:10.1080/146727101760107442
13548:Michiko, Nakahara (2001).
12706:Princeton University Press
12512:Allied Occupation of Japan
12263:Ernest Frank Borst-Smith,
11342:De Gids, Volume 81, Part 1
11281:. H. Jenkins. p. 169.
10342:Muir, Sir William (1896).
9885:Dixon, Jessica E. (2012).
9713:The Creation of Patriarchy
9616:: CS1 maint: postscript (
9120:(in Italian). 25 July 1996
8793:Rietbergen, Peter (2006).
8211:
8208:Heraldic penis controversy
8185:
8148:
8033:
8008:
7936:
7850:
7804:
7763:
7710:
7636:
7548:
7518:
7492:
7423:
7318:
7269:
7212:
6986:
6982:
6868:sexual violence in the war
6788:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
6532:Sexual violence statistics
6020:
5986:
5952:
5857:
5736:The Voices of War Heroines
5706:
5680:
5653:
5623:
5505:
5472:
5468:
5436:French Expeditionary Corps
5407:
5349:
5343:
5204:1995 Okinawa rape incident
4995:
4933:
4918:
4810:stormed the Manchu quarter
4797:
4743:
4630:
4563:
4537:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
4441:
4410:besieged and defeated the
4367:invasion by Jahangir Khoja
4336:forces invaded the Korean
4321:
4294:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3782:
3701:
3387:
3344:French Expeditionary Corps
3319:both during and after the
3044:
3022:Prosecution of rapists in
3015:
3009:
2920:
2657:Sexual violence statistics
22276:Abusive power and control
22258:
22057:
22049:
21994:Joint criminal enterprise
21976:
21907:
21838:
21777:
21710:
21639:
21474:
21392:
21268:
21219:Joint criminal enterprise
21169:
21149:Responsibility to protect
21077:
21066:
21053:
20993:
20972:
20946:
20903:Causes of sexual violence
20888:
20689:
20549:Skjelsbæk, Inger (2011).
20528:New York University Press
19000:Sharon Frederick (2001).
18730:10 September 2008 at the
18102:. Unu.edu. Archived from
17887:Feminism & Psychology
17182:; others (19 July 2021).
16857:Journal of Peace Research
15980:Kakar, M. Hassan (1995).
15769:. Routledge. p. 104.
15311:Conversations with Stalin
15139:The Sydney Morning Herald
15102:, Fischer, Frankfurt 2005
14964:10.1017/S1041610207005376
14867:Grossmann, Atina (1995).
14609:Lilly, Robert J. (2007).
14454:. Kieler Landeshaus 1999.
13521:Friend, Theodore (2014).
13247:Post, Peter, ed. (2009).
13154:. Routledge. p. 81.
13076:Post, Peter, ed. (2009).
12928:. Routledge. p. 60.
12753:Women's Studies Quarterly
12573:, Leuven University Press
12151:Chang, Yin-t'ang (1956).
11971:An Urban History of China
11713:Richmond, Walter (2013).
11457:Ziegler, Dominic (2016).
11295:Covell, Ralph R. (1998).
10738:. Indianapolis: Hackett.
10697:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
9791:10.1080/13648470500049826
9237:26 September 2006 at the
8422:10.1007/s12142-010-0163-x
8214:Pizzle § In heraldry
8123:Bangladesh Liberation War
8029:
7569:Border Security personnel
7397:self-induced abortions),
7235:(1998–1999), part of the
7203:
6883:
6717:
6393:Bangladesh Liberation War
5879:This article needs to be
5812:, throughout the 12-year
5715:Bangladesh Liberation War
5521:. It is reported that in
5322:Axis occupation of Greece
5274:
5032:on 13 December 1937. The
4975:. 8 August 1945. A young
4511:recorded in his history,
4158:, the practice of taking
3838:writer and archaeologist
3342:, colonial troops of the
2518:Bangladesh Liberation War
1663:Loss-of-strength gradient
520:Combat information center
143:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
71:"Wartime sexual violence"
22351:Psychological projection
22213:Referee and umpire abuse
21914:(in order of foundation)
19044:4 September 2012 at the
18038:10.1177/1357034X05049853
17899:10.1177/0959353506068746
17682:10.1177/0886260509334288
16869:10.1177/0022343317722700
15227:The fall of Berlin, 1945
15014:Hanna Schissler (2001).
14340:10.1177/0022009418810788
13950:Tanaka & Tanaka 2003
13915:The GI War Against Japan
13894:Tanaka & Tanaka 2003
13875:Tanaka & Tanaka 2003
13841:Tanaka & Tanaka 2003
13757:Donaldson, Gary (1996).
13647:Pillai, Patrick (2016).
13492:Rickum, Boryano (2014).
13466:: 10, 11. Archived from
13222:. In Post, Peter (ed.).
12650:Harvard University Press
12596:Marxist Internet Archive
12231:Jan-Bart Gewald (1998).
11646:Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti
11590:Widmer, Eric D. (1976).
11484:Widmer, Eric D. (1976).
11275:Newman, Bernard (1961).
11161:South China Morning Post
10676:Marxist Internet Archive
9967:India, Empire, and Chaos
9864:pure.royalholloway.ac.uk
9304:7 September 2009 at the
9251:"Violence against women"
8668:Harvard University Press
8234:decided that the lion's
8129:. The Australian doctor
7467:Murugesapillai Koneswary
6702:Israeli hostages in Gaza
6486:False accusation of rape
6212:Sociobiological theories
5973:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
5955:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
5799:First Liberian Civil War
5580:were not spared either.
4885:Bavarian Soviet Republic
4876:Bavarian Soviet Republic
4764:German South-West Africa
4758:German South-West Africa
4723:, upon their capture of
4572:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4560:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4509:Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti
4412:Dutch East India Company
4210:Conquest of the Americas
3769:Israeli invasion of Gaza
3407:Fourth Geneva Convention
2611:False accusation of rape
2337:Sociobiological theories
1981:Military science fiction
1466:Technology and equipment
887:List of military tactics
22439:Wartime sexual violence
21852:Crimes against humanity
21686:Crimes against humanity
21524:Libyan civil war (2011)
21384:Wartime sexual violence
21332:Human trophy collecting
21317:Enforced disappearances
20237:Allen, Beverly (1996).
19908:. BBC News. 27 May 2008
19536:. BBC News. 8 June 2011
19404:The Wall Street Journal
18986:Inger Skjelsbæk (2001)
17513:International Relations
17430:. IRIN. 13 October 2011
15783:. Duke University Press
15736:12 October 2014 at the
15707:Debasish Roy Chowdhury
15224:Beevor, Antony (2002).
15175:The Fall of Berlin 1945
14296:"Italy's bloody secret"
14274:. Arris Books, p. 195.
13813:Time of Fallen Blossoms
12994:Min, Pyong Gap (2021).
12895:Min, Pyong Gap (2021).
12235:, James Currey, Oxford
11887:Preston, Diana (2000).
11740:Reid, James J. (2000).
11716:The Circassian Genocide
11665:al-Fahd, Nasir (1993).
11651:Tārīkh 'Ajā'ib al-Āthār
11519:Aldrich, M. A. (2008).
11408:Nomsz, Joannes (1775).
10612:"The Sack of Rome 1527"
10529:Peirce, Leslie (2021).
10505:"Tamerlane in Damascus"
10068:10.1111/1468-229X.00258
9168:Doctors Without Borders
9118:Senato della Reppublica
8176:Eritrean Defence Forces
8151:Rape in the Bosnian War
8089:Eritrean Defence Forces
8066:Debretsion Gebremichael
7822:The Wall Street Journal
7272:Rape in the Bosnian War
7001:emergency contraception
6815:combatant socialization
6207:Secondary victimisation
6159:Effects and motivations
5942:rape as a weapon of war
5910:Sexual violence in the
5832:soldiers, and at least
5424:Battle of Monte Cassino
5396:writes "in the city of
5290:Allied-occupied Germany
4929:
4836:"Remember Belgium", an
4400:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
4110:al-Baibars al-Jashnakir
3405:Article 27 of the 1949
3384:1949 Geneva Conventions
3355:Battle of Monte Cassino
3259:crimes against humanity
3028:Open Society Foundation
2819:Wartime sexual violence
2332:Secondary victimisation
2284:Effects and motivations
2049:Wartime sexual violence
1805:Full-spectrum dominance
1616:Supply-chain management
22464:Violence against women
22009:Universal jurisdiction
21984:Command responsibility
21877:Incitement to genocide
21816:United Nations Charter
21337:Indiscriminate attacks
21322:Extrajudicial killings
21193:Command responsibility
20370:Beckman, Karen Redrobe
20290:Hassan, Nihal (2007).
20224:Genocide in Bangladesh
20222:Jahan, Rounaq (2004).
20150:World Peace Foundation
19641:Refugees International
19168:. PBS. 18 January 2007
19003:Rape: Weapon of Terror
17610:10.1186/1752-1505-4-12
17559:10.1186/1752-1505-7-16
17228:World Peace Foundation
17189:World Peace Foundation
15765:D'Costa, Bina (2011).
15399:Marnia Lazreg (1994).
14270:Longden, Sean (2004).
14247:Emsley, Clive (2013).
14005:Hannah Pakula (2009).
13784:Chen, King C. (2015).
13554:Critical Asian Studies
13282:Pacific Islands Report
12644:Morris, Benny (2019).
11802:Ball, Charles (1858).
10576:. Madrid: Santillana.
10325:Murray, G. W. (1935).
10020:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800695
9915:Curta, Florin (1996).
9710:Lerner, Gerda (1987).
9464:riverapublications.com
9330:. AWID. Archived from
9065:Ash, Lucy (May 2015).
8977:Lenten, Ronit (2000).
8874:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
8320:Violence against women
8227:
7908:
7761:
7749:
7740:
7708:
7691:Darfur region in Sudan
7634:
7626:
7531:Chittagong Hill Tracts
7221:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7143:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7026:female genital cutting
7011:
6748:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6584:Rape and revenge films
6542:Military sexual trauma
6398:Sierra Leone Civil War
5971:since 2012. Since the
5907:
5635:
5614:Chinese Volunteer Army
5551:
5455:Senegalese Tirailleurs
5440:
5367:
5174:
5058:Melanesian women from
4992:Imperial Japanese Army
4988:
4981:Imperial Japanese Army
4979:woman from one of the
4852:
4678:
4554:1877 Russo-Turkish war
4262:and the royal Spanish
3902:
3806:
3629:
3614:crime against humanity
3610:enforced sterilization
3582:War Crimes Act of 1996
3549:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3537:crime against humanity
3520:complicity in genocide
3504:
3418:Additional Protocols I
3154:
3144:De jure belli ac pacis
3135:
3131:De jure belli ac pacis
3073:Peace and Truce of God
2996:enforced sterilization
2971:
2959:
2709:Rape and revenge films
2667:Military sexual trauma
2523:Sierra Leone Civil War
1961:Awards and decorations
1934:Peace through strength
1909:Low-intensity conflict
1543:Conscientious objector
1416:Area of responsibility
150:
22408:(22 September 2020).
22321:Just-world hypothesis
22072:Anti-social behaviour
21657:List of global issues
21486:Gaza–Israel conflict
21312:Desecration of graves
21292:Collective punishment
20402:. Fawcett Columbine.
20378:Duke University Press
20180:"Rape: weapon of war"
19364:"The other prisoners"
18629:issue 244, June 1993.
18623:"Rape: Weapon of War"
18234:"Rape: Weapon of war"
17060:"Rape: Weapon of war"
16302:Amnesty International
15864:Anthony Mascarenhas,
15100:Befreier und Befreite
14642:By J. Robert Lilly".
14136:Tanaka, Yuki (2017).
14069:Tanaka, Yuki (2019).
13151:Japan's Comfort Women
13148:Tanaka, Yuki (2003).
12925:Japan's Comfort Women
12922:Tanaka, Yuki (2003).
12698:Akçam, Taner (2012).
12207:Cocker, Mark (1998).
11389:Ernie (1 June 2012).
11356:Zeeuw, P. de (1924).
11325:Onze vaderen in China
11175:20 March 2016 at the
10858:Newby, L. J. (2005).
10296:Petö, Andrew (2003).
9894:pure.manchester.ac.uk
9310:Amnesty International
8952:Yudkin, Leon (1993).
8933:Gmyz, Cezary (2007).
8221:
7903:
7891:Amnesty International
7847:2011 Libyan civil war
7759:
7744:
7731:
7698:
7632:
7618:
7451:Krishanti Kumaraswamy
7440:UN Special Rapporteur
7122:patriarchal societies
7106:children born of rape
7035:Psychological effects
7009:
6799:patriarchal societies
6783:Amnesty International
6629:Sexual trauma therapy
6501:Sexual consent in law
6476:Marry-your-rapist law
6356:Occupation of Germany
6167:Effects and aftermath
6081:Drug-facilitated rape
5905:
5824:, an estimated 5,000
5633:
5552:Befreier und Befreite
5453:troops too, known as
5294:Royal Military Police
5165:
4967:
4952:Futsukaichi Rest Home
4835:
4721:Eight-Nation Alliance
4667:
4541:, published in 1993.
4314:in Scotland in 1644.
4139:1401 Sack of Damascus
4130:Aleppo's Great mosque
4121:sack of Aleppo (1400)
4073:In 1302, the army of
3896:Chronicle of Fredegar
3886:
3801:
3634:U.N. Security Council
3627:
3602:enforced prostitution
3496:
3149:
3128:
2963:
2954:
2866:psychological warfare
2754:Sexual trauma therapy
2626:Sexual consent in law
2601:Marry-your-rapist law
2481:Occupation of Germany
2292:Effects and aftermath
2206:Drug-facilitated rape
553:Torpedo data computer
543:Ship gun fire-control
137:
22459:Violence against men
22444:Crimes against women
22356:Psychological trauma
21910:International courts
21811:Nuremberg principles
21712:‡ Does not apply to
21691:Crimes of aggression
21673:international crimes
21571:Sri Lankan Civil War
21379:Use of human shields
21277:humanitarian workers
20928:Rape trauma syndrome
20734:Cybersex trafficking
20594:Kevin Gerard Neill.
20111:. 15 February 2021.
18916:. 26 September 2014.
18627:New Internationalist
18261:. Human Rights Watch
17871:10.5539/ijps.v2n2p14
17401:Hastings Law Journal
16241:. 15 February 2021.
15044:. NPR. 17 July 2009.
13828:13 June 2007 at the
13312:members.iinet.net.au
13218:Post, Peter (2009).
12732:. English.chosun.com
12347:The Atlantic Monthly
12197:. Greenwood. p. 272.
12183:"Unit 731 Testimony"
11391:"Koxinga the Pirate"
11167:on 29 December 2014.
10559:10.7829/j.ctv1c3pdg0
10541:10.7829/j.ctv1c3pdg0
10108:New York Daily Times
9308:. 22 February 2001.
9285:on 27 November 2007.
9067:"The rape of Berlin"
8543:"Elements of Crimes"
8325:White Terror (Spain)
8044:of 2020–2022 in the
7687:were also reported.
7479:Kumarapuram massacre
7463:Ilayathambi Tharsini
7436:Sri Lankan Civil War
7420:Sri Lankan Civil War
6442:Israeli–Palestinian
6388:Sri Lankan Civil War
6369:Liberation of France
6187:Rape trauma syndrome
6182:Rape crisis movement
6076:Cybersex trafficking
5965:Myanmar Armed Forces
5828:women were raped by
5785:In 1974, during the
5732:Ami Birangana Bolchi
5404:French Colonial Army
5200:Yumiko-chan incident
5194:were reported while
5030:fell to the Japanese
4774:(and the subsequent
4493:Austrian Netherlands
4392:Taiwanese aboriginal
4356:Muslims against the
3859:Revolt of the Batavi
3346:(FEC), commanded by
3251:crimes against peace
3239:international courts
3198:. Article 46 of the
3103:Francisco de Vitoria
2567:Israeli–Palestinian
2513:Sri Lankan Civil War
2494:Liberation of France
2312:Rape trauma syndrome
2307:Rape crisis movement
2201:Cybersex trafficking
2079:Military occupations
1914:Military engineering
1816:Unrestricted Warfare
1673:Force multiplication
571:Military manoeuvrers
56:improve this article
22266:Abusive supervision
22193:Psychological abuse
22168:Institutional abuse
21857:Crime of aggression
21821:Genocide Convention
21549:Russo-Ukrainian War
21186:Civilian casualties
20959:Laws regarding rape
20739:Forced prostitution
20271:on 17 November 2001
20201:amp.theguardian.com
20076:. 31 January 2021.
