9558:, p. 175: "The emergence of Proto-Greek happened during a long, continuous linguistic process which involved numerous changes in all major linguistic fields (→ phonology, morphology, → syntax, lexicon), as a migrating population of (soon-to-become) Greek speakers were en route to/on the outskirts of Greece, i.e., somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper. But Proto-Greek was practically formed after the arrival of its speakers in Greece and their merger with pre-Greek populations (→ Pre-Greek Languages; → Pre-Greek Substrate), as is indicated, inter alia, by the high number of loanwords (e.g. sûkon 'fig') and suffixes (e.g. -nthos, -s(s)os/-ttos) which were borrowed into Proto-Greek (see (6), (7) below)."
9760:). In the first centuries of the second millennium, Proto-Greek was undifferentiated, although there was no doubt some variation, as well as affinities with other Balkan languages. Around 1700, South Greek-speaking tribes penetrated into Boeotia, Attica, and the Peloponnese, while North Greek was spoken roughly in Thessaly, parts of Central Greece, and further North and West (up to Epirus, and perhaps also Macedonia). During the early Mycenaean period, South Greek diverged by the assibilation of *ti, the simplification of word-internal *ts and *ss, and a number of morphological innovations.
6067:
more secure for the five standard cases of
Classical Greek (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative) and probably also the instrumental in its usual plural suffix -pʰi and the variant /-ṓis/ for o-stem nouns. The ablative and locative are uncertain; at the time of Mycenaean texts they may have been undergoing a merger with the genitive and dative respectively. It is thought that the syncretism between cases proceeded faster for the plural, with dative and locative already merged as
2017:
218:
5110:
2025:
13643:
13653:
13663:
7182:
2364:
45:
9582:, pp. 84–86: "Contacts must have existed, too, until 1900 B.C., when Western tribes lived in Epirus, Southwest Illyria and Western Macedonia, i.e. in the western neighborhood of the Ionians... The main body of the Proto-Greeks – as seen already in Sakellariou 1980 – had settled in southwest Illyria, Epirus, Western Macedonia, and northwestern Thessaly."
9432:, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (
9180:, p. 156: "The Proto-Greek region included Epirus, approximately up to Αὐλών in the north including Paravaia, Tymphaia, Athamania, Dolopia, Amphilochia, and Acarnania), west and north Thessaly (Hestiaiotis, Perrhaibia, Tripolis, and Pieria), i. e. more or less the territory of contemporary northwestern Greece)."
9570:, p. 84: "The time of the departure of the Proto-Greeks semel is mid EH II (2400/2300 B.C) (L and A available). Their route between Ukraine and Greece can be supposed to have led through Rumania and East Balkans towards the Hebros-vallev (North-Eastern Greece). Here they turned to the West (A available)."
6066:
Proto-Greek preserved the gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, dual, plural) distinctions of the nominal system of Proto-Indo-European. However, the evidence from
Mycenaean Greek is inconclusive with regard to whether all eight cases continued to see complete usage, but this is
2287:
considered these findings highly significant, and agreed that due to the minimal traces of pre-Greek toponymy in the region, Epirus and western
Thessaly must have formed the region of concentration of Proto-Greek speakers, before their spread southwards. However, the dating of proto-Greek in Bronze
3235:
in words containing multiple aspirates. It caused an initial aspirated sound to lose its aspiration when a following aspirated consonant occurred in the same word. It was a relatively late change in Proto-Greek history, and must have occurred independently of the similar dissimilation of aspirates
2299:
In modern bibliography, models about the settlement and development of proto-Greek speakers in the Greek peninsula place it in the region at the earliest around 2200–2000 BC, during the Early
Helladic III. Asko Parpola and Christian Carpelan (2005) date the arrival of Proto-Greek speakers into the
9764:
Scholars often date the immigration into the
Peloponnese to the end of the third millennium, but I would prefer a later date coinciding with the beginning of Late Helladic, in the seventeenth century BCE (cf. Hajnal 2005). This would fit the linguistic data best, as reconstructible differences
2211:
According to Filos (2014), the emergence of Proto-Greek was a long and continuous linguistic evolution, as the predecessors of Greek speakers were migrating towards the outskirts of Greece, somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper, where they eventually merged with pre-Greek
3991:
palatal consonants. Any aspiration was lost in the process. The palatalized consonants later simplified, mostly losing their palatal character. Palatalization occurred in two separate stages. The first stage affected only dental consonants, and the second stage affected all consonants.
