87:
2270:
Most numerals are identical between Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan. Most number show minimal differences between Proto-Indo-Aryan and
Sanskrit (e.g., the loss of the fricative sound *H).
2020:
of Vedic and later
Sanskrit has a particularly wide range of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and Proto-Indo-Iranian (PII) sources, which partly remain distinct in later Indo-Aryan languages:
2788:
Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic
Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271–279.
2070:
Most personal pronouns are identical between Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan and show modest differences between Proto-Indo-Aryan and
Sanskrit
2490:
2829:
1872:
1836:
1034:
2798:
2772:
2746:
2539:
2506:
2006:.) However, it is not clear that the contrast actually survived anywhere in Indo-Iranian, not even in Proto-Indo-Iranian, as
1843:
1815:
2476:
694:
1986:
One of these is the representation of Proto-Indo-European *l and *r. Vedic (as also most Iranic languages) merges both as
1800:
2822:
1865:
1822:
753:
4358:
2727:
2699:
2549:
1950:
86:
1829:
593:
104:
3228:
1998:, indicating that the contrast survived in an early Indo-Aryan dialect parallel to Vedic. (A dialect with only
1685:
1460:
864:
4658:
4010:
3045:
2815:
1858:
1430:
699:
636:
437:
323:
3981:
3801:
3647:
2964:
2281:
2081:
1916:
1118:
621:
432:
427:
422:
317:
2017:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1987:
4663:
4544:
4512:
4368:
1912:
1435:
930:
631:
510:
496:
477:
4078:
2498:
773:
731:
331:
4218:
4192:
3631:
3515:
2694:. Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series. Vol. 42. pp. 60–65.
1893:
1475:
1440:
1113:
417:
1937:
Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly
4653:
4413:
3174:
2756:
1735:
1625:
1445:
976:
808:
759:
655:
457:
412:
407:
327:
1980:
1979:
Despite the great archaicity of Vedic, the other Indo-Aryan languages preserve a small number of
1630:
1357:
467:
462:
452:
96:
4668:
4621:
4490:
3766:
3560:
3377:
2912:
1620:
1592:
1376:
1278:
1044:
890:
514:
352:
244:
183:
138:
78:
70:
4291:
4104:
3590:
3555:
3550:
3389:
3372:
2892:
1908:
1767:
1596:
504:
500:
485:
481:
4579:
4554:
4423:
4393:
4250:
4030:
4020:
3830:
3409:
2838:
1968:
1960:
display a few minor features derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan that had already disappeared in
1932:
1900:
1713:
1678:
991:
674:
626:
563:
533:
491:
471:
335:
189:
35:
859:
8:
4626:
4433:
4154:
4139:
4071:
4045:
4035:
3960:
3677:
3467:
3394:
3367:
3119:
2949:
2480:
986:
981:
877:
801:
766:
689:
679:
538:
239:
234:
203:
50:
4438:
4351:
4316:
4088:
3606:
3341:
3031:
2959:
2954:
1995:
1946:
1692:
1643:
1577:
1561:
1186:
839:
578:
264:
169:
164:
55:
4631:
4445:
4114:
4083:
4061:
4025:
3867:
3825:
3730:
3672:
3437:
3359:
3354:
3263:
3184:
3164:
3086:
3011:
2928:
2861:
2768:
2761:
2742:
2723:
2695:
2545:
2502:
1938:
1904:
1706:
1672:
1664:
1608:
1602:
1584:
1555:
1534:
1520:
1512:
1282:
1143:
1083:
1065:
1006:
1001:
996:
963:
958:
787:
650:
299:
292:
285:
271:
257:
217:
196:
133:
125:
4475:
4461:
4549:
4539:
4485:
4418:
4321:
4296:
4286:
4265:
4260:
4235:
4174:
4066:
4040:
4003:
3998:
3952:
3898:
3851:
3810:
3761:
3706:
3667:
3616:
3535:
3505:
3452:
3442:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3273:
3223:
3179:
3091:
2897:
2846:
