Justice of the peace

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criminal matters involving traffic violations and class C misdemeanors punishable by fine only. Pre-trial motion dockets and show-cause hearings are held, and all discovery must be approved by the Judge in advance in civil cases. All criminal matters are controlled by the rules of criminal procedure and evidence. A much more restricted and smaller set of rules apply in civil matters unless, in the Judge's discretion, it is believed to be in the best interests of justice to apply the standard rules of evidence and procedure. The court has the exclusive jurisdiction of evictions. A Texas JP Judge will also magistrate prisoners and set bail. The Judge will hear juvenile violations such as truancy, underage drinking and smoking. Warrants of Arrest, Alias, Search and Capias Profine are issued. Protective Orders can be issued and result in jail time if violated. Several administrative matters are heard including the finding of a Dangerous Dog, Occupational Drivers License and tow hearings. Many writs are issued such as writs of re-entry to apartments, possession of realty and to reinstate utilities a landlord may have turned off. A JP has contempt power of $ 100 and up to 3 days in jail per occurrence. A JP is also authorized to perform marriage ceremonies.

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given to justices choosing to sit in the Youth Court, or those dealing with family matters. New JPs sit with mentors on at least six occasions during their first eighteen months. Justices of the Peace are unpaid appointees, but they may receive allowances to cover travelling expenses, subsistence, and loss of earnings for those not paid by their employer while sitting as a magistrate, up to £116.78 a day. Such person may sit at any magistrates' court in England and Wales, but in practice they are appointed to their local bench (a colloquial and legal term for the local court). Justices of the Peace often sit as a panel of three; two as a minimum in most cases, save for cases under the Single Justice Procedure. Many are members of the Magistrates' Association, which provides advice, training and represents magistrates. Justices of the Peace must sit for a minimum of 26 sessions (half-days) per year. An employer must, by law, allow a Justice of the Peace reasonable time off work to serve as such.

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lawsuits up to a limit of $ 10,000, small claims cases up to $ 2,500 (up to $ 3,500 in Maricopa County), and issues evictions, called writs of restitution (after a forcible detainer or special detainer action (eviction) being successfully completed by a landlord). Justices of the peace, also called JPs, or Judges of the Justice Court, are elected in partisan elections for four-year terms from specific districts called precincts. They have the same authority and responsibility as all other judges in the state with respect to performing marriages, administering oaths, adhering to the code of judicial conduct, and all aspects of justice administration. However, Arizona law does not require justices of the peace to be lawyers. Many justices of the peace are not legally trained, although all are required by the Arizona Supreme Court to complete a course at the Arizona Judicial College. As with JPs, municipal judges in Arizona are not required to be lawyers.

22: 537:) within Victoria. Bail justices, once appointed, may remain in their role until they turn 70 years of age (although they must be under 65 at the time of their appointment). They are often required to attend call outs and rule on bail applications or protection applications for children in danger on weekends and late at night when the courts are closed, but they can also witness Victorian statutory declarations and affidavits. Candidates must successfully complete a three-day training course run by the Department of Justice. Bail justices, who are also volunteers, also have some limited powers under federal legislation, including the power to conduct interstate extradition hearings and extending question time for federal police. Bail Justices may use the 1579:

who do not sit in the magistrates' courts. The first lay magistrates were appointed in 2005. Two lay magistrates sit with the district judge (magistrates' court) in criminal proceedings involving children (replacing the former lay panelists) and Family Proceedings Court matters. The district judge (magistrates' court), who is a barrister or solicitor of at least seven years standing, presides over the bench. Most criminal justice functions of JPs were transferred to lay magistrates. It is expected that there will be no further appointments of justices of the peace in Northern Ireland, although those already appointed retain the title and any functions not transferred to lay magistrate under the 2002 Act.

2437:. In 1994, the remaining justice courts were consolidated into the municipal courts by the passage of Proposition 191, and in 1998, the electorate passed Proposition 220, which authorized the merger of the remaining municipal courts (the only remaining courts of inferior jurisdiction) into the superior courts (the courts of general jurisdiction). However, the judges affected by each merger in each county had to affirmatively consent and the municipal court judges then had to formally become superior court judges. This process was completed on February 8, 2001, when California's last four municipal court judges were sworn in as superior court judges in 1081:

additional session judges act as ex-officio justices of the peace as per Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. An Ex-officio Justice of the Peace may issue appropriate directions to the police authorities concerned on a complaint regarding- (i) non-registration of a criminal case; (ii) transfer of investigation from one police officer to another; and (iii) neglect, failure or excess committed by a police authority in relation to its functions and duties. Such functions being quasi-judicial in nature could not be termed as executive, administrative or ministerial.(PLD 2016 Supreme Court 581)

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same-sex couples. They may also order compulsory mental examinations for good cause, act as a magisterial official regarding enforcement complaints on orders for isolation or quarantine issued by the Commissioner of Health and Human Services, administer oaths of office to public officials, take depositions and issue subpoenas. New Hampshire justices of the peace are also authorized, upon a showing of probable cause supported by affidavit, to issue arrest warrants, search warrants, administrative inspection warrants and by court appointment, to fix and receive bail in criminal cases.

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abolish the post on a county-by-county basis. For example, Leon County, the location of Tallahassee, Florida's capital city, voted to abolish justices of the peace (and their associated constables) in the Fall elections of 1958. By 1958, the county commission had reduced the number of JOP districts from a turn-of-the-century peak of 13 districts to just two districts. The automobile age made the county sheriff able to patrol the entire county and made it possible for the citizenry to travel to the courthouse for legal proceedings.

1588: 881:. Nowadays, justices of the peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. They have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons, institutions for young offenders and drug addicts, psychiatric hospitals, remand homes, places of refuge, reception and detention centres, administering statutory declarations, and serving as members of advisory panels. They also monitor the drawing of the 1923:, a process that took place from 1981 to 1988. The duties that were attached to the office of Justice of the Peace were fully transferred to the Notary Public in 1988. The office currently named as "Justice of the Peace" in Maine is a court officer, an attorney, involved in the process of issuing warrants and responding to complaints. The office however is not related to either the current Notary Public office or the previous Justice of the Peace office and is part of the 6966: 6980: 2031: 1941: 1837: 1755: 1672: 381: 289: 1741:

creating new ordinances (at the misdemeanor level), setting property tax millage levels, and working with other elected officials. The full-time elected county administrator, who presides over the quorum court, is the county judge. Neither JPs nor the county judge have any judicial authority, though they do have the power to preside over civil marriages. Justices of the peace are elected every two years to these partisan offices.

1291:. JPs are appointed by the Crown, but the Lord Chief Justice regulates their duties and defines their powers. The first JPs were warranted with duties including granting bail; issuing search warrants and subpoenas; taking affidavits, declarations and oaths; and having the power to witness documents. Term of office is one year and officials can be reappointed. The initial 19 JPs appointed were: ‘Aisea Ta’ofi and Sione Hinakau of 991:, also abbreviated JP) have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates. However, state governments continue to appoint justices of the peace as honours. In 2004, some associations of justices of the peace pressed the federal government to allow justices of the peace to sit as second-class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts. 954:(Irish police). A peace commissioner can witness the signature of an affidavit. In addition Peace Commissioners can sign custody agreements between legal guardians in relation to visitation etc. These agreements are legally binding and can be altered only by a Judge in the regular courts. Peace Commissioners are appointed on the basis of good character and usually prominent standing in their local communities. 5770: 1571:

consisted of legally qualified resident magistrates (now known as district judges (magistrates' courts)) sitting alone, except in cases involving children, where two lay panelists sat with the magistrate. Justices of the peace were confined to the power to conduct committal hearings, bind persons over to the peace, sign warrants, summons, and other official documents. They were appointed by the

2119:, state law generally makes justice courts independent of New York's Office of Court Administration (OCA) and instead makes justice courts the responsibility of their sponsoring localities. Town justice courts are often called town courts, and village justice courts are often called village courts. City courts in New York State handle mostly the same types of cases but are not justice courts. 445:(Colloquially, "The ACT"), there is only the single level of 'Justice of the Peace'. They are appointed on an as-needed basis, and a potential appointee must be an Australian Citizen, and both a resident of, and enrolled on the electoral roll, of the territory. They must also not be an undischarged bankrupt, and consent to criminal history checks being undertaken prior to appointment. 2092:

office has been abolished. Under Minnesota law, however, judges, retired judges, court administrators, retired court administrators, and other public officials designated in statute may officiate or solemnize marriage ceremonies in addition to licensed or ordained ministers of any religious denomination who have filed their credentials with a county registrar (Minn, Stat. 517.04).

1444:, meaning this is not formally required. Section 7 of the Courts Act 2003 states that "There shall be a commission of the peace for England and Wales—…b) addressed generally, and not by name, to all such persons as may from time to time hold office as justices of the peace for England and Wales". Thus, every magistrate in England and Wales may act as a magistrate anywhere there. 2130:. However, in common usage, most people, including lawyers, call them judge. In general, justices in justice court do not have to be lawyers, except for justice courts with jurisdiction in villages. The vast majority are not. Many of these courts are in small towns and villages where none of the residents are lawyers. In the larger towns, the justices are almost always lawyers. 2168:, only within the county in which the town or village for which they serve is located; they may administer oaths and affirmations and take acknowledgments and proofs of execution. Some Justices seek and obtain a formal New York notary public commission to permit free travel statewide and enjoy the additional privileges and international legal recognition of a notary public. 2354:

assessed value of property for real estate tax purposes is appealed to the board of civil authority, at least three board members are appointed to inspect the property. They may perform civil marriages throughout the state and are eligible to serve as notaries without payment of the usual registration fee. Justices may also serve as a magistrate when commissioned by the

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attorney-general and appointed by the governor-in-council, and it is their job to authorise and witness statutory declarations and affidavits within the state of Victoria. As of August 2022, there are currently around 3500 JPs and bail justices in Victoria, who collectively sign more than 1.5 million documents and assist more than 350,000 people each year.

