92:
1288:, is a tactic that prevents a legislative body from attaining a quorum, and can be used by a minority group seeking to block the adoption of some measure they oppose. This generally only happens where the quorum is a super-majority, as quorums of a majority or less of the membership mean that the support of a majority of members is always sufficient for the quorum (as well as for passage). Rules to discourage quorum-busting have been adopted by legislative bodies, such as the call of the house, outlined above.
1328:
34:
3785:
813:, pro-Beijing members left the chamber to force a quorum roll call to make sure that a sick member could be able to rush back to the chamber. However some of the members stayed behind, citing miscommunication, and the division proceeded with two members above the required quorum of 35. While the resolution was originally predicted to be narrowly defeated due to not able to get super-majority support votes, it turned out to be a landslide defeat.
572:. If a member calls for quorum to be counted and a first count shows there are fewer than 20 members, bells are rung to call in the members; if after 15 minutes there are still fewer than 20 members, the session is adjourned to the next sitting day; the members present sign a roll on the table of the house, and this list is included in the Journal of the House. There is no need for quorum when the attendance of the House is requested in the
1307:
806:
making their resignation speeches intended for 2 years before. In the nine-hour meeting, 23 quorum calls were issued, taking up to 3 hours. When LegCo reconvened on 3 May, it was adjourned for lack of quorum amid a boycott by the pan-democrats. The pro-government members drew a timetable to ensure a quorum, but it failed to prevent another lack of quorum.
1055:, as well as their subsidiary organs) generally require the attendance of one-third of the membership (currently 65 states in the General Assembly and 18 in ECOSOC) to conduct most business, but a majority of members (currently 97 states in the General Assembly and 28 states in ECOSOC) in order to take any substantive decisions. The rules of the
1460:
via plane. On 10 August 2021 the House authorised arrest warrants for the legislators breaking quorum. After 38 days quorum was regained when three
Democrats, Garnet Coleman, Armando Walle and Ana Hernandez returned, though with Coleman providing quorum from home due to serious illness and Republican
551:
at least one-third of the representatives must be present, so that they may decide on a simple law (participation quorum of 33.3%). At least half of the members must participate if a constitutional law should pass the parliament (participation quorum of 50% based on the total number of members). Over
402:
In the House of
Representatives, the quorum was amended down to one-fifth by the House of Representatives (Quorum) Act 1989, which means the quorum of the current House of 151 MPs is 31 MPs. In the senate, the quorum was amended down to one-quarter by the Senate (Quorum) Act 1991, so 19 senators is a
1269:
When Trice explained that McKellar was urgently needed back at the
Capitol, the 73-year-old legislator agreed to accompany him. As they approached the Senate wing, McKellar suddenly realized what was up. An aide later recalled, "His face grew redder and redder. By the time the car reached the Senate
790:
On 27 January 2010, when five pro-democracy members were intending to make their resignation speeches, pro-Beijing members of the council left the chamber as a sign of protest. One of the pro-Beijing members nevertheless stayed in the chamber to call for the quorum to be counted, effectively forcing
410:
If at the beginning of a sitting the quorum is not met, the bells are rung for five minutes and a count is then taken; if the quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned until the next sitting day. During the sitting, any MP or senator may draw attention to the lack of quorum in which the bells
282:
In online groups, a quorum has to be determined in a different manner since no one is actually "present". The rules establishing such groups would have to prescribe this determination. An example is that a quorum in such groups could be established as "present" if enough members state that they are
912:
of the constitutions of
Pakistan states that, if at any time during a sitting of the National Assembly the attention of the person presiding is drawn to the fact that less than one-fourth of the total membership of the Assembly is present, he shall either adjourn the Assembly or suspend the meeting
414:
Although quorum-busting is virtually unheard of in
Australia, it is not unknown for parties to deliberately use quorum counts as a disruptive tactic and there have been some suggestions to enact rules to restrict this practice; however, this is very difficult due to the explicit mention of a quorum
900:
there is no general quorum for the House to conduct business. The House's previous requirement for a quorum (15 members in a House of 99 members) was abolished in 1996. Some procedures do require minimum participation: a motion without notice to suspend the
Standing Orders can be moved only if at
767:
is, nevertheless, one-third or three members, whichever the greater, as according to the Rules of
Procedure. The three standing committees, namely, the Finance Committee, the Public Accounts Committee and Committee on Members' Interests, is exceptional that the quorums are 9, 3 and 3 respectively.
964:
shall convene with at least, one-third of the total number of members (184 out of 550) and shall take decisions by an absolute majority of those present; however, the quorum for decisions can, under no circumstances, be less than a quarter plus one of the total number of members (138 out of 550).
