Radium - Knowledge

3108: 2077: 3018: 2946: 1441: 1385: 1787: 2708: 2719: 9842: 1744: 3083:, was a major pioneer in the medical use of radium to treat cancer. His first patient was his own aunt in 1904, who died shortly after surgery. Kelly was known to use excessive amounts of radium to treat various cancers and tumors. As a result, some of his patients died from radium exposure. His method of radium application was inserting a radium capsule near the affected area, then sewing the radium "points" directly to the 2966:

1600 years) but to the fluorescence of the zinc sulfide fluorescent medium being worn out by the radiation from the radium. The appearance of an often thick layer of green or yellowish brown paint in devices from this period suggests a radioactive hazard. The radiation dose from an intact device is relatively low and usually not an acute risk; but the paint is dangerous if released and inhaled or ingested.

9854: 2166:). When it was realized that all of these are isotopes of the same element, many of these names fell out of use, and "radium" came to refer to all isotopes, not just Ra, though mesothorium 1 in particular was still used for some time, with a footnote explaining that it referred to Ra. Some of radium-226's decay products received historical names including "radium", ranging from radium 49: 2881: 3213:

The Curies' process was still used for industrial radium extraction in 1940, but mixed bromides were then used for the fractionation. If the barium content of the uranium ore is not high enough it is easy to add some to carry the radium. These processes were applied to high grade uranium ores but may

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Radium was once an additive in products such as toothpaste, hair creams, and even food items due to its supposed curative powers. Such products soon fell out of vogue and were prohibited by authorities in many countries after it was discovered they could have serious adverse health effects. (See, for

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As a result of the lawsuit, and an extensive study by the U.S. Public Health Service, the adverse effects of radioactivity became widely known, and radium-dial painters were instructed in proper safety precautions and provided with protective gear. In particular, dial painters no longer licked paint

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From the 1960s the use of radium paint was discontinued. In many cases luminous dials were implemented with non-radioactive fluorescent materials excited by light; such devices glow in the dark after exposure to light, but the glow fades. Where long-lasting self-luminosity in darkness was required,

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Athanasakis, M.; Wilkins, S.G.; Cocolios, T.E.; Flanagan, K.T.; Garcia Ruiz, R.F.; Neyens, G.; Yang, X.F.; Au, M.; Berger, R.; Bissell, M.L.; Borschevsky, A.; Breier, A.A.; Brinson, A.; de Groote, R.P.; Düllmann, Ch.E.; Gaul, K.; Geldhof, S.; Giesen, T.F.; Gustafsson, F.P.; Karthein, J.; Koszorús,

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with significant airstream circulation that is then treated to avoid escape of its daughter Rn to the environment. Old ampoules containing radium solutions must be opened with care because radiolytic decomposition of water can produce an overpressure of hydrogen and oxygen gas. The world's largest

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to convert the barium sulfate into barium carbonate (carrying the radium), thus making it soluble in hydrochloric acid. After dissolution, the barium and radium were reprecipitated as sulfates; this was then repeated to further purify the mixed sulfate. Some impurities that form insoluble sulfides

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During the litigation, it was determined that the company's scientists and management had taken considerable precautions to protect themselves from the effects of radiation, but it did not seem to protect their employees. Additionally, for several years the companies had attempted to cover up the

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that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except they were less soluble. This discovery made it possible for the Curies to isolate the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced

2139:, these are the five most stable isotopes of radium. All other 27 known radium isotopes have half-lives under two hours, and the majority have half-lives under a minute. Of these, Ra (half-life 28 s) also occurs as a Np daughter, and Ra and Ra would be produced by the still-unobserved 2965:

Clocks, watches, and instruments dating from the first half of the 20th century, often in military applications, may have been painted with radioactive luminous paint. They are usually no longer luminous; however, this is not due to radioactive decay of the radium (which has a half-life of

3604:. Pierre Curie attached a tube filled with radium to his arm for ten hours, which resulted in the appearance of a skin lesion, suggesting the use of radium to attack cancerous tissue as it had attacked healthy tissue. Handling of radium has been blamed for Marie Curie's death, due to 2396:, even slightly lower than the value −2.92 V for barium, whereas the values had previously smoothly increased down the group (Ca: −2.84 V; Sr: −2.89 V; Ba: −2.92 V). The values for barium and radium are almost exactly the same as those of the heavier alkali metals 3222:

and Canada were briefly the largest producers of radium in the late 1970s. The amounts of radium produced were and are always relatively small; for example, in 1918, 13.6 g of radium were produced in the United States, and 70 g total were produced from 1913 to 1920 in

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treatment; for example, several of these radon sources were used in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s. However, many treatments that were used in the early 1900s are not used anymore because of the harmful effects radium bromide exposure caused. Some examples of these effects are

3054:, which is less costly and available in larger quantities, were usually used to replace the historical use of radium in this application, but factors including increasing costs of cobalt and risks of keeping radioactive sources on site have led to an increase in the use of 3227:. The annual production of pure radium compounds was only about 100 g in total as of 1984; annual production of radium had reduced to less than 100 g by 2018. The metal is isolated by reducing radium oxide with aluminium metal in a vacuum at 1,200 °C. 3149:

but even less soluble in the residues. The residues also contained rather substantial amounts of barium sulfate which thus acted as a carrier for the radium sulfate. The first steps of the radium extraction process involved boiling with sodium hydroxide, followed by

2938:(half-life 12 years) paint was used; both continue to be used as of 2018. These had the added advantage of not degrading the phosphor over time, unlike radium. Tritium as it is used in these applications is considered safer than radium, as it emits very low-energy 2648:

are continually being regenerated by their decay. Of these four isotopes, the longest-lived is Ra (half-life 1600 years), a decay product of natural uranium. Because of its relative longevity, Ra is the most common isotope of the element, making up about one

2062:. Radium has a density of 5.5 g/cm, higher than that of barium, again confirming periodic trends; the radium-barium density ratio is comparable to the radium-barium atomic mass ratio, due to the two elements' similar crystal structures. 2325:

Experimental nuclear physics studies have shown that nuclei of several radium isotopes, such as Ra, Ra and Ra, have reflection-asymmetric ("pear-like") shapes. In particular, this experimental information on radium-224 has been obtained at

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not work well with low grade ores. Small amounts of radium were still extracted from uranium ore by this method of mixed precipitation and ion exchange as late as the 1990s, but as of 2011, it is extracted only from spent nuclear fuel.

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of water) means that it is one of the less biologically dangerous radium compounds. The large ionic radius of Ra (148 pm) results in weak complexation and poor extraction of radium from aqueous solutions when not at high pH.

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paints for watches, nuclear panels, aircraft switches, clocks, and instrument dials. A typical self-luminous watch that uses radium paint contains around 1 microgram of radium. In the mid-1920s, a lawsuit was filed against the

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from castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ra has also been used in experiments concerning therapeutic irradiation, as it is the only reasonably long-lived radium isotope which does not have radon as one of its daughters.

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on the dials of watches and clocks. The dial painters were instructed to lick their brushes to give them a fine point, thereby ingesting radium. Their exposure to radium caused serious health effects which included sores,

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The formation of an Austrian monopoly and the strong urge of other countries to have access to radium led to a worldwide search for uranium ores. The United States took over as leading producer in the early 1910s. The

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In 1954, the total worldwide supply of purified radium amounted to about 5 pounds (2.3 kg). The chief radium-producing countries are Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, and Russia.

2746:. While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. In July 1898, while studying pitchblende, they isolated an element similar to 6831:

Nuñez Portela, M.; Dijck, E.A.; Mohanty, A.; Bekker, H.; van den Berg, J.E.; Giri, G.S.; et al. (1 January 2014). "Ra+ ion trapping: toward an atomic parity violation measurement and an optical clock".

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National Research Council (US) Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (1999). "Appendix, Radiation Quantities and Units, Definitions, Acronyms".

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transition, which has been considered for the creation of a transportable optical clock as all transitions necessary for clock operation can be addressed with direct diode lasers at common wavelengths.

2162:'s scientific career in the early 1900s that the concept of isotopes was realized. In this scheme, Ra was named actinium X (AcX), Ra thorium X (ThX), Ra radium (Ra), and Ra mesothorium 1 (MsTh 6946:(Report). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement / Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board. Washington, DC: U.S. National Research Council / National Academies Press. January 2008. p. 24. 3182:, several scientists started to isolate radium in small quantities. Later, small companies purchased mine tailings from Jáchymov mines and started isolating radium. In 1904, the Austrian government 7018: 3009:

and other radioisotopes. In the U.S., nasal radium irradiation was also administered to children to prevent middle-ear problems or enlarged tonsils from the late 1940s through the early 1970s.

2603:). With the exception of the carbonate, all of these are less soluble in water than the corresponding barium salts, but they are all isostructural to their barium counterparts. Additionally, 3460: 3404: 3348: 9321: 1936:. However, the amount of radium produced globally has always been small in comparison to other elements, and by the 2010s, annual production of radium, mainly via extraction from 2506:) is also a colorless, luminous compound. In water, it is more soluble than radium chloride. Like radium chloride, crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaBr 2926:

brushes to shape them (which caused some ingestion of radium salts). Radium was still used in dials as late as the 1960s, but there were no further injuries to dial painters.

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Uranium had no large scale application in the late 19th century and therefore no large uranium mines existed. In the beginning the only large source for uranium ore was the

2588: 3478:, are replacing radium in even these limited uses because several of these isotopes are more powerful emitters, safer to handle, and available in more concentrated form. 3273: 1955:, and its radioactivity and chemical reactivity make adverse health effects likely when it is incorporated into biochemical processes because of its chemical mimicry of 3596:

Some of the biological effects of radium include the first case of "radium-dermatitis", reported in 1900, two years after the element's discovery. The French physicist

7693: 2644:, as the isotopes Ra, Ra, Ra, and Ra are part of the decay chains of natural thorium and uranium isotopes; since thorium and uranium have very long half-lives, these 7038: 3163:, followed by filtering. When the mixed sulfates were pure enough, they were once more converted to mixed chlorides; barium and radium thereafter were separated by 5140: 2782:): this was in recognition of radium's emission of energy in the form of rays. The gaseous emissions of radium, radon, were recognized and studied extensively by 3065:. As early as 1904, Daniel MacDougal used radium in an attempt to determine whether it could provoke sudden large mutations and cause major evolutionary shifts. 2280:

decay chain of uranium-238 with a half-life of over a millennium; it makes up almost all of natural radium. Its immediate decay product is the dense radioactive

6315: 9352: 7022: 2859:, is based on the radioactivity of Ra. it was originally defined as the radioactivity of one gram of radium-226, but the definition was later refined to be 2548:. As the concentration of nitric acid increases, the solubility of radium nitrate decreases, an important property for the chemical purification of radium. 5414:

Eyrolle, Frédérique; Ducros, Loïc; Le Dizès, Séverine; Beaugelin-Seiller, Karine; Charmasson, Sabine; Boyer, Patrick; Cossonnet, Catherine (January 2018).