20031:(21 January 2021).
19947:on 10 January 2007.
19789:The Washington Post
19763:The Washington Post
19502:, 10 December 2014.
19483:, 15 December 2014.
19464:, 13 December 2014.
19445:, 13 December 2014.
19310:on 15 October 2011.
19257:. 19 October 2004.
19094:The Washington Post
18663:on 25 November 2011
18599:. 10 December 1992.
18365:(9467): 1283–1284.
18125:Carpenter, Charli.
18106:on 14 November 2020
17597:Conflict and Health
17546:Conflict and Health
17321:(9313): 1232–1237.
16127:The Daily Telegraph
16052:(21 January 2021).
16034:. 22 January 2021.
15944:The Mask of Anarchy
15452:"Casualties of War"
15432:. BBC. 20 July 1998
15202:Norman M. Naimark.
14846:The Daily Telegraph
14784:The Daily Telegraph
14752:. Macmillan, 2002.
14522:Bracalini, Romano:
14050:on 4 September 2017
12859:The Rape of Nanking
12624:The Armenian Weekly
11633:Gendtsche Tydinghen
11414:Universiteit Leiden
10503:جدلية, Jadaliyya-.
9996:Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.
9983:Indian civilization
8409:Human Rights Review
8230:In 2007, commander
8197:Forced prostitution
8188:Forced prostitution
8170:established by the
8168:rape camp in Hawzen
8117:Bangladesh Genocide
7827:apocalyptic beliefs
7620:South Kivu Province
6989:Pregnancy from rape
6730:Among some armies,
6547:Preventive measures
6177:Pregnancy from rape
6146:Unacknowledged rape
6106:Live streaming rape
5212:Kanagawa Prefecture
5185:Kanagawa prefecture
4944:Japanese war crimes
4936:American war crimes
4545:Circassian genocide
4460:were told to marry
4145:Early modern period
4084:descent, crushed a
3926:Indian subcontinent
3728:, conflicts in the
3664:Zainab Hawa Bangura
3398:to persons who are
3157:Emmerich van Vattel
3121:Early modern Europe
3024:war crime tribunals
2984:forced prostitution
2839:military occupation
2672:Preventive measures
2302:Pregnancy from rape
2271:Unacknowledged rape
2231:Live streaming rape
1765:Penal military unit
1750:Rules of engagement
1426:Command and control
1051:Operations research
515:Director (military)
505:Fire-control system
275:Command and control
156:Part of a series on
22474:War crimes by type
22415:The New York Times
22346:Playing the victim
22238:Surveillance abuse
22188:Professional abuse
22109:Cruelty to animals
21862:Crime of apartheid
21801:Geneva Conventions
21652:War crime apologia
21566:Second Chechen War
21269:War crimes by type
21229:Military necessity
21224:Medical neutrality
21142:Protocol II (1977)
21107:Geneva Conventions
21058:List of war crimes
20722:Child prostitution
20712:Child exploitation
20396:Brownmiller, Susan
19864:on 3 December 2013
19816:on 3 December 2013
19765:. 16 December 2004
19725:. 5 February 2022.
19699:on 3 December 2013
19650:on 22 August 2006.
19519:The New York Times
19480:Christianity Today
19454:Katharine Lackey,
19426:, 9 December 2014.
19351:on 9 October 2004.
19333:on 28 August 2013.
19323:"After Abu Ghraib"
19220:, 8 September 2010
19195:on 31 October 2016
19187:Nolen, Stephanie.
18791:"findarticles.com"
18744:"findarticles.com"
18309:. 2009. p. 4.
18198:The New York Times
18026:Body & Society
17934:10.1093/isq/sqy043
17526:10.1093/ia/iiab175
16982:medicamondiale.org
16780:The Jerusalem Post
16465:Philp, Catherine.
16394:. 30 November 2021
16330:The Globe and Mail
16304:. 16 February 2022
16031:Al Jazeera English
15957:"A Woman's Burden"
15885:on 6 November 2017
15808:The New York Times
15740:, Paragraphs 32,34
15617:, 25 October 1971.
14658:10.1353/jmh.0.0151
14615:Palgrave Macmillan
14420:on 2 December 2013
14381:on 29 October 2007
13863:Brownmiller (1975)
13843:, p. 110–111.
13651:Yearning to Belong
13436:. 7 October 2013.
13358:on 19 January 2016
12865:Catherine Rosair,
12584:Dutt, Rajani Palme
12536:Brownmiller (1975)
12492:Brownmiller (1975)
12167:David A. Schmidt,
11675:on 28 August 2008.
10618:. 22 February 2024
10484:on 29 January 2019
9866:. pp. 117–118
9664:. 19 February 2024
9638:. 29 December 2023
9559:. 22 November 2023
9491:. 8 September 2023
9334:on 3 December 2013
9256:. 3 September 2010
9032:The New York Times
9013:The New York Times
8600:on 25 January 2020
8549:on 1 December 2008
8240:Nordic Battlegroup
8232:Karl Engelbrektson
8228:
8224:Karl Engelbrektson
8139:Pakistani military
7893:reported that the
7863:Luis Moreno Ocampo
7836:The New York Times
7825:, ISIL appeals to
7762:
7717:A 19 October 2004
7709:
7635:
7627:
7525:2012 Ramu violence
7507:slaughtered 1,766
7501:Malisbong massacre
7471:Premini Thanuskodi
7291:Višegrad massacres
7181:Human Rights Watch
7077:(PTSS)), multiple
7046:, disorientation,
7012:
6914:Human Rights Watch
6569:Rape crisis centre
6517:Anti-rape movement
6491:Rape investigation
6059:Child sexual abuse
5977:Tar Taing massacre
5908:
5822:invasion of Kuwait
5751:In June 2005, the
5636:
5542:Hoover Institution
5358:Invasion of Poland
5326:Royal Italian Army
5286:invasion of Sicily
5232:Gegenmiao massacre
5148:United States Army
4989:
4940:British war crimes
4926:specific battles.
4865:Harold D. Lasswell
4853:
4808:, revolutionaries
4752:Russo-Japanese War
4746:Russo-Japanese War
4740:Russo-Japanese war
4600:British government
4584:East India Company
4481:Brabant Revolution
4477:Four Days of Ghent
4471:Four Days of Ghent
4060:Rogerius of Apulia
3989:Sub-Saharan Africa
3630:
3553:sexual enslavement
3541:Geneva Conventions
3524:Geneva Conventions
3390:Geneva Conventions
3275:military necessity
3192:Geneva Conventions
3136:
2948:, which binds the
2825:or other forms of
2694:Rape crisis centre
2642:Anti-rape movement
2616:Rape investigation
2184:Child sexual abuse
1874:Counter-insurgency
1795:Command of the sea
1740:Jewish laws on war
1715:Geneva Conventions
1251:Divide and conquer
1046:Military operation
1011:Tactical objective
510:Fire-control radar
487:Electronic-warfare
151:
147:Piazza San Lorenzo
22454:Sexual misconduct
22394:
22393:
22371:Traumatic bonding
22017:
22016:
21843:international law
21806:Nuremberg Charter
21796:Hague Conventions
21737:
21736:
21706:
21705:
21647:War crimes trials
21475:War crimes by war
21264:
21263:
21244:Protected persons
21137:Protocol I (1977)
21013:
21012:
20853:Sexual misconduct
20831:Sexual harassment
20727:Child sex tourism
20717:Child pornography
20646:978-0-00-830000-5
20630:978-0-226-92309-3
20560:978-0-415-67117-0
20537:978-0-8147-2927-4
20491:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki
20456:Tanaka, Toshiyuki
20430:978-90-5095-533-1
20409:978-0-449-90820-4
20387:978-0-8223-3074-5
20361:978-90-411-0486-1
20250:978-0-8166-2818-6
19965:. 9 February 2003
19013:978-981-4350-95-2
18839:de Brouwer (2005)
18820:de Brouwer (2005)
18683:"Grbavica (film)"
18645:22 February 2001.
18643:Human Rights News
18610:de Brouwer (2005)
18584:de Brouwer (2005)
18531:de Brouwer (2005)
18514:de Brouwer (2005)
18343:978-92-4-159926-9
17826:on 11 August 2011
17737:"vaginal-fistula"
17484:Grace Natabaalo.
17381:978-0-567-08098-1
17282:"The rape of men"
17155:978-0-674-17764-2
17089:978-1-136-62092-8
16976:medica mondiale.
16199:(25 March 2021).
16094:. 28 March 2021.
16011:978-1-61673-404-6
15714:Asia Times Online
15460:. 18 October 1969
15385:978-0-19-165279-0
15284:978-1-84545-998-7
15068:978-0-385-49799-2
14766:978-0-333-76147-2
14711:978-0-230-50647-3
14624:978-0-230-50647-3
14540:978-88-04-58073-7
14438:Atina Grossmann,
14024:978-1-4391-4893-8
13924:978-0-8147-9816-4
13634:The Straits Times
13617:. 11 August 2001.
12861:, p. 89, citing:
12780:, pp. 91, 93
12715:978-0-691-15333-9
12684:978-0-19-923211-6
12569:Lipkes J. (2007)
12522:978-0-8264-1521-9
12480:978-1-59967-012-6
12428:978-0-8281-0005-2
12241:978-0-82141-256-5
12218:978-0-224-03884-3
12181:Hal Gold (2011).
12087:978-0-393-32051-0
12033:978-0-691-22498-5
11954:978-0-295-99748-3
11900:978-0-8027-1361-2
11868:978-1-932792-39-3
11822:Justice for India
11726:978-0-8135-6069-4
11699:978-1-134-56982-3
11627:Roger Van Aerde,
11532:978-962-209-777-3
11470:978-0-14-310989-1
11443:978-0-691-14455-9
11308:978-0-932727-90-9
11228:978-1-57075-450-0
11201:978-1-57075-450-0
11141:978-0-230-61424-6
11099:978-0-226-46769-6
11072:978-0-8047-2066-3
10966:978-0-231-13924-3
10939:978-0-231-13924-3
10885:Wang, Ke (2017).
10817:978-89-7300-772-1
10772:(Gollancz, 1977)
10745:978-0-87220-940-4
10710:978-0-674-03634-5
10550:978-963-386-399-2
10509:Jadaliyya - جدلية
10428:978-0-8160-7310-8
10401:978-1-134-84401-2
10391:Aleppo: A History
10374:978-3-8470-0411-0
10160:978-0-674-72642-0
9696:978-0-567-08098-1
9533:. 5 December 2023
9229:Rhodes University
9225:Navanethem Pillay
9203:on 3 January 2014
9050:de Brouwer (2005)
8988:978-1-57181-775-4
8963:978-0-8386-3499-8
8919:978-0-8143-2920-7
8894:de Brouwer (2005)
8857:de Brouwer (2005)
8657:Stéphane Courtois
8085:command hierarchy
8019:Rohingya genocide
7996:Punitive measures
7875:Libyan government
7776:Abu Ghraib prison
7707:region is shaded.
7483:Vankalai massacre
7295:Siege of Sarajevo
7209:Former Yugoslavia
7099:civil war in Peru
7071:anxiety disorders
6894:Susan Brownmiller
6846:In January 2019,
6691:
6690:
6619:Sexual harassment
6331:Armenian genocide
6151:Rape by deception
6049:Acquaintance rape
6003:Lyudmyla Denisova
5949:Myanmar civil war
5900:
5899:
5814:internal conflict
5642:(FLN) during the
5418:troops, known as
5154:Battle of Okinawa
5022:Japanese soldiers
4948:Soviet war crimes
4897:Armenian genocide
4891:Armenian genocide
4806:Xinhai revolution
4800:Xinhai revolution
4794:Xinhai revolution
4523:Ottoman-Saudi War
4503:Ottoman-Saudi War
4497:Habsburg Monarchy
4416:Antonius Hambroek
4402:in which Chinese
4338:Kingdom of Joseon
4304:Irish Confederate
4288:Sack of Magdeburg
4282:Thirty Years' War
4276:Münster rebellion
4270:Münster rebellion
4260:Dutch States Army
4244:Eighty Years' War
4238:Eighty Years' War
4102:Sayf ad-Din Salar
4078:Al-Nasir Muhammad
4064:Carmen Miserabile
3794:Women's historian
3492:Rhodes University
3469:Navanethem Pillay
3454:Jean-Paul Akayesu
3411:protected persons
3340:Moroccan Goumiers
3306:General Yamashita
3279:Nuremberg Charter
3237:became the first
3196:Hague Conventions
3084:John of Salisbury
3067:Pre-modern Europe
2893:intent to destroy
2883:Rape can also be
2855:sexual harassment
2816:
2815:
2744:Sexual harassment
2456:Armenian genocide
2276:Rape by deception
2174:Acquaintance rape
2152:
2151:
2044:Horses in warfare
1991:Anti-war movement
1894:Gunboat diplomacy
1884:Disaster response
1832:Philosophy of war
1827:Principles of war
1800:Deterrence theory
1745:Right of conquest
1668:Lanchester's laws
1436:Principles of war
1126:Counter-offensive
1111:Military campaign
1016:Target saturation
939:Counterinsurgency
548:Gun data computer
482:Close air support
444:Aircraft carriers
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
22481:
22424:
22423:
22402:
22233:Structural abuse
22208:Police brutality
22114:Disability abuse
22044:
22037:
22030:
22021:
22020:
21977:Related concepts
21915:
21872:Genocidal intent
21764:
21757:
21750:
21741:
21740:
21727:
21726:
21668:
21667:
21576:Syrian civil war
21519:2006 Lebanon War
21482:Afghanistan wars
21234:Prisoners of war
21075:
21074:
21070:humanitarian law
21040:
21033:
21026:
21017:
21016:
21003:
21002:
20697:Bride kidnapping
20676:
20669:
20662:
20653:
20652:
20634:
20585:
20564:
20545:
20508:
20486:
20473:
20451:
20434:
20413:
20391:
20365:
20334:
20333:
20331:
20329:
20317:
20300:
20299:
20287:
20281:
20280:
20278:
20276:
20267:. Archived from
20261:
20255:
20254:
20234:
20228:
20227:
20219:
20213:
20212:
20210:
20208:
20193:
20184:
20183:
20176:
20167:
20166:
20164:
20162:
20136:
20125:
20124:
20122:
20120:
20099:
20093:
20092:
20090:
20088:
20082:
20069:
20061:
20055:
20054:
20052:
20050:
20025:
20019:
20018:
20016:
20014:
20003:
19997:
19991:
19985:
19981:
19975:
19974:
19972:
19970:
19955:
19949:
19948:
19943:. Archived from
19937:
19931:
19930:, 30 April 1994.
19924:
19918:
19917:
19915:
19913:
19902:
19896:
19895:
19893:
19891:
19880:
19874:
19873:
19871:
19869:
19854:
19848:
19847:
19845:
19843:
19832:
19826:
19825:
19823:
19821:
19806:
19800:
19799:
19797:
19795:
19781:
19775:
19774:
19772:
19770:
19755:
19749:
19748:
19746:
19744:
19733:
19727:
19726:
19715:
19709:
19708:
19706:
19704:
19689:
19683:
19680:
19674:
19673:
19671:
19669:
19658:
19652:
19651:
19649:
19643:. Archived from
19638:
19629:
19623:
19617:
19611:
19604:
19598:
19593:
19587:
19586:
19584:
19582:
19577:. United Nations
19571:
19565:
19564:
19557:
19546:
19545:
19543:
19541:
19530:
19524:
19523:
19509:
19503:
19490:
19484:
19471:
19465:
19452:
19446:
19433:
19427:
19414:
19408:
19395:
19389:
19388:
19381:
19372:
19371:
19359:
19353:
19352:
19341:
19335:
19334:
19329:. Archived from
19318:
19312:
19311:
19306:. Archived from
19295:
19289:
19288:
19286:
19284:
19268:
19262:
19252:
19246:
19245:
19243:
19241:
19235:
19227:
19221:
19211:
19205:
19204:
19202:
19200:
19184:
19178:
19177:
19175:
19173:
19162:
19156:
19155:
19153:
19151:
19136:
19130:
19129:
19127:
19125:
19114:
19105:
19104:
19102:
19100:
19085:
19079:
19078:
19076:
19074:
19063:
19057:
19036:
19030:
19029:
19027:
19025:
18997:
18991:
18984:
18978:
18969:
18963:
18962:
18950:
18944:
18943:
18941:
18939:
18930:. Archived from
18924:
18918:
18917:
18906:
18900:
18899:
18897:
18895:
18884:
18878:
18877:
18875:
18873:
18863:
18857:
18856:
18855:. Pilgrim Press.