228:, also administered the county at a local level. Their many roles included regulating wages and food supplies, managing roads, bridges, prisons and workhouses and they undertook to provide and supervise locally those services mandated by the Crown and Parliament for the welfare of the county. To this end they set the County Rate, where one was set at all. 1048:

relevant training, exams, and assignments are successfully completed, they can be sworn in as a JJP. This means they can then be assigned to the bench in the relevant District Court to oversee minor criminal cases. These would involve tasks such as the exercise of powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings.

1101:. JP in Singapore are appointed amongst outstanding individuals in Singapore who have made significant contributions in their professions, the public service, social services and the community at large by the President of the Republic of Singapore, under section 11(1) of the State Courts Act 1970 for a renewable five-year term. 830:, justices of the peace can preside over judicial interim release (bail) hearings and other criminal hearings. JPs can also exercise jurisdiction over provincial regulatory offences and municipal by-law prosecutions. JPs must retire by reaching the age of 65, but may continue working until 75 subject to the approval of the 818:, justices may hear summary conviction matters, municipal by-laws, and certain criminal matters. However, in more populated provinces justices usually preside over bail hearings and provincial offences courts. When not in a court session, a justice can perform other judicial functions, such as issuing search warrants. 5751:, which included the right to a trial by jury, before a lawyer-judge; therefore, the Supreme Court found it unnecessary to decide whether the proceeding before a lay officer, which resulted in a sentence of thirty days in jail for driving under the influence, violated the constitutional rights of the defendant." 2335:

A JP in a large precinct in a large county will work 5 days a week, 8 or more hours daily. Their duties will include, but are not necessarily limited to the following: trials of civil matters, both to a 6-person jury and to the bench, with an amount in controversy not exceeding $ 20,000.00. Trials of

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While justices and their court clerks receive training from OCA, there is tremendous variability in how cases are handled. This includes court procedures and substantive results. Some courts will dismiss a traffic ticket if the officer does not appear for a trial, while others will adjourn the matter

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Justices of the Peace are trained volunteers. No formal qualifications are required but magistrates need intelligence, common sense, integrity and the capacity to act fairly. Membership is widely spread throughout the local area and drawn from all walks of life following a rigorous selection process

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can apply to the Ministry of Justice giving his or her credentials to be appointed as a justice of the peace. However, the applicant should be one who has served the public and carries out social service and should be of good standing. These JPs would be appointed with legal authority in all parts of

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May under the Societies Act 1966, enter or authorize any police officer to enter any place if they believe that a meeting of an unlawful society is being held there. They may also issue a search warrant to seize any items connected to the unlawful society and warrant of arrest on any persons found in

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Newly appointed justices of the peace are required by Section 17 of the State Courts Act to take the oath of office and allegiance as set out in the schedule to the State Courts Act, before exercising the functions of their good office. The President may also revoke the appointment of any Justice of

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Under the law, an Issuing Officer does not have to be a Justice of the Peace - Holders of some positions within the judicial system (e.g. Registrar or Deputy Registrar of a court) are Issuing Officers automatically under the law while serving in those roles, and cease to be so when they are not. For

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Original jurisdiction in "criminal matters of misdemeanor cases punishable by fine only" (under the Texas Penal Code such offenses are called "Class C" misdemeanors, generally involving traffic offenses or public intoxication; however, in jurisdictions with a municipal court, if the traffic offense

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Texas does not require a JP to be an attorney in good standing. However, JPs are required to be "well versed in the law" and take mandatory classes to retain their office. New JPs are required to take 80 hours of legal, state-mandated classes the first year, and 20 hours each year thereafter during

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Florida had justices of the peace (with corresponding constables) from the time of its acquisition from Spain in 1821 until the Florida Constitution was amended in 1968 to abolish the post. From about 1940 to 1968, Florida counties had the ability to hold local referendums to allow county voters to

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or county supervisor in some other states. Arkansas JPs sit on a county quorum court, composed of 9, 11, 13 or 15 JPs. The quorum court is a part-time body, elected from single-member districts, that has overall responsibility for county affairs. Among their responsibilities are passing the budget,

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The Justice (Northern Ireland) Act 2002 introduced a new office of lay magistrate, to sit alongside resident magistrates at magistrates' courts in certain matters. Unlike in England and Wales, "lay magistrate" is the official title of the position, to distinguish from existing justices of the peace

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refused to provide any. It was relatively common for these magistrates to write out, on the spot, an order requiring aid to be granted. The magistracy is an ancient institution, dating in England from at least 1327. The role is underpinned by the principles of 'local justice' and 'justice by one's

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The lead magistrate is known as a Presiding Justice (PJ) and should be addressed in court as "sir" or "ma'am" or "your worship", and the magistrates collectively as "your worships". In writing they are their usual name followed by "JP" (for Justice of the Peace). Other magistrates on the bench are

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and covers the necessary law and procedure required for their role. They continue to receive training throughout their judicial career, and are appraised every four years (every two years for a Presiding Justice) to check that they continue to remain competent in their role. Additional training is

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In Minnesota, the office of the Justice of the Peace was abolished in 1977 (Minn. Stat. 487.35). It has not existed for 40-plus years although some people who offer private wedding officiant services erroneously claim to be Justices of the Peace, this term may not properly be used inasmuch as the

2017:, and are also empowered to issue certain writs. Justices of peace are also empowered to keep the peace and suppress riots, and enforce all laws that keep public peace. Furthermore, upon the recommendation of a town selectman, they may be authorized by the governor to take bail in criminal cases. 1435:

to local authorities. The magistrates now act in licensing matters only as an appeal court from the decisions of the local authority. Justices of the Peace are responsible for granting orders such as search warrants to the Police and other authorities. They used to have to live within 15 miles of

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those individuals who have demonstrated the five key qualities for appointment which are: (1) awareness of social issues; (2) maturity and understanding; (3) reliability and commitment; (4) understanding of documents and effective communication; and (5) logical thinking. Justices of the Peace are

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Appointment as a JJP is at the pleasure of the Secretary for Justice, generally for a minimum of 5 years, and for as long as there is a need in the area an individual resides. Should an individual move abroad, to an area of New Zealand where the service is no longer required, or the local area no

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Ways to find a JP in New South Wales include: 1. Search the JP Public Register. The register lists all JPs for each postcode area and provides a telephone contact number for JPs who serve the community directly. 2. Check a public listing of scheduled JP services to find when JPs are available at

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JPs are appointed by the Governor of New South Wales for five-year terms. They are volunteers, who come from all walks of life and all sections of the community. JPs are people who are trusted to be honest, careful and impartial when performing the functions of a JP. They must not charge a fee or

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In Oregon, Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction over civil lawsuits of less than $ 10,000; evictions; misdemeanors, and violations, like traffic tickets, boating violations, and wildlife violations. Further, Justice Courts have jurisdiction over violations of the county code, and some Justice

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In Oregon, as of 2023, Justices of the Peace preside over 22 Justice Courts. Oregon Justices of the Peace are state court judges, even though their salary is paid by their respective counties. A Justice of the Peace is elected for a term of six years. If a Justice of the Peace position becomes

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If a local JP Federation determines that a need for one or more JJPs exists, they will issue a call for nominations to JPs in their territory. Following closure of nominations, a shortlist will be drawn up, and interviews undertaken. If a prospective applicant passes the interview stage, and the

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A justice of the peace, according to the Ministry of Justice, is a person of unquestionable integrity who seeks to promote and protect the rights of the individual and helps to provide justice to persons in a particular community. Additionally, the JP serves as a justice in petty court sessions,

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Justices of the peace in Louisiana are elected to serve six-year terms as the judicial authority of a ward or district, but not where city courts exist. They have jurisdiction in civil matters when the amount in dispute does not exceed $ 5,000. They do not have jurisdiction when a title to real

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because "there is no available updated register or reliable data base to confirm that the person signing the form as a witness is in fact a Peace Commissioner. In the absence of such verification being possible, the practice was changed to remove the risk of fraudulent activity and maintain the

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Justices of the peace and bail justices, who are also volunteers, are appointed to serve a semi-judicial function in all areas of the Victorian community. The main official roles in the Victorian community include witnessing statutory declarations, witnessing affidavits and hearing bail matters

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There are no Federal level JPs in Australia, as this power is devolved to the State and Territory Governments. Where a Federal Government document or task requires the services of a JP, the rules of each individual State or Territory government will dictate if they have the authority to assist.

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Larger towns can have very busy caseloads, including several sessions a week with dozens of cases at each session, and people may have to wait hours before their cases are heard. In some small towns the caseload is extremely light, and a court might meet once a month and have only a few cases.

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officials, and sit on the boards of civil authority and tax abatement within their municipalities. When assembled as the board of civil authority, they have the authority to decide, in the first instance, election disputes and disagreements about whether a voter should be registered. When the

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New Hampshire justices of the peace are commissioned magisterial officers, appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to terms of five years, with the power to administer oaths, acknowledge instruments, perform marriage ceremonies and, effective 1 January 2008, solemnize civil unions for

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cases and restraining orders, though over cases whose affairs are not contained within the confines of a single municipality. Additionally, the Justice Court hears cases involving county ordinances (ordinances enacted by the board of supervisors that apply only to unincorporated areas), civil

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In Northern Ireland, the situation initially continued as it had in pre-1922 Ireland. However, justices of the peace no longer sat out of petty sessions after 1935 (Summary Jurisdiction and Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1935). Since then, magistrates' courts in Northern Ireland have

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In Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP (Magistrate's Court). A commissioner for declarations (C.dec) has powers limited to witnessing documents, witnessing statutory declarations, witnessing

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Sections 22, 22-A and 22-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 provide for the appointment of justices of the peace by the provincial governments, their powers and duties respectively. However, seldom are justices of the peace appointed in Pakistan outside the judiciary. Session and

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It is pertinent to note however, as many academics have pointed out, that there is great utility in the appointment of such justices especially in rural areas where enmity between rival groups can lead to the inability of registration of cognizable offences and biased judicial proceedings.

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As at 2021, 56% of sitting magistrates were women, 13% were Black, Asian and minority ethnic, and 82% aged above 50 as at 1 April 2021. Kashif M Khan JP was appointed the youngest Magistrate from BME communities in the UK in 1998. He served the Waltham Forest Magistrates court until 2010.