805:
On 2 May 2012, when the LegCo was debating a law change to bar resigning legislators to participate in by-elections in 6 months, effectively discouraging any more "de facto" referendums, some of the five pro-democracy members who resigned constantly issued quorum calls, especially when they were
739:
more than half of the members (currently 369 out of 736) must be present so that it is empowered to make resolutions. It is however common that fewer members are present, because they can still make effective decisions as long as no parliamentary group or 5% of the members of the parliament are
295:
about an apparent absence of a quorum. Because it is difficult to determine exactly when a quorum was lost, points of order relating to the absence of a quorum are "generally not permitted to affect prior action; but upon clear and convincing proof, such a point of order can be given effect
1260:
in his book on
Tennessee senators as an "extraordinarily shrewd man of husky dimensions with a long memory and a short fuse." Trice called from the lobby, but McKellar refused to answer his phone, so the deputy sergeant-at-arms walked up to the apartment and convinced the senator's
1239:
obtained an order on a
Saturday session on 14 November 1942, directing Sergeant at Arms Chesley W. Jurney to detain the five Southern absentees to obtain a quorum. Jurney sent his Deputy Sergeant at Arms, J. Mark Trice, to the apartment of Democratic Senator
1485:
did the same in order to block another union-related bill, causing the legislative clock on the bill to expire. Traveling out of their state placed these legislators beyond the jurisdiction of state troopers who could compel them to return to the chamber.
1035:). In practice, they increasingly were not qualified, as the proportion in the quorum rose faster than the proportion who were called to the bar or practising lawyers. By 1532, an average 45% of justices of the peace nationally were of the quorum. In
1039:, the proportion rose from 52% in 1562 to 93% in 1636. By then, most of those not on the quorum were new to the bench. Sometimes justices of the peace were removed from the quorum as a disciplinary measure less drastic than removal from the bench.
976:, making it impossible for the parliament to choose a president, the ruling AK party proposed a referendum to lower the quorum to prevent a repeat of this event. Nearly seventy percent of the participants supported the constitutional changes.
1410:
sought to carry out a controversial mid-decade congressional redistricting bill which would have favored
Republicans by displacing five Democratic U.S. Representatives from Texas, nicknamed the "Texas Five", from their districts. The House
2379:
339:
In legislatures and other assemblies that have the legal power to compel the attendance of their members, the call of the house procedure may be used to obtain a quorum. This procedure does not exist in ordinary societies, since
2653:
3162:
2419:
1208:. Packwood attempted to shove the door closed, but Giugni and two assistants pushed it open. Packwood was subsequently carried feet-first into the Senate chamber by three plainclothes officers and sustained bruised
252:
states that the quorum set in an organization's bylaws "should approximate the largest number that can be depended on to attend any meeting except in very bad weather or other extremely unfavorable conditions."
860:
According to the most recent standing orders, published in 2011, the quorum for the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, for both the lower House, Dáil Éireann, and the upper House, Seanad Éireann, is 20 members.
1031:. In theory, they were men experienced in law, but many of the quorum were appointed because of their status. Some legislation required the involvement of a member of the quorum (e.g., granting a license to a
838:
1394:
for a quorum to be present (unlike the United States Congress, which only requires a simple majority). As such, on several occasions, the minority party has engaged in a walkout so as to prevent a quorum.
1104:, the election is decided by the House of Representatives, in which case "a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states" (a possible quorum as low as 34).
864:
The chamber of Dáil Éireann is rarely full outside question time, with often just one government representative (often an ordinary Teachta Dála, not a minister) present to answer opposition questions.
1059:
make no provisions for quorum, but nine votes are in all cases required to pass any substantive measure, effectively meaning that a meeting with fewer than nine members in attendance is pointless.
1446:
returned to Texas, creating a quorum. Because there was now no point in staying in New Mexico, the remaining ten members of the Texas Eleven returned to Texas to vote in opposition to the bill.
802:
of the territory, involving the entire electorate, which would not be officially recognised anyway. Most other factions, although against the move by these five Members, stayed in the chamber.
2609:
2386:
998:, out of 650 members of the House. There is no need for a quorum to be present at all times: Commons debates could theoretically continue even if only one MP and the Speaker were present.
215:
members oppose it. This has led many jurisdictions and bodies to replace traditional quorums with quorums of votes in favor, i.e. a requirement that any proposal be supported by a certain
940:
Both majority and minority blocs in Congress have used the lack of quorum in defeating bills that they do not want to be passed without putting it to a vote. After an election during the
2579:
3518:
820:
moved by pro-democracy Members. The quorum is called to be counted from time to time by the pan-democrats, in order to force the pro-Beijing camp to keep some members in the chamber.
1545:
said that he told the state police superintendent to "send bachelors and come heavily armed. I'm not going to be a political prisoner in the state of Oregon. It's just that simple."
2147:
1456:
fled the state on the 12th of July 2021 to block the passage of a bill that would change voting rules. At least 51 Democrats – the number needed to break quorum – left the state to
2657:
1074:
provides that "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business..."
3146:
355:
calls the roll of members and then the names of absentees. Members who do not have an excused absence are arrested and brought in. The arrested members may be charged a fee.
275:, a quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless provided otherwise. The board or committee cannot set its own quorum unless given such power. In a
3569:
3054:
1005:
is called and fewer than 40 MPs are present, then a decision on the business being considered is postponed and the House moves on to consider the next item of business.
552:
and above that, constitutional laws require the consent of at least two-thirds of the members present (quorum agreement of 66.6% based on the number of voting present).
2411:
2237:
2335:
3192:
3695:
1111:, the election is decided by the Senate, in which case "a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators" (a quorum of 67).
3412:
1562:
331:
at a later meeting where a quorum is present. However, there is no obligation to ratify such action and those responsible may be punished for their actions.