1700:
1650:
1467:
1273:
1161:
1101:
1078:
1021:
1016:
953:
940:
935:
925:
598:
211:
159:
151:
144:
2598:
4594:
4428:
4383:
4270:
4240:
4197:
4149:
4109:
4015:
3965:
3936:
3914:
3846:
3756:
3716:
3682:
3626:
3621:
3580:
3565:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3399:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3268:
3189:
3114:
3070:
3026:
3021:
3006:
3001:
2944:
2907:
2902:
2484:
2003:
1781:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1721:
1657:
1636:
1614:
1199:
1088:
1011:
920:
853:
794:
660:
392:
377:
367:
362:
278:
250:
2475:
In modern and colloquial context, the term "Indic" refers more generally to the
4604:
4346:
4255:
4187:
4182:
4164:
4144:
3931:
3924:
3893:
3787:
3735:
3575:
3570:
3525:
3500:
3492:
3447:
3417:
3384:
3235:
3144:
3109:
3101:
3065:
3016:
2882:
2572:
1961:
1942:
1896:
1526:
1393:
1268:
826:
780:
748:
684:
175:
4647:
4589:
4245:
4159:
4134:
3919:
3258:
3159:
1786:
1250:
1166:
883:
741:
603:
357:
573:
4584:
3349:
2672:
2654:
1405:
1243:
717:
588:
387:
382:
372:
2627:
3662:
3477:
2980:
1381:
1367:
1331:
1039:
568:
3771:
3740:
3711:
2807:
2802:
1344:
1258:
1136:
901:
4561:
4470:
4450:
3139:
3134:
2866:
1547:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1288:
1156:
4599:
4341:
3692:
3154:
3149:
3129:
2887:
1957:
1490:
1481:
1372:
1173:
1148:
1052:
543:
119:
4533:
4404:
3877:
3611:
3124:
2010:
is also found in place of original *r in Indo-Iranian languages.
1540:
1504:
1497:
1295:
915:
548:
3872:
3721:
3696:
3253:
3245:
3169:
3060:
2985:
1263:
1217:
736:
553:
2034:
PIE *dʰgʷʰ, *gʰs, *gʷʰs > PII *gʱžʱ > Middle Indo-Aryan
3687:
3585:
2024:
PIE *ks, *kʷs, *gs, *gʷs > PII *kš > Middle Indo-Aryan
1920:
1362:
1236:
1230:
1212:
583:
558:
1953:. Indeed, Vedic Sanskrit is very close to Proto-Indo-Aryan.
4388:
3701:
2044:
PIE *tḱ; *ǵs, *ḱs > PII *tć, *ćš > Middle Indo-Aryan
1754:
4480:
2054:
PIE *dʰǵʰ, *ǵʰs > PII *ȷ́ʱžʱ > Middle Indo-Aryan
2065:
2767:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2644:(2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09
1903:. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the
2760:
2755:
2623:
1990:. Later, however, some instances of Indo-European
2692:Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants
4645:
2538:Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (26 July 2007).
2479:, thus also including non-Aryan languages like
16:Protolanguage of the Indo-Aryan language family
2823:
2488:
1866:
2537:
2830:
2816:
1873:
1859:
1837:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
2736:
2689:
2637:
2626:, p. 3; Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and
1974:
2837:
2489:Reynolds, Mike; Verma, Mahendra (2007).
2599:"The Indo-European Family of Languages"
4646:
2671:
2653:
2811:
2717:
2633:
1909:migrated into the Indian subcontinent
1844:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1816:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2477:languages of the Indian subcontinent
2002:is additionally posited to underlie
2720:The Blackwell companion to Hinduism
2596:
2066:Personal pronouns (nominative case)
1919:), it has the characteristics of a
1801:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
2799:Category:Proto-Indo-Aryan language
2782:
2763:A Source Book in Indian Philosophy
2737:MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004).