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Justices of the peace provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations, powers of attorney and affidavits. JPs, who are also volunteers, are selected through an extensive interview, written exam and practical testing. They are recommended by the state

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are elected county officials, serving two-year terms. They are elected from each town or city within a county, and the number of justices elected from each municipality varies based on population, from as few as 3 or 5, to as many as 12 or 15. They generally serve as election, poll, and

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As well as presiding in the Magistrates Court, justices of the peace are regularly called upon by the WA Police to sign search warrants and authorise the issuing of summonses. The administrative tasks include witnessing affidavits and documents such as wills and statutory declarations.

1508:(established in 1975), which in turn replaced burgh police courts. Justices sit alone or in threes with a qualified legal assessor as convener or clerk of court. They handle many cases of breaches of the peace – drunkenness, minor assaults, petty theft, and offences under the 900:

Maharaja Prabirendra Mohan Tagore, who was the son of Maharaja Sir Prodyut Kumar Tagore KCSI of Calcutta, was designated a Justice of the Peace in 1932. He played a great part in saving more than 200 Muslim lives during the infamous riots that occurred during the 1947

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JP cases are appealed to the county court level; the appeal results in a trial de novo. In criminal cases, cases beginning in justice court cannot be appealed beyond the county level court unless the fine is more than $ 100 or a constitutional matter is asserted.

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There are two levels of this position within New Zealand: The standard level of 'Justice of the Peace', and a separate 'Judicial Justice of the Peace'. Persons so appointed may use the post-nominals JP and JJP respectively. A JP who is retired may apply to the

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at any time to ascertain whether the prison regulations are adhered to. A JP may also upon receiving a report of an aggravated prison offence, investigate the charge and punish the prisoner if found guilty for up to 30 days confinement and 24 strokes of the

1358:. They decide on offences which carry a community sentence, a prison sentence (maximum of six months for any one offence, up to one year for multiple offences), or an unlimited fine. They are advised on points of law and procedure by a legally qualified 606:

The South Australian Attorney-General has set up a web site to locate justices of the peace. The majority of metropolitan and many regional Councils (Local Government authorities) have a rotational justice of the peace in residence at nominated times.

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from the county or a town or village attorney will prosecute the tickets. This may even vary by the type of officer, with state troopers and deputies prosecuting their tickets and a town attorney prosecuting tickets written by the town police.

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The 2014 Act also abolished the office of stipendiary magistrate...Part-time stipendiary magistrates will become part-time summary sheriffs from 1 April: J Kevin Duffy, Colin Dunipace, J Euan Edment, Sukhwinder Gill, David Griffiths, Diana

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in times of turmoil and riots. Since certain government officers were ex-officio justices of the peace, this allowed British colonial officers to appoint special police officers from the European planters in times of crisis such as the

549:

The most common functions performed by a justice of the peace in New South Wales are to witness the signing of a statutory declaration, witness the signing of an affidavit and certify that a copy of an original document is a true copy.

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proceedings. Proceedings before justices of the peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts. In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a justice of the peace may have the right to a

2207:. Justices of the peace were authorized to marry and had other court duties and assisted in collecting taxes. Duties of the justices were further reduced after the 1868 North Carolina Constitution and inferior courts were abolished. 1034:

of documents, amongst others. In some limited circumstances they may also perform citizenship ceremonies, and act as a 'Visiting Justice' in prisons. They are nominated for office by local Members of Parliament and appointed by the

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All new Justices of the Peace undergo comprehensive training before sitting. There is a mentoring program to help guide new appointees (mentors are magistrates with at least three years' service). The training is delivered by the

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In Glasgow, the volume of business required the employment of three solicitors as "stipendiary magistrates" who sat in place of the lay justices. The stipendiary magistrates' court had the same sentencing power as the summary

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a JP or JJP to exercise this power after 2012, they must apply to become an Issuing Officer separately. The application process involves a further training course and exam, followed by a vetting and approval process by the

3864: 2316:"Such other jurisdiction as may be provided by law". Under this provision, the Legislature has raised the top limit on civil matters to $ 10,000 and assigned the JP courts, among others, the right to hear cases involving 1907:

estate is involved, when the state or any political subdivision is a defendant, or in successions or probate matters. They are authorized to perform marriage ceremonies. There are around 390 such Justices of the peace.

1431:, such as a family jurisdiction, or appeals against matters relating to licensing. Although they had a licensing jurisdiction dealing liquor, betting and clubs licensing applications, this was transferred under the 2228:

Courts act as the municipal court of certain cities. Justice courts do not have jurisdiction over certain types of civil cases, including disputes over title to real estate, false imprisonment, libel, slander, and

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such as France – a paradox due especially to JPs belonging to the same social class as the Members of Parliament and thus having a direct interest in getting laws actually enforced and implemented on the ground.

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unruly persons "to be of good behaviour". The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so. The justices' alternative title of

4654:"2016 Louisiana Laws: Revised Statutes :: TITLE 13 - Courts and Judicial Procedure :: RS 13:2582 - Justices of the peace; qualifications; election; term of office; nullity; persons ineligible" 1411:' matters, but where the magistrates' deem that their sentencing powers are sufficient. However all criminal cases start in the magistrates' court. They handle over 95% of the criminal cases in 1014:

Appointment as a JP is for life, unless a voluntary resignation is tendered in writing, or a JP is suspended or dismissed from office due to misconduct, bankruptcy, or other specific reasons.

198:. Towns and boroughs with enough burdensome judicial business that could not find volunteers for the unpaid role of justice of the peace had to petition the Crown for authority to hire a paid 3583: 174:

Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justice's standing within the community, the justice was typically a member of the

5512: 471:, a "justice of the peace (qualified)" has the additional powers to issue search warrants and arrest warrants and, in conjunction with another justice of the peace (qualified) constitute a 2433:(1963), it was unreasonable to allow a case to be tried before a layperson incapable of understanding the legal arguments of the defense attorney to whom the defendant was entitled under 4102: 2709: 1526:

announced its intention to unify the management of the sheriff and district courts in Scotland but retain lay justices, as part of its initiative to create a unified judiciary under the

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described the idea of commissioning a justice of the peace as an actual magistrate as "a truly frightening idea" and stated that she had never heard of such a thing actually happening.

618:

Justices of the peace in Western Australia are appointed by the Governor who authorises them to carry out a wide range of official administrative and judicial duties in the community.

2465: (1976), that the use of nonlawyer judges in Kentucky's system of police courts accords with the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees of due process and equal protection of the laws. 2310:

is written by a municipal police officer the municipal court will have jurisdiction, whereas if the offense is written by a state or county officer the JP court will hear the case),

1098: 2195:(1712–1776.) They were appointed by the colonial Governor and served in counties or districts. Justices were essential for conducting court business. After independence, the 1776 2412:, which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past when justices of the peace were first used. 1404:

known as "wingers". All three magistrates contribute equally to the decision-making and carry equal authority, but the Presiding Justice will speak on their behalf in open court.

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jurisdictions. Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are (or were) usually not required to have any formal

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citizen that can speak and write English is eligible to become a JP. Any club/organisation/citizen can recommend someone to become JP for a community. JPs are chosen under the

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attends juvenile court sessions, issues summonses, considers applications for bail, explains and signs legal documents, sits on licensing panels, and gives counsel/advice. Any

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In special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact 'gubernatorial', in a colonial entity. This was the case in the

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JP do not serve any judicial roles, rather they derive their functions from statute. Some examples of the functions, powers and duties of a Justice of the Peace includes:

2878: 2427:) to allow a nonlawyer to preside over a criminal trial which could result in incarceration of the defendant. The court specifically recognized that in the aftermath of 4279: 3519: 1610:, or a quasi-judicial official with certain statutory or common law magisterial powers. Some states have special qualifications or unique features for the office. 857:, and can try some criminal matters and issue warrants. They are appointed from advocates of at least ten years' standing and serve full-time until the age of 70. 4661: 3635: 106:

An act of 1327 had referred to "good and lawful men" to be appointed in every county in the land to "guard the peace"; such individuals were first referred to as

3987: 3398:"Justices of the Peace Act 1957 No 89 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 5 Removal or suspension of Justice from office, Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 448:

Appointment is for life, unless a JP resigns, is suspended/dismissed from office, or resides outside of the ACT for a period of more than 12 consecutive months.

5196: 2424: 3699: 945:. However, the power of Peace Commissioners has been reduced following a number of Supreme Court Challenges. Even one Government Department stopped accepting 702:. In addition, the justices of the peace have original jurisdiction over a number of matters irrespective of the disputed amount, such as cases involving the 2455: 3096: 554:

accept a gift for providing JP services, tell people what to write in a statutory declaration or affidavit or write it for them or give them legal advice.

166:, in practice the central government in London had a greater ability to get its policies implemented in the rural outlying regions than could contemporary 2624: 5592: 3401: 3375: 853:, and perform duties such as receiving criminal informations and issuing warrants. Presiding justice of the peace are appointed by commission under the 3834: 3372:"Justices of the Peace Act 1957 No 89 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 3C Use of designation "JP (retired)", Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 2547: 1120:

Administer oaths under the Trade Marks Act 1998, Merchant Shipping Act 1995 and Parliamentary Elections Act 1954 and Presidential Elections Act 1991.

1061: 3423: 3349: 3118: 1819:. Unlike some states, Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies. They have the same general oath-giving powers as a 1254:, after which appointments were made by the Legal Secretary until 1947. After Ceylon gained its independence in 1948, appointments were made by the 950:

integrity of the process." In general, Peace commissioners may sign statutory declarations, and may rarely issue summons and search warrants to the

3567: 3297: 2934: 2332:

In smaller counties without a coroner, the JP has the duty to perform inquests. The JP is also called out for any unattended deaths in the county.

5508: 4047: 3544: 3267: 2415:

California formerly had justice of the peace courts staffed by lay judges, but began phasing them out after a landmark 1974 decision in which the

2275:

In any county with population less than 150,000, if any precinct contains a city with 18,000 or more population, that precinct shall have two JPs.

3471: 2361:

The option to serve as a magistrate has never been invoked and likely never will be; in June 2019 Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court

782:. Canada made the second (first was in South Australia a year earlier) appointment in the then British Empire of a woman as a magistrate, namely 4418: 4110: 2705: 762:

In Canada, justices of the peace play a role in the administration of justice at the provincial level. Justices are generally appointed by the

3613: 3163: 946: 4755: 4474: 4357: 2269:

For counties with populations at least 18,000 but less than 50,000, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than two nor more than eight.