256:
In the absence of such a provision, a quorum is an assembly whose membership can be determined is a majority of the entire membership. In the meetings of a
1116:
1093:
845:
stipulates that at least 10% of total number of members of the House must be present to constitute the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of
3124:
3097:
1296:
236:
According to Robert, each assembly determines the number of members that constitutes a quorum in its governing documents (such as in its constitution,
3550:
3266:
2601:
2115:
780:
1300:
995:
852:
If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, the Chairman has to either adjourn the House or suspend it until there is a quorum.
2907:
2307:
2992:
849:. For example, if the House has the total membership of 250, at least 25 members must be present for the House to proceedings with its business.
415:
in the constitution. It is considered disorderly to call attention to quorum when one exists, and members or senators who do so can be punished.
2571:
1338:
44:
3759:
1067:
363:
3687:
3498:
1178:
1167:
2532:
2139:
756:(LegCo) as "not less than one-half of its members". Between 1997 and 2012 the quorum was 30, and since 2012 it has been 35. Prior to 1997
2190:
945:
930:
384:
380:
3225:
3709:
2780:
2487:
2465:
2215:
1120:
1052:
185:
is not a valid Latin formation. In modern times a quorum might be defined as the minimum number of voters needed for a valid election.
2440:
2281:
3475:
3437:
3384:
3364:
1557:—refusing to vote although physically present on the floor or walking out before a vote–was used by the minority to block votes as a
1151:
934:
2626:
264:
or in an organization in which the membership cannot be accurately determined, the quorum consists of those who attend the meeting.
2707:
1929:
3533:
764:
2260:
972:, there was a quorum of two-thirds required in the Turkish Parliament: after opposition parties used the quorum to deadlock the
3558:
3508:
3349:
2758:
1903:
1874:
1522:
1078:
991:
969:
810:
757:
1675:
3738:
3329:
3309:
3294:
3259:
3069:
2791:
2734:
1714:
1253:
291:
The chairperson of the group has the responsibility to determine if a quorum is present. In addition, any member can raise a
2007:
1590:
1568:
ordered that members who were present would count for the purpose of a quorum even if they did not reply to the roll call.
2679:
2509:
1419:
to prevent a quorum from being present (and thus the passage of the bill). The group gained the nickname the "Killer Ds".
3716:
2229:
1232:
388:
3546:
3289:
2343:
973:
404:
3554:
1770:
3745:
3542:
3184:
2967:"Texas House Democrats flee the state in move that could block voting restrictions bill, bring Legislature to a halt"
2856:
1561:
in the United States House of Representatives from 1842 (when a speaking time limit was introduced) until 1890, when
1368:
1108:
1101:
817:
216:
78:
3465:
2365:
1818:
1510:
participated in the walkout and later noted that although the tactic worked, Democrats "got beaten up pretty hard."
3817:
3660:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3252:
2820:
1720:
1482:
1412:
1403:
1155:
987:
753:
321:
309:
3445:
2546:
816:
Quorum-busting and attempts to thwart it are also a common feature during the annual motion debate related to the
3702:
3579:
3427:
2816:
2750:
1499:
1303:
had been locked to prevent legislators from fleeing) in a failed attempt to prevent a quorum from being present.
1056:
1048:
961:
772:
112:
3812:
1630:
1407:
1185:
937:
shall be done, and if there is indeed less than a majority of members present, the meeting shall be adjourned.
885:
3604:
2966:
260:, unless provided otherwise, a quorum is a majority of registered delegates, even if some have departed. In a
3450:
2941:"What it means to break quorum and what you need to know about the Texas House Democrats' dramatic departure"
1241:
880:
is an absolute majority of their membership. A quorum is assumed to be present unless 20 or 7 members in the
3019:"After a nearly six-week exodus over GOP voting bill, enough Democrats return to Texas House to resume work"
3752:
3045:
515:
308:
When a quorum is not met, the assembly can only take limited procedural actions. These limited actions are
2940:
3594:
2884:
922:
881:
740:
complaining about the lack of quorum. This, in rare cases, is used by opposition parties to delay votes.
548:
3018:
3679:
3523:
3455:
3407:
3116:
3074:
2904:
2318:
1622:
1495:
1071:
792:
565:
231:
201:
193:
131:, such as a legislature), a quorum is necessary to conduct the business of that group. In contrast, a
1158:
walked out of the chamber in an attempt to deny the Senate a quorum after Senate aides began bringing
3354:
926:
799:
639:
948:
as winning incumbents may opt to go on vacation, and defeated incumbents may opt to not to show up.
3650:
3513:
1399:
1228:
1002:
60:
1270:
entrance, McKellar shot out and barreled through the corridors to find the source of his summons."
1107:
In cases in which no candidate for Vice President of the United States receives a majority in the
3670:
3637:
3493:
3275:
3098:"Oregon governor authorizes state police to bring GOP lawmakers back to capital for climate vote"
2726:
2547:"Deutscher Bundestag - VI. Tagesordnung, Einberufung, Leitung der Sitzung und OrdnungsmaĂźnahm..."
1514:
1474:
1438:
to prevent a quorum of the Senate to prevent a redistricting bill from being considered during a
396:
189:
128:
123:
is the minimum number of members of a group necessary to constitute the group at a meeting. In a
20:
2524:
3538:
3503:
1526:
1449:
897:
749:
561:
359:
276:
197:
2183:
913:
until at least one-fourth of such membership is present, which comprises 87 out of total 342.
901:
least 60 members are present, and a personal vote requires at least 20 participating members.