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In the first extraction of radium, Curie used the residues after extraction of uranium from pitchblende. The uranium had been extracted by dissolution in

2942:(even lower-energy than the beta radiation emitted by promethium) which cannot penetrate the skin, unlike the gamma radiation emitted by radium isotopes. 3644: 5698:

Gulan, Ljiljana; Penjišević, Ivana; Stajic, Jelena M.; Milenkovic, Biljana; Zeremski, Tijana; Stevanović, Vladica; Valjarević, Aleksandar (March 2020).

3608:. A significant amount of radium's danger comes from its daughter radon, which as a gas can enter the body far more readily than can its parent radium. 6099: 2604: 2151:

have been reported, the most stable of which is radium-205m with a half-life between 130~230 milliseconds; this is still shorter than twenty-four

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Broderick, Kathleen; Lusk, Rita; Hinderer, James; Griswold, Justin; Boll, Rose; Garland, Marc; Heilbronn, Lawrence; Mirzadeh, Saed (February 2019).

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Glass tube of radium chloride kept by the US Bureau of Standards that served as the primary standard of radioactivity for the United States in 1927.

6547:Á.; Lechner, S.; Malbrunot-Ettenauer, S.; Rothe, S.; Sels, S.; Stohner, J.; Udrescu, S.; Van Duppen, P.; Vernon, A.R.; Vilén, M. (6 January 2021). 5563: 5219: 2612: 2608: 2480:

given off by radium when it decays. Small amounts of barium impurities give the compound a rose color. It is soluble in water, though less so than

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is 1,737 °C (3,159 °F); however, this is not well established. Both of these values are slightly lower than those of barium, confirming

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Solid radium compounds are white as radium ions provide no specific coloring, but they gradually turn yellow and then dark over time due to self-

5296: 1833:. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily reacts with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) upon exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of 4264: 3632: 3617: 2158:

In the early history of the study of radioactivity, the different natural isotopes of radium were given different names, as it was not until

1778: 3537:-based (α, n) neutron sources have been deprecated despite the high number of neutrons they emit (1.84×10 neutrons per second) in favour of 7524:

Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam (15 October 2011). "Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides".

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ground state that could serve as the clock transition in an optical clock. A Ra+ trapped ion atomic clock has been demonstrated on the

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Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea, in Lide, David R. (ed.),

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Both values are encountered in sources and there is no agreement among scientists as to the true value of the melting point of radium.

2442:(RaO) has not been characterized well past its existence, despite oxides being common compounds for the other alkaline earth metals. 5909:

Duran, Selcen Uzun; Kucukomeroglu, Belgin; Damla, Nevzat; Taskin, Halim; Celik, Necati; Cevik, Uğur; Ersoy, Hakan (2 January 2017).

4256: 2291:), which is responsible for much of the danger of environmental radium. It is 2.7 million times more radioactive than the same 4458: 3982: 1769: 1502: 9301: 5869: 5097: 2526:, which builds up inside and weakens radium bromide crystals. This effect sometimes causes the crystals to break or even explode. 2022:, and barium have a slight yellow tint. This tint rapidly vanishes on exposure to air, yielding a black layer of what is probably 7274:

Fry, Shirley A. (1998). "Supplement: Madame Curie's discovery of radium (1898): A commemoration by women in radiation sciences".

5268: 1467: 5492:"Tritium: The environmental, health, budgetary, and strategic effects of the Department of Energy's decision to produce tritium" 3236: 3164: 9401: 9102: 7799: 7731: 7514: 7481: 7337: 7257: 7144: 7115: 6984: 6951: 6249: 6013: 5029: 4946: 4889: 4738: 4715: 4563: 4372: 4338: 4293: 3915: 3848: 3709: 3643:, which sets the exposure limit to Ra at 0.01 μCi. Outside of the United States, exposure to radium is regulated by the 5978: 5608: 2957:. The dial, previously painted with a luminescent radium paint, has turned yellow due to the degradation of the fluorescent 6255: 5499: 4783: 9311: 7046: 6203:

Aronowitz, Jesse N.; Robison, Roger F. (2010). "Howard Kelly establishes gynecologic brachytherapy in the United States".

3585:. Exposure to radium, internal or external, can cause cancer and other disorders, because radium and radon emit alpha and 2366:

compounds, though participation from the 6s and 6p electrons (in addition to the valence 7s electrons) is expected due to

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Karakaya, Muazzez Çelik; Doğru, Mahmut; Karakaya, Necati; Kuluöztürk, Fatih; Nalbantçılar, Mahmut Tahir (1 August 2017).

2641: 9370: 5833:"The detailed analysis of natural radionuclides dissolved in spa waters of the Kłodzko Valley, Sudety Mountains, Poland" 2653:

of the Earth's crust; essentially all natural radium is Ra. Thus, radium is found in tiny quantities in the uranium ore

1963:, radium has no commercial applications. Formerly, from the 1910s to the 1970s, it was used as a radioactive source for 7543: 2727: 2123:(Ra from uranium-235, Ra from uranium-238, and the other two from thorium-232). These isotopes nevertheless still have 1889: 2619:

with the corresponding insoluble barium salts. The great insolubility of radium sulfate (at 20 °C, only 2.1

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of northwestern Canada. Neither of the deposits is mined for radium but the uranium content makes mining profitable.

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the mines and stopped exporting raw ore. Until 1912 when radium production increased, radium availability was low.

2894: 2450:) is the most readily soluble among the alkaline earth hydroxides and is a stronger base than its barium congener, 1952: 1539: 9211: 3525:. Up until at least 2004, radium-beryllium neutron sources were still sometimes used, but other materials such as 3409: 3353: 3297: 3073:

briefly studied the effects of radium on fruit fly mutations before turning to more affordable x-ray experiments.

2845: 7398: 4550:. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 81. 3635:

does not specifically set exposure limits for radium, and instead limits ionizing radiation exposure in units of

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As of 2015, Ra is considered to be the most toxic of the quantity radioelements, and it must be handled in tight

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for its supposed curative power. In nearly all of its applications, radium has been replaced with less dangerous

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Biotechnology for waste management and site restoration: Technological, educational, business, political aspects

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Weigel, F.; Trinkl, A. (1968). "Zur Kristallchemie des Radiums" [On radium's chemical chrystalography].

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Maffioli, L.; Florimonte, L.; Costa, D.C.; Correia Castanheira, J.; Grana, C.; Luster, M.; et al. (2015).

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Some of the few practical uses of radium are derived from its radioactive properties. More recently discovered

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Parker, R.H.; Dietrich, M.R.; Kalita, M.R.; Lemke, N.D.; Bailey, K.G.; Bishof, M.; et al. (9 June 2015).

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11.4 days), Ra (3.64 days), Ra (1600 years), and Ra (5.75 years) – occur naturally in the

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which makes radium, the heaviest alkaline earth element, well suited for constraining new physics beyond the

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Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

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in the form of a solution including radium-223 chloride. The main indication of treatment is the therapy of

7772: 3486: 2389: 1762: 6614:"The electric dipole moment of the electron: An intuitive explanation for the evasion of Schiff's theorem" 4984: 3600:

carried a small ampoule of radium in his waistcoat pocket for six hours and reported that his skin became

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than its surroundings because of the radiation it emits. Natural radium (which is mostly Ra) emits mostly

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Sainz, Carlos; Rábago, Daniel; Fuente, Ismael; Celaya, Santiago; Quindós, Luis Santiago (February 2016).

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gas to remove the mercury, leaving pure radium metal. Later that same year, E. Eoler isolated radium by

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based on the exposed area of the body. Radioactive material exposure is regulated more closely by the

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Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements".

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of radium chloride in 1910, and soon afterwards the metal started being produced on larger scales in

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plant in Belgium. The metal became an important export of Belgium from 1922 up until World War II.

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Radium forms much the same insoluble salts as its lighter congener barium: it forms the insoluble

2178:, with the letter indicating approximately how far they were down the chain from their parent Ra: 9385: 9276: 6775: 6663: 6336:

Just, Evan; Swain, Philip W. & Kerr, William A. (1952). "Peacetíme Impact of Atomíc Energy".

5832: 5741:"Description of the behavior of an aquifer by using continuous radon monitoring in a thermal spa" 5740: 5699: 5631:"French Web site featuring products (medicines, mineral water, even underwear) containing radium" 5415: 5374: 3636: 3621: 3154:

treatment to minimize impurities of other compounds. The remaining residue was then treated with

2476:) is a colorless, luminous compound. It becomes yellow after some time due to self-damage by the 1755: 1082: 17: 7473: 7249: 6088:"The Secrets of Life: Historian Luis Campos resurrects radium's role in early genetics research" 5700:"Spa environments in central Serbia: Geothermal potential, radioactivity, heavy metals and PAHs" 5058: 4330: 3821: 3242: 2790: 2514:

O, isomorphous with its barium analog. The ionizing radiation emitted by radium bromide excites

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in the 1940s, the "tolerance level" for workers was set at 0.1 micrograms of ingested radium.

2640:, so that any primordial radium would have decayed long ago. Radium nevertheless still occurs 1141: 9899: 7506: 6943: 6534: 6121: 5213: 3939: 3903: 3070: 2825: 9229: 7554: 6974: 5630: 4969: 1999:

member of its group. Its physical and chemical properties most closely resemble its lighter

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Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements".

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used radium to induce changes resulting in white-eyed fruit flies. Nobel-winning biologist

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effects and avoid liability by insisting that the Radium Girls were instead suffering from

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featuring radium-rich water are still occasionally touted as beneficial, such as those in

8: 9377: 9142: 7600: 7355:"Model City USA: The Environmental Cost of Victory in World War II and the Cold War" 6658: 5973: 5293: 4268: 3601: 3546: 3076: 3005:, Japan, though the sources of radioactivity in these spas vary and may be attributed to 2817: 2758:, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave 2292: 2051: 1487: 7609: 7287: 7180: 6902: 6845: 6629: 6588: 6575:

Bouchiat, Marie-Anne; Bouchiat, Claude (28 November 1997). "Parity violation in atoms".

6455: 6384: 5926: 5844: 5756: 5715: 5549: 5541: 5431: 5390: 5344: 4912: 4856: 4815: 4508: 4417: 4148: 4075: 4036: 2311: 9409: 9253: 7466: 7450:. Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US). 7 December 1990. 7299: 7242: 6922: 6888: 6875:

Holliman, C.A.; Fan, M.; Contractor, A.; Brewer, S.M.; Jayich, A.M. (20 January 2022).