18848:
18842:
18836:
18823:
18817:
18802:
18801:
18799:
18797:
18787:
18781:
18780:
18778:
18776:
18761:
18755:
18754:
18752:
18750:
18740:
18734:
18723:
18717:
18716:
18714:
18712:
18707:. United Nations
18701:
18695:
18694:
18692:
18690:
18679:
18673:
18672:
18670:
18668:
18652:
18646:
18636:
18630:
18619:
18613:
18607:
18601:
18600:
18593:
18587:
18581:
18566:
18565:
18559:
18551:
18534:
18528:
18517:
18511:
18502:
18501:
18490:
18484:
18483:
18481:
18479:
18473:
18466:
18455:
18449:
18448:
18412:
18406:
18405:
18397:
18391:
18390:
18354:
18348:
18347:
18335:
18320:
18311:
18310:
18308:
18300:
18294:
18292:
18290:
18288:
18283:. United Nations
18277:
18271:
18270:
18268:
18266:
18255:
18246:
18245:
18243:
18241:
18230:
18224:
18223:
18221:
18219:
18214:. United Nations
18208:
18202:
18201:
18189:
18183:
18182:
18174:
18168:
18167:
18155:
18149:
18148:
18140:
18134:
18133:
18131:
18122:
18116:
18115:
18113:
18111:
18096:
18090:
18083:
18077:
18076:
18073:10.15779/Z380M0V
18056:
18050:
18049:
18017:
18011:
18010:
18008:
17992:
17986:
17985:
17965:
17956:
17955:
17953:
17944:
17938:
17937:
17917:
17911:
17910:
17882:
17876:
17875:
17873:
17849:
17836:
17835:
17833:
17831:
17816:
17810:
17809:
17807:
17805:
17799:
17790:
17784:
17783:
17781:
17779:
17768:
17762:
17761:
17759:
17757:
17746:
17740:
17734:
17728:
17717:
17702:
17701:
17661:
17655:
17654:
17652:
17650:
17639:
17633:
17632:
17622:
17612:
17588:
17582:
17581:
17571:
17561:
17537:
17531:
17530:
17528:
17519:(6): 1785–1803.
17504:
17498:
17497:
17495:
17493:
17481:
17475:
17474:
17446:
17440:
17439:
17437:
17435:
17424:
17418:
17417:Stemple, p. 612.
17415:
17409:
17408:
17392:
17386:
17385:
17365:
17359:
17353:
17347:
17346:
17306:
17300:
17299:
17297:
17295:
17277:
17260:
17259:, pp. 12–13
17254:
17245:
17244:
17242:
17240:
17221:(19 July 2021).
17215:
17206:
17205:
17203:
17201:
17176:
17163:
17162:
17138:
17132:
17131:
17129:
17127:
17115:
17106:
17103:
17094:
17093:
17073:
17064:
17063:
17056:
17050:
17049:
17047:
17045:
17040:on 20 March 2018
17036:. Archived from
17026:
17020:
17019:
16999:
16993:
16992:
16990:
16988:
16973:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16940:
16934:
16933:
16931:
16929:
16902:
16896:
16895:
16893:
16891:
16854:
16845:
16839:
16838:
16836:
16834:
16817:
16811:
16810:
16809:. 23 April 2024.
16799:
16793:
16792:
16790:
16788:
16771:
16765:
16764:
16762:
16760:
16743:
16737:
16736:
16734:
16732:
16715:
16709:
16708:
16706:
16704:
16690:
16684:
16683:
16681:
16679:
16662:
16653:
16652:
16650:
16648:
16625:
16616:
16615:
16613:
16611:
16605:Voice of America
16596:
16590:
16589:
16587:
16585:
16570:
16564:
16563:
16562:. 13 April 2022.
16550:
16544:
16543:
16541:
16539:
16524:
16518:
16517:
16515:
16513:
16498:
16492:
16491:
16489:
16487:
16462:
16456:
16455:
16453:
16451:
16436:
16430:
16429:
16427:
16425:
16410:
16404:
16403:
16401:
16399:
16384:
16378:
16377:
16375:
16373:
16358:
16347:
16346:
16344:
16342:
16320:
16314:
16313:
16311:
16309:
16294:
16288:
16287:
16285:
16283:
16261:
16255:
16254:
16252:
16250:
16229:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16218:
16189:
16183:
16182:
16180:
16178:
16172:
16159:
16150:
16144:
16143:
16141:
16139:
16117:
16108:
16107:
16105:
16103:
16082:
16076:
16075:
16073:
16071:
16046:
16040:
16039:
16022:
16016:
16015:
15998:
15992:
15991:
15977:
15971:
15970:
15969:on 4 April 2003.
15953:
15947:
15940:
15934:
15933:
15915:
15906:
15895:
15894:
15892:
15890:
15881:. Archived from
15875:
15869:
15866:The Sunday Times
15862:
15856:
15855:
15853:
15851:
15836:
15827:
15826:
15824:
15822:
15799:
15793:
15792:
15790:
15788:
15777:
15771:
15770:
15762:
15756:
15747:
15741:
15724:
15718:
15705:
15699:
15698:
15696:
15694:
15679:
15673:
15672:
15671:on 6 March 2008.
15660:
15643:
15642:
15640:
15638:
15624:
15618:
15606:
15600:
15599:
15597:
15595:
15580:
15574:
15573:
15554:
15548:
15547:
15529:
15523:
15522:
15503:
15497:
15496:
15476:
15470:
15469:
15467:
15465:
15448:
15442:
15441:
15439:
15437:
15426:
15420:
15419:
15396:
15390:
15389:
15369:
15363:
15360:
15354:
15353:
15351:
15340:
15334:
15333:
15321:
15315:
15314:
15303:
15297:
15296:
15270:
15264:
15263:
15257:
15249:
15221:
15215:
15200:
15194:
15184:
15178:
15171:
15165:
15164:
15150:
15144:
15143:
15126:
15120:
15109:
15103:
15096:
15090:
15079:
15073:
15072:
15061:. Anchor Books.
15052:
15046:
15045:
15038:
15032:
15031:
15011:
15005:
15004:
15002:
15000:
14986:
14977:
14976:
14966:
14940:
14934:
14933:
14903:
14897:
14896:
14864:
14858:
14857:
14855:
14853:
14837:
14831:
14830:
14828:
14826:
14810:
14804:
14801:
14795:
14794:
14792:
14790:
14775:
14769:
14743:
14737:
14720:
14714:
14701:J Robert Lilly.
14699:
14693:
14692:
14690:
14688:
14676:
14670:
14669:
14635:
14629:
14628:
14606:
14600:
14599:
14575:
14569:
14568:
14566:
14564:
14553:"The secret war"
14548:
14542:
14520:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14499:
14493:
14492:
14490:
14488:
14473:
14467:
14461:
14455:
14449:
14443:
14436:
14430:
14429:
14427:
14425:
14409:
14403:
14400:
14391:
14390:
14388:
14386:
14371:
14365:
14358:
14352:
14351:
14319:
14313:
14312:
14310:
14308:
14294:(25 June 2001).
14288:
14282:
14268:
14259:
14245:
14239:
14238:
14222:
14216:
14215:
14187:
14181:
14180:
14160:
14154:
14153:
14133:
14127:
14126:
14105:
14099:
14093:
14087:
14086:
14066:
14060:
14059:
14057:
14055:
14035:
14029:
14028:
14012:
14002:
13996:
13990:
13984:
13978:
13972:
13966:
13960:
13959:
13947:
13941:
13935:
13929:
13928:
13910:
13904:
13903:
13891:
13885:
13884:
13872:
13866:
13860:
13851:
13850:
13838:
13832:
13821:
13808:
13802:
13801:
13781:
13775:
13774:
13754:
13748:
13747:
13727:
13721:
13720:
13699:
13693:
13692:
13672:
13666:
13665:
13644:
13638:
13637:
13625:
13619:
13618:
13611:
13605:
13604:
13592:
13586:
13585:
13545:
13539:
13538:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13489:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13478:
13472:
13457:
13448:
13442:
13441:
13426:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13415:
13400:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13374:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13354:. Archived from
13348:
13342:
13341:
13329:
13323:
13322:
13320:
13318:
13304:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13293:
13288:on 14 April 2021
13274:
13265:
13264:
13244:
13238:
13237:
13215:
13209:
13208:
13199:
13193:
13192:
13172:
13166:
13165:
13145:
13139:
13138:
13127:
13121:
13120:
13100:
13094:
13093:
13073:
13067:
13066:
13044:
13038:
13037:
13018:
13012:
13011:
12991:
12985:
12984:
12964:
12958:
12957:
12949:
12943:
12939:
12919:
12913:
12912:
12892:
12886:
12874:Nanking Outrages
12855:
12849:
12843:
12837:
12836:
12816:
12810:
12809:
12787:
12781:
12775:
12769:
12768:
12748:
12742:
12741:
12739:
12737:
12726:
12720:
12719:
12695:
12689:
12688:
12670:
12664:
12663:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12632:
12630:
12615:
12609:
12608:
12606:
12604:
12592:
12580:
12574:
12567:
12561:
12560:
12559:. pp. 1–21.
12554:
12545:
12539:
12533:
12527:
12526:
12506:
12495:
12494:, pp. 40–48
12489:
12483:
12466:
12460:
12459:
12439:
12433:
12432:
12412:
12406:
12405:
12385:
12379:
12378:
12358:
12352:
12351:
12342:
12336:
12335:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12305:
12299:
12298:
12278:
12272:
12261:
12252:
12249:
12243:
12229:
12223:
12222:
12204:
12198:
12191:
12185:
12179:
12173:
12165:
12159:
12158:
12148:
12142:
12141:
12121:
12115:
12114:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12044:
12038:
12037:
12017:
12011:
12005:
11999:
11992:
11986:
11985:
11965:
11959:
11958:
11938:
11932:
11931:
11911:
11905:
11904:
11884:
11873:
11872:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11833:
11827:
11826:
11819:Redfern (1858).
11816:
11810:
11809:
11799:
11793:
11792:, pp. 33–34
11787:
11778:
11777:, pp. 31–33
11772:
11766:
11765:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11710:
11704:
11703:
11683:
11677:
11676:
11671:. Archived from
11662:
11656:
11655:
11642:
11636:
11625:
11616:
11615:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11560:
11554:
11553:
11543:
11537:
11536:
11516:
11510:
11509:
11481:
11475:
11474:
11454:
11448:
11447:
11424:
11418:
11417:
11405:
11399:
11398:
11386:
11380:
11379:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11353:
11347:
11346:
11336:
11330:
11329:
11319:
11313:
11312:
11292:
11283:
11282:
11272:
11266:
11265:
11255:
11249:
11248:
11239:
11233:
11232:
11212:
11206:
11205:
11185:
11179:
11168:
11152:
11146:
11145:
11125:
11116:
11110:
11104:
11103:
11083:
11077:
11076:
11056:
11050:
11049:
11045:. Vol. 卷六.
11028:
11022:
11021:
11017:. Vol. 卷一.
11004:
10998:
10997:
10977:
10971:
10970:
10950:
10944:
10943:
10923:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10912:
10906:
10891:
10882:
10876:
10875:
10855:
10849:
10848:
10828:
10822:
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10795:
10786:
10780:
10764:
10758:
10757:
10729:
10723:
10722:
10694:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10663:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10634:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10608:
10602:
10601:
10594:
10588:
10587:
10569:
10563:
10562:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10515:
10500:
10494:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10480:. Archived from
10467:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10456:
10442:
10436:
10432:
10412:
10406:
10405:
10385:
10379:
10378:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10339:
10333:
10332:
10322:
10316:
10315:
10293:
10287:
10286:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10258:Medievalists.net
10250:
10244:
10243:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10219:
10213:
10212:
10192:
10186:
10171:
10165:
10164:
10144:
10138:
10137:
10117:
10111:
10110:, 6 August 1856.
10101:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10079:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10003:
9997:
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9972:
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9921:
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9906:
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9901:
9891:
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9876:
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9873:
9871:
9861:
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9845:
9843:
9841:
9825:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9749:
9743:
9742:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9707:
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9680:
9674:
9673:
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9669:
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9628:
9622:
9621:
9615:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9597:
9584:
9575:
9569:
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9566:
9564:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9538:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9510:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9431:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9415:. United Nations
9409:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9393:. United Nations
9387:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9371:. United Nations
9365:
9359:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9324:
9313:
9296:
9287:
9286:
9281:. Archived from
9275:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9255:
9247:
9241:
9222:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9202:
9195:
9187:
9172:
9171:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9140:Nuremberg trials
9136:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9115:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9062:
9053:
9047:
9036:
9035:
9023:
9017:
9016:
9004:
8993:
8992:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8903:
8897:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8847:, pp. 35–36
8842:
8833:
8827:
8821:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8790:
8784:
8783:, pp. 30–32
8778:
8769:
8763:
8754:
8748:
8739:
8738:, pp. 26–27
8733:
8724:
8717:
8708:
8707:, pp. 24–25
8702:
8696:
8695:, pp. 10–21
8690:
8679:
8653:
8647:
8641:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8622:. United Nations
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8599:
8592:
8583:
8574:
8569:
8565:Internet Archive
8558:
8556:
8554:
8545:. Archived from
8539:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8519:
8512:
8504:
8495:
8494:
8476:
8452:
8435:
8434:
8424:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8380:. Archived from
8369:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8346:
8288:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8274:
8272:Sexuality portal
8269:
8268:
7945:Bosnian genocide
7871:Libyan civil war
7721:article titled "
7545:Kashmir conflict
7340:Rwandan genocide
7321:Rwandan Genocide
7315:Rwandan genocide
7305:in 2006, called
7260:ethnic cleansing
7231:(1992–1995) and
7195:Psychiatric care
7185:Rwandan genocide
6994:Physical effects
6960:A 2011 story in
6744:ethnic cleansing
6711:reasonable doubt
6683:
6676:
6669:
6653:
6652:
6579:Rape pornography
6564:Anti-rape device
6522:Bodily integrity
6509:Related articles
6428:Syrian civil war
6408:Rwandan genocide
6378:Kashmir conflict
6344:Italian campaign
6322:During conflicts
6283:Papua New Guinea
6202:Weinstein effect
6172:Factors involved
6029:
6028:
5895:
5892:
5886:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5771:The Sunday Times
5767:The Sunday Times
5719:Dhaka University
5668:Rape during the
5554:
5445:
5372:
5239:
5169:Motobu Peninsula
5129:Lào Cai province
5125:Bảo Yên District
5018:Nanjing Massacre
4859:advance through
4768:Herero rebellion
4709:
4690:
4676:
4520:
4454:Yerofey Khabarov
4308:General Montrose
4264:Army of Flanders
4031:much destruction
3981:concubine slaves
3973:Arab slave trade
3900:
3726:Syrian Civil War
3660:Margot Wallström
3606:forced pregnancy
3488:doctorate of law
3481:Rwandan genocide
3395:Common Article 3
3321:Battle of Berlin
3294:Nanjing Massacre
3107:Alberico Gentili
3041:Classical period
3035:humanitarian law
2988:forced pregnancy
2808:
2801:
2794:
2778:
2777:
2704:Rape pornography
2689:Anti-rape device
2647:Bodily integrity
2634:Related articles
2553:Syrian civil war
2533:Rwandan genocide
2503:Kashmir conflict
2469:Italian campaign
2447:During conflicts
2408:Papua New Guinea
2327:Weinstein effect
2297:Factors involved
2154:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2130:
1899:Humanitarian aid
1837:Security dilemma
1658:Power projection
1441:Economy of force
1421:Chain of command
1136:Defence in depth
1121:Commerce raiding
944:Defeat in detail
280:Defense ministry
184:
175:
174:
165:
153:
152:
138:Monument to the
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
22489:
22488:
22484:
22483:
22482:
22480:
22479:
22478:
22429:
22428:
22427:
22406:Matloff, Judith
22403:
22399:
22395:
22390:
22366:Rationalization
22301:Destabilisation
22254:
22218:Religious abuse
22053:
22048:
22018:
22013:
21989:Superior orders
21972:
21916:
21913:
21912:
21903:
21845:
21842:
21834:
21791:Peremptory norm
21773:
21768:
21738:
21733:
21714:airborne forces
21702:
21681:Atrocity crimes
21666:
21635:
21470:
21395:committed by...