1823:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
4680:
2792:
2299:*Háykas > Skr एक (éka) /aika/
1951:Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
1915:(which in turn is descended from
4536:(unknown further classification)
1830:Journal of Indo-European Studies
594:Bible translations into Armenian
85:
2739:A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
2573:"ARYANS – Encyclopedia Iranica"
105:List of Indo-European languages
2711:
2683:
2665:
2647:
2624:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957
2616:
2590:
2565:
2531:
2469:
1:
2525:
2495:Language in the British Isles
2013:The common consonant cluster
1431:Proto-Indo-European mythology
700:Paleolithic continuity theory
1119:Northern Black Polished Ware
318:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
2628:
2493:. In Britain, David (ed.).
2265:
1436:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
4685:
2722:. Oxford: Blackwell Publ.
2718:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003).
2690:Kobayashi, Masato (2004).
2499:Cambridge University Press
2099:*aȷ́Hám > *aȷ́ʰám >
1930:
1926:
732:Domestication of the horse
4613:
4570:
4526:
4503:
4459:
4402:
4376:
4367:
4334:
4309:
4279:
4228:
4217:
4210:
4173:
4127:
4097:
4054:
3991:
3980:
3945:
3907:
3886:
3860:
3839:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3780:
3749:
3655:
3646:
3599:
3491:
3408:
3340:
3333:
3286:
3244:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3100:
3079:
3053:
3044:
2994:
2973:
2937:
2921:
2875:
2854:
2845:
1441:Historical Vedic religion
718:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
41:
31:
26:
21:
4414:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2677:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2659:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2541:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2462:
2238:*tā́s (or *táHas?) >
1983:features lost in Vedic.
1446:Ancient Iranian religion
809:Novotitarovskaya culture
656:Indo-European migrations
2759:; Moore, C. A. (1957).
2741:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2296:*h₁óynos > *h₁óykos
1967:Today, numerous modern
1911:. Being descended from
947:Northern/Eastern Steppe
4622:Indo-Iranian languages
1975:Differences from Vedic
1418:Religion and mythology
1377:Medieval Scandinavians
668:Alternative and fringe
32:Reconstruction of
4292:Maharashtrian Konkani
2603:Dr. Wheeler's Website
1768:Indo-European studies
1131:Peoples and societies
4659:Indo-Aryan languages
4580:Andaman Creole Hindi
4011:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3831:Caribbean Hindustani
2839:Indo-Aryan languages
2577:Encyclopedia Iranica
2501:. pp. 293–307.
2352:चत्वारः (catvā́raḥ)
1969:Indo-Aryan languages
1949:, as well as by the
1933:Indo-Aryan languages
1901:Indo-Aryan languages
675:Anatolian hypothesis
627:Proto-Indo-Europeans
534:Hittite inscriptions
79:Indo-European topics
36:Indo-Aryan languages
4627:Nuristani languages
4359:Mitanni superstrate
2965:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2642:Sanskrit literature
2274:
2074:
1917:Proto-Indo-European
931:Multi-cordoned ware
802:Mikhaylovka culture
690:Indigenous Aryanism
680:Armenian hypothesis
539:Hieroglyphic Luwian
51:Proto-Indo-European
4664:Languages of India
4513:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4394:Early Ardhamagadhi
2640:, pp. 29–39;
2273:
2073:
1996:Classical Sanskrit
1947:Classical Sanskrit
1913:Proto-Indo-Iranian
511:Proto-Indo-Iranian
497:Proto-Balto-Slavic
478:Proto-Italo-Celtic
56:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4641:
4640:
4632:Iranian languages
4499:
4498:
4419:Dramatic Prakrits
4330:
4329:
4305:
4304:
4206:
4205:
4123:
4122:
4079:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
3976:
3975:
3796:
3795:
3642:
3641:
3632:list of languages
3329:
3328:
3282:
3281:
3198:
3197:
3040:
3039:
2774:978-0-691-01958-1
2757:Radhakrishnan, S.
2748:978-81-208-2000-5
2597:Wheeler, L. Kip.