1617:

cases, traffic violations, and other petty criminal infractions. The justice of the peace may also have authority over cases involving small

5452: 5067: 5041: 5015: 4989: 4833: 2731: 1530:. Following the passage of the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007 the justice of the peace courts were implemented on a 150:, the JPs constituted a major element of the English (later British) governmental system, which in modern times has sometimes been termed a 21: 5145: 4807: 209:

stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it. This was replaced by the present system, where the

5292: 4781: 4600: 4219: 4080: 3957: 3729: 5676: 5119: 4963: 4937: 4911: 5093: 4440: 2532: 239:, who was a JP by virtue of her office. In October 1920 Summers was appointed a JP in her own right, alongside other pioneers including 4545: 2951: 2591: 2262:

For counties with populations less than 18,000 (as determined by the census), the entire county shall be a one JP precinct, unless the

1072:. Appointment as an Issuing Officer is for a maximum of three years, and may be renewed for a further three years at expiry as needed. 1022:

A JP in New Zealand is someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign a number of documents, including

5483: 4859: 576:

A justice of the peace in South Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign

4885: 4631: 4140: 4017: 2384:

Board of County Commissioners appointed Morris as justice of the peace after the previous justice, R.S. Barr, resigned in protest of

1339: 251:

of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. As at 2018 in England and Wales, about one-third of JPs are women.

4400:."The Scottish Ministers may by order establish courts of summary criminal jurisdiction to be known as justice of the peace courts." 6947: 4196: 3924: 2680: 600: 4249: 3069: 2855: 2823: 2792: 686:; they stand at the bottom of the Belgian judicial hierarchy and only handle civil cases. There is a justice of the peace in each 7035: 4162: 2200: 933:

the position was effectively abolished by the District Justices (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923 and permanently abolished by the

99:

to preserve the peace in unruly areas. They were responsible to the King in ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the "

3319: 3011: 865:

In Yukon, justices of the peace are lay officers of the court. They sit in the Justice of the Peace Court, which is part of the

846:

In Quebec, there are two type of justices of the peace, administrative justice of the peace and presiding justice of the peace.

5249: 4343: 4319: 1527: 5558: 4519: 2408:

which has jurisdiction only within that city. Most efforts to abolish the office of justice of the peace have been led by the

5774: 2977: 2186: 2052: 1962: 1858: 1776: 1693: 1247: 402: 310: 5636: 625:"Visiting justices" are a special group of justices of the peace, appointed to preside over cases within the prison system. 3639: 3449: 3159: 2272:

For counties with populations 50,000 or greater, the number of JP precincts shall be no less than four nor more than eight.

1509: 878: 751: 4690: 3759: 3493: 3219: 2116: 2006: 1060:

Prior to 2012, all JPs were able to issue search and arrest warrants, but with the passage of the NZ Act of Parliament "

509:

The first woman to become a JP in Victoria was Mary Catherine Rogers who, in 1920, became the first woman councillor in

4653: 2445: 2224:

vacant during the Justice's term, the Governor appoints a Justice to fill the vacancy until the next general election.

135:" dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of 3979: 3245: 1362:

and their assistants. In practice, JPs have a wide range of sentencing options, which include issuing fines, imposing

893:

In India, justices of the peace exist, but no longer occupy a prominent post. One of the famous justices in India was

565:, justices of the peace had far greater responsibilities and broader roles in the administration of justice than now. 6373: 5931: 5830: 5707: 5670: 2251:, as well as Chapters 27 and 28 of the Texas Government Code, outline the duties of these Courts and their officers. 2078: 1988: 1884: 1802: 1719: 1452: 1407:

Magistrates' courts today can deal with lesser offences such as all summary offences, and some more serious triable '

1008: 428: 336: 5187: 3188: 2060: 1970: 1866: 1784: 1701: 410: 318: 6487: 6356: 3691: 2400:

In many states, the office of justice of the peace has been abolished or transferred to another court, such as the

2266:

determines that more are needed, in which case the court can divide the county into no more than four JP precincts.

2154:

generally move up to county court after defendants are arraigned in a Justice Court before the case moves forward.

2013:, which certain religious officials are not willing to oversee. They have the same general oath-giving powers as a 1473:

Before 1714, magistrates were liable to be approached at any time and in any place by people legally recognised as

1370:. In more serious cases, where magistrates' consider that their sentencing powers are insufficient, they can send ' 877:

In Hong Kong, the historical functions of justices of the peace have been replaced by full-time, legally qualified

5722:

See also Young v. Konz, 88 Wash. 2d 276, 558 P.2d 791 (1977), on rehearing, 91 Wash. 2d 532, 588 P.2d 1360 (1979).

3792: 3033: 2441:. Under current California law, all California judges must be licensed attorneys at the time they join the bench. 786:, who was sworn in as a police magistrate in the Women's Court of the City of Edmonton (Alberta) on 19 June 1916. 599:

A Special Justice (SJ) is a higher level of justice of the peace in South Australia; they sit on the bench of the

6942: 6289: 6190: 4726: 1259: 1165: 1036: 472: 206: 4712: 3092: 2620: 7020: 6449: 6083: 3577: 2196: 2056: 1966: 1862: 1780: 1697: 1333: 1069: 645: 406: 314: 5602: 5332: 2376:

became the first female justice of the peace in the United States in 1870. She began her tenure as justice in

2134:

to give the officer another chance. In some courts the police prosecute their own tickets, while in others an

592:, drug warrants, divorce documents, and to certify copies of original documents and to witness the signing of 7030: 5802: 3721: 3397: 3371: 2850: 4280:"Diversity of the judiciary: Legal professions, new appointments and current post-holders – 2021 Statistics" 3828: 2912: 6609: 6088: 5597: 2551: 850: 763: 442: 5333:"The Role of Justice Courts: These Underutilized Resources Alleviate Backlogs, Increase Access to Justice" 694:

over cases in which the disputed amount does not exceed 5,000 euro (as of September 2018), except for the

6604: 5736: 3427: 3345: 3126: 3064: 2416: 2405: 968: 695: 3830:

The Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State's Directions for Advisory Committees on Justices of the Peace

3293: 2324:

and liens against personal property where the amount falls within the (revised) JP Court's jurisdiction.

7040: 6579: 6078: 4039: 3669: 3536: 3424:"Search and Surveillance Act 2012 No 24 (as at 01 December 2020), Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 3271: 2381: 2192: 1653:

A justice of the peace has the same jurisdiction as a municipal magistrate with respect to traffic and

1501: 1500:

Within the Scottish legal system Justices of the Peace are trained volunteers who currently sit in the

1255: 934: 894: 866: 5747:. . . the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Kentucky procedures provided for a trial 3346:"Justices of the Peace Act 1957 No 89 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act - New Zealand Legislation" 913:'Justices of the peace' existed in Ireland prior to 1922, sitting in a bench under the supervision of 362: 6662: 4410: 2574: 2474: 2002: 1505: 1125: 562: 5615:

Vanlandingham, Kenneth E. "Decline of the Justice of the Peace, The." 12 U. Kan. L. Rev. 389 (1963).

5227: 4578: 1455:

has special responsibilities for dealing with terrorism and extradition offences throughout the UK.

1351: 6457: 6439: 4487: 3605: 3148: 2409: 2377: 2161: 2041: 1951: 1847: 1765: 1682: 1108:

In accordance with the Prisons Act 1933, a JP who is appointed as a Visiting Justice may visit any

1003:

is derived from the Act of Parliament 'Justices of the Peace Act 1957', and subsequent amendments.

938: 835: 391: 299: 107: 6791: 4759: 4365: 6832: 6619: 6108: 6093: 5444: 5071: 5045: 5019: 4993: 4837: 2735: 2438: 2263: 2217: 2045: 1955: 1851: 1769: 1686: 1592: 925:

judge (in his capacity of chairman of quarter sessions) and jury to try more serious offences at

771: 629: 395: 303: 26: 5285: 5149: 4811: 2757: 2009:

for seven-year terms. They are often called on to solemnize non-religious marriages, especially

1447:

Cardiff Magistrates' Court is the only court in the country which deals with offences under the

767: 750:. The judgments made by the justices of the peace can, with some exceptions, be appealed to the 596:

and guardianship documents, providing the JP is satisfied with the capability of the signatory.

573:

In South Australia, there are two types of justices: justice of the peace and special justices.

6887: 6872: 4785: 4592: 4358:"Justices of the Peace - Judicial Office Holders - About the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland" 4227: 4072: 3949: 3814: 2313:

Exclusive jurisdiction in "civil matters where the amount in controversy is $ 200 or less", and

2282: 2127: 1234: 1144:

In Sri Lanka, Justice of the Peace is an honorary post, with authorisation to witness and sign

743: 699: 479: 475:

for exercising powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings.

259: 199: 73:

in order to qualify for the office. Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs.

5660: 5123: 4967: 4941: 4915: 1419:. With more serious offences, magistrates are responsible for indictment and committal to the 6991: 6584: 6262: 6073: 5097: 4565: 4448: 2818: 2459: 2355: 2298: 2286: 2278:

In any county with population 150,000 or greater, each JP precinct may have more than one JP.

2229: 2146:

All criminal prosecutions that occur in towns and villages are commenced in a justice court.

1495: 1307:; Salesi Kauvaka, Viliami Pasikala, Haniteli Fa’anunu, Meli Taufaeteau and Moleni Taufa from 1221: 1201: 1170: 1145: 1129: 1023: 815: 691: 577: 354: 255: 231:

Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being

147: 115: 2955: 1097:, the functions of Justices of the Peace have been replaced by full-time, legally qualified 478:

Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace (magistrates' court), usually in remote

353:

is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign

126:. Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to 118:. The "peace" to be guarded is the sovereign's, the maintenance of which is the duty of the 6058: 5474: 4863: 2526: 2501: 2429: 2373: 2294: 1367: 1272: 854: 747: 683: 456: 267: 88: 4889: 4623: 4132: 4009: 8: 7025: 6867: 6007: 5924: 2505: 2389: 2290: 1737: 1523: 951: 914: 482:

communities, to perform many of the functions that might otherwise fall to a stipendiary

167: 163: 82: 4188: 3916: 2672: 6682: 6341: 6195: 6180: 6158: 5902: 5882: 5835: 5825: 5559:"Trailblazer: Wyoming's first female judge, Esther Hobart Morris was ahead of her time" 5416: 5215: 4397: 4338: 4314: 2462: 2248: 2157:

Similar matters in some places outside New York are handled by a justice of the peace.