6857: 6810: 6784: 6753: 6727: 6698: 6672: 6600: 6427:. Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US). 4 December 1990. 6353: 6185: 6160: 5911:"Radioactivity measurements and risk assessments of spa waters in some areas in Turkey" 5673: 5522: 5196: 5183: 5163: 4528: 4434: 4401: 4323: 4168: 4021:

Tretyak, V.I.; Zdesenko, Yu.G. (2002). "Tables of Double Beta Decay Data — An Update".

3881: 3735: 3171:(radium gives characteristic red lines in contrast to the green barium lines), and the 3066: 2840:. Radium metal was first industrially produced at the beginning of the 20th century by 2786:

in the early 1900s, though at the time they were characterized as "radium emanations".

2650: 2331: 2128: 2071: 1937: 1862: 1616: 1532: 1408: 1207: 1201: 7617: 6596: 6042: 5723: 5264: 3631:-defined Maximum Contaminant Level for radium is 5 pCi/L for drinking water; the 2945: 2754:. They then isolated a radioactive mixture consisting of two components: compounds of 2712: 2702: 2076: 9296: 9167: 9152: 9147: 8686: 7717: 7701: 7673: 7663: 7621: 7539: 7510: 7477: 7354: 7333: 7307: 7253: 7192: 7140: 7111: 7076: 7064: 6980: 6947: 6926: 6914: 6861: 6802: 6745: 6690: 6604: 6506: 6467: 6245: 6220: 6046: 6009: 5946: 5938: 5897: 5889: 5856: 5819: 5811: 5778: 5727: 5677: 5473: 5443: 5402: 5349: 5331: 5201: 5164:"Radium in the healing arts and in industry: Radiation exposure in the United States" 5078: 5074: 5025: 4942: 4885: 4799: 4747: 4559: 4520: 4492: 4439: 4368: 4334: 4289: 4223: 4176: 4160: 4087: 3911: 3885: 3844: 3837: 3705: 3597: 3590: 3151: 2810: 2485: 2459: 2346:

metal and always exhibits its group oxidation state of +2. It forms the colorless Ra

2144: 2140: 1870: 1579: 1570: 1415: 1337: 1327: 727: 7419: 6814: 6486: 5852: 5764: 2770:

on 26 December 1898. The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word

9846: 9786: 9757: 9695: 9670: 9157: 8750: 8455: 8284: 8113: 8032: 7951: 7924: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7647: 7613: 7583: 7531: 7498: 7366: 7291: 7184: 7103: 6910: 6906: 6849: 6798: 6794: 6757: 6741: 6737: 6682: 6633: 6613: 6592: 6498: 6459: 6388: 6345: 6293: 6212: 6180: 6172: 6038: 5930: 5881: 5848: 5803: 5792:"Radon and Progeny Sourced Dose Assessment of Spa Employees in Balneological Sites" 5768: 5760: 5719: 5669: 5570: 5545: 5435: 5398: 5394: 5339: 5323: 5191: 5175: 5070: 4916: 4877: 4860: 4819: 4551: 4532: 4512: 4429: 4421: 4215: 4152: 4079: 4040: 3991: 3873: 3750: 3677: 3207: 3160: 3155: 2674: 2637: 2568: 2541: 2451: 2443: 2355: 2351: 2135:

Ra (15 d), which occurs in nature only as a decay product of minute traces of

1964: 1960: 1807: 1675: 1449: 1433: 1319: 1189: 1087: 66: 7639:

The Discovery of Radium: Address by Madame M. Curie at Vassar College May 14, 1921

6702: 6686: 6066:"A RETROSPECTIVE OF COBALT-60 RADIATION THERAPY: "THE ATOM BOMB THAT SAVES LIVES"" 5934: 5870:"Radioactivity and hydrochemical properties of certain thermal Turkish spa waters" 5464:

Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1966).

5439: 4963: 9874: 9858: 9796: 9711: 9703: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 6538: 6319: 6239: 6216: 5616: 5300: 4701: 4156: 4059: 3605: 3502: 3203: 3183: 3127: 3096: 3088: 3026: 3002: 2998: 2759: 2616: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2425: 2375: 2307: 2159: 1980: 1885: 1811: 1748: 1359: 1308: 7445: 6659:"Nuclear Time-Reversal Violation and the Schiff Moment of $ ^{225}\mathrm{Ra}$ " 6463: 6422: 5491: 5143: 5024:. Scientific Affairs Division, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. p. 206. 4881: 4772:"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende" 4771: 4555: 2707: 1947:

ores in quantities as small as a seventh of a gram per ton of uraninite, and in

1786: 9772: 9735: 9727: 9719: 9137: 7815: 7767: 7643: 7188: 5831:

Walencik-Łata, A.; Kozłowska, B.; Dorda, J.; Przylibski, T.A. (November 2016).

4208:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

3877: 3754: 3522: 3276: 3146: 3131: 3030: 2939: 2902: 2552: 2529: 2519: 2499: 2315: 2148: 2043: 2023: 1834: 1826: 1425: 1225: 1136: 132: 7677: 7557:(Report). crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department – via 7370: 6853: 6528: 6502: 6298: 6281: 6176: 5569:(Report). Nuclide safety data sheet. Environmenal Health & Safety Office, 4219: 3569:, mostly accumulating in the bones. This is because the body treats radium as 3178:

After the isolation of radium by Marie and Pierre Curie from uranium ore from

3021:

1918 ad for Radior cosmetics, which the manufacturer claimed contained radium.

2462:: these three adjacent hydroxides may be separated by precipitating them with 9868: 9810: 9747: 9247: 8909: 7535: 7387: 7161: 7107: 6510: 5968: 5942: 5893: 5815: 5681: 5335: 5082: 4774:[On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende]. 4227: 4164: 4091: 3538: 3514: 3142: 2849: 2762: 2645: 2576: 2371: 2136: 2131:, and only exist in nature from these decay chains. Together with the mostly 2039: 2038:

is either 700 °C (1,292 °F) or 960 °C (1,760 °F) and its

2035: 1972: 1929: 1818: 1604: 1391: 1173: 1156: 1052: 897: 9767: 9681: 9326: 9281: 9221: 9122: 8963: 8792: 8497: 7897: 7830: 7196: 7080: 7019:"FDA OKs pinpoint prostate cancer radiation drug Xofigo from Bayer, Algeta" 6918: 6806: 6749: 6694: 6471: 6224: 6050: 5950: 5901: 5860: 5823: 5782: 5731: 5447: 5406: 5353: 5205: 4524: 4443: 4425: 4180: 4044: 3561:

gas. When ingested, 80% of the ingested radium leaves the body through the

3467: 3284: 3172: 3168: 2958: 2898: 2889: 2856: 2798: 2735: 2439: 2152: 2047: 1921: 1897: 1874: 1727: 1681: 1507: 939: 806: 580: 9235: 7651: 7625: 7311: 7062: 6335: 6006:

An Element of Hope: Radium and the response to cancer in Canada, 1900–1940

2718: 1384: 9118: 9087: 9017: 8981: 8972: 8882: 8864: 8855: 7892: 7633: 6349: 5807: 5327: 5316:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

5157: 5155: 4872:

Carvalho, Fernando P. (2011). "Marie Curie and the Discovery of Radium".

3578: 3574: 3566: 3475: 3061:

Early in the 1900s, biologists used radium to induce mutations and study

2954: 2911: 2731: 2545: 2421: 2303: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2096: 2092: 2080: 1996: 1975:, with one of its few remaining non-medical uses being the production of 1893: 1866: 1850: 1627: 1511: 981: 953: 946: 876: 862: 855: 122: 9422: 6677: 6357: 5885: 4802:(1933). "The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements". 4769: 4516: 3995: 3179: 3123: 3112: 2743: 1901: 1178:

2010 K (1737 °C, 3159 °F)

9331: 9026: 8954: 8927: 8900: 8560: 8542: 8515: 8346: 8337: 8076: 7303: 5773: 5187: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4172: 4132: 3582: 3498: 3482: 3224: 3099:. As of 2015, safer and more available radioisotopes are used instead. 3092: 2979: 2931: 2417: 2363: 2319: 2272:

Ra is the most stable isotope of radium and is the last isotope in the

2124: 2100: 2084: 1854: 1611: 1020: 988: 932: 911: 890: 629: 615: 594: 466: 459: 260: 6637: 6392: 6286:

NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin

5470:

Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium

5413: 5152: 4864: 4083: 1440: 9552: 9498: 9471: 9035: 9008: 8999: 8846: 8828: 8819: 8810: 8596: 8506: 8479: 8427: 8373: 8355: 8319: 8299: 8238: 8175: 8119: 8058: 8047: 7966: 7917: 7907: 7902: 7162:"Radiation dosimetry of a graphite moderated radium-beryllium source" 7099: 6612:

Commins, Eugene D.; Jackson, J. D.; DeMille, David P. (10 May 2007).

6371:

Kuebel, A. (1940). "Extraction of radium from Canadian pitchblende".

5830: 4961: 4920: 4823: 4743: 3612: 3586: 3530: 3518: 3471: 3191: 3135: 3051: 2997:

types of "radium water" or "Standard Radium Solution for Drinking".)

2993: 2950: 2739: 2690: 2686: 2666: 2654: 2620: 2429: 2397: 2288: 2281: 2104: 2059: 2019: 1905: 1858: 1704: 1656: 1633: 1584: 1477: 1365: 995: 974: 967: 848: 834: 827: 820: 657: 587: 566: 529: 487: 473: 445: 427: 383: 334: 290: 246: 237: 177: 7295: 6439: 5179: 4694: 4669: 4459:"First observations of short-lived pear-shaped atomic nuclei – CERN" 9639: 9162: 8990: 8891: 8774: 8756: 8731: 8722: 8695: 8668: 8632: 8623: 8605: 8533: 8524: 8418: 8290: 8256: 8166: 8157: 8148: 8139: 8094: 8013: 7995: 7930: 6893: 6789: 6732: 6710:

Graner, B.; Chen, Y.; Lindahl, E.G.; Heckel, B.R. (18 April 2016).

5521:

Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017).

4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4577: 4575: 4493:"Studies of pear-shaped nuclei using accelerated radioactive beams" 3734:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

3542: 3526: 3490: 3280: 3195: 3062: 3047: 3034: 2987: 2919: 2821: 2802: 2751: 2678: 2658: 2624: 2515: 2401: 2382: 2299:(mostly uranium-238), due to its proportionally shorter half-life. 1976: 1878: 1846: 1036: 1028: 960: 883: 792: 778: 762: 755: 734: 713: 685: 678: 664: 608: 601: 522: 420: 397: 327: 320: 313: 306: 274: 214: 200: 152: 7160:

Holden, N.E.; Reciniello, R.N.; Hu, J.P.; Rorer, David C. (2004).