2508:978-0-521-79488-6
2491:"Indic languages"
2460:
2459:
2263:
2262:
2188:*wéy > *weyóm
1994:again surface in
1905:Proto-Indo-Aryans
1883:
1882:
1144:Anatolian peoples
1114:Painted Grey Ware
1002:Nordic Bronze Age
651:Kurgan hypothesis
604:Old Irish glosses
569:Gaulish epigraphy
64:
63:
4676:
4518:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4374:
4373:
4297:Canarese Konkani
4226:
4225:
4215:
4214:
3989:
3988:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3653:
3652:
3338:
3337:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3051:
3050:
2852:
2851:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2778:
2766:
2752:
2733:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2673:Masica, Colin P.
2669:
2663:
2662:
2655:Masica, Colin P.
2651:
2645:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2535:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2473:
2348:*čatwā́ras >
2275:
2272:
2096:*éǵ > *eǵHóm
2075:
2072:
2019:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1886:Proto-Indo-Aryan
1875:
1868:
1861:
1716:
1709:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1564:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1484:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1274:Germanic peoples
1264:Hellenic peoples
1253:
1246:
1239:
1162:Mycenaean Greeks
1151:
1079:Thraco-Cimmerian
977:Globular Amphora
954:Abashevo culture
893:
886:
856:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
599:Tocharian script
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
220:
206:
199:
192:
178:
154:
147:
128:
89:
66:
65:
27:PIA, Proto-Indic
22:Proto-Indo-Aryan
19:
18:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4654:Proto-languages
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4609:
4572:
4566:
4522:
4505:
4495:
4455:
4398:
4384:Ashokan Prakrit
4363:
4326:
4301:
4275:
4220:
4202:
4169:
4119:
4093:
4050:
3983:
3972:
3941:
3903:
3882:
3856:
3835:
3792:
3776:
3745:
3717:Hyderabadi Urdu
3638:
3595:
3487:
3404:
3325:
3278:
3269:Pahari-Pothwari
3240:
3194:
3175:Pahari Kinnauri
3096:
3075:
3036:
3002:Indus Kohistani
2995:Hazara Division
2990:
2969:
2933:
2917:
2871:
2841:
2836:
2795:
2785:
2783:Further reading
2775:
2749:
2730:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2684:
2670:
2666:
2652:
2648:
2636:, p. 68;
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2333:त्रयः (tráyaḥ)
2268:
2068:
2004:Magadhi Prakrit
1977:
1935:
1929:
1879:
1850:
1849:
1782:Marija Gimbutas
1770:
1760:
1759:
1751:Winter solstice
1741:Horse sacrifice
1712:
1705:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1588:
1573:
1560:
1546:
1539:
1525:
1516:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1450:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1353:
1340:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1153:
1147:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1097:
1074:
1061:
1049:
1030:
972:
949:
911:
904:
898:
889:
882:
873:
871:Northern Europe
852:
848:
835:
822:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
754:Steppe cultures
727:
720:
713:
705:
704:
695:Baltic homeland
669:
665:
661:Eurasian nomads
645:
641:
617:
609:
608:
579:Runic epigraphy
574:Latin epigraphy
529:
521:
520:
458:Proto-Anatolian
442:
397:
393:Thraco-Illyrian
378:Graeco-Phrygian
368:Graeco-Armenian
363:Graeco-Albanian
342:
320:
307:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
216:
202:
195:
188:
174:
150:
143:
124:
109:
101:
99:
60:
46:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4371:
4365:
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3385:Lisan ud-Dawat
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2794:
2793:External links
2791:
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2728:
2713:
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2664:
2661:. p. 156.
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2638:MacDonell 2004
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2225:ते (te) /tai/
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2208:यूयम् (yūyám)
2202:
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2138:*ey- (*eyóm?)
