701:
43:
846:
587:
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Both episodic and semantic memory systems have been proposed to generate a sense of self-identity: personal episodic memory enables the phenomenological continuity of identity, while personal semantic memory generates the narrative continuity of identity. "The nature of personal narratives depends on
1027:
as well as of face-to-face interaction'. This aspect of social psychology emphasizes the theme of mutual constitution of the person and situation. Instead of focusing on the levels of class, race, and gender structure, this perspective seeks to understand the self in the way an individual lives their
892:
acknowledges that "one of the most important life tasks each a person faces is understanding who they are and how they feel about themselves". This allows us to better understand ourselves, abilities, and preferences so that a person can make choices and decisions that suit them the best. However,
940:
is a term used to describe a theory that people learn about themselves through other people. In the looking-glass self-proposal, a person visualizes how they appear to others, how they are judged by others, and how they respond to said judgements. the person imagines how other people will judge
1011:
The agent self is known as the executive function that allows for actions. This is how a person make choices and maintains control in situations and actions. The agent self resides over everything that involves decision making, self-control, taking charge in situations, and actively responding.
669:
The Self has long been considered as the central element and support of any experience. The Self is not 'permanently stuck into the heart of consciousness'. "I am not always as intensively aware of me as an agent, as I am of my actions. That results from the fact that I perform only part of my
868:
The Child ego is identified as the state that holds all of a person's memories, emotions, and feelings. People carry this ego state with them all the time and can reflect on it at any time. This state can also be divided into two segments: the Free (or
Natural) child and the Adapted (and/or
929:
Self-knowledge is sometimes referred to as self-concept. This feature allows for people to gather information and beliefs about themselves. A person's self-awareness, self-esteem, and self-deception all fall under the self-knowledge part of self. People learn about themselves through our
876:
A person's tone, gestures, choice of words, posture, and emotional state can portray which ego state they are currently in. By knowing about their own ego states, a person can use each one in particular situations in order to enhance their experience or make new social connections.
1047:, the self is rather an emergent property that emerges as an experiential phenomena from the interaction of psychological perceptions and experiences. This is also hinted in dynamical evolutionary social psychology where a set of decision rules generates complex behavior.
1002:
The
Interpersonal self, also known as the public self, refers to the part of the self that can be seen by other members of society. Because society has "unwritten rules", a person may find themselves in a specific role that adheres to these rules and expected behaviors…
861:
The Parent ego consists of borrowed behaviors and feelings from previous caregivers. The parent ego can consist of either the
Nurturing or Critical Parent. Both types of parents offer information to the child that can be either beneficial or detrimental to their
796:
Nevertheless, Winnicott did not undervalue the role of the false self in the human personality, regarding it as a necessary form of defensive organization similar to that of a caretaker that protects the true self hides behind so that it may continue to exist.
792:
Donald
Winnicott distinguished what he called the "true self" from the "false self" in the human personality, considering the true self as one based on the individual's sense of being, not doing, something which was rooted in the experiencing body.
677:. It may be the case that we can now successfully attempt to create experiences of the Self in a neural process with cognitive consequences, which will give us insight into the elements that compose the complex selves of modern identity.
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Addis DR, Tippett L J. (2008). The contributions of autobiographical memory to the content and continuity of identity. In F. Sani (Ed.), Self-Continuity: Individual and
Collective Perspectives (pp. 71–84). New York: Psychology Press.
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Berne saw the Self as the most valuable part of the personality: 'when people get to know each other well, they penetrate into the depths where this real Self resides, and that is the part of the other person they respect and love'.
963:
refers to the way in which people compare themselves to others. By observing others, a person can gauge their work and behaviors as good, bad, or neutral. This can be either motivational or discouraging to the person depending on
1066:
Memory and the self are interconnected to the point that they can be defined as the Self-Memory System (SMS). The self is viewed as a combination of memories and self-images (working self). Conway proposes that a person's
680:
Overtime, different theorists from multiple schools of thought have created ideas of what makes up the Self. Out of these schools, major theorists in the
Clinical and Sociological branches of Psychology have emerged.
1071:
and working self are dependent on each other. Our prior knowledge of our self puts constraints on what our working self is and the working self modifies the access to our long-term memory and what it consists of.
816:
Finally, in a healthy person, the false self is composed of that which facilitates social behavior, the manners and courtesy that allows for a smooth social life, with emotions expressed in socially acceptable
921:
Self-knowledge is something many seek to understand. In knowing about their selves, a person is more capable of knowing how to be socially acceptable and desirable. They seek out self-knowledge due to the
1106:
highly conceptual and ‘story-like' information about one's life, which resides at the general event level of autobiographical memory and is thus unlikely to rely on more event-specific episodic systems."