135:
is a meeting of the full (or rarely nearly full) body. A body, or a meeting or vote of it, is
3722:
3392:
3299:
1196:, who fled down a hallway and escaped arrest. After a cleaning woman gave a tip that Senator
842:
829:
649:
341:
124:
3234:
2479:
909:
3627:
3589:
3460:
2433:
2274:
1565:
1538:
1292:
1136:
1082:
1028:
1024:
957:
873:
689:
569:
257:
155:
1760:"Electronic Meetings: Rules for Electronic (e-mail) Meetings or The E-liberative Assembly"
1100:
In cases where no candidate for President of the United States receives a majority in the
8:
3771:
3324:
2630:
1586:
1534:
1291:
Quorum-busting has been used for centuries. For instance, in 1840 during his time in the
846:
833:
362:
have the power to compel the attendance of absent members; this procedure, authorized by
2699:
1933:
1890:
3731:
3584:
1415:, certain of defeat if a quorum were present, took a plane to the neighboring state of
1387:
1224:
877:
775:
of the council paid a silent tribute to late leader of the People's Republic of China,
528:
272:
104:
3219:
811:
resolution to amend the provisions for the election of the territory's Chief Executive
411:
are rung for four minutes, and if a quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned.
3822:
3784:
3622:
3612:
3417:
3402:
3374:
3154:
2754:
2730:
2459:
2252:
2209:
1710:
1626:
1423:
1391:
941:
476:
392:
1907:
1646:
3655:
2784:
1672:
1481:
went to Illinois in order to bust the necessary 20-member quorum. Democrats in the
1478:
1442:. The group, nicknamed the "Texas Eleven", stayed in New Mexico for 46 days before
1236:
784:
609:
573:
450:
313:
91:
16:
Minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct business
3807:
3788:
3488:
2911:
1679:
1457:
1439:
1249:
1197:
1181:
1032:
489:
437:
317:
297:
279:
or its variants, a quorum is the same as the assembly unless otherwise provided.
205:
132:
1346:
52:
3617:
3483:
3397:
2501:
1596:
1235:
had resulted in the Democrats losing of nine seats. Democratic Majority Leader
1188:
for absent Senators, and after checking several empty offices, spotted Senator
1174:
1143:
1124:
1089:
of their respective members (currently 218 in the House and 51 in the Senate).
1009:
292:
245:
151:
147:
3117:"A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules, The Reed Rules"
1139:, the procedure was last used in the early morning hours of 25 February 1988.
3801:
3528:
3158:
3070:"Oregon Republicans No-Show At Vote On $ 2 Billion Tax, Shutting Senate Down"
1542:
1503:
1443:
1427:
1147:
629:
174:
1759:
1431:
1220:
1215:
Prior to 1988, the last time the procedure had been used was during a 1942
1205:
1123:
that "A quorum shall consist of a majority of the Senators duly chosen and
1017:
709:
577:
328:
261:
96:
3244:
2847:
933:) is needed to muster a quorum. If someone contests the lack of quorum, a
399:
is permitted to change the quorum for each House by ordinary legislation.
3319:
2824:
2357:
1810:
1577:
1461:
Steve Allison isolating in a side room of the chamber due to contracting
1350:
1189:
776:
659:
407:, and is not reduced by the death or resignation of a member or senator.
56:
1704:
111:; a similar quorum was necessary in the following century for grants of
3765:
2654:"Parliamentary Practice in New Zealand: Members' Conditions of Service"
1558:
1530:
1435:
1310:
1257:
1216:
787:
refused to return to the chamber, forcing the meeting to be adjourned.
463:
2779:
1306:
771:
Quorum-busting was used at least twice since 1997. In 2005, when some
3304:
1507:
1245:
1163:
736:
268:
100:
395:
at one-third of the whole number of MPs and senators, respectively,
3369:
2723:
The Justices of the Peace in England, 1558–1640: A Later Eirenarcha
1462:
1416:
1313:
led the "Killer Ds" walkout, a prominent example of quorum-busting.
1159:
1086:
1036:
619:
502:
345:
166:
108:
2008:"Standing Rules and Orders of the Queensland Legislative Assembly"
3645:
3422:
3359:
2602:"One Sick Lawmaker Makes Vote on Hong Kong Democracy a Landslide"
2308:"Order, Please!: The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly"
2169:
1209:
1013:
679:
669:
599:
296:
retrospectively by a ruling of the presiding officer, subject to
237:
2993:"Texas House authorizes arrests of no-show Democratic lawmakers"
2612:
from the original on 11 July 2016 – via www.bloomberg.com.
1930:"Chapter 8, Odgers' Australian Senate Practice Eleventh Edition"
1130:
3046:"Indiana GOP Drops Union Bill, but Democrats Stay Out of State"
2815:
1582:
1518:
1201:
791:
the meeting to be adjourned. The resignation was intended as a
699:
327:
Any other business that is conducted is not valid unless it is
1709:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 21.
944:, quorums are notoriously difficult to muster, more so in the
3218:
1453:
1193:
719:
352:
303:
241:
159:
3585:
Rescind, repeal, annul or amend something previously adopted
1891:
Voting and Quorum Procedures in the House of Representatives
752:
stipulates that the quorum required for the meetings of the
2749:
2385:. Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. May 2013. Archived from
1262:
2684:
1893:, Congressional Research Service (March 26, 2020), p. 12.