6040:
The results of vowel contraction were complex from dialect to dialect. Such contractions occur in the inflection of a number of different noun and verb classes and are among the most difficult aspects of
Ancient Greek grammar. They were particularly important in the large class of
14323:
2330:
BC. The conventional division of the Greek dialects prior to 1955 differentiated them between a West Greek (consisting of Doric and
Northwest Greek) and an East Greek (consisting of Aeolic, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group. However, after the decipherment of the
9219:
Thus in the region defined just above, roughly northern and north-western Greece, one finds only archaic Greek place-names. Consequently, this is the proto-Hellenic area, the early homeland of the Greeks where they lived before they invaded central and southern
5985:
respectively. That happened to all labiovelars in some dialects like
Lesbian; in other dialects, like Attic, it occurred to all labiovelars not converted into dentals. Many occurrences of dentals were later converted into labials by analogy with other forms:
5775:
Analogical prosodic changes that converted a penultimate heavy acute accent to circumflex (retraction by one mora) if both the final and (if present) the preceding syllable were light. This produced alternations within a paradigm, for example Attic
2227:
river valley from where their main body moved west. As such Katona as well as M.V Sakellariou agree that the main body of Greek speakers settled in a region that included southwestern
Illyria, Epirus, northwestern Thessaly and western Macedonia.
2339:
argued for a division between a
Northern (consisting of Doric, Northwest Greek, and Aeolic) and a Southern (consisting of Mycenaean, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group, which remains fundamental until today.
2773:". This was a phonotactic restriction already in Proto-Indo-European, and continued to be productive in Proto-Greek. It ceased to be in effect when labiovelars disappeared from the language in post-Proto-Greek.
10497:
Renfrew, Colin (1973). "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin". In Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.).
3487:
sequence) leads to the same triple reflex, but most IE languages lost such laryngeals and a few reflect them initially before consonants. Greek vocalized them (leading to what are misleadingly termed
3320:
with distinct vowels. Most Indo-European languages can be traced back to a dialectal variety of late Proto-Indo-European (PIE) in which all three laryngeals had merged (after colouring adjacent short
10357:
Filos, Panagiotis (2014). "Proto-Greek and Common Greek". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Bubenik, Vit; Crespo, Emilio; Golston, Chris; Lianeri, Alexandra; Luraghi, Silvia; Matthaios, Stephanos (eds.).
5764:
in Attic, where a penultimate circumflex accent was retracted onto a preceding light syllable if the final syllable was also light: light-circumflex-light > acute-heavy-light. For example,
5003:, no distinction is found in any historically attested form of Greek between the outcomes of the first and second palatalizations, and so there is no visible evidence of an opposition between
3023:
that are not followed by a laryngeal are resolved to vowels or combinations of a vowel and consonantal resonant. This resulted in an epenthetic vowel of undetermined quality (denoted here as
2185:), and reached Greece in a date set around the transition of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age. The evolution of Proto-Greek could be considered within the context of an early
4170:
The second palatalization took place following the resolution of syllabic laryngeals and sonorants, and prior to Grassmann's law. It affected all consonants followed by the palatal glide
3914:
but otherwise vanishes early on. That change appears to be uniform across the Indo-European languages and was probably the first environment in which laryngeals were lost. If the first
10519:
Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.).
10479:
2350:, South Greek-speaking tribes spread to Boeotia, Attica, and the Peloponnese, while North Greek was spoken in Epirus, Thessaly, parts of Central Greece, and perhaps also Macedonia.
10501:
Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield
9193:
Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield
9102:"The cultural counterparts to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic and Proto-Aryan : matching the dispersal and contact patterns in the linguistic and archaeological record"
9650:
Supports an interpretation of Marija Gimbutas' Kurgan theory involving the migration of a proto-Greek population which arrived in Greece during the Early Helladic period.
10671:
5477:, where they behave as clitics and bear no accent. The accentless forms later acquired a default recessive accent, placed as far left as the law of limitation allowed.
9305:
2032:(1973 & 1981). The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many
9071:"the arrival of the Proto-Greek -speakers took place at various sites in central and southern Greece at the beginning and end of the Early Helladic III period.
9207:
9346:
7258:. However, the augment down to the time of Homer remained optional and was probably little more than a free sentence particle, meaning "previously" in the
6127:
The Proto-Greek nominal system is thought to have included cases of gender change according to number, heteroclisy and stem alternation (ex. genitive form
5448:, confined the freedom of the accents to the final three syllables. Alternatively, it can be analyzed as restraining the accent to be within the last four
9756:
5687:, as a result of an earlier sound change). See below for details. It had not yet happened in Mycenaean, as is shown by the fact that a separate letter
2972:
script did not explicitly mark final consonants. However, it appears that these stops were preserved word finally for unstressed words, reflected in
2279:. The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region, in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many
91:
14366:
10790:
10720:
Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy
9145:
Hajnal, Ivo (2007). "Die Vorgeschichte der griechischen Dialekte: ein methodischer Rück- und Ausblick". In Hajnal, Ivo; Stefan, Barbara (eds.).