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1962:Vedic Sanskrit
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1897:proto-language
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1736:Fire sacrifice
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1527:Zoroastrianism
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1394:Medieval India
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1045:Gandhara grave
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846:Eastern Europe
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791:
784:
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774:Dnieper–Donets
770:
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749:Kurgan culture
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722:
721:
714:
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697:
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685:Beech argument
682:
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468:Proto-Germanic
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453:Proto-Albanian
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15:
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4669:Ancient India
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4590:Haflong Hindi
4588:
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4545:Chinali–Lahul
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3767:Chhattisgarhi
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3561:Rathwi Bareli
3559:
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3542:
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3534:
3532:
3529:
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3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
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3289:
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3237:
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3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
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3173:
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3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Mahasu Pahari
3158:
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3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
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3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
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3072:
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3047:
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3018:
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3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
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2999:
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2844:
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2833:
2828:
2826:
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2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2729:1-4051-3251-5
2725:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2701:4-87297-894-3
2697:
2693:
2686:
2679:. p. 97.
2678:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2553:
2551:9781135797119
2547:
2544:. Routledge.
2543:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2497:. Cambridge:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:*Haṣṭā́ >
2417:
2414:*Haštā́ >
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:*tráyas >
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:त्वम् (tvám)
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:reconstructed
1891:
1887:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:J. P. Mallory
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:Reconstructed
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1251:Insular Celts
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:Indo-Iranians
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
971:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
948:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
910:
909:Pontic Steppe
903:
900:
899:
892:
888:
885:
881:
880:
879:
876:
875:
874:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
851:
850:
849:
847:
841:
838:
837:
836:
834:
828:
825:
824:
823:
821:
810:
806:
803:
799:
798:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
742:Kurgan stelae
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
726:
725:Pontic Steppe
719:
716:
715:
709:
708:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
667:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
643:
642:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
525:
524:
516:
515:Proto-Iranian
512:
509:
506:
502:
498:
495:
493:
490:
487:
483:
479:
476:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Daco-Thracian
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:Reconstructed
309:
308:
301:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
255:
252:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
225:
219:
215:
214:
213:
210:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
186:
185:
182:
177:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
141:
140:
137:
135:
132:
127:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
98:
93:
92:
88:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
67:
57:
54:
53:
52:
48:
43:Reconstructed
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4585:Bombay Hindi
4527:Unclassified
4517:
4424:Ardhamagadhi
4251:Berar Deccan
4105:Chittagonian
4098:Chittagonian
3591:Vaagri Booli
3556:Pauri Bareli
3551:Palya Bareli
3516:Dhodia–Kukna
3390:Parkari Koli
3203:Northwestern
2893:Kundal Shahi
2762:
2738:
2719:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2641:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2540:
2533:
2512:. Retrieved
2494:
2471:
2453:
2444:
2436:
2435:*Hnáwa >
2427:
2422:अष्ट (aṣṭá)
2419:
2415:
2406:
2393:
2385:
2384:*ṣwáṭṣ >
2381:
2380:*šwáćš >
2372:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2313:
2304:
2291:
2286:PII and PIA
2269:
2259:तानि (tāni)
2256:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2183:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2124:*tuHám >
2121:
2112:
2107:अहम् (ahám)
2104:
2103:*aźʰám >
2100:
2091:
2086:PII and PIA
2069:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2012:
1985:
1981:conservative
1978:
1971:are extant.
1966:
1956:Some of the
1955:
1936:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1808:Publications
1807:
1793:
1774:
1728:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:Paleo-Balkan
1583:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1511:
1510:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1423:
1406:Greater Iran
1399:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1350:
1349:
1337:
1336:
1279:Paleo-Balkan
1244:Celtiberians
1223:
1222:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1178:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1057:
1027:
1026:
969:
968:
946:
945:
908:
907:
870:
869:
845:
844:
832:
831:
819:
818:
760:Bug–Dniester
724:
723:
589:Gothic Bible
505:Proto-Baltic
501:Proto-Slavic
486:Proto-Italic
482:Proto-Celtic
445:
400:
388:Italo-Celtic
383:Indo-Hittite
373:Graeco-Aryan
346:Hypothetical
345:
310:
245:Paleo-Balkan
227:
184:Indo-Iranian
139:Balto-Slavic
112:
4573:and creoles
4555:Lahul Lohar
4434:Maharashtri
4031:Mal Paharia
4021:Kharia Thar
3663:Braj Bhasha
2712:Works cited
2608:12 November
2487:. See e.g.