1585:– the quorum of 10 Jews (traditionally, ten male adults,
1227:
senators had spent days filibustering legislation to end
1047:
The large deliberative bodies of the United Nations (the
1020:, are required to be present for a debate to take place.
580:
is being given to bills. The quorum of the Senate is 15.
3123:. The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Rules.
2849:
Quorum Requirements in the Senate: Committee and Chamber
2621:
2619:
2103:
Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988
960:, unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution, the
188:
Quorums are often required by traditional handbooks of
1115:
The Senate has the additional ordinary requirement in
888:
respectively request for its presence to be verified.
783:
suspended the meeting. When the meeting was recalled,
3551:
Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion
1256:, McKellar was later described by Republican Senator
809:
On 18 June 2015, when the LegCo was due to vote on a
583:
2821:"UN Security Council Provisional Rules of Procedure"
2680:"Turkey rebrands as 'TĂĽrkiye' at the United Nations"
2616:
1811:"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 3)"
1299:
leapt out of a first story window (the doors of the
3696:
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure
3519:
Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls
2785:"UN Economic and Social Council Rules of Procedure"
2412:"Standing Orders - Legislative Assembly of Ontario"
1023:Historically, the quorum was a select group of the
3044:
2855:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
2651:
1184:and his staff searched the Capitol's corridor and
324:that absent members be contacted during a recess.
3147:"The History and Lessons of Congressional Crises"
2965:Pollock, Alexa Ura and Cassandra (12 July 2021).
2275:"Welcome - Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick"
1204:was in his office, Giugni opened the door with a
320:, or take measures to obtain a quorum, such as a
3799:
2525:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Yukon Act"
2116:"Standing Orders of the NT Legislative Assembly"
418:
403:quorum. The quorum includes the occupant of the
2905:November 14, 1942: Arrests Compel Senate Quorum
1616:
1390:requires a 2/3 majority in each chamber of the
1154:, moved a call of the house after the minority
139:if a quorum is present (or casts valid votes).
2879:
2877:
2380:"Rules of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut"
2140:"Marleau, Robert, and Camille Montpetit, eds.
1489:
876:prescribes that the quorum for both houses of
204:behavior, including an absurd result called a
3260:
2899:
2897:
1815:The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site
1537:to bring back the senators, who had left the
1335:The examples and perspective in this section
1166:in preparation for an all-night session over
1131:Call of the house in the United States Senate
364:Article I, Section 5 of the U.S. Constitution
222:
41:The examples and perspective in this article
3688:The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure
3499:Objection to the consideration of a question
2885:Senate Police Seize Packwood for Quorum Call
1317:
1092:The only exceptions are those stated in the
286:
3274:
2990:
2874:
1906:. Aph.gov.au. 18 March 2005. Archived from
1875:Common Interpretation: Article I, Section 5
1008:The quorum for votes on legislation in the
385:section 39 of the Constitution of Australia
196:. However, quorums have been criticized by
3760:Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms
3267:
3253:
3185:"House quorum rule changed, Jan. 29, 1890"
3067:
2894:
2781:United Nations Economic and Social Council
2572:"Bundestag bricht ĂĽberraschend Sitzung ab"
1769:. American Institute of Parliamentarians.
1353:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
304:Limited actions in the absence of a quorum
283:"present" at the designated meeting time.
3365:Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
1757:
1422:Similarly, the minority Democrats in the
1369:Learn how and when to remove this message
351:When a call of the house is ordered, the
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
3016:
2938:
2755:"UN General Assembly Rules of Procedure"
2142:House of Commons Procedure and Practice.
1305:
90:
3710:Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure
3114:
3095:
2964:
2845:
2720:
2305:
2240:from the original on 20 September 2011.
1252:. Then 73 years old and the third-most
366:is rarely used in the modern Congress.
3800:
3509:Consideration by paragraph or seriatim
3043:Burton, Thomas M. (24 February 2011).
3042:
2991:Goldenstein, Taylor (10 August 2021).
2923:
2480:"Quorum - National Assembly of Québec"
2464:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2214:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1861:
1842:
1797:
1745:
1733:
1703:Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011).
1702:
1548:
1541:to bust the needed quorum. State Sen.
994:has a quorum of 40 MPs, including the
779:, against the Rules of Procedure, the
758:transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong
248:). The quorum may also be set by law.
3680:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
3295:Principles of parliamentary procedure
3248:
3229:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
2862:from the original on 12 December 2017
2710:from the original on 4 December 2009.
2535:from the original on 21 October 2013.
2512:from the original on 20 October 2013.
2490:from the original on 21 October 2013.
2368:from the original on 8 December 2012.
2263:from the original on 4 December 2016.
2196:from the original on 25 November 2015
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1838:
1836:
1821:from the original on 12 November 2004
1706:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
1619:Democracy and Participation in Athens
1477:, fourteen Democratic members of the
1381:
250:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
99:. A quorum of 6,000 was required for
3127:from the original on 27 January 2016
3115:Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998).
2761:from the original on 13 January 2012
2446:from the original on 21 October 2013
2422:from the original on 5 January 2016.
2038:Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899
2025:Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899
1793:
1791:
1723:from the original on 13 August 2017.