6545: 3766: 3764: 3589:

upon their decay, which kill and mutate cells. At the time of the

3294:. The radium ion has two subhertz-linewidth transitions from the 9525: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 8945: 8936: 8918: 8873: 8801: 8783: 8713: 8659: 8641: 8614: 8587: 8569: 8551: 8461: 8391: 8364: 8328: 8310: 8274: 8265: 8247: 8229: 8128: 8067: 7957: 7912: 7784: 7580:"Marie and Pierre Curie and the discovery of polonium and radium" 7330:

Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A tale of love and fallout

5059:"The origin and early development of the Belgian radium industry" 4876:. Springer Geology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 3–13. 4843:

Ball, David W. (1985). "Elemental etymology: What's in a name?".

3570: 3557:

Radium is highly radioactive, as is its immediate decay product,

3043: 2935: 2813: 2747: 2463: 2405: 2296: 2015: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1933: 1925: 1183: 925: 918: 904: 869: 813: 799: 748: 706: 692: 671: 650: 636: 622: 552: 501: 480: 452: 438: 411: 404: 390: 376: 297: 253: 170: 7565:

https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf

7218: 4965:

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4648: 4572: 3287:

new physics by two to three orders of magnitude compared to Hg.

2488:. Crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaCl 2484:, and its solubility decreases with increasing concentration of 16:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

9579: 9286: 8837: 8650: 8578: 8488: 8470: 8436: 8400: 8382: 8211: 8202: 8193: 8085: 8038: 8004: 7986: 7941: 6830: 5867: 5697: 5309:"The National Bureau of Standards and the Radium Dial Painters" 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4491:

Gaffney, L. P.; Butler, P. A.; Scheck, M.; et al. (2013).

3761: 3541:–Be sources. As of 2011, the isotope Ra is mainly used to form 3494: 3119: 3038: 2907: 2841: 2755: 2711:

Marie and Pierre Curie experimenting with radium, a drawing by

2523: 2522:

emitted by radium quickly gain two electrons to become neutral

2347: 2327: 2004: 1162: 1007: 841: 699: 643: 573: 559: 536: 508: 494: 362: 355: 348: 267: 230: 207: 193: 161: 9322:

Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology

5162:

Terrill, J.G. Jr.; Ingraham, S.C., 2nd; Moeller, D.W. (1954).

3702:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

3198:

provide some of the element, but richer ores are found in the

9051: 8740: 8445: 8103: 7977: 6530:

Radium Ions and Radioactive Molecules for Probing New Physics

5908: 5372: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3562: 3558: 3219: 3084: 3006: 2829: 2794: 2682: 2636:

All isotopes of radium have half-lives much shorter than the

2284: 1913: 1149: 1115: 769: 543: 281: 186: 24: 4624: 4599: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3509:

Radium was still used in 2007 as a radiation source in some

1165: (700 °C, 1292 °F) 48: 8704: 8677: 8220: 8184: 8022: 6874: 6767:"First measurement of the atomic electric dipole moment of 4982: 4636: 3932:"Crystal structures of the chemical elements at 1 bar" 2880: 2670: 2433: 2393: 2392:

for the half-reaction Ra (aq) + 2e → Ra (s) is −2.916

741: 720: 369: 341: 221: 84: 81: 75: 6712:"Reduced limit on the permanent electric dipole moment of 5466:Аналитическая химия технеция, прометия, астатина и франция 4941:(revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 194. 4770:

Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie & Bémont, Gustave (1898).

4704:, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 5 August 2009. 4587: 3972:

Peppard, D.F.; Mason, G.W.; Gray, P.R.; Mech, J.F (1952).

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6944:

Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated version

6764: 5969:"Nasal radium irradiation of children has health fallout" 3776: 3533:

have become more common for use in neutron sources. RaBeF

3513:

devices to check for flawed metallic parts, similarly to

2662: 2661:, and in even tinier quantities in thorium minerals. One 515: 7553:

Kirby, H.W. & Salutsky, Murrell L. (December 1964).

5591: 5589: 5587: 5017: 4107:"ISOTOPES: IDENTIFYING THE BREAKTHROUGH PUBLICATION (1)" 7159: 6709: 6198: 6196: 5738: 2318:, and almost all particle emissions are accompanied by 7468:

Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements

7244:

Operation Crossroads: The atomic tests at Bikini Atoll

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A sample of radium metal maintains itself at a higher

1877:

that occur in quantity, radium is considered the most

9830: 7239: 6611: 6399: 6063: 5684:– via International Nuclear Information System. 5658:"Radioactivity of water and air in Misasa Spa, Japan" 5584: 4194:

Kuhn, W. (1929). "LXVIII. Scattering of thorium

3412: 3356: 3300: 3290:

Radium is also a promising candidate for trapped ion

3283:

deformed parity doublets that enhance sensitivity to

3245: 2540:) is a white compound that can be made by dissolving 101: 9890:

Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure

9353:

Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)

6193: 6064:

Van Dyk, J.; Battista, J. J.; Almond, P. R. (2020).

5655: 5463: 5265:"Environmental history timeline – Radium Girls" 3971: 3733: 3620:, approximately 9.6 mi (15.4 km) north of 3159:

were removed by treating the chloride solution with

2362:

readily. Most radium compounds are therefore simple

2046:

down the group 2 elements. Like barium and the

2014:

silvery-white metal, although its lighter congeners

78: 72: 6533:(Thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara. 6282:"Tauschwirtschaft, Reputationsökonomie, Bürokratie" 5520: 4490: 3645:

International Commission on Radiological Protection

2855:The general historical unit for radioactivity, the 2820:. This amalgam was then heated in an atmosphere of 1951:ores in trace amounts. Radium is not necessary for 87: 69: 9358:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota) 7598:Macklis, R.M. (1993). "The great radium scandal". 7465: 7241: 7039:"FDA approves Xofigo for advanced prostate cancer" 5790:Uzun, Sefa Kemal; Demiröz, Işık (September 2016). 4955: 4322: 3836: 3454: 3398: 3342: 3267: 3037:to produce radon gas, which in turn was used as a 2793:announced that they had isolated radium as a pure 1861:of 1,600 years. When radium decays, it emits 7657: 7497: 6165:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 5523:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" 5416:"An updated review on tritium in the environment" 5148:. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 4682: 4581: 3770: 3736:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 3279:. Some radium isotopes, such as radium-225, have 3239:. Symmetry breaking forces scale proportional to 9866: 7130: 6656: 6574: 6202: 5489: 4962:Frank Moore Colby; Allen Leon Churchill (1911). 4936: 3235:Radium is seeing increasing use in the field of 2058:: the radium–radium bond distance is 514.8 7523: 7224: 6237: 6029:Harvie, David I. (1999). "The radium century". 5496:Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 4663: 4364:The Becquerel Rays and the Properties of Radium 4020: 3901: 2901:" – dial painters who had painted radium-based 7527:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7096:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 6152: 5095: 4842: 3910:. University of California Press. p. 85. 9655: 9438: 9103: 7800: 7604:. Vol. 269, no. 2. pp. 94–99. 7597: 7552: 7424:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 6161:"Howard Atwood Kelly: Much beyond the stitch" 5656:Morinaga, H.; Mifune, M.; Furuno, K. (1984). 5104:. 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(13 June 2005). 6275: 6273: 5966: 5789: 5236: 4983:Curie, Marie & Debierne, André (1910). 4707: 4350:– via Internet Archive (archive.org). 4060:"Frederick Soddy: From alchemy to isotopes" 4014: 3704:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 3050:. As of 2011, safer gamma emitters such as 1472:1 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) 32:Chemical element with atomic number 88 (Ra) 9662: 9648: 9445: 9431: 9117: 9110: 9096: 7807: 7793: 7660:Half Lives: The Unlikely History of Radium 7133:"Alpha particle induced nuclear reactions" 6556:European Organization for Nuclear Research 6231: 6158: 5580:on 20 May 2013 – via ehso.emory.edu. 5514: 5294:Radium in humans: a review of U.S. studies 5222:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2884:Radium watch hands under ultraviolet light 2870: 2518:molecules in the air, making it glow. The 2310:, but other steps in its decay chain (the 1904:. They extracted the radium compound from 1770: 1756: 1547: 1540: 1439: 47: 9452: 9348:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin 6892: 6788: 6731: 6676: 6297: 6184: 5960: 5772: 5343: 5195: 4433: 3718: 3699: 3616:concentration of Ra is stored within the 3087:. This was the same method used to treat 7752:Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 6640:– via aapt.scitation.org (Atypon). 6484: 6421:"Production, Import, Use and Disposal". 6279: 6270: 6085: 6079: 5230: 5096:Frame, Paul W. (October–November 1996). 4871: 4720:. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). 3983:Journal of the American Chemical Society 3106: 3016: 2944: 2879: 2717: 2706: 2669:typically yields about one seventh of a 2075: 1785: 8907: 7530:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 97–98. 7327: 7137:Radioactivity: Introduction and history 6979:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 8. 5485: 5483: 5306: 3897: 3895: 3828: 3111:Monument to the Discovery of Radium in 2496:O, isomorphous with its barium analog. 2091:Radium has 33 known isotopes with 9867: 8961: 8790: 8495: 7463: 6972: 6405: 6370: 6126:Hopkins Medicine (hopkinsmedicine.org) 6028: 6022: 5999: 5981:from the original on 28 September 2011 5595: 5420:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 5375:"Reactor production of promethium-147" 4735: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4545: 4539: 4399: 4360: 4320: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4130: 4104: 3835:Lide, D.R.; et al., eds. (2004). 3806: 3804: 3802: 3237:atomic, molecular, and optical physics 3230: 3167:while monitoring the progress using a 2374:character of radium compounds such as 9643: 9426: 9402:Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge 9091: 9015: 8979: 8970: 8880: 8862: 8853: 7788: 7352: 7093: 6993:from the original on 5 September 2015 6960:from the original on 5 September 2015 6416: 6414: 5967:Cherbonnier, Alice (1 October 1997). 5271:from the original on 2 September 2018 5243:Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity 5056: 5038:from the original on 5 September 2015 4898: 4798: 4739:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4716:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4486: 4484: 4381:from the original on 5 September 2015 4302:from the original on 5 September 2015 4281: 4263:(Report). Radiation / Radionuclides. 4057: 3839:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2615:are probably also insoluble, as they 2559:, the most insoluble known sulfate), 1716: 1713: 1693: 1690: 1668: 1665: 1645: 1642: 1620: 1615: 9669: 9024: 8952: 8925: 8898: 8558: 8540: 8513: 8344: 8335: 6437: 6241:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 5480: 5303:. Argonne National Laboratory. p. 22 4367:. Courier Corporation. p. 133. 4193: 3892: 3834: 3565:, while the other 20% goes into the 3079:, one of the founding physicians of 2875: 1076:group 2 (alkaline earth metals) 9394:Marie Curie, une femme sur le front 9033: 9006: 8997: 8844: 8826: 8817: 8808: 8594: 8504: 8477: 8425: 8371: 8353: 8317: 8297: 8236: 8173: 8074: 8056: 8045: 7964: 7748:"Annotated bibliography for radium" 7472:. Oxford University Press. p. 7273: 6526: 6238:Skloot, Rebecca (2 February 2010). 6159:Dastur, Adi E.; Tank, P.D. (2011). 5018:Ronneau, C.; Bitchaeva, O. (1997). 4723: 4329:. 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(September 1982). 3965: 3799: 3618:Interim Waste Containment Structure 2789:In September 1910, Marie Curie and 1908:and published the discovery at the 1267: 13: 8988: 8889: 8772: 8754: 8729: 8720: 8693: 8666: 8621: 8603: 8531: 8522: 8416: 8288: 8254: 8164: 8146: 8137: 8117: 8092: 7814: 7570: 6411: 6140:from the original on 10 March 2015 6102:from the original on 23 March 2018 5674:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a083014 5637:from the original on 15 March 2011 5253:from the original on 31 July 2014. 4786:from the original on 6 August 2009 4481: 4406:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 3485:was approved by the United States 3431: 3421: 3375: 3365: 3319: 3309: 2865:10 disintegrations per second 2095:from 202 to 234, all of which are 1986: 1865:as a by-product, which can excite 1318:(expected to have a strongly 14: 9911: 9317:Pierre and Marie Curie University 9312:Maria Curie-Skłodowska University 9292:IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award 8943: 8934: 8916: 8871: 8781: 8711: 8684: 8657: 8639: 8630: 8612: 8585: 8567: 8549: 8459: 8389: 8362: 8326: 8272: 8263: 8245: 8227: 8155: 8126: 8065: 8011: 7993: 7955: 7928: 7736:NLM Hazardous Substances Databank 7700:. UK. 8 July 2012. Archived from 7686: 7618:10.1038/scientificamerican0893-94 7444:"7. Regulations and Advisories". 7248:. Naval Institute Press. p. 7206:from the original on 23 July 2018 7131:l'Annunziata, Michael F. (2007). 6973:Bentel, Gunilla Carleson (1996). 6607:– via Institute of Physics. 6549:"Radioactive molecules at ISOLDE" 6258:from the original on 17 June 2013 5724:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125171 5502:from the original on 13 July 2010 5490:Zerriffi, Hisham (January 1996). 5247:Oak Ridge Associated Universities 5114:Oak Ridge Associated Universities 5102:Health Physics Society Newsletter 4999:from the original on 20 July 2011 4742:(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 4548:Relativistic Methods for Chemists 4469:from the original on 12 June 2018 4361:Strutt, R.J. (7 September 2004). 4002:from the original on 28 July 2019 2969: 2342:Radium, like barium, is a highly 2056:standard temperature and pressure 1448: = 514.8 pm (near 1348:2nd: 979.0 kJ/mol 1345:1st: 509.3 kJ/mol 9852: 9840: 9371:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion 8835: 8799: 8763: 8648: 8576: 8486: 8468: 8398: 8380: 8308: 8209: 8200: 8191: 8036: 7939: 7578:Nanny Fröman (1 December 1996). 7447:Toxicological Profile for Radium 6485:Cantrill, Vikki (20 July 2018). 6424:Toxicological Profile for Radium 6130:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 5837:Science of the Total Environment 5745:Science of the Total Environment 4736:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). 2895:United States Radium Corporation 1853:, the most stable isotope being 1743: 1742: 1235: 65: 8738: 8443: 8434: 8101: 8083: 8002: 7984: 7457: 7437: 7412: 7399:Environmental Protection Agency 7380: 7346: 7321: 7230: 7153: 7124: 7087: 7056: 6933: 6868: 6824: 6647: 6565: 6517: 6478: 6431: 6364: 6329: 6306: 6114: 6057: 5993: 5853:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.192 5765:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.052 5688: 5649: 5623: 5601: 5556: 5457: 5363: 5283: 5257: 5134: 5089: 5050: 5011: 4976: 4930: 4833: 4760: 4688: 4451: 4393: 4354: 4314: 4275: 4187: 4124: 4098: 4051: 3924: 3670: 3629:Environmental Protection Agency 3577:, where radioactivity degrades 3025:Radium (usually in the form of 2703:Marie Curie § New elements 2673:of radium. One kilogram of the 2454:. It is also more soluble than 1821:88. It is the sixth element in 8702: 8675: 8218: 8182: 8020: 7975: 7642:(1st ed.), Poughkeepsie: 7240:Weisgall, Jonathan M. (1994). 7139:. Elsevier. pp. 260–261. 6911:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.033202 6799:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.233002 6742:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.161601 6577:Reports on Progress in Physics 6122:"The Four Founding Physicians" 5796:Radiation Protection Dosimetry 5662:Radiation Protection Dosimetry 5399:10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.10.025 5379:Applied Radiation and Isotopes 4987:[On metallic radium]. 3908:Phase Diagrams of the Elements 3857: 3661: 3134:). The uranium ore was only a 3012: 2934:-147 (half-life 2.6 years) or 2774:, formed in Modern Latin from 1943:In nature, radium is found in 1: 9302:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge 9212:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum 8407: 7756:Washington and Lee University 7740:National Institutes of Health 7719:Radium water bath in Oklahoma 7225:Keller, Wolf & Shani 2011 7045:. 15 May 2013. Archived from 6687:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.232502 6373:Journal of Chemical Education 6073:Medical Physics International 6043:10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01201-6 5935:10.1080/10256016.2016.1116986 5550:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 5440:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.001 4968:. Dodd, Mead and Co. p. 4901:Journal of Chemical Education 4845:Journal of Chemical Education 4804:Journal of Chemical Education 4683:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4664:Keller, Wolf & Shani 2011 4582:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4200:" γ-radiation by radium 4064:Journal of Chemical Education 3771:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 3687: 3641:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 3102: 2846:Union Minière du Haut Katanga 2631: 2424:. Insoluble radium compounds 2050:, radium crystallizes in the 1991:Radium is the heaviest known 1332:Pauling scale: 0.9 7773:The Periodic Table of Videos 7555:The Radiochemistry of Radium 6217:10.1016/j.brachy.2009.10.001 5075:10.1016/0160-4120(93)90274-l 4321:Malley, Marjorie C. (2011). 4285:The Interpretation of Radium 4157:10.1126/science.127.3299.630 3487:Food and Drug Administration 3056:linear particle accelerators 2888:Radium was formerly used in 2411: 2390:standard electrode potential 2337: 1959:. As of 2018, other than in 1793:Radium-226 radiation source. 7: 9307:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park 7353:Jenks, Andrew (July 2002). 7175:(5 Supplement): S110–S112. 6618:American Journal of Physics 6597:10.1088/0034-4885/60/11/004 6464:10.1126/science.49.1262.227 5874:Journal of Water and Health 4882:10.1007/978-3-642-22122-4_1 4874:The New Uranium Mining Boom 4734:Hammond, C. R. "Radium" in 4556:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2 4402:"Pear-shaped atomic nuclei" 4131:Looney, William B. (1958). 