21394:
21388:
21297:Criminal orders
21260:
21239:Proportionality
21197:Superior orders
21165:
21102:Geneva Protocol
21069:
21062:
21049:
21044:
21014:
21009:
20997:
20989:
20968:
20942:
20890:
20884:
20868:Sexual violence
20858:Sexual predator
20846:in the military
20826:Sexual grooming
20821:Sexual bullying
20811:Sex trafficking
20685:
20680:
20631:
20561:
20538:
20516:
20514:Further reading
20511:
20505:
20485:(4): 1199–1230.
20470:
20431:
20423:. Intersentia.
20410:
20388:
20362:
20343:
20338:
20337:
20327:
20325:
20320:Paul O'Mahony.
20318:
20303:
20296:The Independent
20288:
20284:
20274:
20272:
20263:
20262:
20258:
20251:
20235:
20231:
20226:. pp. 8–9.
20220:
20216:
20206:
20204:
20195:
20194:
20187:
20178:
20177:
20170:
20160:
20158:
20137:
20128:
20118:
20116:
20101:
20100:
20096:
20086:
20084:
20080:
20067:
20063:
20062:
20058:
20048:
20046:
20029:Patten, Pramila
20026:
20022:
20012:
20010:
20005:
20004:
20000:
19992:
19988:
19982:
19978:
19968:
19966:
19957:
19956:
19952:
19939:
19938:
19934:
19928:The Independent
19925:
19921:
19911:
19909:
19904:
19903:
19899:
19889:
19887:
19882:
19881:
19877:
19867:
19865:
19856:
19855:
19851:
19841:
19839:
19834:
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19819:
19817:
19808:
19807:
19803:
19793:
19791:
19783:
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19778:
19768:
19766:
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19735:
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19730:
19717:
19716:
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19702:
19700:
19691:
19690:
19686:
19681:
19677:
19667:
19665:
19660:
19659:
19655:
19647:
19636:
19630:
19626:
19618:
19614:
19610:97, 103 (2006).
19608:CORNELL L. REV.
19605:
19601:
19594:
19590:
19580:
19578:
19573:
19572:
19568:
19559:
19558:
19549:
19539:
19537:
19532:
19531:
19527:
19510:
19506:
19499:The Independent
19492:Adam Withnall,
19491:
19487:
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19468:
19453:
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19115:
19108:
19098:
19096:
19086:
19082:
19072:
19070:
19065:
19064:
19060:
19046:Wayback Machine
19037:
19033:
19023:
19021:
19014:
18998:
18994:
18985:
18981:
18970:
18966:
18951:
18947:
18937:
18935:
18934:on 30 June 2015
18928:"morowomen.com"
18926:
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18908:
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18903:
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18748:
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18741:
18737:
18732:Wayback Machine
18724:
18720:
18710:
18708:
18703:
18702:
18698:
18688:
18686:
18681:
18680:
18676:
18666:
18664:
18653:
18649:
18637:
18633:
18621:Angela Robson.
18620:
18616:
18612:, pp. 9–10
18608:
18604:
18595:
18594:
18590:
18582:
18569:
18557:
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18456:
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18413:
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18398:
18394:
18355:
18351:
18344:
18333:10.1.1.410.6623
18322:
18321:
18314:
18306:
18302:
18301:
18297:
18286:
18284:
18279:
18278:
18274:
18264:
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18249:
18239:
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18232:
18231:
18227:
18217:
18215:
18210:
18209:
18205:
18190:
18186:
18175:
18171:
18164:The Independent
18156:
18152:
18141:
18137:
18129:
18123:
18119:
18109:
18107:
18098:
18097:
18093:
18084:
18080:
18057:
18053:
18018:
18014:
18006:10.1.1.512.4507
17993:
17989:
17982:
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17951:
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17918:
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17883:
17879:
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17393:
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17278:
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17104:
17097:
17090:
17074:
17067:
17058:
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17053:
17043:
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17028:
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17023:
17000:
16996:
16986:
16984:
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16970:
16941:
16937:
16927:
16925:
16903:
16899:
16889:
16887:
16852:
16846:
16842:
16832:
16830:
16818:
16814:
16807:Times of Israel
16801:
16800:
16796:
16786:
16784:
16783:. 24 April 2024
16773:
16772:
16768:
16758:
16756:
16744:
16740:
16730:
16728:
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16712:
16702:
16700:
16692:
16691:
16687:
16677:
16675:
16664:
16663:
16656:
16646:
16644:
16626:
16619:
16609:
16607:
16597:
16593:
16583:
16581:
16571:
16567:
16552:
16551:
16547:
16537:
16535:
16526:
16525:
16521:
16511:
16509:
16499:
16495:
16485:
16483:
16463:
16459:
16449:
16447:
16446:. 10 March 2023
16438:
16437:
16433:
16423:
16421:
16412:
16411:
16407:
16397:
16395:
16386:
16385:
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16371:
16369:
16359:
16350:
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16338:
16321:
16317:
16307:
16305:
16296:
16295:
16291:
16281:
16279:
16262:
16258:
16248:
16246:
16231:
16230:
16226:
16216:
16214:
16197:Cleverly, James
16190:
16186:
16176:
16174:
16170:
16157:
16151:
16147:
16137:
16135:
16118:
16111:
16101:
16099:
16091:The Irish Times
16084:
16083:
16079:
16069:
16067:
16050:Patten, Pramila
16047:
16043:
16024:
16023:
16019:
16012:
16000:
15999:
15995:
15978:
15974:
15955:
15954:
15950:
15942:Stephen Ellis,
15941:
15937:
15913:
15907:
15898:
15888:
15886:
15877:
15876:
15872:
15863:
15859:
15849:
15847:
15837:
15830:
15820:
15818:
15800:
15796:
15786:
15784:
15779:
15778:
15774:
15763:
15759:
15748:
15744:
15738:Wayback Machine
15725:
15721:
15717:. 23 June 2005.
15706:
15702:
15692:
15690:
15680:
15676:
15661:
15646:
15636:
15634:
15626:
15625:
15621:
15607:
15603:
15593:
15591:
15582:
15581:
15577:
15570:
15556:
15555:
15551:
15544:
15530:
15526:
15519:
15505:
15504:
15500:
15493:
15477:
15473:
15463:
15461:
15450:
15449:
15445:
15435:
15433:
15428:
15427:
15423:
15413:
15397:
15393:
15386:
15370:
15366:
15361:
15357:
15349:
15342:
15341:
15337:
15330:Washington Post
15322:
15318:
15307:Djilas, Milovan
15304:
15300:
15285:
15271:
15267:
15251:
15250:
15238:
15222:
15218:
15201:
15197:
15185:
15181:
15173:Antony Beevor,
15172:
15168:
15151:
15147:
15132:(17 May 2003).
15127:
15123:
15110:
15106:
15097:
15093:
15080:
15076:
15069:
15053:
15049:
15040:
15039:
15035:
15028:
15012:
15008:
14998:
14996:
14988:
14987:
14980:
14941:
14937:
14922:10.2307/2170395
14904:
14900:
14865:
14861:
14851:
14849:
14838:
14834:
14824:
14822:
14811:
14807:
14802:
14798:
14788:
14786:
14776:
14772:
14744:
14740:
14721:
14717:
14700:
14696:
14686:
14684:
14677:
14673:
14636:
14632:
14625:
14607:
14603:
14596:
14588:. p. 329.
14576:
14572:
14562:
14560:
14549:
14545:
14521:
14517:
14507:
14505:
14501:
14500:
14496:
14486:
14484:
14483:on 15 July 2013
14475:
14474:
14470:
14462:
14458:
14450:
14446:
14437:
14433:
14423:
14421:
14410:
14406:
14401:
14394:
14384:
14382:
14373:
14372:
14368:
14359:
14355:
14320:
14316:
14306:
14304:
14289:
14285:
14269:
14262:
14246:
14242:
14223:
14219:
14204:
14188:
14184:
14177:
14161:
14157:
14150:
14134:
14130:
14123:
14106:
14102:
14094:
14090:
14083:
14067:
14063:
14053:
14051:
14036:
14032:
14025:
14003:
13999:
13995:, p. 1219.
13991:
13987:
13983:, p. 1218.
13979:
13975:
13971:, p. 1217.
13967:
13963:
13953:
13948:
13944:
13940:, p. 1204.
13936:
13932:
13925:
13911:
13907:
13897:
13892:
13888:
13878:
13873:
13869:
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10260:. January 2018.
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9964:Smitha, Frank.
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8941:on 13 May 2008.
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8520:on 12 July 2018
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8186:Main articles:
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7684:UN peacekeepers
7672:vaginal fistula
7645:
7637:Main articles:
7613:
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7553:
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7527:
7519:Main articles:
7517:
7497:
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7424:Main articles:
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7274:
7268:
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7197:
7165:
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7114:
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7021:vaginal fistula
6996:
6991:
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6930:
6891:
6886:
6850:prime minister
6840:
6762:. In 2008, the
6720:
6715:
6714:
6687:
6647:
6634:Sexual violence
6624:Sexual predator
6614:Sex trafficking
6609:Sex and the law
6599:Rape statistics
6537:History of rape
6481:Rape shield law
6418:Darfur genocide
6064:Corrective rape
6026:
6018:
5991:
5985:
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5660:My Lai Massacre
5652:
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5514:
5504:
5481:
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5438:, are known as
5432:colonial troops
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5136:Australian Army
5121:
5068:Japanese-Papuan
5010:Chuo University
5000:
4994:
4962:
4956:Rape of Nanjing
4934:Main articles:
4932:
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4893:
4878:
4845:fate of Belgium
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4780:German soldiers
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4703:
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4639:Boxer Rebellion
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4588:rule over India
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4125:Ibn Taghribirdi
4050:Chronica Majora
4035:their invasions
3961:
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3893:
3840:Terry Madenholm
3790:
3785:
3741:Yazidi genocide
3714:Resolution 2122
3710:
3704:Yazidi genocide
3700:
3638:resolution 1820
3622:
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3578:
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3500:Rwanda Tribunal
3438:
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3235:Tokyo Tribunals
3227:
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3069:
3049:
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3020:
3014:
3008:
3000:forced marriage
2992:forced abortion
2941:sexual violence
2925:
2919:
2911:burden of proof
2847:ethnic conflict
2827:sexual violence
2812:
2772:
2759:Sexual violence
2749:Sexual predator
2739:Sex trafficking
2734:Sex and the law
2724:Rape statistics
2662:History of rape
2606:Rape shield law
2543:Darfur genocide
2189:Corrective rape
2148:
2119:
2118:
2069:
2059:
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2016:
2015:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1919:Multilateralism
1904:Law enforcement
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1286:Network-centric
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22378:
22376:Victim blaming
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22358:
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22348:
22343:
22338:
22333:
22328:
22323:
22318:
22313:
22308:
22306:Discrimination
22303:
22298:
22293:
22291:Dehumanization
22288:
22283:
22281:Child grooming
22278:
22273:
22271:Abuse of power
22268:
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22260:
22259:Related topics
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22015:
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21841:Crimes against
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21640:Related topics
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21461:United Kingdom
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21327:Hostage-taking
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21287:Child soldiers
21284:
21272:
21270:
21266:
21265:
21262:
21261:
21259:
21258:
21253:
21250:Ruse de guerre
21246:
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21236:
21231:
21226:
21221:
21216:
21211:
21208:Hors de combat
21204:
21199:
21190:
21189:
21188:
21181:non-combatants
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21011:
21010:
21008:
21007:
21005:Law portal
20994:
20991:
20990:
20988:
20987:
20982:
20976:
20974:
20973:Related topics
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20969:
20967:
20966:
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20956:
20950:
20948:
20944:
20943:
20941:
20940:
20938:Victim blaming
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20930:
20925:
20920:
20915:
20910:
20905:
20900:
20894:
20892:
20886:
20885:
20883:
20882:
20881:
20880:
20875:
20865:
20863:Sexual slavery
20860:
20855:
20850:
20849:
20848:
20843:
20838:
20828:
20823:
20818:
20816:Sexual assault
20813:
20808:
20803:
20798:
20797:
20796:
20791:
20786:
20781:
20776:
20771:
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20751:
20749:Money marriage
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20741:
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20724:
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20714:
20709:
20707:Child-on-child
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20678:
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20614:
20605:Kathryn Farr.
20603:
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20392:
20386:
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20360:
20344:
20342:
20339:
20336:
20335:
20324:. The Local.se
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20214:
20203:. 3 April 2023
20185:
20182:. 5 June 1993.
20168:
20126:
20094:
20056:
20038:United Nations
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19897:
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19776:
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19599:
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19547:
19525:
19504:
19485:
19466:
19447:
19435:Greg Botelho,
19428:
19416:Amelia Smith,
19409:
19390:
19373:
19354:
19336:
19313:
19290:
19263:
19259:UN News Centre
19247:
19222:
19206:
19179:
19157:
19131:
19106:
19080:
19058:
19031:
19012:
18992:
18979:
18964:
18945:
18919:
18901:
18879:
18858:
18843:
18824:
18803:
18782:
18756:
18735:
18718:
18696:
18674:
18647:
18631:
18614:
18602:
18588:
18567:
18535:
18518:
18503:
18485:
18474:on 1 July 2022
18450:
18423:(3): 311–315.
18407:
18392:
18349:
18342:
18312:
18295:
18272:
18247:
18225:
18203:
18184:
18169:
18150:
18135:
18117:
18091:
18078:
18067:(2): 350–374.
18051:
18032:(1): 111–128.
18012:
17987:
17980:
17957:
17939:
17912:
17893:(4): 373–403.
17877:
17837:
17811:
17785:
17763:
17741:
17729:
17703:
17676:(2): 192–193.
17656:
17634:
17583:
17532:
17499:
17476:
17457:(3): 409–433.
17441:
17419:
17410:
17387:
17380:
17360:
17348:
17301:
17261:
17246:
17207:
17164:
17154:
17133:
17107:
17095:
17088:
17065:
17051:
17021:
16994:
16968:
16935:
16917:(1): 179–197.
16897:
16863:(5): 674–686.
16840:
16812:
16794:
16766:
16738:
16710:
16685:
16674:. 5 March 2024
16654:
16617:
16591:
16565:
16545:
16534:. 6 April 2022
16519:
16493:
16457:
16431:
16420:. 6 March 2023
16405:
16379:
16367:Lowy Institute
16348:
16315:
16289:
16256:
16224:
16184:
16145:
16109:
16077:
16059:United Nations
16041:
16017:
16010:
15993:
15972:
15948:
15935:
15924:(1): 326–341.
15896:
15870:
15868:, 13 June 1971
15857:
15828:
15794:
15772:
15757:
15749:Salma Khatun.
15742:
15719:
15700:
15674:
15644:
15619:
15601:
15575:
15568:
15549:
15542:
15524:
15517:
15498:
15492:978-1508181408
15491:
15471:
15457:The New Yorker
15443:
15421:
15411:
15391:
15384:
15364:
15355:
15335:
15316:
15298:
15283:
15265:
15236:
15216:
15195:
15187:Richard Bessel
15179:
15166:
15145:
15121:
15104:
15091:
15074:
15067:
15047:
15033:
15026:
15006:
14978:
14957:(4): 782–784.
14935:
14916:(2): 354–395.
14898:
14885:10.2307/778926
14859:
14832:
14805:
14796:
14770:
14738:
14715:
14694:
14671:
14630:
14623:
14601:
14595:978-0674047471
14594:
14570:
14543:
14515:
14494:
14468:
14456:
14444:
14431:
14404:
14392:
14366:
14353:
14314:
14283:
14260:
14240:
14217:
14202:
14182:
14175:
14155:
14149:978-1538102701
14148:
14128:
14121:
14100:
14088:
14082:978-0429720895
14081:
14061:
14030:
14023:
13997:
13985:
13973:
13961:
13952:, p. 118.