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1321:
1177:were signed for all 46 Republicans:
1173:Byrd's motion was approved 45-3 and
925:, half of the membership (13 in the
765:panels, committees and subcommittees
334:
208:, where a proposal may pass because
27:
3717:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
2250:
1873:Martin B. Gold & Ronald Weich,
1684:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary
1468:
387:set the quorum for sittings of the
310:to fix the time to which to adjourn
219:to pass (e.g. 25% of all members).
13:
3739:Odgers' Australian Senate Practice
3290:History of parliamentary procedure
3195:from the original on 28 March 2017
3165:from the original on 28 March 2017
3121:archives.democrats.rules.house.gov
3017:Barragán, James (19 August 2021).
2846:Rybicki, Elizabeth (8 June 2017).
2797:from the original on 31 March 2012
2522:
2315:Canadian Study of Parliament Group
1848:
1833:
1817:. The Robert's Rules Association.
584:Provincial and territorial quorums
14:
3834:
3746:House of Representatives Practice
3534:Request to be excused from a duty
3211:
3057:from the original on 14 May 2018.
2582:from the original on 16 June 2012
2150:from the original on 28 July 2011
1788:
1776:from the original on 3 March 2016
1739:
1689:
1276:
1042:
1012:is 30, but just three of the 753
981:
970:constitutional referendum of 2007
481:one-third + President (13 of 36)
3783:
3466:Fix the time to which to adjourn
3413:Limit or extend limits of debate
2939:Eltohamy, Farah (14 July 2021).
2914:." United States Senate History.
2823:. United Nations. Archived from
2578:. Spiegel Online. 15 June 2012.
2287:from the original on 31 May 2013
1758:Stackpole, John D. (July 2001).
1483:Indiana House of Representatives
1326:
1062:
988:Parliament of the United Kingdom
754:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
564:sets quorum for sittings of the
484:one-third + Speaker (21 of 59)
32:
3559:Request for any other privilege
3524:Motions relating to nominations
3177:
3139:
3108:
3089:
3068:VanderHart, Dirk (7 May 2019).
3061:
3036:
3010:
2984:
2958:
2932:
2917:
2839:
2817:United Nations Security Council
2809:
2773:
2751:United Nations General Assembly
2743:
2714:
2692:
2672:
2645:
2594:
2564:
2539:
2516:
2494:
2472:
2426:
2404:
2372:
2350:
2328:
2306:Marland, Alex (February 2011).
2299:
2267:
2244:
2222:
2176:
2162:
2144:2000 ed. Accessed 13 June 2008"
2132:
2108:
2095:
2082:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1922:
1896:
1884:
1881:, National Constitution Center.
1867:
1502:staged a five-day walkout over
1057:United Nations Security Council
962:Turkish Grand National Assembly
956:According to article 96 of the
3446:Call for the orders of the day
3235:"Voting and Quorum Procedures"
2924:Donald, David Herbert (1995).
2523:Branch, Legislative Services.
2358:"Rules and Forms of Procedure"
1803:
1751:
1727:
1665:
1639:
1610:
1408:Texas House of Representatives
1068:Article I, Section 5, Clause 1
916:
891:
217:share of the entire membership
1:
3570:Motions that bring a question
3451:Raise a question of privilege
3096:Axelrod, Tal (20 June 2019).
1603:
1170:for congressional elections.
974:presidential election of 2007
419:State and territorial quorums
369:
3703:Riddick's Rules of Procedure
2721:Gleason, John Howes (1969).
1932:. Aph.gov.au. Archived from
760:, the quorum was set at 20.
743:
516:Australian Capital Territory
374:
7:
2928:. Random House. p. 77.
2336:"Northwest Territories Act"
1571:
1490:Oregon (2001, 2019–present)
1349:, discuss the issue on the
1053:Economic and Social Council
923:Congress of the Philippines
904:
800:geographical constituencies
549:National Council of Austria
55:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3839:
3408:Postpone to a certain time
2173:, Vict. 1867, c. 3, s. 35
1623:Cambridge University Press
1072:United States Constitution
855:
827:
730:
566:House of Commons of Canada
542:
229:
18:
3781:
3753:Bourinot's Rules of Order
3671:Parliamentary authorities
3669:
3636:
3603:
3572:again before the assembly
3568:
3474:
3436:
3383:
3282:
1452:House Representatives in
1318:Recent prominent examples
1272:Barkley got his quorum...
951:
640:Newfoundland and Labrador
555:
287:Determination of a quorum
3651:Declare the chair vacant
3514:Division of the assembly
2652:New Zealand Parliament.
2101:Subsection 18(1) of the
1879:Interactive Constitution
1678:23 November 2016 at the
1617:Sinclair, R. K. (1988).
1553:The similar tactic of a
1529:. On 20 June 2019, Gov.