3700:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 3091:, the host of the original 3058:for the same applications. 2816:, producing radium–mercury 2065: 1940:, was less than 100 grams. 10: 9916: 8306: 8135: 8054: 7973: 7937: 7839: 7658:Santos, Lucy Jane (2020). 7189:10.1142/9789812705563_0060 6976:Radiation therapy planning 6877:"Radium ion optical clock" 6864:– via Springer Link. 6338:Financial Analysts Journal 6324:lateralscience.blogspot.se 5098:"How the Curie came to be" 4985:"Sur le radium métallique" 4133:"Effects of Radium in Man" 4105:Giunta, Carmen J. (2017). 4024:At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 3878:10.1524/ract.1968.10.12.78 3627:In the United States, the 3552: 3268:{\displaystyle \ Z^{3}\ ,} 3165:fractional crystallisation 3138:of the mining activities. 2973: 2844:, a subsidiary company of 2768:French Academy of Sciences 2742:(pitchblende) sample from 2700: 2696: 2657:and various other uranium 2287:(specifically the isotope 2069: 1910:French Academy of Sciences 1900:in 1898 from ore mined at 1796:Activity 3300 Bq (3.3 kBq) 435: 303: 243: 183: 158: 22: 15: 9677: 9596:Specific mass: 3.594 g/cm 9515:Specific mass: 1.738 g/cm 9460: 9340: 9269: 9220: 9204: 9195:Treatise on Radioactivity 9181: 9130: 9049: 8749: 8454: 8283: 8112: 8031: 7950: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7834: 7829: 7822: 7694:"The discovery of radium" 7559:University of North Texas 7503:Chemistry of the Elements 7501:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 7001:– via Google Books. 6968:– via Google Books. 6854:10.1007/s00340-013-5603-2 6527:Fan, Mingyu (June 2023). 6503:10.1038/s41557-018-0114-8 6487:"The realities of radium" 6299:10.1007/s00048-008-0308-z 6177:10.1007/s13224-010-0064-6 6086:Hamilton, Vivien (2016). 6018:– via Google Books. 5307:Coursey, Bert M. (2021). 5126:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5063:Environment International 5057:Adams, A (January 1993). 4937:Stwertka, Albert (1998). 4643:Kirby & Salutsky 1964 4631:Kirby & Salutsky 1964 4619:Kirby & Salutsky 1964 4594:Kirby & Salutsky 1964 4310:– via Google Books. 4220:10.1080/14786441108564923 3960:Kirby & Salutsky 1964 3794:Kirby & Salutsky 1964 3649:World Health Organization 2738:on 21 December 1898 in a 2330:using a technique called 1916:state by Marie Curie and 1741: 1737: 1710: 1687: 1662: 1639: 1610: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1531: 1520: 1501: 1496: 1486: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1432: 1414: 1404: 1399: 1382: 1372: 1358: 1336: 1326: 1307: 1302: 1224: 1214: 1200: 1182: 1172: 1155: 1135: 1130: 1122: 1108: 1093: 1081: 1069: 1050: 1027: 138: 130: 121: 113: 60: 55: 46: 9619:Melting Point: 973.15 K 9592:Melting Point: 1002.15 K 9569:Specific mass: 2.64 g/cm 9565:Melting Point: 1042.15 K 9542:Specific mass: 1.54 g/cm 9538:Melting Point: 1112.15 K 9488:Specific mass: 1.85 g/cm 9484:Melting Point: 1560.15 K 9482:Atomic Weight: 9.012182 7778:University of Nottingham 7536:10.1002/14356007.o22_o15 7328:Redniss, Lauren (2011). 7108:10.1002/14356007.a27_001 7069:Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 6280:Ceranski, Beate (2008). 6244:. Random House Digital. 6134:Johns Hopkins University 6008:. McGill-Queen's Press. 6000:Hayter, Charles (2005). 5465: 5239:"Radioluminescent paint" 4700:15 November 2012 at the 3902:Young, David A. (1991). 3755:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 3654: 3575:deposits it in the bones 2677:contains about 900 2623:will dissolve in 1 2312:uranium or radium series 2129:primordial radionuclides 23:Not to be confused with 9623:Specific mass: 5.5 g/cm 9598:Electronegativity: 0.89 9590:Atomic Weight: 137.327 9571:Electronegativity: 0.95 9517:Electronegativity: 1.31 9511:Melting Point: 923.15 K 9509:Atomic Weight: 24.3050 9490:Electronegativity: 1.57 9386:Les Palmes de M. Schutz 7376:(subscription required) 7371:10.1093/envhis/12.3.552 6881:Physical Review Letters 6776:Physical Review Letters 6720:Physical Review Letters 6664:Physical Review Letters 5609:"Luminous radium paint" 5299:9 November 2011 at the 4939:A Guide to the Elements 3817:Encyclopædia Britannica 3637:roentgen equivalent man 3622:Niagara Falls, New York 3285:charge parity violating 2871:Historical applications 2766:their discovery to the 2750:which turned out to be 2689:contains about 89 2388:. For this reason, the 1884:Radium, in the form of 1462:18.6 W/(m⋅K) 18:Radium (disambiguation) 9625:Electronegativity: 0.9 9621:Boiling Point: 2010 K 9536:Atomic Weight: 40.078 9242:Hélène Langevin-Joliot 7726:(photographic images). 7561:, UNT Digital Library. 7388:EPA Facts about Radium 5839:. 569–570: 1174–1189. 5613:vintagewatchstraps.com 5292:Rowland, R. E. (1995) 4426:10.1098/rspa.2020.0202 4400:Butler, P. A. (2020). 4045:10.1006/adnd.2001.0873 3978:+ 1) series in nature" 3549:in a nuclear reactor. 3511:industrial radiography 3456: 3400: 3344: 3269: 3115: 3081:Johns Hopkins Hospital 3022: 2962: 2885: 2732:Marie Skłodowska-Curie 2723: 2715: 2428:with all barium, most 2370:and would enhance the 2180:Radium emanation = Rn, 2088: 1800: 1468:Electrical resistivity 1388: 1126:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 1110:Electron configuration 117:silvery white metallic 9885:Alkaline earth metals 9594:Boiling Point: 2170 K 9567:Boiling Point: 1655 K 9563:Atomic Weight: 87.62 9540:Boiling Point: 1757 K 9513:Boiling Point: 1363 K 9486:Boiling Point: 2742 K 9454:Alkaline earth metals 9260:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 7732:"Radium, radioactive" 7507:Butterworth-Heinemann 7499:Greenwood, Norman N. 7464:Emsley, John (2003). 7359:Environmental History 5168:Public Health Reports 3974:"Occurrence of the (4 3457: 3401: 3345: 3270: 3110: 3020: 2948: 2883: 2826:thermal decomposition 2721: 2710: 2701:Further information: 2595:), and nitrate (Ra(NO 2083:of U, the primordial 2079: 1831:alkaline earth metals 1789: 1387: 1220:113 kJ/mol 9544:Electronegativity: 1 9364:Marie Curie Gargoyle 7420:"Ionizing Radiation" 6817:– via APS.org. 6760:– via APS.org. 6705:– via APS.org. 6350:10.2469/faj.v8.n1.85 6318:2 April 2015 at the 5472:] (in Russian). 5328:10.6028/jres.126.051 5237:Frame, Paul (1999). 4271:on 11 February 2015. 4257:Radiation protection 4206:and ordinary lead". 3410: 3354: 3298: 3243: 3202:and the area of the 2976:Radioactive quackery 2791:André-Louis Debierne 2784:Friedrich Ernst Dorn 2589:tetrafluoroberyllate 2368:relativistic effects 1993:alkaline earth metal 1969:radioactive quackery 1967:devices and also in 1918:André-Louis Debierne 1875:radioactive elements 1869:chemicals and cause 1829:, also known as the 1458:Thermal conductivity 1374:Van der Waals radius 1216:Heat of vaporization 7610:1993SciAm.269b..94M 7601:Scientific American 7288:1998RadR..150S..21F 7181:2003rdtc.conf..484H 6903:2022PhRvL.128c3202H 6846:2014ApPhB.114..173N 6630:2007AmJPh..75..532C 6589:1997RPPh...60.1351B 6456:1919Sci....49..227V 6440:"Radium Production" 6438:Viol, C.H. (1919). 6385:1940JChEd..17..417K 6124:. About / History. 5974:Baltimore Chronicle 5927:2017IEHS...53...91D 5886:10.2166/wh.2017.263 5845:2016ScTEn.569.1174W 5757:2016ScTEn.543..460S 5716:2020Chmsp.24225171G 5542:2017ChPhC..41c0001A 5432:2018JEnvR.181..128E 5391:2019AppRI.144...54B 4913:1933JChEd..10...79W 4857:1985JChEd..62..787B 4816:1933JChEd..10...79W 4685:, pp. 109–110. 4517:10.1038/nature12073 4509:2013Natur.497..199G 4418:2020RSPSA.47600202B 4149:1958Sci...127..630L 4076:1982JChEd..59..739N 4037:2002ADNDT..80...83T 3996:10.1021/ja01143a074 3547:neutron irradiation 3521:, radium acts as a 3489:in 2013 for use in 3231:Modern applications 3077:Howard Atwood Kelly 2809:) solution using a 2681:of radium, and one 2147:. At least 12 2052:body-centered cubic 1422:body-centered cubic 1338:Ionization energies 1227:Vapor pressure 1131:Physical properties 1123:Electrons per shell 43: 9615:Atomic Number: 88 9588:Atomic Number: 56 9561:Atomic Number: 38 9534:Atomic Number: 20 9507:Atomic Number: 12 9466: 9256:(Pierre's brother) 9254:Paul-Jacques Curie 9230:Irène Joliot-Curie 7563:Alternate source: 7276:Radiation Research 5808:10.1093/rpd/ncv413 4800:Weeks, Mary Elvira 4412:(2239): 20200202. 3942:on 26 August 2014. 3517:. When mixed with 3497:treatment of bone 3452: 3396: 3340: 3265: 3116: 3067:Thomas Hunt Morgan 3023: 2963: 2930:safer radioactive 2886: 2724: 2716: 2642:in the environment 2456:actinium hydroxide 2358:and does not form 2354:, which is highly 2332:Coulomb excitation 2099:. Four of these – 2089: 2072:Isotopes of radium 1938:spent nuclear fuel 1863:ionizing radiation 1801: 1533:Isotopes of radium 1405:Natural occurrence 1395: 1389: 1034: 1015: 35: 9880:Chemical elements 9828: 9827: 9637: 9636: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9599: 9572: 9545: 9518: 9491: 9480:Atomic Number: 4 9420: 9419: 9297:Marie Curie Medal 9189:Curie's principle 9153:Mean-field theory 9148:Curie temperature 9085: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9044: 9043: 7754:. Lexington, VA: 7516:978-0-08-037941-8 7483:978-0-19-850340-8 7339:978-0-06-135132-7 7259:978-1-55750-919-2 7227:, pp. 96–98. 7146:978-0-444-52715-8 7117:978-3-527-31097-5 6986:978-0-07-005115-7 6953:978-0-309-11014-3 6834:Applied Physics B 6638:10.1119/1.2710486 6583:(11): 1351–1396. 6450:(1262): 227–228. 6393:10.1021/ed017p417 6313:"Lateral Science" 6251:978-0-307-58938-5 6015:978-0-7735-2869-7 5751:(Pt A): 460–466. 5530:Chinese Physics C 5031:978-0-7923-4769-9 4948:978-0-19-508083-4 4891:978-3-642-22121-7 4865:10.1021/ed062p787 4666:, pp. 97–98. 4565:978-1-4020-9974-8 4503:(7448): 199–204. 4374:978-0-486-43875-7 4340:978-0-19-983178-4 4295:978-0-486-43877-1 4143:(3299): 630–633. 4084:10.1021/ed059p739 3990:(23): 6081–6084. 3917:978-0-520-91148-2 3850:978-0-8493-0484-2 3743:Chinese Physics C 3711:978-1-62708-155-9 3598:Antoine Becquerel 3591:Manhattan Project 3451: 3415: 3395: 3359: 3339: 3303: 3261: 3248: 3152:hydrochloric acid 3048:genetic mutations 2876:Luminescent paint 2651:part per trillion 2486:hydrochloric acid 2460:thorium hydroxide 2155:radium isotopes. 2141:double beta decay 2010:Pure radium is a 1871:radioluminescence 1784: 1783: 1733: 1732: 1482:nonmagnetic 1478:Magnetic ordering 1416:Crystal structure 1390: 1378:283 pm 1328:Electronegativity 1303:Atomic properties 1297: 1296: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1032: 1013: 1003: 1002: 729:Mercury (element) 9907: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9836: 9820: 9806: 9792: 9782: 9763: 9753: 9691: 9671:Radium compounds 9664: 9657: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9617:Atomic Weight: 9614: 9587: 9560: 9533: 9506: 9479: 9463: 9462: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9424: 9423: 9158:Piezoelectricity 9112: 9105: 9098: 9089: 9088: 9054: 9053: 9040: 9038: 9031: 9029: 9022: 9020: 9013: 9011: 9004: 9002: 8995: 8993: 8986: 8984: 8977: 8975: 8968: 8966: 8959: 8957: 8950: 8948: 8941: 8939: 8932: 8930: 8923: 8921: 8914: 8912: 8905: 8903: 8896: 8894: 8887: 8885: 8878: 8876: 8869: 8867: 8860: 8858: 8851: 8849: 8842: 8840: 8833: 8831: 8824: 8822: 8815: 8813: 8806: 8804: 8797: 8795: 8788: 8786: 8779: 8777: 8770: 8768: 8761: 8759: 8745: 8743: 8736: 8734: 8727: 8725: 8718: 8716: 8709: 8707: 8700: 8698: 8691: 8689: 8682: 8680: 8673: 8671: 8664: 8662: 8655: 8653: 8646: 8644: 8637: 8635: 8628: 8626: 8619: 8617: 8610: 8608: 8601: 8599: 8592: 8590: 8583: 8581: 8574: 8572: 8565: 8563: 8556: 8554: 8547: 8545: 8538: 8536: 8529: 8527: 8520: 8518: 8511: 8509: 8502: 8500: 8493: 8491: 8484: 8482: 8475: 8473: 8466: 8464: 8450: 8448: 8441: 8439: 8432: 8430: 8423: 8421: 8414: 8412: 8405: 8403: 8396: 8394: 8387: 8385: 8378: 8376: 8369: 8367: 8360: 8358: 8351: 8349: 8342: 8340: 8333: 8331: 8324: 8322: 8315: 8313: 8304: 8302: 8295: 8293: 8279: 8277: 8270: 8268: 8261: 8259: 8252: 8250: 8243: 8241: 8234: 8232: 8225: 8223: 8216: 8214: 8207: 8205: 8198: 8196: 8189: 8187: 8180: 8178: 8171: 8169: 8162: 8160: 8153: 8151: 8144: 8142: 8133: 8131: 8124: 8122: 8108: 8106: 8099: 8097: 8090: 8088: 8081: 8079: 8072: 8070: 8063: 8061: 8052: 8050: 8043: 8041: 8027: 8025: 8018: 8016: 8009: 8007: 8000: 7998: 7991: 7989: 7982: 7980: 7971: 7969: 7962: 7960: 7946: 7944: 7935: 7933: 7825: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7763: 7762:on 25 June 2019. 7758:. Archived from 7743: 7727: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7681: 7654: 7629: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7584:Nobel Foundation 7562: 7549: 7520: 7505:(2nd ed.). 7494: 7492: 7490: 7471: 7452: 7451: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7247: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7205: 7166: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7021:. Archived from 7012: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6929:– via APS. 6896: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6792: 6770: 6761: 6735: 6715: 6706: 6680: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6608: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6542: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6491:Nature Chemistry 6482: 6476: 6475: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6333: 6327: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6070: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6026: 6020: 6019: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5905: 5864: 5827: 5802:(1–4): 331–335. 