13942:
13930:
13923:
13905:
13896:, p. 112.
13886:
13877:, p. 111.
13867:
13852:
13833:
13803:
13797:978-1400874903
13796:
13776:
13769:
13749:
13742:
13722:
13716:978-1510710375
13715:
13694:
13688:978-1473887596
13687:
13667:
13661:978-9814762007
13660:
13639:
13620:
13606:
13587:
13560:(4): 581–589.
13540:
13534:978-1400859467
13533:
13513:
13507:978-3593500058
13506:
13484:
13443:
13421:
13395:
13369:
13343:
13324:
13299:
13266:
13260:978-9004190177
13259:
13239:
13233:978-9004190177
13232:
13210:
13194:
13188:978-1317466253
13187:
13167:
13160:
13140:
13122:
13116:978-1317466253
13115:
13095:
13089:978-9004190177
13088:
13068:
13061:
13039:
13032:
13013:
13007:978-1978814981
13006:
12986:
12980:978-1317466253
12979:
12959:
12944:
12934:
12914:
12908:978-1978814981
12907:
12887:
12884:
12883:
12877:
12872:George Fitch,
12870:
12862:
12850:
12838:
12832:978-0199373895
12831:
12811:
12805:978-9004292932
12804:
12782:
12770:
12759:(1/2): 19–31.
12743:
12721:
12714:
12690:
12683:
12665:
12659:978-0674916456
12658:
12636:
12610:
12575:
12562:
12540:
12528:
12521:
12496:
12484:
12461:
12454:
12434:
12427:
12407:
12400:
12380:
12373:
12353:
12337:
12321:
12300:
12293:
12273:
12253:
12244:
12224:
12217:
12199:
12186:
12174:
12160:
12143:
12137:978-0295997483
12136:
12116:
12113:. Shanghai: 4.
12093:
12086:
12066:
12060:978-0295997483
12059:
12039:
12032:
12012:
12000:
11987:
11981:978-9811382116
11980:
11960:
11953:
11933:
11927:978-0674971974
11926:
11906:
11899:
11874:
11867:
11847:
11828:
11811:
11794:
11790:Beckman (2003)
11779:
11775:Beckman (2003)
11767:
11752:
11732:
11725:
11705:
11698:
11678:
11657:
11637:
11617:
11602:
11582:
11575:
11555:
11538:
11531:
11511:
11496:
11476:
11469:
11449:
11442:
11428:Andrade, Tonio
11419:
11400:
11381:
11365:
11348:
11331:
11314:
11307:
11284:
11267:
11250:
11234:
11227:
11207:
11200:
11180:
11157:"Idol worship"
11147:
11140:
11117:
11113:Manthorpe 2008
11105:
11098:
11078:
11071:
11051:
11037:嘯亭雜錄/卷六#平定回部本末
11023:
10999:
10992:
10972:
10965:
10945:
10938:
10918:
10907:on 1 June 2019
10877:
10870:
10850:
10843:
10823:
10816:
10796:
10781:
10759:
10744:
10724:
10709:
10689:
10658:
10629:
10603:
10589:
10582:
10564:
10549:
10521:
10495:
10470:Al-Abboud, D.
10462:
10437:
10427:
10407:
10400:
10380:
10373:
10351:
10334:
10317:
10310:
10288:
10282:978-9639776951
10281:
10263:
10245:
10228:
10225:. 8 June 2020.
10214:
10208:978-1624668708
10207:
10187:
10166:
10159:
10139:
10132:
10112:
10096:
10074:
10041:
10014:(2): 111–112.
9998:
9989:
9973:
9956:
9907:
9877:
9847:
9812:
9769:
9763:978-1440838880
9762:
9744:
9729:
9722:
9702:
9695:
9675:
9649:
9623:
9570:
9544:
9522:
9502:
9476:
9451:
9426:
9404:
9382:
9360:
9345:
9314:
9288:
9267:
9242:
9214:
9173:
9155:
9131:
9102:
9080:
9054:
9037:
9018:
8994:
8987:
8969:
8962:
8944:
8925:
8918:
8898:
8896:, pp. 5–7
8886:
8861:
8849:
8834:
8822:
8810:
8803:
8785:
8770:
8755:
8740:
8725:
8709:
8697:
8680:
8648:
8633:
8611:
8575:
8531:
8496:
8467:(1): 193–211.
8436:
8395:
8384:on 18 May 2019
8378:In These Times
8364:
8340:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8310:Sexual slavery
8307:
8301:
8299:Genocidal rape
8296:
8290:
8289:
8275:
8259:
8256:
8244:Sveriges Radio
8209:
8206:
8201:sexual slavery
8192:Sexual slavery
8183:
8180:
8160:
8157:
8146:
8143:
8137:about how the
8131:Geoffrey Davis
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8104:
8101:
8034:Main article:
8031:
8028:
8010:
8007:
7997:
7994:
7934:
7931:
7921:
7918:
7912:
7909:
7895:Afghan Taliban
7886:
7885:Afghan Taliban
7883:
7851:Main article:
7848:
7845:
7805:Main article:
7802:
7799:
7794:Antonio Taguba
7753:
7750:
7719:UN News Centre
7692:
7689:
7612:
7609:
7576:
7573:
7549:Main article:
7546:
7543:
7516:
7513:
7493:Main article:
7490:
7487:
7459:Ida Carmelitta
7421:
7418:
7319:Main article:
7316:
7313:
7270:Main article:
7267:
7264:
7213:Main article:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7196:
7193:
7164:
7161:
7137:
7134:
7113:
7110:
7090:
7087:
7036:
7033:
6995:
6992:
6984:
6981:
6929:
6926:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6860:Adwa, to fight
6839:
6838:Legitimisation
6836:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6795:child soldiers
6775:Dara Kay Cohen
6719:
6716:
6698:Pramila Patten
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6655:Law portal
6645:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6552:Rape by gender
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6527:Date rape drug
6524:
6519:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6366:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6349:Imperial Japan
6346:
6341:
6333:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6308:United Kingdom
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6141:Statutory rape
6138:
6136:Sexual assault
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6096:Genocidal rape
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6043:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6017:
6014:
5987:Main article:
5984:
5981:
5950:
5947:
5924:forced to rape
5920:Pramila Patten
5898:
5897:
5878:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5841:
5838:
5782:
5779:
5740:Nilima Ibrahim
5707:Main article:
5704:
5701:
5683:Papua conflict
5678:
5675:
5651:
5648:
5621:
5618:
5609:
5606:
5598:Milovan Djilas
5538:Norman Naimark
5503:
5500:
5491:Taken by Force
5470:
5467:
5408:Main article:
5405:
5402:
5344:Main article:
5341:
5338:
5317:
5314:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5223:
5220:
5216:Hidden Horrors
5198:, such as the
5149:
5146:
5137:
5134:
5120:
5117:
4996:Main article:
4993:
4990:
4977:ethnic Chinese
4931:
4928:
4916:
4913:
4892:
4889:
4877:
4874:
4829:
4826:
4798:Main article:
4795:
4792:
4759:
4756:
4744:Main article:
4741:
4738:
4672:
4647:anti-Christian
4631:Main article:
4628:
4625:
4564:Main article:
4561:
4558:
4546:
4543:
4507:The historian
4504:
4501:
4472:
4469:
4442:Main article:
4439:
4436:
4387:
4384:
4345:
4342:
4322:Main article:
4319:
4316:
4295:
4292:
4283:
4280:
4271:
4268:
4239:
4236:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4204:Ottoman empire
4172:Eastern Europe
4156:Ottoman Empire
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4082:Kipchak Turkic
4014:overthrew the
3977:sexual slavery
3960:
3957:
3906:Late Antiquity
3891:
3874:Late Antiquity
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3773:United Nations
3761:New York Times
3699:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3621:
3618:
3589:
3586:
3577:
3574:
3547:(southeastern
3532:
3529:
3446:genocidal rape
3437:
3434:
3400:hors de combat
3388:Main article:
3385:
3382:
3302:14th Area Army
3226:
3223:
3219:Central Powers
3217:and the other
3183:
3180:
3122:
3119:
3068:
3065:
3042:
3039:
3010:Main article:
3007:
3004:
2967:abuse of power
2935:sexual assault
2921:Main article:
2918:
2915:
2835:armed conflict
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:Law portal
2770:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2677:Rape by gender
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Date rape drug
2649:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:Imperial Japan
2471:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2433:United Kingdom
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Statutory rape
2263:
2261:Sexual assault
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Genocidal rape
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Military terms
2081:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1842:Tripwire force
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1364:Administrative
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:New generation
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Fleet in being
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1204:Grand strategy
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:Scorched earth
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Deep operation
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
997:
996:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
915:
914:
909:
904:
894:
885:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
869:Unconventional
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
817:
815:Disinformation
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
786:
785:
780:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
666:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
614:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
566:Basic training
563:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
495:
494:
492:Reconnaissance
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
419:
418:
413:
411:Special forces
408:
403:
402:
401:
391:
386:
379:
378:
373:
368:
366:Reconnaissance
363:
358:
353:
348:
341:
340:
331:
326:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
245:
235:
234:
233:
228:
218:
217:
216:
209:Post-classical
206:
201:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
177:
176:
158:
157:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22486:
22475:
22472:
22470:
22467:
22465:
22462:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22447:
22445:
22442:
22440:
22437:
22436:
22434:
22421:
22417:
22416:
22411:
22407:
22401:
22397:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22381:Victimisation
22379:
22377:
22374:
22372:
22369:
22367:
22364:
22362:
22359:
22357:
22354:
22352:
22349:
22347:
22344:
22342:
22339:
22337:
22334:
22332:
22329:
22327:
22324:
22322:
22319:
22317:
22314:
22312:
22309:
22307:
22304:
22302:
22299:
22297:
22294:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22282:
22279:
22277:
22274:
22272:
22269:
22267:
22264:
22263:
22261:
22257:
22251:
22250:
22246:
22244:
22241:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22209:
22206:
22204:
22201:
22199:
22196:
22194:
22191:
22189:
22186:
22184:
22181:
22179:
22176:
22174:
22171:
22169:
22166:
22164:
22161:
22159:
22156:
22154:
22151:
22149:
22146:
22142:
22139:
22137:
22134:
22133:
22132:
22129:
22127:
22124:
22120:
22117:
22116:
22115:
22112:
22110:
22107:
22103:
22100:
22098:
22095:
22093:
22090:
22088:
22085:
22084:
22083:
22080:
22078:
22075:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22064:
22062:
22060:
22056:
22052:
22045:
22040:
22038:
22033:
22031:
22026:
22025:
22022:
22010:
22007:
22005:
22002:
22000:
21997:
21995:
21992:
21990:
21987:
21985:
21982:
21981:
21979:
21975:
21969:
21966:
21964:
21961:
21959:
21956:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21946:
21944:
21941:
21939:
21936:
21934:
21931:
21929:
21926:
21924:
21921:
21920:
21918:
21911:
21906:
21900:
21897:
21895:
21892:
21890:
21889:Slave trading
21887:
21885:
21882:
21878:
21875:
21873:
21870:
21869:
21868:
21865:
21863:
21860:
21858:
21855:
21853:
21850:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21837:
21832:
21829:
21827:
21824:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21802:
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21780:
21776:
21772:
21765:
21760:
21758:
21753:
21751:
21746:
21745:
21742:
21730:
21722:
21721:
21719:
21715:
21709:
21697:
21694:
21692:
21689:
21687:
21684:
21683:
21682:
21679:
21678:
21676:
21674:
21669:
21663:
21660:
21658:
21655:
21653:
21650:
21648:
21645:
21644:
21642:
21638:
21630:
21627:
21626:
21625:
21624:Yugoslav Wars
21622:
21620:
21617:
21613:
21612:
21607:
21604:
21602:
21599:
21598:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21560:
21557:
21555:
21554:War in Donbas
21552:
21551:
21550:
21547:
21543:
21540:
21538:
21535:
21534:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21501:
21498:
21497:
21496:
21493:
21491:
21488:
21487:
21485:
21483:
21480:
21479:
21477:
21473:
21467:
21466:United States
21464:
21462:
21459:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21445:
21442:
21441:
21440:
21437:
21433:
21430:
21429:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21420:
21418:
21415:
21413:
21410:
21408:
21405:
21403:
21400:
21399:
21397:
21391:
21385:
21382:
21380:
21377:
21375:
21372:
21370:
21367:
21365:
21362:
21360:
21357:
21353:
21352:Mass killings
21350:
21349:
21348:
21345:
21343:
21340:
21338:
21335:
21333:
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21310:
21308:
21307:Death marches
21305:
21303:
21302:Death flights
21300:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21282:
21278:
21274:
21273:
21271:
21267:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21251:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21209:
21205:
21203:
21200:
21198:
21194:
21191:
21187:
21184:
21183:
21182:
21178:
21175:
21174:
21172:
21168:
21160:
21157:
21156:
21155:
21152:
21150:
21147:
21143:
21140:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21132:Fourth (1949)
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21122:Second (1949)
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21109:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21084:
21082:
21080:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:International
21065:
21059:
21056:
21055:
21052:
21048:
21041:
21036:
21034:
21029:
21027:
21022:
21021:
21018:
21006:
21001:
20996:
20995:
20992:
20986:
20983:
20981:
20978:
20977:
20975:
20971:
20965:
20962:
20960:
20957:
20955:
20952:
20951:
20949:
20945:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20929:
20926:
20924:
20921:
20919:
20916:
20914:
20911:
20909:
20906:
20904:
20901:
20899:
20896:
20895:
20893:
20887:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20870:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20859:
20856:
20854:
20851:
20847:
20844:
20842:
20839:
20837:
20834:
20833:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20824:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20807:
20804:
20802:
20799:
20795:
20792:
20790:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20762:
20760:
20757:
20756:
20755:
20752:
20750:
20747:
20745:
20742:
20740:
20737:
20735:
20732:
20728:
20725:
20723:
20720:
20718:
20715:
20713:
20710:
20708:
20705:
20704:
20703:
20700:
20698:
20695:
20694:
20692:
20688:
20684:
20677:
20672:
20670:
20665:
20663:
20658:
20657:
20654:
20647:
20643:
20639:
20636:
20632:
20626:
20622:
20621:
20615:
20612:
20608:
20604:
20601:
20597:
20593:
20590:
20587:
20583:
20579:
20575:
20571:
20566:
20562:
20556:
20553:. Routledge.
20552:
20547:
20543:
20539:
20533:
20529:
20525:
20524:
20518:
20517:
20506:
20504:9780231120326
20500:
20496:
20492:
20488:
20484:
20480:
20475:
20471:
20469:9780429720895
20465:
20461:
20457:
20453:
20450:(2): 185–214.