993:
describes how a person evaluates their self. Four factors that contribute to self-esteem are; reactions from others, comparing a person to others, a person's social roles, and a person's identification.
712:, which are predispositions of how a person responds to the world. The Self signifies the coherent whole, unifying both the conscious and unconscious mind of a person. The Self, according to
821:
As for the true self, Winnicott linked it to playing "hide and seek"' designed to protect one's real self against exploitation, without entirely forfeiting the ability to relate to others.
873:
Berne considered that 'the feeling of "Self" is a mobile one. It can reside in any of the three ego states at any given moment, and can jump from one to the other as occasion arises'.
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stresses the 'social construction of an individual's sense of self' through two main methods: 'In part the self emerges through interaction with others....But the self is a product of
1094:. It has been suggested that transitory mental constructions within episodic memory form a self-memory system that grounds the goals of the working self, but research upon those with
903:
The Self is an automatic part of every human being that enables them to relate to others. The self is made up of three main parts that allow for the Self to maintain its function:
774:
According to Kohut, these two systems represent the poles within Kohut's bipolar self. These poles work with each other to maintain a balance that is referred to as the Self
865:
The Adult ego is otherwise known as our data-processing center. This ego state is able to judge information based on facts, rather than emotions or preconceived beliefs.
729:. The Self is the source of dreams and often appears as an authority figure in dreams with the ability to perceive events not yet occurred or guide one in the present.
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Kohut followed Freud's line of thinking regard the Self. However, he deviates from Freud by theorizing that the Self puts energy into the idea of narcissism (See
1228:
723:
The Self, besides being the center of the psyche, is also autonomous, meaning that it exists outside of time and space. Jung also called the Self an
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Baumeister, Roy F., and Brad J. Bushman. "The Self." Social
Psychology and Human Nature. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2011. 57–96. Print.
854:
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occurs when someone acknowledges their own personality and behaviors. This can occur in both the private and public parts of a person's life.
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Nowak, A.; Vallacher, R. R.; Tesser, A.; Borkowski, W. (2000). "Society of self: The emergence of collective properties of self-Structure".
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Closer to health, the false self supports the individual's search for conditions that will allow the true self to recover its own identity.
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refers to the way a person gathers information about oneself through mental functions and emotions. While a person might not know
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rather than absolute knowledge, it would seem that 'a healthy sense of Self calls for both accurate self-knowledge and protective
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In the most severe instance, the false self completely replaces and ousts the true self, leaving the latter a mere possibility.
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Current views of the Self in psychology position it as playing an integral part in human motivation, cognition, affect, and
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1502:"Solomon, Carol, Ph.D. "Transactional Analysis Theory: the Basics." Transactional Analysis Journal 33.1 (2003): 15-22"
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857:- Parent, Adult and Child - from what he called 'the real self, the one that can move from one ego state to another'.
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Conway, MA; Pleydell-Pearce, CW (2000). "The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system".
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is another theory in which a person makes inferences about themselves through their own actions and attitudes.
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Five levels of false self-organization were identified by
Winnicott, running along a kind of continuum.
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find they have a coherent sense of self based upon preserved conceptual autobiographical knowledge, and
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Other schools of thought look at the Self from a Social
Psychology perspective. Some are listed below.
716:, is the most important and difficult archetype to understand. It is fully realized as the product of
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actions, the other part being conducted by my thought, expression, practical operations, and so on."
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Even closer to health, we find the false self "... established on the basis of identifications".
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Waking, Dreaming, Being. Self and
Consciousness in Neuroscience, Meditation, and Philosophy
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representation of one's identity, or the subject of experience. The earliest form of the
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them, and they then develop a response to the judgment they receive from other people.
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Less severely, the false self protects the true self, which remains unactualized.
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In his transactional analysis theory Eric Berne distinguished the personality's
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looking-glass selves, introspection, social comparisons, and self-perception.
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McLeod, S. A. (2008). Self Concept. Retrieved from simplypsychology.org
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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1891)
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Smith, Eliot R.; Mackie, Diane M.; Claypool, Heather M. (2014-12-03).
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In classical Jungian analysis, the Self is the culmination of several
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758:). The system is then broken over time into initially two systems of
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6th ed. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. 56. Sofia University.