2108: 1630: 1448: 1432: 1359: 1275:. The Village Councils Law (No. 6 of 1964) made the Chairman of the Village Council an 1251: 942: 902: 723: 687: 679: 494: 4166: 1246:

The post was introduced in the island during the British colonial era by the Governor

775: 6667: 6589: 6427: 6170: 6165: 6118: 6043: 6037: 5877: 5795: 5703: 5666: 5430: 3573: 2928: 2385: 2301:(the Constable office is abolished, with the Sheriff's office performing all duties). 2010: 1462:

provides the current framework for appointment of the justices, which is done by the

1412: 1363: 1343: 1312: 1239: 593: 244: 123: 5241: 1587: 533:) and to hear applications for interim accommodation orders for children (under the 16:

Judicial officer elected or appointed to keep the peace and perform minor civic jobs

6672: 6639: 6138: 6002: 5997: 5962: 5566: 2791:. Vol. 60, no. 4733. Queensland, Australia. 31 December 1927. p. 3. 2450: 2362: 2001:

Justices of the peace in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts are commissioned by the

1626: 1467: 1416: 1396: 930: 926: 795: 779: 633: 514: 225: 214: 100: 42: 2107:

that handle traffic tickets, criminal and environmental conservation law matters,

1262:. Justice of the Peace had the power to administer oaths and affirmations per the 1250:

in 1801 and was later reformed in 1871. Until 1938, appointments were made by the

734:. The justices of the peace also have original jurisdiction in certain aspects of 6921: 6894: 6882: 6862: 6796: 6774: 6754: 6749: 6729: 6594: 6574: 6569: 6472: 6432: 6143: 6068: 5992: 5977: 5897: 5632: 4482: 2480: 2232:. Justices of the Peace are authorized to perform courthouse weddings in Oregon. 1572: 1543: 1463: 1459: 1441: 1383: 1355: 1217: 1190: 671: 663: 589: 210: 191: 70: 62: 5539:

Esther Hobart Morris, The Unembellished Story of the Nation's First Female Judge

3638:. Nuku’alofa, Tonga: Tonga Broadcasting Commission. 20 June 2014. Archived from 1436:

where they sit in case needed to sign a warrant after hours. were replaced with

937:. Their judicial powers were replaced by full-time, salaried, legally qualified 6998: 6806: 6724: 6313: 6279: 6230: 6215: 5987: 5892: 5872: 5862: 4686: 4393: 3751: 3215: 2204: 2104: 1642: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1408: 1371: 1267: 1179: 1153: 1031: 988: 918: 739: 655: 452: 221: 162:

notes that while in Britain the royal prerogative was decisively curbed by the

50: 5702:. San Francisco: Administrative Office of the California Courts. p. 117. 3059: 2981: 2845: 2814: 2783: 1638:

before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered.

7014: 6852: 6811: 6697: 6677: 6649: 6599: 6564: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6477: 6417: 6257: 6247: 6205: 6128: 6123: 6053: 6012: 5936: 3887:"Magistrates Association > About magistrates > Training of magistrates" 2787: 2521: 2014: 1920: 1820: 1635: 1539: 1194: 1109: 831: 803: 690:, of which there are 187 in total as of 2017. The justices of the peace have 530: 493:

The first woman to become a JP in Queensland was Matilda (Maud) Hennessey of

143: 92: 4333: 4309: 3980:"Magistrates Association > About magistrates > Employing a magistrate" 3003: 1391:

Police Officers) cannot be appointed due to potential conflict of interest.

1197:

recording it. There are four types of appointments of Justice of the Peace;

882: 628:

JPs for Western Australia also cover the Australian External Territories of

6984: 6734: 6702: 6657: 6395: 6390: 6361: 6274: 6252: 6220: 6153: 6133: 6027: 5967: 5957: 5909: 5867: 5845: 5788: 5588: 3241: 2507:

The Office of Justice of the Peace in England in Its Origin and Development

2350: 1603: 1551: 1516: 1428: 1296: 1292: 941:(now called district judges) and their quasi-judicial powers by unpaid lay 922: 783: 731: 538: 263: 248: 240: 183: 159: 136: 58: 3125:(in Dutch). College of the courts and tribunals of Belgium. Archived from 2289:

counties (must have no fewer than two nor more than six precincts) and to

1519:, or a fine up to £2,500, or both, and the ability to disqualify drivers. 6906: 6847: 6837: 6634: 6629: 6467: 6368: 6284: 6243: 6210: 6175: 6098: 6022: 5972: 5887: 5274:. Iredell County Bicentennial Commission by Brady Printing Company. 1976. 3216:"Role of the Justices of the Peace in Ontario | Ontario Court of Justice" 3192: 2420: 2380:, on February 14, 1870, serving a term of nearly 9 months. The 2321: 2147: 1654: 1614: 1420: 1375: 1347: 1304: 1000: 711: 236: 232: 179: 151: 46: 2879:"Why it is almost impossible to find a justice of the peace in the city" 1064:", this power was spun off to the separate position of Issuing Officer. 849:

Administrative justice of the peace are court officers appointed by the

6970: 6899: 6779: 6717: 6462: 6383: 6378: 6336: 6318: 6306: 6267: 6113: 6103: 6063: 6048: 6032: 5982: 5919: 5914: 5700:

Committed to Justice: The Rise of Judicial Administration in California

4388: 3784: 3068:. Vol. 6, no. 1652. South Australia. 8 July 1915. p. 4. 3037: 2536:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 977. 2401: 2165: 2135: 1607: 1531: 1424: 1308: 1225: 1186: 1175: 1156:. Persons appointed as a Justice of the Peace may use the post-nominal 735: 483: 468: 187: 132: 66: 4220:"England's early 'Big Society': parish welfare under the Old Poor Law" 1287:

In 2014, for the first time, Justices of the Peace were authorised in

6877: 6842: 6784: 6759: 6624: 6521: 6509: 6494: 6482: 6410: 6328: 6301: 6185: 2255: 1316: 1229: 1149: 1094: 1027: 581: 510: 358: 350: 127: 119: 6965: 2030: 1940: 1836: 1754: 1671: 1613:

The justice of the peace typically presides over a court that hears

1575:

on the recommendation of a committee in each county court division.

1387:

trained volunteers, but those who are employed in some occupations (

1303:; Sione Palu, Sione Fakahua, Me’ite Fukofuka and Kisione Taulani of 1039:. They must take both the Oath of Allegiance and the Judicial Oath. 610:

South Australia's first women justices were appointed in July 1915.

380: 288: 6926: 6911: 6614: 6499: 6296: 5840: 2854:. No. 6156. Queensland, Australia. 8 October 1932. p. 5. 2317: 1816: 1733: 1622: 1562:

10,000. Stipendiary magistrates were replaced by summary sheriffs.

980: 719: 715: 529:

The role of a bail justice is to hear bail applications (under the

3833:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. May 2022. pp. Appendix 2A. 2822:. No. 4753. Queensland, Australia. 30 March 1918. p. 8. 2732:"Queensland Government Department of Justice and Attorney-General" 2525: 1515:

The maximum sentencing power of a justice of the peace is 60 days

999:

The legal framework for the office of Justice of the Peace within

802:, all judges are justices of the peace, and hence all of them are 6816: 6764: 6744: 6692: 6504: 6422: 6238: 6200: 6148: 5317: 4067: 4065: 2904: 2345: 2240:

In Texas, JPs are elected on a partisan ballot every four years.

964: 827: 703: 651: 490:

affidavits, witnessing and administering oaths and affirmations.

5659:

Grodin, Joseph R.; Shanske, Darien; Salerno, Michael B. (2016).

2305:

Section 19 sets forth the minimum jurisdiction of the JP court:

1736:, a justice of the peace is an elected official equivalent to a 1504:. These courts were introduced in 2009 as a replacement for the 1382:

undertaken by a local advisory committee, who recommends to the

1300: 1266:

and they could formally appoint members of the public to act as

905:, by sheltering Muslims around Calcutta, and within his palace. 451:

JPs for the ACT also cover the Australian External Territory of

6916: 6769: 6514: 6405: 6400: 6346: 6017: 5769: 3294:"District Justices (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1923, Section 4" 2151: 2112: 1478: 1474: 727: 585: 213:

nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the

175: 155: 96: 5665:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 184. 4808:"Section 135-C:28 Involuntary Emergency Admission Examination" 4624:"LibGuides: Justice of the Peace Court: What You Need to Know" 4062: 1451:, such as for late filing of accounts or directors' offences. 1243:

justices of the peace. There about 100,000 JPs in the island.

459:, subject to local law variations in those two jurisdictions. 367:

Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state.

6857: 6801: 6707: 6548: 6351: 5850: 4689:. Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions. 4411:"What happens at a Scottish criminal court case - mygov.scot" 2123: 1916: 1599: 1350:

of (usually three) Justices of the Peace (otherwise known as

1288: 1182: 707: 195: 3661: 1598:

In some US states, the justice of the peace is a judge of a

1052:

longer requires it, the JJP appointment will be terminated.

6739: 6687: 6543: 5941: 5857: 4990:"Section 592-A:5 Justice of the Peace Throughout the State" 2952:"Using JP Services - Justices of the Peace New South Wales" 2160:

Town and village Justices also possess limited powers of a

1618: 4727:"General Law - Part III, Title I, Chapter 218, Section 36" 5811: 4992:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 23 September 1957. Archived from 4713:"General Law - Part III, Title I, Chapter 220, Section 3" 3426:. New Zealand Government. 1 December 2020. Archived from 2115:. Though justice courts constitutionally are part of the 1925:

Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions

1919:, the office of the Justice of the Peace was merged with 103:". Therefore, they were known as "keepers of the peace". 65:

or merely deal with local administrative applications in

1011:

for permission to use the post-nominals 'JP (retired)'.