1500:House of Representatives
1400:2003 Texas redistricting
1079:House of Representatives
946:House of Representatives
931:House of Representatives
867:
823:
781:president of the council
389:House of Representatives
3818:Parliamentary procedure
3638:Disciplinary procedures
3547:Request for information
3276:Parliamentary procedure
3226:Encyclopædia Britannica
2727:Oxford University Press
2529:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
2340:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
1651:www.merriam-webster.com
1513:Beginning in May 2019,
1475:2011 Wisconsin protests
1186:Senate office buildings
1179:Senate Sergeant-at-Arms
1168:campaign finance reform
1077:Therefore, in both the
818:1989 Tiananmen massacre
232:Robert's Rules of Order
225:Robert's Rules of Order
198:social choice theorists
194:Robert's Rules of Order
190:parliamentary procedure
129:parliamentary procedure
21:Quorum (disambiguation)
3605:Legislative procedures
3555:Request to read papers
3539:Requests and inquiries
3504:Division of a question
2910:29 August 2017 at the
2627:"Rajya sabha handbook"
1647:"Definition of QUORUM"
1591:Jewish communal prayer
1527:emissions trading bill
1506:. Then-Representative
1314:
1274:
1152:Senate Majority Leader
898:New Zealand Parliament
750:Basic Law of Hong Kong
562:Constitution Act, 1867
360:United States Congress
342:voluntary associations
277:committee of the whole
116:
3813:Political terminology
3590:Discharge a committee
3543:Parliamentary inquiry
3393:Postpone indefinitely
3300:Deliberative assembly
2506:www.legassembly.sk.ca
2090:Constitution Act 1934
2077:Constitution Act 1934
2064:Constitution Act 1934
2051:Constitution Act 1934
1995:Constitution Act 1975
1982:Constitution Act 1975
1969:Constitution Act 1902
1956:Constitution Act 1902
1904:"Guide to Procedures"
1309:
1267:
1025:justices of the peace
843:Constitution of India
830:Constitution of India
828:Further information:
773:pro-democracy members
650:Northwest Territories
432:Legislative Assembly
358:Both chambers of the
230:Further information:
156:justices of the peace
125:deliberative assembly
94:
3628:Recall of Parliament
2633:on 27 September 2012
2170:The Constitution Act
1566:Thomas Brackett Reed
1539:Oregon State Capitol
1525:in opposition to an
1347:improve this section
1337:may not represent a
1293:Illinois Legislature
1137:United States Senate
1029:early modern Britain
958:Turkish Constitution
874:Italian Constitution
690:Prince Edward Island
576:, for example, when
523:majority (13 of 25)
455:One-third (14 of 40)
61:create a new article
53:improve this article
43:may not represent a
19:For other uses, see
3772:ABC of Chairmanship
3580:Take from the table
3051:Wall Street Journal
2706:. 23 October 2008.
2550:Deutscher Bundestag
2346:on 21 October 2013.
2324:on 21 October 2013.
2251:Justice, Manitoba.
1954:Section 22H of the
1910:on 21 December 2008
1587:above the age of 13
1555:disappearing quorum
1549:Disappearing quorum
1535:Oregon State Police
882:Chamber of Deputies
834:Parliament of India
785:pro-Beijing members
763:The quorum for the
429:Legislative Council
154:formerly issued to
3732:Lex Parliamentaria
3476:Incidental motions
3438:Privileged motions
3385:Subsidiary motions
3151:The New York Times
2790:. United Nations.
2757:. United Nations.
2230:"Constitution Act"
2088:Section 25 of the
2075:Section 20 of the
2062:Section 37 of the
2049:Section 26 of the
2036:Section 24 of the
2023:Section 24 of the
1993:Section 32 of the
1980:Section 40 of the
1967:Section 32 of the
1864:, pp. 350–351
1653:. 23 November 2023
1625:. pp. 114–9.
1523:series of walkouts
1517:state senators in
1388:Texas Constitution
1382:Texas (2003, 2021)
1315:
1284:, also known as a
1027:in each county in
872:Article 64 of the
748:Article 75 of the
591:Province/Territory
529:Northern Territory
127:(a body that uses
117:
105:Athenian democracy
95:Vote cast against
3795:
3794:
3623:Motion to pass on
3613:Call of the house
3494:Suspend the rules
3418:Previous question
3375:Unanimous consent
3355:Order of business
3023:The Texas Tribune
2997:Houston Chronicle
2971:The Texas Tribune
2945:The Texas Tribune
2891:25 February 1988.
2889:Los Angeles Times
2736:978-0-19-821383-3
2660:on 4 October 2023
2392:on 7 October 2013
1936:on 15 August 2008
1716:978-0-306-82020-5
1424:Texas Legislature
1392:Texas Legislature
1379:
1378:
1371:
1233:midterm elections
1231:, days after the
1225:Southern Democrat
1109:Electoral College
1102:Electoral College
1094:Twelfth Amendment
942:lame-duck session
728:
727:
540:
539:
477:Western Australia
335:Call of the house
89:
88:
81:
63:, as appropriate.
3830:
3787:
3691:(TSC or Sturgis)
3428:Lay on the table
3269:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3222:
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2901:
2892:
2883:Lauter, David. "
2881:
2872:
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2718:
2712:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:. Archived from
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2629:. Archived from
2623:
2614:
2613:
2608:. 18 June 2015.
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
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2498:
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2484:www.assnat.qc.ca
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2397:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2362:nslegislature.ca
2354:
2348:
2347:
2342:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2317:. Archived from
2312:
2303:
2297:
2296:
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1636:
1614:
1589:) necessary for
1479:Wisconsin Senate
1469:Wisconsin (2011)
1374:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1242:Kenneth McKellar
1237:Alben W. Barkley
1162:into the Senate
1085:, a quorum is a
1049:General Assembly
1016:, including the
992:House of Commons
798:across all five
610:British Columbia
588:
587:
574:Senate of Canada
423:
422:
177:". As a result,
84:
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3789:Politics portal
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2912:Wayback Machine
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2184:"Archived copy"
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1686:, 11th Edition.