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they are thinking or feeling a certain way, they consciously know
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Archetypal Reflections Insights and ideas from Jungian Psychology
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Hypostatic Personality: Psychopathology of Doing and Being Made
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Personality and Personal Growth. By R. Frager. Excerpt from
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The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment
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The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment
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1640:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 90.
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in modern psychology saw the emergence of two elements,
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What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (1974) pp. 248-249
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Colin Fraser, "Social Psychology" in Richard Gregory,
897:, in just the right amounts at just the right times.'
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926:, self-enhancement motive, and consistency motive.
662:referring to the Self as the subjective knower and
1485:What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (1974) p. 276
1249:Sedikides, C. & Spencer, S. J. (Eds.) (2007).
1086:One view of the Self that follows the thinking of
666:referring to the Self as a subject that is known.
1665:. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. p. 781.
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1946:
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1721:Kenrick, D. T.; Li, N. P.; Butner, J. (2003).
1661:Reynolds, Larry; Herman-Kinney, Nancy (2003).
907:, the interpersonal self, and the agent self.
1843:Rathbone, CJ; Moulin, CJ; Conway, MA (2009).
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16:Study of the representation of one's identity
1404:Our Need for Others and its Roots in Infancy
1391:Our Need for Others and its Roots in Infancy
1931:- Proposed by an autistic to explain autism
1925:– Page of the Emotional Competency website.
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1636:DeLamater, John; Ward, Amanda (2013).
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1272:. Muswell Hill Press. pp. 23–73.
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1212:The Principles of Psychology, Vol.1.
1663:Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism
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1297:Transpersonal Pioneers: Carl Jung.
1028:life on a moment-by-moment basis.
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1549:Social Psychology: Fourth Edition
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1016:George-Mead & Charles Clooney
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1624:The Oxford Companion to the Mind
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1308:Personality and Personal Growth
1777:Journal of Memory and Language
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1369:. Routledge. pp. 70–118.
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825:Berne's Transactional Analysis
1:
1638:Handbook of Social Psychology
1339:. Columbia University Press.
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1032:Self as an Emergent Phenomena
328:Industrial and organizational
1253:. New York: Psychology Press
768:and, 2) a system of ideals (
483:Human factors and ergonomics
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1819:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261
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1038:dynamical social psychology
917:Self-knowledge (psychology)
770:the idealized parent imago)
634:is the study of either the
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1986:
1700:10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.39
1572:E. R. Smith/D. M. Mackie,
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764:1) a system of ambitions (
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1861:10.1080/13554790902849164
1789:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005
1768:Conway, Martin A (2005).
1739:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.3
1459:Psychoanalysis and Gender
1365:Siegel, Allen M. (1996).
1268:Le Grice, Keiron (2016).
1132:Identity (social science)
258:Applied behavior analysis
1433:Developmental Psychology
1420:Developmental Psychology
788:True self and false self
690:Jungian's Self Archetype
19:Not to be confused with
1321:My Self, My Many Selves
1172:Self-discrepancy theory
1021:Symbolic interactionism
448:Behavioral neuroscience
103:Behavioral neuroscience
1626:(Oxford 1987) p. 721-2
1474:(New York 1965) p. 187
1448:(New York 1965) p. 121
1147:Personality psychology
974:self-perception theory
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835:Transactional analysis
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685:In Clinical Psychology
498:Psychology of religion
438:Behavioral engineering
122:Cognitive neuroscience
88:Affective neuroscience
1770:"Memory and the Self"
1406:(London 1994) p. 318
1007:Agent Self (non self)
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592:Psychology portal
1970:Personal development
1727:Psychological Review
1688:Psychological Review
1552:. Psychology Press.
1393:(London 1994) p. 230
1333:Thompson, E (2017).
1323:Academic Press. 1985
1192:Vertiginous question
885:In Social Psychology
1960:Conceptions of self
1431:Jacki Watts et al,
1418:Jacki Watts et al,
1232:. Premier, p. 114.
1210:James, W. (1891).
1051:Memory and the Self
766:the grandiose self)
744:Kohut's Formulation
443:Behavioral genetics
358:Occupational health
98:Behavioral genetics
29:Part of a series on
1935:Images of the Self
1923:Discussion of Self
1576:(2007) pp. 136-137
1302:2013-04-25 at the
1152:Philosophy of self
1137:Open individualism
998:Interpersonal Self
937:looking glass self
869:Rebellious) child.
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849:Eric Berne in 1969
778:Winnicott's Selves
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632:psychology of self
560:Schools of thought
398:Sport and exercise
244:Applied psychology
1899:978-0-8058-5701-6
1574:Social Psychology
1470:D. W. Winnicott,
1457:Rosalind Minsky,
1444:D. W. Winnicott,
1402:Josephine Klein,
1389:Josephine Klein,
1319:Redfearn, J.W.T.