20449:
20445:
20441:
20436:
20432:
20426:
20422:
20421:
20415:
20411:
20405:
20401:
20397:
20393:
20389:
20383:
20379:
20375:
20371:
20367:
20363:
20357:
20353:
20352:
20346:
20345:
20323:
20316:
20314:
20312:
20310:
20308:
20306:
20297:
20293:
20286:
20270:
20266:
20260:
20252:
20246:
20242:
20241:
20233:
20225:
20218:
20202:
20198:
20192:
20190:
20181:
20175:
20173:
20156:
20152:
20151:
20146:
20142:
20141:de Waal, Alex
20135:
20133:
20131:
20114:
20110:
20109:
20104:
20098:
20079:
20075:
20074:
20066:
20060:
20044:
20040:
20039:
20034:
20030:
20024:
20008:
20002:
19996:, p. 192
19995:
19994:Defeis (2008)
19990:
19980:
19964:
19960:
19954:
19946:
19942:
19936:
19929:
19923:
19907:
19901:
19885:
19879:
19863:
19859:
19853:
19837:
19831:
19815:
19811:
19805:
19790:
19786:
19780:
19764:
19760:
19754:
19738:
19732:
19724:
19720:
19714:
19698:
19694:
19688:
19679:
19663:
19657:
19646:
19642:
19635:
19628:
19622:, p. 191
19621:
19620:Defeis (2008)
19616:
19609:
19603:
19597:
19596:Defeis (2008)
19592:
19576:
19570:
19562:
19556:
19554:
19552:
19535:
19529:
19521:
19520:
19515:
19508:
19501:
19500:
19495:
19489:
19482:
19481:
19476:
19473:Carey Lodge,
19470:
19463:
19462:
19457:
19451:
19444:
19443:
19438:
19432:
19425:
19424:
19419:
19413:
19406:
19405:
19400:
19394:
19386:
19380:
19378:
19369:
19365:
19358:
19350:
19346:
19340:
19332:
19328:
19324:
19317:
19309:
19305:
19301:
19294:
19278:
19274:
19267:
19260:
19256:
19251:
19232:
19226:
19219:
19215:
19210:
19194:
19190:
19183:
19167:
19161:
19146:
19142:
19135:
19119:
19113:
19111:
19095:
19091:
19084:
19068:
19062:
19055:
19051:
19047:
19043:
19040:
19035:
19019:
19015:
19009:
19005:
19004:
18996:
18989:
18983:
18976:
18975:
18968:
18960:
18956:
18949:
18933:
18929:
18923:
18915:
18911:
18905:
18889:
18883:
18868:
18862:
18854:
18847:
18840:
18835:
18833:
18831:
18829:
18821:
18816:
18814:
18812:
18810:
18808:
18792:
18786:
18771:
18767:
18760:
18745:
18739:
18733:
18729:
18726:
18722:
18706:
18705:"ICTY – TPIY"
18700:
18684:
18678:
18662:
18658:
18651:
18644:
18640:
18635:
18628:
18624:
18618:
18611:
18606:
18598:
18592:
18585:
18580:
18578:
18576:
18574:
18572:
18563:
18556:
18550:
18548:
18546:
18544:
18542:
18540:
18532:
18527:
18525:
18523:
18515:
18510:
18508:
18499:
18495:
18489:
18470:
18463:
18462:
18454:
18446:
18442:
18438:
18434:
18430:
18426:
18422:
18418:
18411:
18403:
18396:
18388:
18384:
18380:
18376:
18372:
18368:
18364:
18360:
18353:
18345:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18325:
18319:
18317:
18305:
18299:
18282:
18276:
18260:
18254:
18252:
18235:
18229:
18213:
18207:
18199:
18195:
18188:
18180:
18173:
18165:
18161:
18154:
18146:
18139:
18128:
18121:
18105:
18101:
18095:
18088:
18082:
18074:
18070:
18066:
18062:
18055:
18047:
18043:
18039:
18035:
18031:
18027:
18023:
18016:
18007:
18002:
17998:
17991:
17983:
17981:91-89098-91-9
17977:
17973:
17972:
17964:
17962:
17950:
17943:
17935:
17931:
17927:
17923:
17916:
17908:
17904:
17900:
17896:
17892:
17888:
17881:
17872:
17867:
17863:
17859:
17855:
17848:
17846:
17844:
17842:
17825:
17821:
17815:
17796:
17789:
17773:
17767:
17751:
17745:
17738:
17733:
17726:
17722:
17716:
17714:
17712:
17710:
17708:
17699:
17695:
17691:
17687:
17683:
17679:
17675:
17671:
17667:
17660:
17644:
17638:
17630:
17626:
17621:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17602:
17598:
17594:
17587:
17579:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17560:
17555:
17551:
17547:
17543:
17536:
17527:
17522:
17518:
17514:
17510:
17503:
17487:
17480:
17472:
17468:
17464:
17460:
17456:
17452:
17445:
17429:
17423:
17414:
17406:
17402:
17398:
17391:
17383:
17377:
17373:
17372:
17364:
17357:
17352:
17344:
17340:
17336:
17332:
17328:
17324:
17320:
17316:
17312:
17305:
17289:
17288:
17283:
17276:
17274:
17272:
17270:
17268:
17266:
17258:
17253:
17251:
17234:
17230:
17229:
17224:
17220:
17219:de Waal, Alex
17214:
17212:
17195:
17191:
17190:
17185:
17181:
17175:
17173:
17171:
17169:
17161:
17157:
17151:
17147:
17143:
17137:
17121:
17114:
17112:
17102:
17100:
17091:
17085:
17082:. Routledge.
17081:
17080:
17072:
17070:
17061:
17055:
17039:
17035:
17031:
17025:
17017:
17013:
17009:
17005:
16998:
16983:
16979:
16972:
16963:
16958:
16954:
16950:
16946:
16939:
16924:
16920:
16916:
16912:
16908:
16901:
16886:
16882:
16878:
16874:
16870:
16866:
16862:
16858:
16851:
16844:
16829:
16828:
16823:
16816:
16808:
16804:
16798:
16782:
16781:
16776:
16770:
16755:
16754:
16749:
16742:
16727:
16726:
16721:
16714:
16699:
16695:
16689:
16673:
16672:
16667:
16661:
16659:
16643:
16639:
16635:
16631:
16624:
16622:
16606:
16602:
16595:
16580:
16576:
16569:
16561:
16560:
16555:
16549:
16533:
16529:
16523:
16508:
16504:
16497:
16482:
16478:
16474:
16473:
16468:
16461:
16445:
16444:The Irrawaddy
16441:
16435:
16419:
16415:
16409:
16393:
16389:
16383:
16368:
16364:
16357:
16355:
16353:
16336:
16332:
16331:
16326:
16319:
16303:
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7532:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7390:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7345:In 1998, the
7343:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7329:
7322:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7263:
7261:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7237:Yugoslav wars
7234:
7230:
7226:
7223:prompted the
7222:
7216:
7215:Yugoslav Wars
7201:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7160:
7157:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7118:
7109:
7107:
7102:
7100:
7095:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7052:vulnerability
7049:
7045:
7040:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7008:
7004:
7002:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6895:
6889:Rape of women
6881:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6738:According to
6736:
6733:
6728:
6726:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6672:
6670:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:Rape schedule
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6557:Rape of males
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6339:Eastern Front
6337:
6336:
6335:World War II
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6313:United States
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6024:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5956:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5904:
5894:
5882:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5861:
5850:
5848:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5700:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5577:Antony Beevor
5574:
5569:
5564:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5527:Joseph Stalin
5524:
5520:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5386:Eastern Front
5382:
5380:
5379:The Holocaust
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:Rassenschande
5363:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5173:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5157:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:Bangka Island
5071:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:comfort women
4999:
4998:Comfort women
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:death marches
4898:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4688:
4683:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4592:English press
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:Ottoman State
4528:
4527:Nasir al-Fahd
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4489:Imperial Army
4486:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4450:Daur Mongolic
4445:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4386:Dutch Formosa
4383:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:Ush rebellion
4341:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4306:troops under
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4088:rebellion in
4087:
4083:
4080:, who was of
4079:
4076:
4075:Mamluk Sultan
4071:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:Matthew Paris
4051:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4027:Mongol Empire
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3945:Ganges valley
3942:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:In 2008, the
3626:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3576:United States
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:In 1998, the
3433:
3431:
3428:protected by
3425:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:Alphonse Juin
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3310:comfort women
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:Allied powers
3240:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:German Empire
3212:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:international
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:spoils of war
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:committed by
2828:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Rape schedule
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:Rape of males
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Eastern Front
2462:
2461:
2460:World War II
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2438:United States
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Warrior caste
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1941:Show of force
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Peacebuilding
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
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73: –
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67:Find sources:
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45:This article
43:
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34:
33:
30:
19:
22413:
22400:
22336:Minimisation
22331:Manipulation
22311:Exaggeration
22247:
22243:Verbal abuse
22223:Sexual abuse
22203:Social abuse
22173:Intimidation
21831:Rome Statute
21718:paratroopers
21609:
21608: /
21596:World War II
21495:2023–present
21444:Soviet Union
21383:
21281:parachutists
21279: /
21256:Safe conduct
21248:
21206:
21195: /
21154:Rome Statute
21127:Third (1949)
21117:First (1949)
20923:Rape culture
20889:Sociological
20877:
20836:in education
20806:Revenge porn
20683:Sexual abuse
20637:
20619:
20599:
20573:
20569:
20550:
20542:Google Books
20540:– via
20522:
20494:
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20399:
20373:
20350:
20341:Bibliography
20326:. Retrieved
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20259:
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20047:. Retrieved
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20011:. Retrieved
20001:
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19979:
19967:. Retrieved
19963:The Scotsman
19962:
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19910:. Retrieved
19900:
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19878:
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19862:the original
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19701:. Retrieved
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19397:Nour Malas,
19393:
19368:The Guardian
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19327:The Guardian
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19316:
19308:the original
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19293:
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19277:The Guardian
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19225:
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19145:The Guardian
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19022:. Retrieved
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18796:23 September
18794:. Retrieved
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18738:
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18711:23 September
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18661:the original
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18586:, p. 11
18561:
18533:, p. 10
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17488:. Al Jazeera
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17432:. Retrieved
17422:
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17390:
17370:
17363:
17358:, p. 13
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17285:
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17226:
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16698:press.un.org
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16634:The Guardian
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16507:The Guardian
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16193:Hayes, Helen
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15160:The Guardian
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14850:. Retrieved
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14819:The Guardian
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14808:
14799:
14787:. Retrieved
14783:
14773:
14749:
14746:Anna Reading
14741:
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14685:. Retrieved
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14557:The Guardian
14556:
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14523:
14518:
14506:. Retrieved
14497:
14485:. Retrieved
14481:the original
14471:
14466:, p. 72
14464:Askin (1997)
14459:
14447:
14439:
14434:
14422:. Retrieved
14418:the original
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14383:. Retrieved
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14301:The Guardian
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13412:. Retrieved
13398:
13388:26 September
13386:. Retrieved
13372:
13362:26 September
13360:. Retrieved
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13315:. Retrieved
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12734:. Retrieved
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12627:. Retrieved
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12538:, p. 44
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10784:
10769:
10762:
10734:
10727:
10699:
10692:
10680:. Retrieved
10674:
10661:
10649:. Retrieved
10642:
10632:
10620:. Retrieved
10615:
10606:
10592:
10573:
10567:
10531:
10524:
10512:. Retrieved
10508:
10498:
10486:. Retrieved
10482:the original
10475:
10465:
10453:. Retrieved
10449:
10440:
10417:
10410:
10390:
10383:
10364:
10354:
10345:The Mameluke
10344:
10337:
10327:
10320:
10301:
10291:
10272:
10266:
10257:
10248:
10238:
10231:
10217:
10197:
10190:
10174:
10169:
10149:
10142:
10122:
10115:
10107:
10099:
10087:. Retrieved
10077:
10058:
10054:
10044:
10011:
10007:
10001:
9992:
9982:
9976:
9966:
9959:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9910:
9898:. Retrieved
9893:
9880:
9868:. Retrieved
9863:
9850:
9838:. Retrieved
9827:
9815:
9785:(1): 21–31.
9782:
9778:
9772:
9753:
9747:
9738:
9732:
9712:
9705:
9685:
9678:
9666:. Retrieved
9661:
9652:
9640:. Retrieved
9635:
9626:
9600:. Retrieved
9586:
9573:
9561:. Retrieved
9556:
9547:
9535:. Retrieved
9525:
9519:. July 2017.
9493:. Retrieved
9488:
9479:
9467:. Retrieved
9463:
9454:
9442:. Retrieved
9438:
9429:
9417:. Retrieved
9407:
9395:. Retrieved
9385:
9373:. Retrieved
9363:
9353:
9348:
9336:. Retrieved
9332:the original
9283:the original
9260:23 September
9258:. Retrieved
9245:
9207:23 September
9205:. Retrieved
9198:the original
9158:
9144:
9134:
9122:. Retrieved
9117:
9105:
9093:. Retrieved
9083:
9071:. Retrieved
9031:
9021:
9012:
8978:
8972:
8953:
8947:
8939:the original
8928:
8908:
8901:
8889:
8877:. Retrieved
8873:
8864:
8852:
8845:Askin (1997)
8832:, p. 33
8830:Askin (1997)
8825:
8820:, p. 34
8818:Askin (1997)
8813:
8794:
8788:
8781:Askin (1997)
8768:, p. 28
8766:Askin (1997)
8753:, p. 27
8751:Askin (1997)
8736:Askin (1997)
8720:
8719:Inal, Tuba.
8705:Askin (1997)
8700:
8693:Askin (1997)
8660:
8651:
8646:, p. 17
8644:Askin (1997)
8624:. Retrieved
8614:
8602:. Retrieved
8595:the original
8561:Archive copy
8551:. Retrieved
8547:the original
8522:. Retrieved
8515:the original
8464:
8460:
8412:
8408:
8398:
8386:. Retrieved
8382:the original
8377:
8367:
8355:. Retrieved
8344:
8286:Crime portal
8229:
8195:
8162:
8154:
8135:Bina D'costa
8120:
8106:
8078:
8039:
8012:
8003:
7999:
7966:South Africa
7942:
7927:
7923:
7914:
7904:
7888:
7856:
7834:
7820:
7810:
7789:The Guardian
7787:
7769:
7745:
7741:
7732:
7718:
7716:
7677:
7668:incontinence
7664:
7653:
7646:
7597:
7578:
7575:21st century
7554:
7528:
7498:
7448:
7433:
7415:
7401:, including
7395:
7391:
7383:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7344:
7332:
7324:
7306:
7282:Bosnian Serb
7275:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7218:
7198:
7178:
7166:
7151:Sierra Leone
7139:
7119:
7115:
7103:
7096:
7092:
7064:
7041:
7038:
7030:
7017:incontinence
7013:
6997:
6969:
6963:The Guardian
6961:
6959:
6947:
6931:
6923:
6910:
6902:World War II
6899:
6892:
6878:Alex de Waal
6845:
6841:
6833:
6792:
6773:
6769:
6737:
6729:
6721:
6589:Rape fantasy
6446:By Palestine
6371: /
6362: /
6358: /
6321:
6298:South Africa
6293:Saudi Arabia
6217:Rape culture
6131:Sexual abuse
6111:Marital rape
6069:LGBT victims
6011:
5992:
5962:
5909:
5891:October 2022
5888:
5880:
5843:
5818:Shining Path
5807:
5784:
5781:1974 to 1992
5775:Harold Evans
5770:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:Sarmila Bose
5750:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5712:
5697:
5686:
5667:
5644:Algerian War
5637:
5620:Algerian War
5611:
5602:
5595:
5582:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5545:
5544:, writes in
5531:
5515:
5489:
5485:American GIs
5482:
5448:
5442:Marocchinate
5413:
5410:Marocchinate
5390:Soviet Union
5383:
5362:Selbstschutz
5355:
5319:
5316:Italian Army
5283:
5280:British Army
5269:
5265:
5257:
5242:
5237:zanryu fujin
5225:
5215:
5208:
5189:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5166:
5158:
5151:
5139:
5122:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5072:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4924:
4915:World War II
4909:
4894:
4879:
4854:
4822:
4803:
4788:prostitution
4761:
4749:
4734:
4729:Luella Miner
4717:
4698:
4679:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4651:anti-Western
4636:
4621:
4604:
4574:, known as "
4569:
4551:
4548:
4530:
4512:
4506:
4487:from a weak
4474:
4447:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4397:
4389:
4372:
4362:Qing dynasty
4347:
4327:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4241:
4224:Sack of Rome
4221:
4218:Sack of Rome
4213:
4153:
4135:Ibn Arabshah
4114:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4047:
4043:
4039:Genghis Khan
4024:
4009:
3970:
3962:
3934:
3930:Gupta Empire
3918:Hephthalites
3912:such as the
3910:Central Asia
3903:
3894:
3887:
3863:
3851:
3844:
3833:
3807:
3802:
3797:Gerda Lerner
3791:
3766:
3750:
3738:
3723:
3711:
3692:
3668:
3657:
3642:
3631:
3620:21st century
3594:Rome Statute
3591:
3588:Rome Statute
3579:
3557:Bosnian Serb
3534:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3485:
3466:
3439:
3426:
3415:
3404:
3393:
3375:
3363:World War II
3353:, after the
3336:Marocchinate
3333:
3329:East Prussia
3325:
3314:
3287:
3283:
3267:
3228:
3225:World War II
3204:
3189:
3185:
3182:20th century
3173:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3139:Hugo Grotius
3137:
3129:
3115:
3111:
3095:
3089:Policraticus
3087:
3081:
3070:
3050:
3032:
3021:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2946:Rome Statute
2939:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2906:
2901:case of the
2896:
2882:
2868:in order to
2863:
2818:
2817:
2714:Rape fantasy
2571:By Palestine
2496: /
2487: /
2483: /
2446:
2423:South Africa
2418:Saudi Arabia
2342:Rape culture
2256:Sexual abuse
2236:Marital rape
2194:LGBT victims
2054:Fifth column
2048:
2034:War resister
2029:Women in war
1924:Peacekeeping
1869:Arms control
1814:
1503:Mobilization
1498:Conscription
1456:Intelligence
1409:Organization
1055:
984:Encirclement
864:Radiological
800:Conventional
654:Subterranean
561:Development:
560:
537:
499:
461:
424:Naval units:
423:
416:Signal corps
383:
361:Intelligence
346:Specialties:
345:
270:Organization
221:Early modern
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
22386:Victimology
22361:Psychopathy
22183:Persecution
22158:Humiliation
22148:Gaslighting
22131:Elder abuse
22082:Child abuse
21591:World War I
21581:Tigray war
21275:Attacks on
21202:Distinction
21087:Lieber Code
20576:(1): 1–49.