2452:*dáća >
2345:*kʷetwóres
2312:*dwáH >
1890:Proto-Indic
1888:(sometimes
1686:Continental
1679:Anglo-Saxon
1382:Middle Ages
1332:Middle Ages
1187:Indo-Aryans
1180:Indo-Aryans
987:Bell Beaker
982:Corded ware
878:Corded ware
767:Sredny Stog
712:Archaeology
492:Proto-Greek
472:Proto-Norse
4648:Categories
4476:Apabhraṃśa
4462:Apabhraṃśa
4439:Shauraseni
4155:Bodo Parja
4140:Sambalpuri
4072:Goalpariya
4046:Tanchangya
4036:Noakhailla
3961:Bote-Darai
3772:Fiji Hindi
3741:Sadhukkadi
3712:Judeo-Urdu
3678:Hindustani
3468:Shekhawati
3410:Rajasthani
3395:Saurashtra
3120:Bhadarwahi
2950:Gawar-Bati
2803:Wiktionary
2634:Flood 2003
2582:23 October
2557:24 October
2526:References
2514:2021-10-04
2439:नव (náva)
2388:षट् (ṣáṭ)
2316:द्व (dvá)
2242:ताः (tāḥ)
2221:*táy >
2204:*yúH >
2178:तद् (tad)
2174:*tád >
2157:*sáH >
2120:*túH >
1931:See also:
1923:language.
1907:, who had
1794:Institutes
1714:Lithuanian
1468:Indo-Aryan
1454:Historical
1388:Indo-Aryan
1345:Tocharians
1259:Cimmerians
1137:Bronze Age
1028:South Asia
902:Bronze Age
840:Afanasievo
644:Mainstream
408:Vocabulary
328:Sound laws
190:Indo-Aryan
4562:Sheikhgal
4506:languages
4471:Abahattha
4451:Paishachi
4352:Classical
4317:Maldivian
4089:Surjapuri
4055:Kamarupic
3957:Kuswaric
3819:Bhojpuric
3607:Khandeshi
3140:Chambeali
3135:Bilaspuri
3032:Mankiyali
2960:Shumashti
2955:Nangalami
2867:Kishtwari
2629:Upaniṣads
2622:see e.g.
2481:Dravidian
2432:*h₁néwn̥
2407:Eight (8)
2394:Seven (7)
2322:Three (3)
2255:*tá >
2248:They (n.)
2231:They (f.)
2214:They (m.)
2197:You (all)
2161:सा (sā́)
1892:) is the
1729:Practices
1548:Yarsanism
1358:Albanians
1338:East Asia
1325:Scythians
1317:Phrygians
1310:Paeonians
1303:Illyrians
1289:Thracians
1206:East Asia
1157:Armenians
1084:Hallstatt
1066:Chernoles
1007:Terramare
997:Trzciniec
964:Sintashta
959:Andronovo
860:Cernavodă
833:East Asia
788:Khvalynsk
528:Philology
438:Particles
324:Phonology
265:Liburnian
240:Tocharian
235:Anatolian
204:Nuristani
97:Languages
45:ancestors
4618:See also
4600:Nefamese
4595:Nagamese
4486:Kamarupi
4446:Gāndhārī
4403:Middle (
4342:Sanskrit
4280:Konkanic
4229:Marathic
4219:Marathi–
4211:Southern
4115:Rohingya
4084:Rangpuri
4062:Assamese
4026:Kurmukar
4004:dialects
3984:Kamarupa
3868:Maithili
3861:Maithili
3826:Bhojpuri
3731:Kannauji
3693:Hinglish
3673:Haryanvi
3438:Dhundari
3378:Wadiyara
3360:Jandavra
3355:Gujarati
3342:Gujarati
3264:Khetrani
3229:dialects
3185:Sirmauri
3165:Jaunsari
3155:Mandeali
3150:Pangwali
3130:Bhateali
3087:Garhwali
3046:Northern
3012:Chilisso
2888:Brokskat
2862:Kashmiri
2855:Kashmiri
2675:(1991).