5042:"Section 595-A:1 Issuance of Search Warrants; Purposes" 57:

was often used with the same meaning. Depending on the

5780: 5044:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 29 August 1969. Archived from 4938:"Section 516:3 Issue of Summons by Justices or Judges" 4862:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 31 August 1969. Archived from 4758:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 1 January 2000. Archived from 4546:"The Justice of the Peace System in the United States" 4403: 4389:

Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007

4302: 3779: 3777: 2623:. freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com. June 1958. 1815:

Justices of the peace in Connecticut can preside over

1470:. Justices can also be removed by the same mechanism. 1315:, Tevita Fakatou, Sioape Tu’iono and Semisi Tongia of 5070:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 9 August 1991. Archived from 3416: 3242:"About Justice of the Peace, Government of Hong Kong" 2761: 2191:

Justices of the peace existed during the time of the

5658: 5094:"Section 597:2 Release of a Defendant Pending Trial" 4940:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. 11 June 2007. Archived from 4447:. Judicial Office for Scotland. 2017. Archived from 4364:. Judicial Office for Scotland. 2017. Archived from 3569:

The Legal System of Ceylon in Its Historical Setting

2419:

unanimously held that it was a violation of federal

2254:

Under Section 18, the number of JPs (and associated

2150:

are handled exclusively in the justice court, while

1124:

Other roles of a JP includes being mediators in the

3774: 3636:"19 Justices of Peace appointed for the first time" 3537:"Brief history of Justice of the Peace - FT Online" 3214:Ontario Courts, maintained by the Judges' Library. 1388: 5445:"FAMILY CODE CHAPTER 2. THE MARRIAGE RELATIONSHIP" 4326: 3628: 3520:"Justices of the Peace and Unofficial Magistrates" 3494:"President Tony Tan appoints 74 Justices of Peace" 1233:the island or limited to a judicial district. The 5234: 5173:Encyclopedia of North Carolina, Justices of Peace 5171:Linn, Jo White (2006). Powell, William S. (ed.). 4513:"A Guide to Judicial Careers in Northern Ireland" 49:, elected or appointed by means of a commission ( 7012: 5185: 4211: 4073:"Magistrates Association > About magistrates" 3606:"Village Councils Law (No. 6 of 1964) - Sect 24" 2946: 2944: 2903:Regulation, Justice, Department of Justice and. 2395: 558:scheduled times and locations across the state. 53:) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term 5691: 4165:. The Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from 2404:court. Cases in large cities may be heard in a 1222:Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrates 370: 5170: 4615: 4433: 1202:Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrate 1168:at his/her discretion by publishing a list in 603:hearing cases in the petty sessions division. 91:("the Lionheart") of England and his Minister 5796: 3857:"The Magistracy and the role of a magistrate" 3320:"So you want to become a peace commissioner?" 3008:Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 2941: 2425:Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 2126:in justice courts is justice, the same as in 1279:justices of the peace for that village area. 5532: 5530: 4742:Notary Public Handbook: A Guide for New York 4217: 3400:. New Zealand Government. 8 September 2018. 3364: 3348:. New Zealand Government. 8 September 2018. 2933:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1209:Justice of the Peace for a Judicial District 921:to try minor offences summarily, and with a 361:and to certify copies of original documents. 3374:. New Zealand Government. 1 December 2020. 3158:. Parliamentary information sheet № 22.00. 2059:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1969:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1865:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1783:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1700:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 409:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 317:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5803: 5789: 5623: 5621: 5552: 5550: 5548: 3213: 3080:– via National Library of Australia. 3034:"AGD SA: Justices of the Peace - Register" 2866:– via National Library of Australia. 2834:– via National Library of Australia. 2803:– via National Library of Australia. 2258:) is dependent on the size of the county: 1160:. Current appointments are made under the 764:lieutenant governors of Canada's provinces 506:outside court hours (bail justices only). 5649:, 115 Cal. Rptr. 632, 525 P.2d 72 (1974). 5527: 4744:(Fourth ed.). East Coast Publishing. 3944: 3942: 3917:"Magistrates Association > What we do" 3450:"Appointment of 64 Justices of the Peace" 2079:Learn how and when to remove this message 1989:Learn how and when to remove this message 1885:Learn how and when to remove this message 1803:Learn how and when to remove this message 1720:Learn how and when to remove this message 1366:, or dealing with offences by means of a 1264:Courts Ordinance No. 1 on 1889 section 84 1206:Justice of the Peace for the Whole Island 698:over which another court or tribunal has 429:Learn how and when to remove this message 337:Learn how and when to remove this message 6948:History of the American legal profession 5536: 5068:"Section 595-B:2 Requirements for Issue" 4739: 4681: 4679: 4350: 3565: 3390: 2520: 1586: 1423:(a task in former times dealt with by a 809: 20: 5652: 5618: 5581: 5545: 5264: 3338: 2247:Sections 18 and 19 of Article V of the 2201:North Carolina General Assembly of 1777 1224:to preside in the absence of a sitting 1017: 7013: 5587: 5563:Made in Wyoming, Our Legacy of Success 5298:from the original on 19 September 2013 5148:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 5122:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 5096:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 5018:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4966:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4964:"Section 516:4 Issue, for Depositions" 4914:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4888:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4886:"Section 21:25 Sworn; Public Officers" 4836:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4810:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4784:. Gencourt.state.nh.us. Archived from 4687:"Information on Justices of the Peace" 4646: 4417:. Scottish Government. 13 April 2017. 4380: 4334:"Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982" 3939: 3795:from the original on 15 September 2018 3566:Nadaraja, Tambyah (27 December 1972). 2902: 2683:from the original on 22 September 2021 2592:The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648–1815 178:. The justices of the peace conducted 5784: 5697: 5455:from the original on 15 December 2017 5242:"North Carolina Constitution of 1776" 5179: 4676: 4552:from the original on 15 December 2016 4543: 4310:"District Courts (Scotland) Act 1975" 4218:Charlesworth, Lorie (November 2010). 3616:from the original on 24 February 2021 3531: 3529: 3404:from the original on 15 November 2021 3352:from the original on 15 November 2021 3222:from the original on 16 December 2020 2876: 2712:from the original on 22 February 2017 2700: 2698: 2500: 2187:Justice of the peace (North Carolina) 1641:A justice of the peace also performs 1311:; and Salote Fukofuka, ‘Amelia Helu, 768:commissioners of Canada's territories 110:, or wardens of the peace. The title 5639:from the original on 16 October 2021 5556: 5515:from the original on 1 December 2019 5489:from the original on 3 November 2020 5330: 4834:"CHAPTER 141-C COMMUNICABLE DISEASE" 4664:from the original on 5 November 2022 4634:from the original on 5 November 2022 3672:from the original on 4 December 2018 3547:from the original on 8 November 2018 3248:from the original on 18 January 2012 3169:from the original on 22 October 2017 2203:re-defined justices of peace in the 2057:adding citations to reliable sources 2024: 1967:adding citations to reliable sources 1934: 1863:adding citations to reliable sources 1830: 1781:adding citations to reliable sources 1748: 1698:adding citations to reliable sources 1665: 1510:Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 1327: 1174:and appointee taking oaths before a 613: 407:adding citations to reliable sources 374: 315:adding citations to reliable sources 282: 154:(i.e., dominance of the land-owning 5743:, 460 S.E.2d 636 (W. Va. 1995): "n 5252:from the original on 30 August 2019 2662:, Simon & Pierre, Toronto, 1985 2117:New York State Unified Court System 2005:with the advice and consent of the 1565: 1042: 789: 742:for incapacitated seniors, and the 535:Children and Young Persons Act 1989 114:derives from 1361, in the reign of 13: 5679:from the original on 20 March 2023 5476:Vermont Justice of the Peace Guide 5286:"1868 North Carolina Constitution" 5202:from the original on 9 August 2019 5146:"Section 597:15-a District Courts" 4421:from the original on 19 April 2017 4077:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 3984:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 3921:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 3891:www.magistrates-association.org.uk 3867:from the original on 20 March 2023 3732:from the original on 20 March 2023 3586:from the original on 20 March 2023 3526: 3300:from the original on 7 August 2011 3160:Belgian Chamber of Representatives 3090: 3072:from the original on 20 March 2023 3014:from the original on 20 March 2023 2915:from the original on 27 April 2017 2858:from the original on 20 March 2023 2826:from the original on 20 March 2023 2795:from the original on 20 March 2023 2695: 2627:from the original on 16 March 2018 2446:Supreme Court of the United States 2111:and local code violations such as 1055: 568: 544: 220:Until the introduction of elected 14: 7052: 5932:Restitution and unjust enrichment 5762: 5662:The California State Constitution 4603:from the original on 24 July 2020 4475:"Reference at www.irishtimes.com" 4199:from the original on 13 June 2022 2877:Brook, Stephen (27 August 2022). 2758:"Queensland Justices Association" 2180: 1550:an offender to up to one year in 1427:). Magistrates also have a civil 1322: 1212:Justice of the Peace (ex officio) 182:in all criminal cases, and tried 6979: 6978: 6964: 5768: 5725: 5716: 5609: 5541:. Glendo, WY: High Plains Press. 5501: 5467: 5437: 5423: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5382: 5373: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5324: 5310: 5278: 4693:from the original on 17 May 2019 4290:from the original on 21 May 2022 4260:from the original on 31 May 2022 4226:. United Kingdom. Archived from 4143:from the original on 22 May 2022 4083:from the original on 21 May 2022 4050:from the original on 25 May 2022 4020:from the original on 22 May 2022 3990:from the original on 22 May 2022 3960:from the original on 22 May 2022 3927:from the original on 21 May 2022 3897:from the original on 21 May 2022 3837:from the original on 27 May 2022 3762:from the original on 29 May 2022 3702:from the original on 16 May 2022 3378:from the original on 7 July 2022 3121:[Justice of the peace]. 3099:from the original on 2 June 2015 3093:"Role of a Justice of the Peace" 2978:"Reference at www.jp.nsw.gov.au" 2579:. Oxford University Press. 1989. 2548:"Justices of the Peace Act 1361" 2171: 2029: 1939: 1930: 1835: 1753: 1670: 1582: 1062:Search and Surveillance Act 2012 524: 379: 287: 6943:History of the legal profession 5741:State ex rel. Collins v. Bedell 5537:Cummings, Kathryn Swim (2019). 5164: 5138: 5112: 5086: 5060: 5034: 5008: 4982: 4956: 4930: 4904: 4878: 4852: 4826: 4800: 4774: 4748: 4733: 4719: 4705: 4621: 4585: 4537: 4505: 4467: 4272: 4242: 4181: 4155: 4125: 4095: 4032: 4002: 3972: 3909: 3879: 3849: 3821: 3807: 3744: 3722:"Criminal Procedure Rules 2020" 3714: 3684: 3654: 3598: 3559: 3512: 3486: 3464: 3442: 3312: 3286: 3260: 3234: 3207: 3181: 3141: 3111: 3084: 3052: 3026: 2996: 2970: 2896: 2870: 2838: 2807: 2776: 2750: 2724: 2665: 1591:Justice of the Peace office in 1128:or marriage solemnisers in the 207:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 7036:Judiciary of England and Wales 5731:The possible ambiguity of the 5449:www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us 5186:Caswell, Richard, ed. (1777). 3474:. PMO Singapore. 27 March 2020 3189:"Northwest Territories Courts" 2652: 2639: 2613: 2609:. 4 September 1920. p. 2. 2598: 2583: 2566: 2540: 2514: 2494: 2197:Constitution of North Carolina 1744: 1453:Westminster Magistrates' Court 1334:Magistrate (England and Wales) 994: 646:Justice of the peace (Belgium) 266:, until its annexation by the 146:period until the onset of the 1: 4445:www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk 4362:www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk 3752:"Magistrates' Court Act 1980" 3244:. Info.gov.hk. 1 April 2000. 3010:. 9 January 1830. p. 1. 2550:. Opsi.gov.uk. Archived from 2487: 2396:Replacement with other courts 947:Peace Commissioner signatures 654:, the justices of the peace ( 462: 273: 224:in the 19th century, JPs, in 5735:holding is suggested by the 5189:Laws of North Carolina, 1777 5120:"Section 597:15 Appointment" 4740:Piombino, Alfred E. (2011). 4250:"The role of the magistracy" 4010:"Employment Rights Act 1996" 3123:www.tribunaux-rechtbanken.be 2605:"The "woman" on the bench". 2510:. Columbia University Press. 2423:(in the state's view of the 2392:amendment in December 1869. 2281:Special provisions apply to 2020: 1901: 1162:Judicature Act No 02 of 1978 1139: 1088: 872: 513:when she was elected in the 443:Australian Capital Territory 371:Australian Capital Territory 278: 7: 5737:West Virginia Supreme Court 4912:"Section 517:2 Before Whom" 3326:. Ireland. 20 February 2005 2468: 2417:Supreme Court of California 2320:as well as cases involving 2136:assistant district attorney 2095: 1661: 1546:, which was the ability to 1502:Justice of the Peace courts 1489: 1346:is typically composed of a 1075: 974: 752:tribunals of first instance 500: 10: 7057: 6610:International legal theory 6089:International slavery laws 6084:International human rights 6079:International criminal law 5331:Kidd, Justin (June 2023). 5016:"Section 592-A:8 Warrants" 4860:"Section 42:2 Before Whom" 4597:justicecourts.maricopa.gov 4544:Smith, Chester H. (1926). 3149:"Judiciary – Organization" 2649:, Macmillan, Toronto, 1945 2368: 2339: 2193:Province of North Carolina 2184: 1826: 1648: 1493: 1331: 957: 935:Courts of Justice Act 1924 908: 895:Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara 867:Territorial Court of Yukon 821: 688:judicial canton of Belgium 643: 639: 561:In the early years of the 349:A justice of the peace in 158:). For example, historian 142:In the centuries from the 80: 76: 25:A justice of the peace in 6958: 6935: 6825: 6663:Administration of justice 6648: 6557: 6448: 6327: 6229: 5950: 5818: 5593:"It all began in Wyoming" 5340:Oregon State Bar Bulletin 5318:"Justice courts (Oregon)" 4040:"What do I call a judge?" 2576:Oxford English Dictionary 2475:Justices of the Peace Act 2210: 2199:and an act passed by the 1237:and his/her officers are 1126:State Courts of Singapore 983:, justices of the peace ( 841: 757: 684:country's judicial system 563:Colony of New South Wales 108:conservators of the peace 61:, such justices dispense 55:commissioner of the peace 6440:Basic structure doctrine 6290:Natural and legal rights 6171:Public international law 5755:, 460 S.E.2d at 643–644. 5698:Sipes, Larry L. (2002). 5417:"Oregon Courts Overview" 4756:"Section 455-A:3 Powers" 3004:"Classified Advertising" 2410:American Bar Association 2378:South Pass City, Wyoming 2244:their tenure in office. 2235: 1910: 1295:; ‘Inoke Tuaimei’api of 1282: 888: 860: 836:Ontario Court of Justice 6620:Principle of typicality 6094:International trade law 5810: 5628:Gordon v. Justice Court 5272:Iredell Piedmont County 4548:. 15 Cal. L. Rev. 118. 3472:"Justices of the Peace" 3296:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 2815:"OUR FIRST LADY C.P.S." 2706:"Queensland Government" 2533:Encyclopædia Britannica 2205:State of North Carolina 2122:The official title for 1593:Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin 1477:, appealing for aid if 1268:special police officers 746:of the mentally ill to 630:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 27:Taos County, New Mexico 4573:Cite journal requires 3060:"The Lady and the Law" 2909:www.justice.vic.gov.au 2673:"Justice of the peace" 2647:Emily Murphy: Crusader 2621:"Calderdale companion" 2162:New York notary public 2128:New York Supreme Court 1595: 1534:-by-sheriffdom basis. 1299:; Siosiua Hausia from 1235:President of Sri Lanka 1146:statutory declarations 1024:statutory declarations 748:psychiatric facilities 744:involuntary commitment 700:exclusive jurisdiction 675: 667: 659: 578:statutory declarations 541:BJ after their names. 355:statutory declarations 260:concession (territory) 200:stipendiary magistrate 30: 7021:Justices of the peace 6615:Principle of legality 6374:Delegated legislation 6074:Intellectual property 4392:as amended (see also 4386:Scottish Parliament. 4344:The National Archives 4320:The National Archives 3950:"Become a magistrate" 3815:"Become a magistrate" 3785:"Become a magistrate" 2846:"LABOR WOMAN'S DEATH" 2502:Beard, Charles Austin 2230:malicious prosecution 2218:Oregon Justice Courts 1590: 1496:Judiciary of Scotland 1130:Registry of Marriages 1009:Secretary for Justice 816:Northwest Territories 810:Northwest Territories 692:original jurisdiction 256:Tati Concessions Land 148:Industrial Revolution 95:commissioned certain 24: 7031:Gubernatorial titles 6833:Barristers' chambers 6775:Legal representation 6713:Justice of the peace 6059:Financial regulation 5777:at Wikimedia Commons 5775:Justice of the Peace 4224:History & Policy 4107:www.judiciary.gov.uk 4046:. 