20161:20 November
20119:15 February
18938:5 September
18685:. Coop99.at
18562:www.hrw.org
18516:, p. 9
18236:. Ohchr.org
17928:(1): 1–14.
17180:Nyssen, Jan
17044:22 December
16877:10852/64966
16341:29 November
16308:17 February
16249:15 February
16177:20 November
15332:. BUDAPEST.
15085:, Vol. 72,
14999:10 December
14994:BBC History
14652:(4): 1324.
14563:22 November
14508:22 November
13477:26 November
13434:Japan Times
13292:19 November
12879:Li En-han,
11631:(pdf), in:
11395:China Expat
10622:4 September
10616:Braggoscope
10173:Man, John.
9563:23 November
9495:23 November
9469:23 November
9444:23 November
9419:6 September
9052:, p. 8
8859:, p. 5
8626:26 November
8415:: 109–132.
8145:Bosnian War
8121:During the
7990:Ivory Coast
7978:South Sudan
7581:Afghanistan
7567:(CRPF) and
7561:Indian Army
7509:Moro Muslim
7475:Sarathambal
7444:magistrates
7434:During the
7387:Interahamwe
7374:sex objects
7278:Bosnian War
7276:During the
7229:Bosnian War
7073:(including
7056:desperation
6938:El Salvador
6934:rape of men
6928:Rape of men
6604:Rape threat
6403:Bosnian War
6383:Vietnam War
6288:Philippines
6233:Afghanistan
6126:Serial rape
6116:Prison rape
6054:Campus rape
5993:During the
5934:Helen Hayes
5742:. The word
5713:During the
5670:Vietnam War
5650:Vietnam War
5320:During the
5302:Netherlands
5251:located in
5226:During the
5222:Soviet Army
5119:French Army
4851:is implied.
4828:World War I
4772:German rule
4766:during the
4704: [
4685: [
4637:During the
4570:During the
4475:During the
4458:Albazinians
4373:During the
4352:in 1765 by
4310:who sacked
4286:During the
4222:During the
4112:(Beibars).
4090:Upper Egypt
4010:Before the
4001:Circassians
3959:Middle Ages
3949:monasteries
3876:, harassed
3718:Ban Ki-moon
3698:2010s-today
3566:disappeared
3378:laws of war
3247:Axis powers
3207:World War I
3176:Lieber Code
3168:laws of war
3012:Laws of war
2729:Rape threat
2528:Bosnian War
2508:Vietnam War
2413:Philippines
2358:Afghanistan
2251:Serial rape
2241:Prison rape
2179:Campus rape
2039:War studies
1862:Non-warfare
1790:Appeasement
1755:Martial law
1594:War economy
1533:Transgender
1486:Recruitment
1246:Containment
1131:Culminating
1039:Operational
959:Envelopment
902:Air assault
783:Air cavalry
743:Air defence
723:Information
624:Cold-region
589:Battlespace
538:Historical:
384:Land units:
310:Space force
305:Coast guard
238:Late modern
199:Prehistoric
149:, Florence)
140:Condottiero
22449:Sex crimes
22433:Categories
22341:Narcissism
22163:Incivility
22153:Harassment
21894:Starvation
21629:Kosovo War
21542:Second war
21514:Korean War
21393:War crimes
21369:Starvation
21359:No quarter
21047:War crimes
20898:Aggression
20873:Statistics
20328:7 November
20087:1 February
20049:1 February
19240:16 October
19120:. BBC News
18914:Minda News
18498:unicef.org
18359:The Lancet
17778:2 December
17649:2 December
17315:The Lancet
17122:. BBC News
17034:unicef.org
16584:2 December
16070:1 February
15889:16 January
15693:13 October
15352:(trailer).
14683:. BBC News
14442:, page 290
14385:9 November
14307:9 December
14280:1844370380
14257:0199653712
14203:0732606462
14176:9719199105
14122:0813327172
14096:Askin 1997
13993:Walsh 2018
13981:Walsh 2018
13969:Walsh 2018
13938:Walsh 2018
13770:0275956601
13743:0415309549
13161:1134650124
13062:0803296274
13033:0804751862
12935:1134650124
12603:20 October
12401:0295980400
12294:0691008779
12267:. London:
10682:20 October
10647:(in Dutch)
10311:0521009227
9900:6 December
9870:6 December
9840:5 December
9602:4 December
9397:9 November
9338:2 December
9124:19 October
9095:5 November
9073:5 November
9069:. BBC News
8331:References
8294:Gendercide
8222:Commander
8212:See also:
8159:Tigray War
8149:See also:
8103:Rape camps
8070:Abiy Ahmed
8042:Tigray War
7974:pedophilia
7937:See also:
7906:situation.
7764:See also:
7711:See also:
7680:Atul Khare
7407:gonorrhoea
7233:Kosovo War
7083:flashbacks
7081:symptoms,
7067:depression
6987:See also:
6873:Jan Nyssen
6864:Tigray War
6852:Abiy Ahmed
6433:Tigray war
6413:Congo Wars
6225:By country
6121:Rape chant
5953:See also:
5912:Tigray War
5853:Tigray War
5693:West Papua
5689:East Timor
5681:See also:
5664:Lai Daihan
5654:See also:
5624:See also:
5608:Korean War
5506:See also:
5473:See also:
5451:Senegalese
5428:mass rapes
5350:See also:
5113:gonorrhoea
5060:New Guinea
5038:Iris Chang
5002:The term "
4919:See also:
4869:propaganda
4841:propaganda
4712:Alute clan
4675:Sawara 268
4256:Oisterwijk
4164:sex slaves
4106:Circassian
3985:Arab world
3920:, and the
3882:sex slaves
3702:See also:
3255:war crimes
3053:concubines
3045:See also:
3016:See also:
2885:recognized
2837:, war, or
2833:during an
2831:combatants
2558:Tigray war
2538:Congo Wars
2350:By country
2246:Rape chant
2099:War crimes
2089:Operations
1996:Foot drill
1966:Battle cry
1879:deterrence
1538:Harassment
1513:Specialism
1336:Technology
1331:Succession
1276:Liberation
1211:Asymmetric
1146:Empty fort
1057:Blitzkrieg
1026:Withdrawal
989:Investment
768:Camouflage
763:Biological
701:Underwater
676:Amphibious
595:Aerospace
462:Air units:
439:Submarines
248:fourth-gen
243:industrial
231:napoleonic
82:newspapers
18:Rape camps
22316:Isolation
22136:Financial
21899:War crime
21611:Wehrmacht
21537:First war
21500:by Israel
21490:2008–2009
21427:Palestine
21347:Massacres
21177:Civilians
20789:Statutory
19461:USA Today
19073:6 January
18328:CiteSeerX
18132:(Report).
18001:CiteSeerX
17954:(Report).
17907:145206051
17603:(1): 12.
17552:(1): 16.
17471:150313647
17407:(3): 605.
16928:23 August
16890:23 August
16885:117438939
16753:The Times
16642:0261-3077
16481:0140-0460
16472:The Times
15816:0362-4331
15731:Chapter 2
15350:(youtube)
15293:732958386
15254:cite book
15163:. London.
14879:: 43–63.
14687:6 January
14666:162399427
14348:159132546
14334:: 75–96.
14212:0725-0177
14054:11 August
13414:1 January
12629:4 October
11762:0170-3595
11612:0073-0483
11506:0073-0483
10754:262429332
10719:316233555
10514:5 October
10488:5 October
10455:5 October
9642:8 January
9537:8 January
8678:, page 5.
8568: PDF
8491:236571930
8483:1094-2939
8336:Citations
8315:Total war
7889:In 2015,
7817:terrorism
7747:firewood.
7682:that the
7660:ostracism
7245:Albanians
7048:isolation
6919:war crime
6848:Ethiopian
6779:gang rape
6707:gang-rape
6692:The UN's
6574:Rape myth
6451:By Israel
6101:Gray rape
6091:Gang rape
6086:Date rape
5922:, people
5805:in 1975.
5793:bases at
5745:Birangona
5677:Indonesia
5566:A female
5340:Wehrmacht
5253:Manchuria
5161:historian
5159:Okinawan
5105:chancroid
4613:Bangalore
4609:Karl Marx
4605:The Times
4390:Multiple
4278:in 1535.
4252:Eindhoven
4228:Charles V
4128:ropes in
3822:Herodotus
3788:Antiquity
3592:The 1998
3477:war crime
3231:Nuremberg
3096:Rape and
3082:In 1159,
3033:In 1999,
2878:massacres
2870:humiliate
2851:gang rape
2841:often as
2699:Rape myth
2576:By Israel
2226:Gray rape
2216:Gang rape
2211:Date rape
1986:War novel
1889:Grey-zone
1849:War games
1810:Overmatch
1760:War crime
1710:Desertion
1700:Ceasefire
1695:Armistice
1582:Logistics
1560:Mercenary
1548:Volunteer
1479:Personnel
1451:Engineers
1396:Sociology
1351:World war
1346:Total war
1326:Strategic
1316:Religious
1301:Political
1296:Perpetual
1271:Irregular
1186:Offensive
1161:Defensive
1156:Deception
1116:Attrition
969:Guerrilla
964:Formation
907:Airbridge
839:Loitering
753:Artillery
406:Artillery
356:Engineers
324:Irregular
295:Air force
112:July 2024
22420:Archived
22228:Stalking
22141:Marriage
22102:marriage
22097:military
22077:Bullying
21867:Genocide
21729:Category
21696:Genocide
21509:Iraq War
20918:Misogyny
20913:Misandry
20891:theories
20794:Of males
20784:By proxy
20493:(2000).
20458:(2003).
20398:(1975).
20372:(2003).
20207:6 August
20155:Archived
20113:Archived
20108:BBC News
20078:Archived
20043:Archived
20013:30 April
19969:30 April
19912:30 April
19890:30 April
19868:30 April
19842:30 April
19820:30 April
19794:30 April
19769:30 April
19743:30 April
19703:30 April
19668:30 April
19581:30 April
19540:30 April
19423:Newsweek
19279:. London
19199:30 April
19172:30 April
19150:30 April
19099:30 April
19042:Archived
19024:19 April
19018:Archived
18775:30 April
18728:Archived
18689:30 April
18667:30 April
18494:"UNICEF"
18445:34916824
18379:15823362
18293:, p. 16.
18287:30 April
18265:30 April
18259:"Rwanda"
18240:30 April
18218:30 April
18110:30 April
18046:38415616
17830:30 April
17804:30 April
17725:BBC News
17698:10940808
17690:19641182
17643:"Rwanda"
17629:20553624
17578:23915821
17492:30 April
17434:30 April
17343:38436965
17335:11955557
17290:. London
17233:Archived
17194:Archived
17144:(1999).
17062:. OHCHR.
17016:23086003
16923:23182149
16827:Ynetnews
16759:1 August
16731:13 March
16703:13 March
16671:BBC News
16610:13 March
16559:Newsweek
16532:BBC News
16486:30 March
16450:11 March
16424:11 March
16398:15 March
16372:15 March
16335:Archived
16282:20 March
16276:Archived
16243:Archived
16238:BBC News
16217:28 March
16211:Archived
16168:Archived
16138:28 March
16132:Archived
16102:28 March
16096:Archived
16064:Archived
16036:Archived
15845:BBC News
15821:31 March
15787:15 March
15734:Archived
15688:BBC News
15246:49704311
15111:Seidler/
14973:17726764
14848:. London
14821:. London
14789:30 April
14559:. London
14487:30 April
14424:30 April
13826:Archived
13582:36266081
13574:21046839
13438:Archived
13408:Archived
13382:Archived
13338:BBC News
12765:40003395
12736:30 April
12586:(1934).
11430:(2011).
11173:Archived
11033:Zhaolian
10669:(1897).
10089:30 April
10028:15931243
10008:Heredity
9834:Archived
9807:30831085
9799:28135871
9612:cite web
9593:Archived
9375:30 April
9302:Archived
9235:Archived
9142:(1949).
8879:30 March
8431:55172255
8388:30 April
8357:30 April
8258:See also
8127:genocide
8081:genocide
8050:Ethiopia
8015:Rohingya
7772:Iraq War
7752:Iraq War
7591:, Iraq,
7589:Colombia
7585:Chechnya
7446:courts.
7411:HIV/AIDS
7403:syphilis
7308:Grbavica
7126:genocide
6942:Sarajevo
6803:refugees
6752:Cambodia
6496:Rape kit
6278:Pakistan
5845:city of
5795:Akrotiri
5534:Red Army
5519:Red Army
5502:Red Army
5420:Goumiers
5416:Moroccan
5398:Smolensk
5300:and the
5249:Shenyang
5245:Red Army
5202:and the
5109:syphilis
5028:when it
4987:officer.
4905:Anatolia
4838:American
4818:ransomed
4770:against
4673:—
4643:Yihetuan
4619:region.
4596:Cawnpore
4495:for the
4312:Aberdeen
4300:Royalist
4012:Jurchens
3999:(mainly
3997:Caucasus
3991:(mainly
3892:—
3855:Batavian
3847:Polybius
3799:writes,
3636:adopted
3450:genocide
3077:chivalry
2889:genocide
2621:Rape kit
2403:Pakistan
2001:War song
1976:War film
1609:Materiel
1528:Children
1508:Training
1446:Medicine
1431:Doctrine
1386:Training
1321:Resource
1306:Princely
1256:Economic
1241:Conquest
1236:Colonial
1231:Cold war
1216:Blockade
1101:Strategy
1073:Maneuver
834:Infantry
790:Chemical
644:Mountain
604:Airborne
467:Fighters
434:Warships
389:Infantry
315:Reserves
263:Military
22249:more...
22178:Neglect
22087:neglect
21779:Sources
21407:Germany
21402:Croatia
21374:Torture
21364:Perfidy
21342:Looting
21079:Sources
20774:Marital
20582:1404574
19283:13 July
19124:6 April
19056:(9): 6.
19048:(PDF).
18894:13 July
18872:11 July
18437:7781876
18387:5158023
17620:2911421
17569:3750365
17294:17 July
17239:21 July
17200:21 July
17126:28 July
17004:Torture
16725:AP News
16678:5 March
16647:5 March
16538:6 April
16512:6 April
16418:AP News
16206:Hansard
15850:1 April
15637:1 April
15594:31 July
15464:25 June
15083:October
14930:2170395
14873:October
14852:6 April
14825:6 April
12857:Chang,
12271:, 1912.
11007:趙, 翼. "
10794:, p.137
10651:15 July
10055:History
10036:6564086
9947:him....
9829:Haaretz
9668:6 April
8604:29 July
8563:at the
8559:. PDF:
8058:Mekelle
8040:In the
8009:Myanmar
7962:Tunisia
7958:Morocco
7954:Uruguay
7867:Gaddafi
7861:(ICC),
7699:Map of
7622:in the
7529:In the
7368:Kangura
7079:somatic
7060:suicide
7044:sadness
6983:Effects
6973:Ugandan
6906:torture
6760:Vietnam
6732:looting
6644:Portals
6268:Germany
6258:Finland
6238:Belgium
5881:updated
5826:Kuwaiti
5773:editor
5560:October
5496:Germany
5469:US Army
5449:French
5434:of the
5414:French
5310:Belgian
5298:Belgium
5026:Nanjing
5016:In the
4969:Rangoon
4861:Belgium
4849:Belgium
4725:Beijing
4691:of the
4420:Koxinga
4408:Koxinga
4382:after.