2657:(1991).
2445:Ten (10)
2428:Nine (9)
2398:*septḿ̥
2364:*pénkʷe
2360:Five (5)
2341:Four (4)
2326:*tréyes
2278:Numeral
2266:Numerals
2235:*téh₂es
2078:Pronoun
1958:Prakrits
1939:attested
1775:Scholars
1673:Germanic
1644:Scottish
1609:Thracian
1603:Illyrian
1597:Albanian
1585:European
1578:Armenian
1562:Ossetian
1556:Scythian
1541:Yazidism
1491:Buddhism
1482:Hinduism
1373:Norsemen
1283:Anatolia
1200:Iranians
1193:Iranians
1174:Iron Age
1149:Hittites
1102:Colchian
1095:Caucasus
1053:Iron Age
1022:Lusatian
1017:Urnfield
941:Srubnaya
936:Poltavka
926:Catacomb
865:Cucuteni
820:Caucasus
637:Religion
622:Homeland
564:Behistun
544:Linear B
433:Numerals
428:Pronouns
353:Balkanic
300:Thracian
293:Phrygian
286:Paeonian
272:Messapic
258:Illyrian
170:Hellenic
165:Germanic
134:Armenian
126:Albanian
120:Albanoid
71:a series
69:Part of
4571:Pidgins
4550:Chinali
4540:Bazigar
4534:Badeshi
4429:Magadhi
4405:Prakrit
4322:Sinhala
4310:Insular
4287:Konkani
4266:Katkari
4261:Phudagi
4241:Varhadi
4236:Marathi
4221:Konkani
4193:Bhunjia
4067:Kamrupi
4041:Sylheti
3999:Bengali
3992:Bengali
3953:Kumhali
3920:Kochila
3908:Tharuic
3899:Kurmali
3887:Sadanic
3878:Bajjika
3852:Khortha
3802:Eastern
3762:Bagheli
3750:Eastern
3707:Deccani
3683:Kauravi
3668:Bundeli
3656:Western
3648:Central
3617:Dawoodi
3612:Lambadi
3536:Bhilori
3506:Bhilali
3453:Marwari
3443:Harauti
3373:Parkari
3334:Western
3301:Kholosi
3296:Jadgali
3274:Saraiki
3224:Punjabi
3217:Eastern
3210:Punjabi
3180:Hinduri
3125:Churahi
3102:Western
3092:Kumaoni
3080:Central
3054:Eastern
2981:Kalasha
2974:Chitral
2929:Pashayi
2922:Pashayi
2898:Kalkoti
2632:", in:
2449:*déḱm̥
2411:*oḱtṓw
2401:*saptá
2377:*swéḱs
2373:Six (6)
2367:*pánča
2309:*dwóh₁
2305:Two (2)
2292:One (1)
2191:*wayám
1927:History
1899:of the
1707:Latvian
1665:Cornish
1535:Kurdish
1521:Persian
1513:Iranian
1505:Sikhism
1498:Jainism
1461:Hittite
1400:Iranian
1296:Dacians
1089:Jastorf
1012:Tumulus
992:Únětice
921:Yamnaya
916:Chariot
854:Usatovo
795:Yamnaya
632:Society
616:Origins
549:Rigveda
401:Grammar
228:Extinct
218:Romance
197:Iranian
4504:Proto-
4460:Late (
4369:Middle
4271:Kadodi
4198:Nahari
4175:Halbic
4150:Bhatri
4110:Chakma
4016:Hajong
3982:Gauda–
3966:Danwar
3946:Others
3937:Musasa
3873:Angika
3847:Magahi
3840:Magahi
3811:Bihari
3781:Others
3757:Awadhi
3722:Rekhta
3697:Urdish
3627:Romani
3622:Domari
3600:Others
3581:Vasavi
3566:Pardhi
3546:Magari
3541:Mawchi
3531:Bauria
3521:Dhanki
3511:Chodri
3483:Nimadi