1680:Wayback Machine
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1593:to be conducted
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1458:Washington D.C.
1440:special session
1402:, the majority
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1297:Abraham Lincoln
1279:
1271:
1265:to let him in:
1250:Mayflower Hotel
1198:Robert Packwood
1182:Henry K. Giugni
1175:arrest warrants
1133:
1087:simple majority
1065:
1045:
984:
954:
929:and 159 in the
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858:
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560:In Canada, the
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490:South Australia
438:New South Wales
426:State/Territory
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372:
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246:standing orders
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206:no-show paradox
158:, derived from
150:wording of the
107:, according to
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3484:Point of order
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3283:Major concepts
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3257:
3249:
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3240:. U.S. Senate.
3231:
3220:"Quorum"
3213:
3212:External links
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2827:on 10 May 2012
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1339:worldwide view
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1282:Quorum-busting
1278:
1277:Quorum-busting
1275:
1254:senior Senator
1144:Robert C. Byrd
1132:
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1121:Standing Rules
1113:
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1001:However, if a
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3529:Prayer motion
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2009:
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1983:
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1845:, p. 348
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180:
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165:, "of whom",
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3723:Jefferson's
3715:
3708:
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3314:
3224:
3197:. Retrieved
3188:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3150:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3120:
3110:
3101:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3073:
3063:
3050:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3022:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2970:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2944:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2888:
2864:. Retrieved
2848:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2745:
2722:
2716:
2703:
2694:
2683:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:the original
2605:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2556:29 September
2554:. Retrieved
2549:
2541:
2528:
2518:
2505:
2496:
2483:
2474:
2448:. Retrieved
2428:
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2374:
2361:
2352:
2344:the original
2339:
2330:
2319:the original
2314:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2269:
2256:
2246:
2233:
2224:
2198:. Retrieved
2178:
2168:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2141:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2110:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1898:
1886:
1878:
1869:
1823:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1778:. Retrieved
1766:
1753:
1748:, p. 99
1741:
1729:
1705:
1683:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1618:
1612:
1554:
1552:
1512:
1493:
1472:
1448:
1432:Texas Senate
1421:
1397:
1385:
1365:
1356:
1336:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1221:civil rights
1214:
1206:skeleton key
1172:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1091:
1076:
1066:
1046:
1022:
1018:Lord Speaker
1007:
1000:
985:
978:
967:
955:
939:
920:
908:
895:
871:
863:
859:
851:
837:
815:
808:
804:
793:
789:
770:
762:
747:
734:
710:Saskatchewan
578:royal assent
559:
546:
413:
409:
401:
378:
357:
350:
338:
326:
307:
290:
281:
266:
262:mass meeting
255:
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212:
209:
202:pathological
187:
182:
178:
170:
162:
143:
141:
136:
120:
118:
97:Themistocles
75:
66:
42:
25:
3350:Main motion
3330:Recognition
2576:Der Spiegel
2552:(in German)
2200:25 November
1862:Robert 2011
1843:Robert 2011
1825:13 December
1798:Robert 2011
1767:aipparl.org
1746:Robert 2011
1734:Robert 2011
1599:in bacteria
1578:Quorum call
1473:During the
1404:Republicans
1398:During the
1190:Steve Symms
1156:Republicans
1150:, then the
968:Before the
917:Philippines
892:New Zealand
884:and in the
839:Article 100
777:Zhao Ziyang
660:Nova Scotia
536:10 (of 25)
510:14 (of 25)
497:17 (of 47)
471:17 (of 93)
458:21 (of 88)
445:21 (of 93)
113:citizenship
69:August 2017
3802:Categories
3766:Morin code
3595:Reconsider
3131:27 January
3028:28 October
3002:28 October
2950:28 October
2866:31 January
2502:"Glossary"
2450:21 October
2291:21 October
1780:23 January
1657:5 December
1632:0521423899
1604:References
1559:filibuster
1531:Kate Brown
1515:Republican
1496:Democratic
1450:Democratic
1436:New Mexico
1434:, fled to
1311:Jim Dunnam
1258:Bill Frist
1229:poll taxes
1217:filibuster
1164:cloakrooms
910:Article 55
878:Parliament
847:Parliament
796:referendum
494:10 (of 22)
464:Queensland
397:Parliament
381:Section 22
370:By country
269:committees
258:convention
200:for their
169:plural of
152:commission
146:is from a
103:under the
3305:Committee
3159:0362-4331
3081:3 October
2124:3 January
1508:Mark Hass
1494:In 2001,
1413:Democrats
1351:talk page
1246:Tennessee
935:roll call
744:Hong Kong
737:Bundestag
724:majority
674:majority
654:majority
507:7 (of 15)
442:9 (of 42)
375:Australia
142:The term
101:ostracism
57:talk page
3823:Majority
3370:Majority
3199:27 March
3193:Archived
3189:POLITICO
3169:27 March
3163:Archived
3125:Archived
3102:The Hill
3055:Archived
2908:Archived
2857:Archived
2831:23 April
2819:(1983).
2801:23 April
2792:Archived
2765:23 April
2759:Archived
2708:Archived
2704:BBC News
2700:"Quorum"
2610:Archived
2580:Archived
2533:Archived
2510:Archived
2488:Archived
2460:cite web
2441:Archived
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