5750:
in Attic and Ionic dialects (but not Doric). In Ionic, the change was general, but in Attic it did not occur after /i/, /e/ or /r/. (Note Attic
2192:
that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial
9379:
3294:
that accompanied second-stage palatalization (see below), which postdates both of the previous changes (as well as first-stage palatalization);
2003:
3966:
and vocalic resonants, when it directly followed a vowel, back into a consonant and merging adjacent non-high vowels into a single long vowel.
10468:
1967:
14262:
2326:
dates the beginning of the diversification of Proto-Greek into the subsequent Greek dialects to a point not significantly earlier than 1700
14523:
9719:
9264:
9119:
2020:
Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100-1900 B.C.) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)
1165:
9503:
14094:
12390:
2212:
populations to form the Proto-Greek language. A. L. Katona (2000) places the beginning of the migration from Ukraine towards the south
2204:, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a
10678:
3202:
Devoicing of voiced aspirates *bʰ, *dʰ, *ɡʰ, *ɡʷʰ to *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ, *kʷʰ. This change preceded and fed both stages of palatalization.
6079:. Nevertheless, seven case distinctions are securely attested in Mycenaean in some domain, with the status of the ablative unclear.
14333:
13699:
3891:, as expected, but it otherwise disappears entirely (as in most other Indo-European languages but not Indo-Iranian whose laryngeal
14298:
5877:
In Attic and some other dialects (but not, for example, Aeolic), labiovelars before some front vowels became dentals. In Attic,
14528:
5796:, when following a vowel and not preceding a vowel, combined early on with the vowel to form a diphthong and so were not lost.
2823:
in intervocalic and prevocalic positions (between two vowels, or if word-initial and followed by a vowel). Loss of prevocalic
10700:
10652:
10562:
10530:
10457:
10425:
10372:
10347:
10290:
10269:
10245:
9684:
9631:
9534:
BC led gradually in the succeeding centuries to the much clearer definition of the languages of the constituent sub-regions."
9497:
9340:
9299:
9258:
9201:
9113:
9052:
7203:
4671:
was preceded by other consonants. In formations that were morphologically opaque, the restoration did not take place and the
2385:
1974:
1946:
10592:
10536:
10431:
10399:
10296:
9637:
9058:
14359:
11778:
7010:("Yoke" in later Proto-Hellenic and both Classical and Modern Greek is masculine due to a gender shift from *-ón to *-ós).
6009:
Original PIE labiovelars had still remained as such even before consonants and so became labials also there. In many other
4369:
The resulting palatal consonants and clusters of Proto-Greek were resolved in varying ways prior to the historical period.
2235:
placed Proto-Greek in northwestern Greece and adjacent areas (approximately up to the Aulon river to the north), including
825:
9289:
7262:, which may easily have been lost by most other branches. Greek, Phrygian, and Indo-Iranian also concur in the absence of
10783:
7246:, to verbal forms expressing past tense. That feature is shared only with Indo-Iranian and Phrygian (and to some extent,
1931:
9044:
The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth
12400:
12090:
11783:
11717:
9148:
Die altgriechischen Dialekte. Wesen und Werden. Akten des Kolloquiums, Freie Universität Berlin, 19.–22. September 2001
3954:
always remaining as vocalic until the dissolution of vocalic resonants in the various daughter languages. Otherwise, a
1996:
1953:
884:
3701:
next to a laryngeal not adjacent to a vowel in the Indo-European dialect ancestral to Greek (subsequently coloured to
11788:
11763:
10759:
10727:
10586:
10509:
10393:
9713:
9020:
7229:
6045:, denominative verbs formed from nouns and adjectives ending in a vowel. (In fact, the reflex of contracted verbs in
5473:
Loss of accent in finite verb forms. This probably began in verbs of independent clauses, a development also seen in
2411:
217:
9598:: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks."
7211:
2393:
13597:
12346:
11773:
11768:
1960:
724:
14352:
14252:
12240:
12100:
12095:
11372:
10640:
9191:
235:
9330:
13624:
12265:
11679:
10776:
9151:(in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. p. 136.
7207:
2389:
1816:
1591:
995:
10323:
9152:
5761:
5490:
4158:(which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨s⟩) is consistently written differently from the reflex of original
3324:
vowels), but Greek clearly cannot. For that reason, Greek is extremely important in reconstructing PIE forms.