3473:Dhatki
3463:Mewari
3458:Mewati
3433:Gujari
3428:Loarki
3423:Goaria
3400:Vaghri
3321:Sindhi
3316:Memoni
3311:Luwati
3306:Kutchi
3288:Sindhi
3254:Hindko
3246:Lahnda
3190:Sarazi
3170:Kullui
3115:Kangri
3071:Nepali
3061:Doteli
3027:Tirahi
3022:Kalami
3007:Bateri
2986:Khowar
2945:Dameli
2908:Palula
2903:Ushoji
2847:Dardic
2771:
2745:
2726:
2698:
2548:
2505:
2456:*dáśa
2252:*téh₂
2154:*séh₂
2117:*túh₂
1722:Slavic
1701:Baltic
1651:Breton
1631:Celtic
1615:Dacian
1571:Others
1351:Europe
1224:Europe
1218:Yuezhi
1072:Europe
1059:Steppe
970:Europe
827:Maykop
781:Samara
737:Kurgan
554:Avesta
336:Ablaut
332:Accent
279:Mysian
251:Dacian
212:Italic
160:Celtic
152:Slavic
145:Baltic
113:Extant
4605:Vedda
4377:Early
4347:Vedic
4256:Varli
4188:Kamar
4183:Halbi
4165:Kupia
4145:Desia
3932:Majhi
3925:Buksa
3915:Tharu
3894:Sadri
3788:Parya
3736:Sansi
3688:Hindi
3586:Wagdi
3576:Kalto
3571:Gamit
3526:Dubli
3501:Bhili
3448:Malvi
3418:Bagri
3368:Kachi
3364:Koli
3236:Sansi
3145:Gaddi
3110:Dogri
3066:Jumli
3017:Gowro
2938:Kunar
2883:Shina
2876:Shina
2485:Munda
2463:Notes
2218:*tóy
2201:*yū́
2171:*tód
2050:-cch-
2040:-ggh-
2030:-kkh-
1943:Vedic
1921:satem
1693:Norse
1658:Welsh
1637:Irish
1626:Roman
1621:Greek
1476:Vedic
1368:Slavs
1363:Balts
1237:Gauls
1231:Celts
1213:Wusun
1108:India
884:Baden
584:Ogham
559:Homer
446:Other
423:Nouns
418:Verbs
176:Greek
4389:Pāli
4246:Andh
4160:Reli
4135:Odia
4128:Odia
3702:Urdu
3493:Bhil
3259:Inku
2913:Sawi
2769:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2610:2015
2584:2015
2559:2015
2546:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2483:and
2144:*sá
2140:*só
2060:-jh-
2018:/kʂ/
1945:and
1755:Yule
1746:Sati
1035:BMAC
413:Root
4481:Elu
4335:Old
3350:Aer
2801:on
2454:PIA
2437:Skr
2420:Skr
2416:PIA
2386:Skr
2382:PIA
2350:Skr
2331:Skr
2314:Skr
2282:PIE
2257:Skr
2240:Skr
2223:Skr
2206:Skr
2176:Skr
2159:Skr
2150:She
2126:Skr
2122:PIA
2113:You
2105:Skr
2101:PIA
2082:PIE
2056:jh-
2046:ch-
2036:gh-
2026:kh-
2008:/l/
2000:/l/
1992:/l/
1988:/r/
1941:as
1040:Yaz
4650::
3478:Od
2601:.
2575:.
2184:We
2167:It
2134:He
2058:,
2048:,
2038:,
2028:,
2015:kṣ
1964:.
1152:)
503:·
484:·
334:,
330:,
326::
73:on
4464:)
4407:)
3695:/
2831:e
2824:t
2817:v
2777:.
2751:.
2732:.
2704:.
2612:.
2586:.
2561:.
2517:.
2092:I
1874:e
1867:t
1860:v
1753:/
1617:)
1612:·
1606:·
1600:·
1595:(
1375:/
1281:/
1146:(
517:)
513:(
507:)
499:(
488:)
480:(
474:)
470:(
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