5786: 5776: 5735: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5668:(1–4): 295–297. 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5619:on 4 March 2013. 5615:. Archived from 5605: 5599: 5593: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5573:. Archived from 5571:Emory University 5568: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5527: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5410: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5313: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5267:. 20 July 2012. 5261: 5255: 5254: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5209: 5199: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4921:10.1021/ed010p79 4895: 4868: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4824:10.1021/ed010p79 4795: 4793: 4791: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4732: 4721: 4711: 4705: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4667: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4437: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4328: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4267:. Archived from 4253: 4232: 4231: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4114:Bull. Hist. Chem 4111: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3944: 3943: 3938:. Archived from 3936:uni-bielefeld.de 3928: 3922: 3921: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3842: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3824:on 15 June 2013. 3820:. Archived from 3808: 3797: 3791: 3774: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3740: 3731: 3716: 3715: 3697: 3681: 3678:radon mitigation 3674: 3668: 3665: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3413: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3373: 3372: 3357: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3301: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3246: 3208:Great Slave Lake 3161:hydrogen sulfide 3156:sodium carbonate 2866: 2864: 2734:and her husband 2638:age of the Earth 2605:radium phosphate 2542:radium carbonate 2452:barium hydroxide 2444:Radium hydroxide 2352:aqueous solution 2314:) emit alpha or 2279: 2277: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2127:too short to be 1995:and is the only 1981:nuclear reactors 1965:radioluminescent 1961:nuclear medicine 1953:living organisms 1808:chemical element 1772: 1765: 1758: 1749:Category: Radium 1746: 1745: 1724: 1719: 1701: 1696: 1678: 1671: 1653: 1648: 1630: 1623: 1596: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1527: 1516: 1443: 1434:Lattice constant 1400:Other properties 1317: 1309:Oxidation states 1275: 1271: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1193: 1146: 1145: 1101: 1062: 1061: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 469: 462: 455: 448: 441: 430: 423: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 300: 293: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 240: 233: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 180: 173: 164: 155: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 109: 104: 96: 94: 93: 90: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 51: 44: 42: 34: 9915: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9841: 9839: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9731: 9723: 9715: 9707: 9699: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9673: 9668: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9601: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9520: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9456: 9451: 9421: 9416: 9336: 9277:Curie Institute 9265: 9244:(granddaughter) 9216: 9200: 9177: 9143:Curie–Weiss law 9126: 9116: 9086: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9045: 9036: 9034: 9027: 9025: 9018: 9016: 9009: 9007: 9000: 8998: 8991: 8989: 8982: 8980: 8973: 8971: 8964: 8962: 8955: 8953: 8946: 8944: 8937: 8935: 8928: 8926: 8919: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8901: 8899: 8892: 8890: 8883: 8881: 8874: 8872: 8865: 8863: 8856: 8854: 8847: 8845: 8838: 8836: 8829: 8827: 8820: 8818: 8811: 8809: 8802: 8800: 8793: 8791: 8784: 8782: 8775: 8773: 8766: 8764: 8757: 8755: 8741: 8739: 8732: 8730: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8712: 8705: 8703: 8696: 8694: 8687: 8685: 8678: 8676: 8669: 8667: 8660: 8658: 8651: 8649: 8642: 8640: 8633: 8631: 8624: 8622: 8615: 8613: 8606: 8604: 8597: 8595: 8588: 8586: 8579: 8577: 8570: 8568: 8561: 8559: 8552: 8550: 8543: 8541: 8534: 8532: 8525: 8523: 8516: 8514: 8507: 8505: 8498: 8496: 8489: 8487: 8480: 8478: 8471: 8469: 8462: 8460: 8446: 8444: 8437: 8435: 8428: 8426: 8419: 8417: 8410: 8408: 8401: 8399: 8392: 8390: 8383: 8381: 8374: 8372: 8365: 8363: 8356: 8354: 8347: 8345: 8338: 8336: 8329: 8327: 8320: 8318: 8311: 8309: 8300: 8298: 8291: 8289: 8275: 8273: 8266: 8264: 8257: 8255: 8248: 8246: 8239: 8237: 8230: 8228: 8221: 8219: 8212: 8210: 8203: 8201: 8194: 8192: 8185: 8183: 8176: 8174: 8167: 8165: 8158: 8156: 8149: 8147: 8140: 8138: 8129: 8127: 8120: 8118: 8104: 8102: 8095: 8093: 8086: 8084: 8077: 8075: 8068: 8066: 8059: 8057: 8048: 8046: 8039: 8037: 8023: 8021: 8014: 8012: 8005: 8003: 7996: 7994: 7987: 7985: 7978: 7976: 7967: 7965: 7958: 7956: 7942: 7940: 7931: 7929: 7818: 7813: 7766: 7746: 7730: 7716: 7707: 7705: 7704:on 9 March 2016 7698:Lateral Science 7692: 7689: 7684: 7670: 7588: 7586: 7573: 7571:Further reading 7546: 7517: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7460: 7455: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7397:(Report). U.S. 7395:semspub.epa.gov 7390: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7365:(77): 552–577. 7351: 7347: 7340: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7296:10.2307/3579805 7264: 7262: 7260: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7102:. p. 717. 7092: 7088: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049:on 6 July 2013. 7037: 7028: 7026: 7025:on 28 June 2013 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6996: 6994: 6987: 6963: 6961: 6954: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6873: 6869: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6768: 6713: 6678:nucl-th/0503057 6652: 6648: 6644: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6551: 6522: 6518: 6483: 6479: 6436: 6432: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6369: 6365: 6334: 6330: 6326:. November 2012 6320:Wayback Machine 6311: 6307: 6278: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6201: 6194: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6084: 6080: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6027: 6023: 6016: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5693: 5689: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5585: 5577: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5481: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5311: 5301:Wayback Machine 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5235: 5231: 5211: 5210: 5180:10.2307/4588736 5160: 5153: 5139: 5135: 5119: 5118: 5107: 5105: 5094: 5090: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5032: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4981: 4977: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4892: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4789: 4787: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4733: 4724: 4712: 4708: 4702:Wayback Machine 4693: 4689: 4681: 4670: 4662: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4633:, pp. 8–9. 4629: 4625: 4621:, pp. 4–8. 4617: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4544: 4540: 4489: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4255: 4254: 4235: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4129: 4125: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4056: 4052: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3947: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3900: 3893: 3866:Radiochim. Acta 3862: 3858: 3851: 3833: 3829: 3810: 3809: 3800: 3792: 3777: 3769: 3762: 3738: 3732: 3719: 3712: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3606:aplastic anemia 3581:and can mutate 3555: 3536: 3503:bony metastases 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3204:Great Bear Lake 3128:Austria-Hungary 3105: 3097:cervical cancer 3089:Henrietta Lacks 3027:radium chloride 3015: 3003:Misasa, Tottori 2982: 2974:Main articles: 2972: 2897:by five dying " 2878: 2873: 2862: 2860: 2839: 2835: 2808: 2801:of pure radium 2713:André Castaigne 2705: 2699: 2634: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2539: 2535: 2520:alpha particles 2513: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2491: 2482:barium chloride 2478:alpha radiation 2475: 2470:Radium chloride 2449: 2414: 2387: 2379: 2340: 2308:alpha particles 2275: 2273: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2172:to radium 2168: 2167: 2165: 2160:Frederick Soddy 2149:nuclear isomers 2074: 2068: 2044:periodic trends 2033: 2029: 1989: 1987:Bulk properties 1886:radium chloride 1844: 1840: 1799: 1776: 1751: 1722: 1717: 1699: 1694: 1674: 1669: 1651: 1646: 1626: 1621: 1594: 1587: 1580:abundance 1553: 1535: 1525: 1521:First isolation 1514: 1492:7440-14-4 1444: 1360:Covalent radius 1354: 1313: 1298: 1273: 1241: 1187: 1139: 1055: 1051: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1004: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 821: 814: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 446: 439: 428: 421: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 298: 291: 282: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 238: 231: 222: 215: 208: 201: 194: 187: 178: 171: 162: 153: 102: 98: 68: 64: 40: 36: 33: 28: 21: 12: 11: 5: 9913: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9862: 9861: 9849: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9667: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9644: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9604: 9602: 9577: 9575: 9550: 9548: 9523: 9521: 9496: 9494: 9469: 9467: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9450: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9427: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9406: 9398: 9390: 9382: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9226: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9134: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9115: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9083: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9032: 9023: 9014: 9005: 8996: 8987: 8978: 8969: 8960: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8924: 8915: 8906: 8897: 8888: 8879: 8870: 8861: 8852: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8789: 8780: 8771: 8762: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8737: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8701: 8692: 8683: 8674: 8665: 8656: 8647: 8638: 8629: 8620: 8611: 8602: 8593: 8584: 8575: 8566: 8557: 8548: 8539: 8530: 8521: 8512: 8503: 8494: 8485: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8442: 8433: 8424: 8415: 8406: 8397: 8388: 8379: 8370: 8361: 8352: 8343: 8334: 8325: 8316: 8307: 8305: 8296: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8271: 8262: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8199: 8190: 8181: 8172: 8163: 8154: 8145: 8136: 8134: 8125: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8100: 8091: 8082: 8073: 8064: 8055: 8053: 8044: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8019: 8010: 8001: 7992: 7983: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7938: 7936: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7816:Periodic table 7812: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7764: 7744: 7728: 7724:markwshead.com 7714: 7688: 7687:External links 7685: 7683: 7682: 7668: 7662:. Icon Books. 7655: 7644:Vassar College 7630: 7595: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7550: 7545:978-3527306732 7544: 7521: 7515: 7495: 7482: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7436: 7411: 7379: 7345: 7338: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7271: 7258: 7236: 7229: 7217: 7169:Health Physics 7152: 7145: 7123: 7116: 7086: 7075:(4): 420–438. 7055: 7052: 7051: 7035: 7014: 7007: 7004: 7003: 6985: 6970: 6952: 6939: 6932: 6867: 6840:(1): 173–182. 6823: 6820: 6819: 6783:(23): 233002. 6762: 6726:(16): 161601. 6707: 6671:(23): 232502. 6653: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6624:(6): 532–536. 6609: 6571: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6543: 6523: 6516: 6477: 6430: 6410: 6408:, p. 437. 6398: 6363: 6328: 6305: 6292:(4): 413–443. 6269: 6250: 6230: 6211:(2): 178–184. 6192: 6171:(5): 392–394. 