1279:978-1-908995-19-3
1226:Tapu, CS (2001).
961:Social comparison
957:they are feeling.
890:Social psychology
704:Carl Jung in 1935
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525:Counseling topics
468:Consumer behavior
209:Psycholinguistics
93:Affective science
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139:Cross-cultural
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95:
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55:
47:
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38:
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31:
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15:
9:
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4:
3:
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1982:
1971:
1968:
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1963:
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1956:
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1917:self-efficacy
1914:
1911:
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1896:
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1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:(2): 261–88.
1812:
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1559:9781136845116
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1461:(1996) p. 121
1460:
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1435:(2009) p. 149
1434:
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1422:(2009) p. 148
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1177:Self-efficacy
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946:Introspection
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741:
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734:Sigmund Freud
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718:individuation
715:
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682:
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149:Developmental
147:
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28:
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22:
1852:
1848:
1810:
1807:Psychol. Rev
1806:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1694:(1): 39–61.
1691:
1687:
1681:
1662:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1607:
1573:
1568:
1548:
1530:
1529:Eric Berne,
1525:
1518:
1517:Eric Berne,
1513:
1484:
1483:Eric Berne,
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
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1432:
1427:
1419:
1403:
1398:
1390:
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1366:
1335:
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1320:
1315:
1307:
1295:Fadiman, J.
1269:
1250:
1245:
1227:
1211:
1206:
1162:Self-concept
1104:
1085:
1065:
1044:
1035:
1019:
1010:
1001:
988:
980:
972:
965:
960:
954:
950:
944:
935:
928:
920:
902:
899:
888:
879:
875:
872:
862:development.
852:
820:
799:
795:
791:
771:
767:
763:
760:narcissistic
753:
731:
724:
722:
717:
707:
679:
672:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
631:
629:
488:Intelligence
219:Quantitative
184:Mathematical
179:Intelligence
169:Experimental
164:Evolutionary
154:Differential
1855:(5): 1–14.
1783:: 594–628.
1733:(1): 3–28.
1182:Self-schema
1122:Future self
990:Self-esteem
841:Carl Rogers
762:perfection:
750:Heinz Kohut
738:Personality
732:(See also:
696:Self (Jung)
530:Disciplines
403:Suicidology
298:Educational
253:Anomalistic
229:Theoretical
204:Personality
134:Comparative
117:Cognitivism
108:Behaviorism
1949:Categories
1940:False self
1199:References
1088:John Locke
1082:John Locke
1076:John Locke
855:ego states
839:See also:
831:Eric Berne
710:archetypes
458:Competence
323:Humanistic
303:Ergonomics
288:Counseling
263:Assessment
199:Perception
159:Ecological
35:Psychology
1877:205774482
1849:Neurocase
1187:True Will
726:imago Dei
644:affective
636:cognitive
453:Cognition
368:Political
278:Community
113:Cognitive
63:Subfields
1869:19382038
1827:10789197
1755:43306158
1747:12529056
1708:10687402
1300:Archived
1251:The Self
1110:See also
756:Cathexis
640:conative
565:Timeline
478:Feelings
473:Emotions
433:Behavior
427:Concepts
388:Religion
373:Positive
363:Pastoral
348:Military
313:Forensic
308:Feminist
293:Critical
283:Consumer
273:Coaching
268:Clinical
144:Cultural
83:Abnormal
1096:amnesia
540:Outline
413:Traffic
408:Systems
343:Medical
174:Gestalt
58:History
53:Outline
1897:
1875:
1867:
1825:
1753:
1745:
1706:
1669:
1644:
1556:
1533:p. 276
1373:
1343:
1276:
1236:
1045:et al.
817:forms.
736:&
570:Topics
393:School
318:Health
224:Social
127:Social
1873:S2CID
1773:(PDF)
1751:S2CID
1505:(PDF)
1042:Nowak
658:with
516:Lists
353:Music
338:Media
333:Legal
189:Moral
1955:Self
1895:ISBN
1865:PMID
1823:PMID
1743:PMID
1704:PMID
1667:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1234:ISBN
971:The
955:what
934:The
833:and
786:and
714:Jung
654:and
648:Self
630:The
493:Mind
1857:doi
1815:doi
1811:107
1785:doi
1735:doi
1731:110
1696:doi
1692:107
1036:In
966:who
951:why
656:me,
642:or
1951::
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664:me
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660:I
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