19 February 2010. 3692:"Magistrates' Court" 3274:on 20 September 2008 3195:on 12 September 2015 2984:on 29 September 2014 2645:Byrne Hope Sanders, 2607:The Reading Standard 2430:Gideon v. Wainwright 2374:Esther Hobart Morris 2264:Commissioners' Court 2053:improve this section 1963:improve this section 1859:improve this section 1777:improve this section 1694:improve this section 1018:Justice of the Peace 915:resident magistrates 885:to ensure fairness. 800:Provincial Court Act 457:Jervis Bay Territory 403:improve this section 311:improve this section 268:British Bechuanaland 112:justice of the peace 35:justice of the peace 29:hears a case (1941). 6868:Election commission 6580:Expressive function 6109:Landlord–tenant law 6008:Consumer protection 5482:. 2019. p. 7. 5100:on 23 February 2017 4230:on 23 November 2010 4169:on 27 November 2013 2784:"MACKAY WOMAN J.P." 2764:on 22 February 2017 2660:Emily Murphy: Rebel 2527:"Conservator" 1738:county commissioner 1629:disputes, or other 1544:summary proceedings 1524:Scottish Government 1438:Local Justice Areas 1374:' offenders to the 1260:Minister of Justice 1166:Minister of Justice 943:peace commissioners 851:Minister of Justice 740:legal guardianships 680:small claims courts 455:, and the Internal 168:absolute monarchies 164:Bill of Rights 1689 83:Magistrate (Russia) 6826:Legal institutions 6693:Lawsuit/Litigation 6683:Dispute resolution 6488:Catholic canon law 6196:State of emergency 6159:Will and testament 5883:Law of obligations 5836:Constitutional law 5826:Administrative law 5074:on 28 January 2010 4918:on 1 February 2010 4892:on 1 February 2010 4628:lasc.libguides.com 4525:on 18 January 2012 4493:on 24 October 2012 4441:"Summary Sheriffs" 4398:legislation.gov.uk 4339:legislation.gov.uk 4315:legislation.gov.uk 4193:Legislation.gov.uk 4163:"CPS: Extradition" 4137:Legislation.gov.uk 4014:Legislation.gov.uk 3756:Legislation.gov.uk 3726:Legislation.gov.uk 3430:on 6 February 2021 2658:Christine Mander, 2388:'s passage of the 2249:Texas Constitution 2011:same-sex marriages 1631:small claims court 1596: 1479:parish authorities 1449:Companies Act 2006 1433:Licensing Act 2003 1340:magistrates' court 903:partition of India 798:, pursuant to the 774:of their relevant 724:land consolidation 678:) function as the 601:magistrates' court 497:on 24 April 1918. 473:magistrates' court 31: 7041:Legal professions 7008: 7007: 6668:Constitutionalism 6590:Law and economics 6428:Act of parliament 6166:Product liability 6119:Legal archaeology 6044:Environmental law 6038:Entertainment law 5878:International law 5773:Media related to 5605:on 26 April 2009. 5598:American Heritage 4189:"Courts Act 2003" 4133:"Courts Act 2003" 4113:on 9 October 2007 3662:"Criminal courts" 3610:www.commonlii.org 3572:. Brill Archive. 3500:. 1 December 2020 3498:The Straits Times 3040:on 22 August 2006 2386:Wyoming Territory 2382:Sweetwater County 2089: 2088: 2081: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1413:England and Wales 1344:England and Wales 1328:England and Wales 1228:. Any citizen of 1220:are appointed as 1154:certify documents 1110:Singapore prisons 939:district justices 614:Western Australia 594:power of attorney 439: 438: 431: 347: 346: 339: 245:Miriam Lightowler 124:royal prerogative 7048: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6969: 6968: 6792:Question of fact 6673:Criminal justice 6003:Construction law 5998:Conflict of laws 5963:Agricultural law 5805: 5798: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5772: 5756: 5745:North v. Russell 5733:North v. Russell 5729: 5723: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5633:"12 Cal. 3d 323" 5625: 5616: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5601:. Archived from 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5569:on 26 April 2009 5565:. Archived from 5557:Delbride, Rena. 5554: 5543: 5542: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5511:. 19 June 2019. 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4788:on 27 March 2013 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4518:. 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Archived from 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4044:www.judiciary.uk 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3696:www.judiciary.uk 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3270:. Archived from 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3191:. Archived from 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3129:on 25 April 2019 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3036:. Archived from 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2980:. Archived from 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2958:on 25 April 2013 2954:. Archived from 2948: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2760:. Archived from 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2734:. Archived from 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2554:on 16 April 2009 2544: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2498: 2451:North v. Russell 2390:women's suffrage 2363:Marilyn Skoglund 2084: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2033: 2025: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1943: 1935: 1890: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1839: 1831: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1757: 1749: 1725: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1674: 1666: 1566:Northern Ireland 1417:Northern Ireland 1397:Judicial College 1390: 1378:for sentencing. 1364:community orders 1256:Governor General 1218:Attorney at laws 1070:Attorney-General 1043:Judicial Justice 1037:Governor-General 1032:certified copies 1030:, and producing 969:Governor-General 931:Irish Free State 927:quarter sessions 796:British Columbia 790:British Columbia 780:Attorney General 634:Christmas Island 515:City of Richmond 467:In the state of 434: 427: 423: 420: 414: 383: 375: 342: 335: 331: 328: 322: 291: 283: 264:Matabele kingdom 258:, a gold-mining 247:OBE in Halifax. 226:quarter sessions 192:local ordinances 43:judicial officer 7056: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6977: 6963: 6954: 6931: 6922:Political party 6895:Legal education 6883:Law enforcement 6863:Court of equity 6821: 6797:Question of law 6750:Practice of law 6730:Judicial review 6644: 6595:Legal formalism 6575:Comparative law 6570:Contract theory 6553: 6473:Legal pluralism 6444: 6433:Act of Congress 6357:Executive order 6323: 6225: 6144:Nationality law 6069:Immigration law 5993:Competition law 5946: 5814: 5809: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5555: 5546: 5535: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5246:Yale Law School 5240: 5239: 5235: 5223: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4970:on 1 March 2010 4962: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4553: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4483:The Irish Times 4477: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4454: 4452: 4451:on 3 April 2017 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4368:on 19 July 2013 4356: 4355: 4351: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3642:on 1 April 2015 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3452:. MHA Singapore 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162:. 1 June 2014. 3151: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2595:, Penguin, 2007 2588: 2584: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2519: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2481:Posse comitatus 2471: 2406:municipal court 2398: 2371: 2342: 2238: 2213: 2189: 2183: 2174: 2098: 2085: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2050: 2034: 2023: 1995: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1960: 1944: 1933: 1913: 1904: 1891: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1856: 1840: 1829: 1809: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1774: 1758: 1747: 1726: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1691: 1675: 1664: 1651: 1643:civil marriages 1585: 1573:Lord Chancellor 1568: 1506:district courts 1498: 1492: 1466:in the name of 1464:Lord Chancellor 1460:Courts Act 2003 1442:Courts Act 2003 1384:Lord Chancellor 1360:justices' clerk 1356:summary justice 1354:) who dispense 1336: 1330: 1325: 1285: 1248:Frederick North 1142: 1091: 1078: 1058: 1056:Issuing Officer 1045: 1020: 997: 977: 971:'s discretion. 960: 911: 891: 875: 863: 844: 824: 812: 792: 760: 738:, most notably 728:consumer credit 676:Friedensgericht 668:justice de paix 648: 642: 616: 590:search warrants 571: 569:South Australia 547: 545:New South Wales 527: 503: 465: 435: 424: 418: 415: 400: 384: 373: 343: 332: 326: 323: 308: 292: 281: 276: 235:, the Mayor of 222:county councils 211:Lord Chancellor 85: 79: 71:legal education 63:summary justice 17: 12: 11: 5: 7054: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6974: 6971:Law portal 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6807:Trial advocacy 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6339: 6337:Ballot measure 6333: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6314:Legal treatise 6311: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6280:Letters patent 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6231:Sources of law 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6216:Unenforced law 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5988:Commercial law 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5764: 5763:External links 5761: 5758: 5757: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5690: 5671: 5651: 5617: 5608: 5591:(April 1973). 5580: 5544: 5526: 5500: 5466: 5436: 5422: 5408: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5323: 5309: 5277: 5263: 5233: 5224:|website= 5178: 5163: 5152:on 22 May 2010 5137: 5126:on 22 May 2010 5111: 5085: 5059: 5048:on 22 May 2010 5033: 5022:on 21 May 2010 5007: 4996:on 22 May 2010 4981: 4955: 4944:on 22 May 2010 4929: 4903: 4877: 4866:on 22 May 2010 4851: 4840:on 21 May 2010 4825: 4814:on 22 May 2010 4799: 4773: 4762:on 21 May 2010 4747: 4732: 4718: 4704: 4675: 4645: 4614: 4593:"Small Claims" 4584: 4575:|journal= 4536: 4504: 4466: 4432: 4415:www.mygov.scot 4402: 4379: 4349: 4325: 4301: 4271: 4241: 4210: 4180: 4154: 4124: 4094: 4061: 4031: 4001: 3971: 3938: 3908: 3878: 3848: 3820: 3806: 3773: 3743: 3713: 3683: 3653: 3627: 3597: 3578: 3558: 3525: 3511: 3485: 3463: 3441: 3415: 3389: 3363: 3337: 3311: 3285: 3259: 3233: 3206: 3180: 3156:www.dekamer.be 3140: 3119:"Vredegerecht" 3110: 3091:Branch, J. P. 3083: 3051: 3025: 2995: 2969: 2940: 2895: 2869: 2851:Daily Standard 2837: 2806: 2775: 2749: 2723: 2694: 2664: 2651: 2638: 2612: 2597: 2589:Tim Blanning, 2582: 2573:"Magistrate". 2565: 2539: 2524:, ed. (1911). 2522:Chisholm, Hugh 2513: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2467: 2397: 2394: 2370: 2367: 2341: 2338: 2326: 2325: 2314: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2237: 2234: 2212: 2209: 2182: 2181:North Carolina 2179: 2173: 2170: 2105:New York State 2103:are courts in 2101:Justice courts 2097: 2094: 2087: 2086: 2037: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2019: 1997: 1996: 1947: 1945: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1892: 1843: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1811: 1810: 1761: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1728: 1727: 1678: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1650: 1647: 1584: 1581: 1567: 1564: 1528:Lord President 1491: 1488: 1332:Main article: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:United Kingdom 1321: 1284: 1281: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1180:district court 1141: 1138: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1090: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1057: 1054: 1044: 1041: 1019: 1016: 996: 993: 985:jaksa pendamai 976: 973: 959: 956: 952:Garda Síochána 919:petty sessions 910: 907: 890: 887: 874: 871: 862: 859: 843: 840: 823: 820: 811: 808: 804:peace officers 791: 788: 759: 756: 644:Main article: 641: 638: 615: 612: 570: 567: 546: 543: 526: 523: 502: 499: 464: 461: 453:Norfolk Island 437: 436: 387: 385: 378: 372: 369: 345: 344: 295: 293: 286: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270:protectorate. 78: 75: 51:letters patent 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7053: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Civil society 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812:Trier of fact 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6698:Legal opinion 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678:Court-martial 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6650:Jurisprudence 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6539:Statutory law 6537: 6535: 6534:Socialist law 6532: 6528: 6527:Byzantine law 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6478:Religious law 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6450:Legal systems 6447: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6418:Statutory law 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248:Statutory law 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206:Transport law 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124:Legal fiction 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:Financial law 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Corporate law 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937:Statutory law 5935: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819:Core subjects 5817: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5711: 5709:0-9721394-1-9 5705: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5672:9780199988648 5668: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5589:Cheney, Lynne 5584: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5540: 5533: 5531: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5485: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5358: 5349: 5341: 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2810: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2788:Daily Mercury 2785: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2738:on 4 May 2017 2737: 2733: 2727: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2444:However, the 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2356:Supreme Court 2352: 2347: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2172:New Hampshire 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2093: 2083: 2080: 2072: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2038:This section 2036: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2016: 2015:notary public 2012: 2008: 2004: 1993: 1990: 1982: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1948:This section 1946: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1931:Massachusetts 1928: 1926: 1922: 1921:Notary Public 1918: 1908: 1899: 1889: 1886: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1844:This section 1842: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1822: 1821:notary public 1818: 1807: 1804: 1796: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1762:This section 1760: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1724: 1721: 1713: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1679:This section 1677: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1636:trial de novo 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1583:United States 1580: 1576: 1574: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:sheriff court 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522:In 2006, the 1520: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 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remedy 6658:Adjudication 6558:Legal theory 6396:Ratification 6391:Promulgation 6362:Proclamation 6342:Codification 6275:Human rights 6263:Divine right 6253:Constitution 6221:Women in law 6139:Military law 6134:Marriage law 6129:Maritime law 6028:Election law 5968:Aviation law 5958:Abortion law 5910:Property law 5846:Criminal law 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5727: 5718: 5699: 5693: 5681:. 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