6151: 6113: 6078: 6056: 6037:(3): 100–105. 6021: 6014: 5992: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5906: 5880:(4): 591–601. 5865: 5828: 5787: 5736: 5694: 5687: 5648: 5622: 5600: 5598:, p. 351. 5583: 5555: 5513: 5479: 5476:. p. 118. 5456: 5453: 5452: 5411: 5369: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5304: 5289: 5282: 5256: 5229: 5174:(3): 255–262. 5151: 5133: 5088: 5069:(5): 491–501. 5049: 5030: 5010: 4989:Comptes Rendus 4975: 4954: 4947: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4896: 4890: 4869: 4851:(9): 787–788. 4839: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4796: 4776:Comptes Rendus 4766: 4759: 4752: 4722: 4718:, 85th Edition 4706: 4687: 4668: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4598: 4586: 4584:, p. 111. 4571: 4564: 4538: 4480: 4450: 4392: 4373: 4353: 4339: 4313: 4294: 4274: 4233: 4186: 4123: 4097: 4050: 4013: 3964: 3945: 3923: 3916: 3891: 3856: 3849: 3827: 3798: 3775: 3773:, p. 112. 3760: 3717: 3710: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3669: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3554: 3551: 3534: 3523:neutron source 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3292:optical clocks 3277:standard model 3264: 3256: 3252: 3232: 3229: 3147:barium sulfate 3132:Czech Republic 3104: 3101: 3071:Hermann Muller 3046:, cancer, and 3033:) was used in 3031:radium bromide 3014: 3011: 2971: 2970:Commercial use 2968: 2940:beta radiation 2903:luminous paint 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2848:(UMHK) in its 2837: 2833: 2806: 2763:spectral lines 2698: 2695: 2633: 2630: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2564: 2556: 2537: 2533: 2530:Radium nitrate 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500:Radium bromide 2493: 2489: 2473: 2447: 2420:from radium's 2413: 2410: 2385: 2377: 2339: 2336: 2316:beta particles 2228: 2216: 2163: 2145:radon isotopes 2111:of primordial 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 2031: 2027: 2024:radium nitride 1988: 1985: 1849:of radium are 1842: 1838: 1835:radium nitride 1827:periodic table 1798: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1752: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1567:Main isotopes 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1438: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1420: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1392:Spectral lines 1380: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1202:Heat of fusion 1198: 1197: 1194: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1025: 1024: 1005: 1001: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 775: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 549: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 464: 457: 450: 443: 436: 434: 432: 425: 417: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 302: 295: 287: 286: 279: 272: 265: 258: 251: 244: 242: 235: 227: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 182: 175: 167: 166: 159: 157: 147: 136: 135: 133:periodic table 131:Radium in the 128: 127: 125: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 62: 58: 57: 53: 52: 38: 31: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9912: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9860: 9850: 9848: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9821: 9809: 9807: 9795: 9793: 9785: 9783: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9756: 9754: 9746: 9744: 9734: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9718: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9702: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9651: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9627: 9612: 9608: 9603: 9600: 9585: 9581: 9576: 9573: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9546: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9519: 9504: 9500: 9495: 9492: 9477: 9473: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9443: 9441: 9436: 9434: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9248:Pierre Joliot 9246: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9168:Radioactivity 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9108: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9048: 9039: 9030: 9021: 9012: 9003: 8994: 8985: 8976: 8967: 8958: 8949: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8913: 8904: 8895: 8886: 8877: 8868: 8859: 8850: 8841: 8832: 8823: 8814: 8805: 8796: 8787: 8778: 8769: 8760: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8735: 8726: 8717: 8708: 8699: 8690: 8681: 8672: 8663: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8627: 8618: 8609: 8600: 8591: 8582: 8573: 8564: 8555: 8546: 8537: 8528: 8519: 8510: 8501: 8492: 8483: 8474: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8440: 8431: 8422: 8413: 8404: 8395: 8386: 8377: 8368: 8359: 8350: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8303: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8269: 8260: 8251: 8242: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8161: 8152: 8143: 8132: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8071: 8062: 8051: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8017: 8008: 7999: 7990: 7981: 7970: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7669:9781785786082 7665: 7661: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7596: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7462: 7461: 7449: 7448: 7440: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7383: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7261: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7011: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6971: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6887:(3): 033202. 6886: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6557: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6425: 6417: 6415: 6407: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6309: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6288:(in German). 6287: 6283: 6276: 6274: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6205:Brachytherapy 6199: 6197: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092:Distillations 6089: 6082: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5921:(1): 91–103. 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536:(3): 030001. 5535: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5137: 5129: 5123: 5122:cite magazine 5115: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5014: 4998: 4994: 4991:(in French). 4990: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4785: 4782:: 1215–1217. 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4753:1-4398-5511-0 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4645:, p. 12. 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4485: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4325:Radioactivity 4317: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4120:(2): 103–111. 4119: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031:(1): 83–116. 4030: 4026: 4025: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3868:(in German). 3867: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3749:(3): 030001. 3748: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515:X-ray imaging 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3468:radioisotopes 3464: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3417: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3361: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3305: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3143:sulfuric acid 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2890:self-luminous 2882: 2868: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Earth's crust 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:coprecipitate 2614: 2610: 2606: 2590: 2578: 2570: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426:coprecipitate 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2270: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:neptunium-237 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2054:structure at 2053: 2049: 2048:alkali metals 2045: 2041: 2040:boiling point 2037: 2036:melting point 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:radioisotopes 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930:United States 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:atomic number 1816: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1780: 1777: | 1773: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1647:3.6319 d 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605:product 1603: 1601: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1196:5.5 g/cm 1195: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1174:Boiling point 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1157:Melting point 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1088:period 7 1086: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1053:Atomic number 1049: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1009: 1006: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 971: 966: 964: 959: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 938: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 917: 915: 910: 908: 903: 901: 899:Rutherfordium 896: 894: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 873: 868: 866: 861: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 838: 833: 831: 826: 824: 819: 817: 812: 810: 805: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 784: 782: 777: 776: 773: 768: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 717: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 600: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 551: 550: 547: 542: 540: 535: 533: 528: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 505: 500: 498: 493: 491: 486: 484: 479: 477: 472: 470: 465: 463: 458: 456: 451: 449: 444: 442: 437: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 418: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 352: 347: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 324: 319: 317: 312: 310: 305: 301: 296: 294: 289: 288: 285: 280: 278: 273: 271: 266: 264: 259: 257: 252: 250: 245: 241: 236: 234: 229: 228: 225: 220: 218: 213: 211: 206: 204: 199: 197: 192: 190: 185: 181: 176: 174: 169: 168: 165: 160: 156: 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 137: 134: 129: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 106: 92: 63: 61:Pronunciation 59: 54: 50: 45: 37:Radium, 30: 26: 19: 9900:Pierre Curie 9610: 9606: 9605: 9583: 9578: 9556: 9551: 9529: 9524: 9502: 9497: 9475: 9470: 9408: 9400: 9392: 9384: 9378:Madame Curie 9376: 9369: 9362: 9327:Curie Island 9262:(son-in-law) 9193: 9182:Publications 9172: 8765: 7771: 7760:the original 7751: 7735: 7723: 7718: 7706:. Retrieved 7702:the original 7697: 7659: 7637: 7599: 7587:. Retrieved 7525: 7502: 7487:. Retrieved 7467: 7458:Bibliography 7446: 7439: 7427:. Retrieved 7423: 7414: 7402:. Retrieved 7394: 7382: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7329: 7323: 7279: 7275: 7263:. Retrieved 7243: 7232: 7220: 7208:. Retrieved 7172: 7168: 7155: 7136: 7126: 7095: 7089: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7047:the original 7042: 7027:. Retrieved 7023:the original 7010: 6995:. Retrieved 6975: 6962:. Retrieved 6935: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6780: 6774: 6723: 6719: 6668: 6662: 6649: 6621: 6617: 6580: 6576: 6567: 6529: 6519: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6423: 6401: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6344:(1): 85–93. 6341: 6337: 6331: 6323: 6308: 6289: 6285: 6260:. Retrieved 6240: 6233: 6208: 6204: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6142:. Retrieved 6125: 6116: 6104:. Retrieved 6098:(2): 44–45. 6095: 6091: 6081: 6072: 6059: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6005: 5995: 5983:. Retrieved 5972: 5962: 5918: 5914: 5877: 5873: 5836: 5799: 5795: 5748: 5744: 5707: 5703: 5690: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5639:. Retrieved 5625: 5617:the original 5612: 5603: 5575:the original 5558: 5533: 5529: 5516: 5506:15 September 5504:. Retrieved 5469: 5459: 5423: 5419: 5382: 5378: 5365: 5319: 5315: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5259: 5242: 5232: 5214:cite journal 5171: 5167: 5144: 5136: 5112:– via 5106:. Retrieved 5101: 5091: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5020: 5013: 5001:. Retrieved 4992: 4988: 4978: 4964: 4957: 4938: 4932: 4904: 4900: 4873: 4848: 4844: 4835: 4807: 4803: 4788:. Retrieved 4779: 4775: 4762: 4737: 4714: 4709: 4690: 4638: 4626: 4596:, p. 8. 4589: 4547: 4541: 4500: 4496: 4471:. Retrieved 4462: 4453: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4383:. Retrieved 4363: 4356: 4344:. Retrieved 4324: 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4284: 4277: 4269:the original 4260: 4211: 4207: 4189: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4004:. 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