4379:Zhaohui
4360:of the
4358:Manchus
4328:In the
4248:Helmond
4188:Ukraine
4184:Hungary
4180:Balkans
4168:Balkans
4154:In the
4115:During
4108:Mamluk
4100:Mamluk
4086:Bedouin
4033:during
4005:Tartars
3995:), the
3983:in the
3965:Vikings
3953:temples
3937:Kashmir
3914:Kushans
3904:During
3878:Wendish
3835:Haaretz
3830:Tacitus
3783:History
3767:In the
3739:In the
3686:agenda;
3562:Bosniak
3494:wrote:
3361:during
3348:General
3298:Nanjing
3098:pillage
2898:Akayesu
2874:battles
2769:Portals
2393:Germany
2383:Finland
2363:Belgium
2114:Writers
2109:Weapons
2074:Battles
2023:Related
2011:Wargame
2006:Uniform
1954:Culture
1735:Perfidy
1730:Justice
1651:Science
1636:Outpost
1589:History
1569:Warrior
1565:Soldier
1553:foreign
1491:counter
1391:Service
1341:Theater
1281:Limited
1261:Endemic
1176:Nuclear
949:Foxhole
924:Cavalry
912:Airdrop
897:Airlift
882:Tactics
854:Nuclear
844:Missile
773:Cavalry
758:Barrage
736:Weapons
696:Surface
477:Command
472:Bombers
429:Frogman
399:Cavalry
371:Medical
338:Militia
320:Regular
300:Marines
214:castles
204:Ancient
192:History
171:outline
96:scholar
22296:Denial
22092:sexual
21884:Piracy
21716:(i.e.
21671:Other
21601:Allied
21456:Turkey
21451:Serbia
21439:Russia
21412:Israel
21214:Intent
21170:Topics
20801:Raptio
20779:Prison
20759:Campus
20644:
20627:
20580:
20557:
20534:
20501:
20466:
20427:
20406:
20384:
20358:
20247:
19010:
18890:. 2000
18478:1 July
18443:
18435:
18385:
18377:
18340:
18330:
18044:
18003:
17978:
17905:
17696:
17688:
17627:
17617:
17576:
17566:
17469:
17378:
17341:
17333:
17152:
17086:
17014:
16921:
16883:
16833:24 May
16787:24 May
16640:
16479:
16008:
15814:
15632:Forbes
15566:
15540:
15515:
15489:
15436:2 June
15409:
15382:
15291:
15281:
15244:
15234:
15210:
15065:
15024:
14971:
14928:
14893:778926
14891:
14768:p. 166
14764:
14756:
14732:
14709:
14664:
14621:
14592:
14538:
14530:
14346:
14278:
14255:
14210:
14200:
14173:
14146:
14119:
14079:
14021:
13921:
13794:
13767:
13740:
13713:
13685:
13658:
13580:
13572:
13531:
13504:
13317:12 May
13257:
13230:
13185:
13158:
13113:
13086:
13059:
13030:
13004:
12977:
12932:
12905:
12829:
12802:
12763:
12712:
12681:
12656:
12519:
12478:
12452:
12425:
12398:
12371:
12291:
12239:
12215:
12134:
12084:
12057:
12030:
11978:
11951:
11924:
11897:
11865:
11760:
11750:
11723:
11696:
11610:
11600:
11573:
11529:
11504:
11494:
11467:
11440:
11305:
11225:
11198:
11138:
11096:
11069:
11031:爱新觉罗,
10990:
10963:
10936:
10911:1 June
10868:
10841:
10814:
10776:
10752:
10742:
10717:
10707:
10580:
10557:
10547:
10425:
10398:
10371:
10308:
10279:
10205:
10181:
10157:
10130:
10034:
10026:
9943:Avars:
9930:: 10.
9805:
9797:
9760:
9720:
9693:
8985:
8960:
8916:
8801:
8674:
8553:25 May
8524:10 May
8489:
8481:
8429:
8304:Raptio
8074:Yikono
8030:Tigray
7899:Kunduz
7879:Viagra
7841:Yazidi
7831:Hadith
7723:UNICEF
7705:Darfur
7703:. The
7600:UNICEF
7539:Chakma
7335:Rwanda
7328:Tutsis
7204:Impact
7189:Darfur
7156:rights
7147:Uganda
7054:, and
6884:Gender
6758:, and
6756:Uganda
6740:UNICEF
6718:Causes
6373:Serbia
6364:Poland
6303:Sweden
6263:France
6192:Causes
5801:, and
5662:, and
5573:Berlin
5568:Soviet
5523:Kraków
5510:, and
5324:, the
5275:Europe
5064:Rabaul
4985:Allied
4958:, and
4857:German
4784:Herero
4693:Hitara
4641:, the
4617:Punjab
4580:sepoys
4465:Evenki
4354:Uyghur
4196:harems
4192:harems
4186:, and
4160:Slavic
4098:Mongol
4016:Khitan
3941:Punjab
3467:Judge
3458:Rwanda
3367:Naples
3317:Berlin
3257:, and
3209:, the
3205:After
3086:wrote
3061:Cicero
3057:trophy
2498:Serbia
2489:Poland
2428:Sweden
2388:France
2317:Causes
2094:Sieges
1778:Theory
1518:Morale
1376:Policy
1371:Branch
1151:Mosaic
1141:Fabian
1088:Covert
1021:Trench
1006:Screen
929:Charge
919:Battle
892:Aerial
810:Denial
778:Horses
706:Seabed
659:Tunnel
639:Jungle
629:Desert
599:Aerial
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
22326:Lying
22059:Types
22051:Abuse
21432:Hamas
21422:Japan
21417:Italy
20702:Child
20690:Forms
20081:(PDF)
20068:(PDF)
19648:(PDF)
19637:(PDF)
19304:Salon
19234:(PDF)
18558:(PDF)
18472:(PDF)
18465:(PDF)
18441:S2CID
18383:S2CID
18307:(PDF)
18130:(PDF)
18042:S2CID
17952:(PDF)
17903:S2CID
17864:(2).
17798:(PDF)
17694:S2CID
17467:S2CID
17339:S2CID
16987:4 May
16919:JSTOR
16881:S2CID
16853:(PDF)
16171:(PDF)
16158:(PDF)
15914:(PDF)
15113:Zayas
14926:JSTOR
14889:JSTOR
14662:S2CID
14344:S2CID
13578:S2CID
13471:(PDF)
13460:JEBAT
13456:(PDF)
12761:JSTOR
12591:(PDF)
12553:(PDF)
11035:昭槤. "
10905:(PDF)
10890:(PDF)
10644:Trouw
10555:JSTOR
10085:. BBC
10032:S2CID
9920:(PDF)
9890:(PDF)
9860:(PDF)
9803:S2CID
9596:(PDF)
9583:(PDF)
9557:ctech
9517:(PDF)
9254:(PDF)
9201:(PDF)
9194:(PDF)
9114:(PDF)
9091:. NPR
8598:(PDF)
8591:(PDF)
8518:(PDF)
8511:(PDF)
8487:S2CID
8427:S2CID
8353:. NPR
8236:penis
7980:. In
7970:Nepal
7949:Haiti
7727:Sudan
7701:Sudan
7605:Sudan
7593:Sudan
7535:Jumma
6856:Oromo
6360:Japan
6273:India
6253:Egypt
6243:China
6040:Types
5999:Bucha
5847:Kabul
5830:Iraqi
5738:) by
5591:taboo
5463:Italy
5306:Dutch
5080:raped
4973:Burma
4814:Xi'an
4708:]
4689:]
4539:on it
4485:Ghent
4462:Solon
4332:when
4117:Timur
4095:Oirat
3922:Hunas
3870:Avars
3818:Homer
3814:Roman
3810:Greek
3757:Hamas
3734:Yemen
3462:Tutsi
3359:Italy
2957:body.
2485:Japan
2398:India
2378:Egypt
2368:China
2165:Types
2067:Lists
1523:Women
1461:Ranks
1381:Staff
1311:Proxy
1226:Class
1181:Naval
1166:Depth
1001:Swarm
994:Siege
974:Naval
954:Drone
849:Music
824:Robot
820:Drone
805:Cyber
748:Armor
718:Cyber
691:Green
686:Brown
649:Urban
609:Space
530:Radar
525:Sonar
394:Armor
351:Staff
329:Ranks
103:JSTOR
89:books
21606:Axis
21179:and
21112:1864
20947:Laws
20769:Gray
20764:Date
20754:Rape
20642:ISBN
20625:ISBN
20578:SSRN
20555:ISBN
20532:ISBN
20499:ISBN
20464:ISBN
20425:ISBN
20404:ISBN
20382:ISBN
20356:ISBN
20330:2015
20277:2014
20245:ISBN
20209:2024
20163:2021
20121:2021
20089:2021
20051:2021
20015:2014
19971:2014
19914:2014
19892:2014
19870:2014
19844:2014
19822:2014
19796:2014
19771:2014
19745:2014
19705:2014
19670:2014
19583:2014
19542:2014
19285:2011
19242:2022
19201:2014
19174:2014
19152:2014
19126:2010
19101:2014
19075:2010
19026:2017
19008:ISBN
18940:2015
18896:2011
18874:2011
18798:2014
18777:2014
18751:2014
18713:2014
18691:2014
18669:2014
18480:2022
18433:PMID
18375:PMID
18338:ISBN
18289:2014
18267:2014
18242:2014
18220:2014
18112:2014
17976:ISBN
17832:2014
17806:2014
17780:2013
17758:2014
17686:PMID
17651:2013
17625:PMID
17574:PMID
17494:2014
17436:2014
17376:ISBN
17331:PMID
17296:2011
17241:2021
17202:2021
17150:ISBN
17128:2008
17084:ISBN
17046:2016
17012:PMID
16989:2023
16930:2021
16892:2021
16835:2024
16789:2024
16761:2024
16733:2024
16705:2024
16680:2024
16649:2024
16638:ISSN
16612:2024
16586:2022
16540:2022
16514:2022
16488:2022
16477:ISSN
16452:2023
16426:2023
16400:2023
16374:2023
16343:2021
16310:2022
16284:2021
16251:2021
16219:2021
16179:2021
16140:2021
16104:2021
16072:2021
16006:ISBN
15962:Time
15891:2015
15852:2016
15823:2016
15812:ISSN
15789:2016
15695:2008
15639:2016
15614:Time
15596:2020
15564:ISBN
15538:ISBN
15513:ISBN
15487:ISBN
15466:2013
15438:2013
15407:ISBN
15380:ISBN
15289:OCLC
15279:ISBN
15260:link
15242:OCLC
15232:ISBN
15208:ISBN
15063:ISBN
15022:ISBN
15001:2014
14969:PMID
14854:2010
14827:2010
14791:2014
14762:ISBN
14754:ISBN
14730:ISBN
14713:p.12
14707:ISBN
14689:2010
14619:ISBN
14590:ISBN
14565:2008
14536:ISBN
14528:ISBN
14510:2008
14489:2014
14426:2014
14387:2012
14309:2022
14276:ISBN
14253:ISBN
14237:(3).
14208:ISSN
14198:ISBN
14171:ISBN
14144:ISBN
14117:ISBN
14077:ISBN
14056:2019
14019:ISBN
13956:help
13919:ISBN
13900:help
13881:help
13847:help
13792:ISBN
13765:ISBN
13738:ISBN
13711:ISBN
13683:ISBN
13656:ISBN
13570:PMID
13529:ISBN
13502:ISBN
13479:2023
13416:2016
13390:2017
13364:2017
13319:2021
13294:2020
13255:ISBN
13228:ISBN
13183:ISBN
13156:ISBN
13111:ISBN
13084:ISBN
13057:ISBN
13028:ISBN
13002:ISBN
12975:ISBN
12930:ISBN
12903:ISBN
12827:ISBN
12800:ISBN
12738:2014
12710:ISBN
12679:ISBN
12654:ISBN
12631:2022
12605:2023
12517:ISBN
12476:ISBN
12450:ISBN
12423:ISBN
12396:ISBN
12369:ISBN
12289:ISBN
12237:ISBN
12213:ISBN
12132:ISBN
12082:ISBN
12055:ISBN
12028:ISBN
11976:ISBN
11949:ISBN
11922:ISBN
11895:ISBN
11863:ISBN
11758:ISSN
11748:ISBN
11721:ISBN
11694:ISBN
11608:ISSN
11598:ISBN
11571:ISBN
11527:ISBN
11502:ISSN
11492:ISBN
11465:ISBN
11438:ISBN
11303:ISBN
11223:ISBN
11196:ISBN
11136:ISBN
11094:ISBN
11067:ISBN
11042:嘯亭雜錄
11014:簷曝雜記
10988:ISBN
10961:ISBN
10934:ISBN
10913:2019
10866:ISBN
10839:ISBN
10812:ISBN
10774:ISBN
10750:OCLC
10740:ISBN
10715:OCLC
10705:ISBN
10684:2023
10653:2022
10624:2024
10578:ISBN
10545:ISBN
10516:2021
10490:2021
10457:2021
10423:ISBN
10396:ISBN
10369:ISBN
10306:ISBN
10277:ISBN
10203:ISBN
10179:ISBN
10155:ISBN
10128:ISBN
10091:2014
10024:PMID
9902:2023
9872:2023
9842:2023
9795:PMID
9758:ISBN
9718:ISBN
9691:ISBN
9670:2024
9644:2024
9618:link
9604:2023
9565:2023
9539:2024
9497:2023
9471:2023
9446:2023
9421:2016
9399:2012
9377:2014
9340:2013
9262:2014
9209:2014
9126:2019
9097:2015
9075:2015
8983:ISBN
8958:ISBN
8914:ISBN
8881:2023
8799:ISBN
8672:ISBN
8628:2022
8606:2008
8555:2017
8526:2015
8479:ISSN
8390:2014
8359:2014
8199:and
8190:and
8095:and
7986:Chad
7982:Mali
7968:and
7811:The
7670:and
7641:and
7523:and
7503:the
7481:and
7428:and
7409:and
7378:Hutu
7299:ICTY
7289:and
7287:Foča
7241:NATO
7174:NGOs
7019:and
6932:The
6805:and
6462:Laws
6423:ISIL
6033:Rape
5963:The
5957:and
5930:".
5810:Peru
5691:and
5477:and
5459:Elba
5308:and
5142:Kure
5111:and
4930:Asia
4649:and
4531:The
4404:Ming
4348:The
4334:Qing
4302:and
4254:and
4232:rape
4200:rape
4176:Slav
4170:and
4104:and
4020:Liao
3993:Zanj
3963:The
3868:and
3866:Huns
3828:and
3826:Livy
3812:and
3808:The
3745:ISIS
3706:and
3643:The
3545:Foča
3420:and
3371:Rome
3369:and
3288:The
3233:and
3229:The
3174:The
2961:and
2938:and
2930:rape
2923:Rape
2823:rape
2587:Laws
2548:ISIL
2158:Rape
2104:Wars
1621:Base
1171:Goal
1083:Raid
681:Blue
619:Land
290:Navy
285:Army
75:news
20878:War
19442:CNN
18425:doi
18367:doi
18363:365
18087:sic
18069:doi
18034:doi
17997:sic
17930:doi
17895:doi
17866:doi
17723:".
17678:doi
17615:PMC
17605:doi
17564:PMC
17554:doi
17521:doi
17459:doi
17323:doi
17319:359
16957:doi
16873:hdl
16865:doi
16579:CNN
16271:CNN
15926:doi
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14918:doi
14914:101
14881:doi
14654:doi
14336:doi
14015:530
13562:doi
12316:209
11039:".
11011:".
10537:doi
10063:doi
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9928:103
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8048:of
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7179:As
6921:."
5834:one
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5586:GDR
5240:).
4812:of
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3555:by
3490:at
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2887:as
2876:or
2821:is
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1626:MOB
671:Sea
163:War
58:by
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22412:.
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20530:.
20526:.
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