14257:
14162:
13619:
13176:
12669:
12185:
12105:
11803:
11513:
5494:
5455:
3980:
1989:
1561:
830:
767:
568:
454:
13991:
13692:
13592:
12121:
11575:
10633:
The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek: Linguistic Prehistory of the Greek Dialects and Homeric
10237:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
8803:
7959:
7686:
7580:
7369:
7054:
6788:
6774:
6760:
6513:
6499:
6485:
6230:
6216:
6202:
5344:
5292:
5261:
5195:
5121:
2753:
2289:
2178:
2136:
1249:
752:
563:
558:
553:
448:
8440:
8362:
8306:
8253:
5914:
5910:
5898:
5894:
5823:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5789:
5747:
5729:
5725:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5684:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5640:
5621:
5617:
5420:
5414:
5384:
5380:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5093:
5089:
5079:
3911:
3888:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3321:
3260:
3256:
2984:
2980:
2820:
2816:
2798:
2766:
13921:
12647:
12255:
12131:
11793:
11747:
11702:
11478:
11167:
4739:
3604:
3596:
2158:
2096:
1566:
1061:
762:
641:
627:
608:
17:
13186:
13308:
13181:
12314:
12309:
12285:
12195:
11712:
10810:
10684:
6010:
5680:
5177:
4667:) occurred only in morphologically transparent formations, by analogy with similar formations in which
2776:
904:
862:
462:
14308:
13963:
13666:
13609:
12565:
12368:
12353:
12275:
12210:
11530:
11425:
10899:
10833:
2116:
1606:
1571:
1244:
548:
12177:
12157:
11355:
11013:
3646:. It is sometimes suggested that the position of the accent was a factor in determining the outcome.
14518:
14226:
14066:
12363:
12326:
12260:
11926:
11813:
9666:
7192:
5808:
5733:
5519:
5489:
Many Proto-Greek suffixes bore lexical stress. Accentuation rules applied post-Proto-Greek such as
5462:
words to become paroxytone when ending in a syllable sequence consisting of heavy-light-light (ex.
4103:
in morphologically transparent formations. The initial outcome of restoration may have been simply
3773:
2374:
2174:
1866:
1756:
1576:
1107:
939:
890:
786:
588:
543:
538:
458:
70:
3583:
respectively. (Other Indo-European languages again have the same reflex for all three laryngeals:
14508:
14288:
14236:
14167:
14086:
13685:
13646:
12770:
12570:
12555:
12358:
12341:
12321:
12290:
12190:
12126:
11742:
11727:
11697:
11658:
11535:
11387:
10889:
7196:
3588:
2378:
2197:
2162:
2123:
BC, with the diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700
2060:
1761:
1488:
598:
593:
583:
227:
3958:
resulted, which was resolved in various ways in the daughter languages, typically by converting
3822:
A laryngeal adjacent to a vowel develops along the same lines as other Indo-European languages:
2036:. Modern consensus is that pre-Proto-Greek and other IE languages split from PIE only after 2500
14513:
14197:
14105:
14014:
13843:
13604:
12607:
12378:
12336:
12270:
12235:
11687:
11671:
11367:
11308:
11157:
11152:
9754:, pp. 189–190: "In sum, the most likely scenario is as follows (see the tentative tree in
3892:
3368:
3359:). All other Indo-European languages reflect the same vowel from all three laryngeals (usually
3241:
2186:
2072:
1751:
1723:
1507:
1409:
1175:
1021:
645:
483:
375:
314:
269:
209:
201:
136:
87:
10204:
Ramón, José Luis García (2017). "The morphology of Greek". In Klein, Joseph and Fritz (2017),
9701:
9248:
9101:
2786:
into the labiovelars, perhaps with compensatory lengthening of the consonant in one case: PIE
14313:
14201:
14121:
14100:
14051:
13656:
12885:
12875:
12865:
12850:
12540:
12280:
12250:
12205:
12200:
11831:
11798:
11600:
11505:
11491:
11147:
11018:
10982:
9662:
9487:
3926:
or a vocalic resonant, a consonantal copy was apparently inserted in place of the laryngeal:
3616:
3612:
2668:
2284:
1898:
1727:
635:
631:
616:
612:
5608:
The following changes are apparently post-Mycenaean because early stages are represented in
4758:
scans as short-short. Thus the writer could use each form in different positions in a line.
14303:
14283:
14231:
14131:
14090:
13128:
13122:
13108:
12550:
12522:
12407:
12220:
11450:
11246:
5356:
3955:
2956:
Filos argues for a "probable" early loss of final non-nasal stop consonants: compare Latin
2232:
2040:
BC, with proto-Greek forming in the proto-Greek area during the Early Helladic III period (
2029:
1844:
1809:
1122:
805:
757:
694:
664:
602:
466:
320:
5573:. This was, in turn, followed by a change similar to the one described above, loss of the
2223:. Their proposed route of migration passed through Romania and the eastern Balkans to the
990:
8:
14278:
14126:
13906:
13864:
13732:
13259:
13229:
12617:
12512:
12507:
11944:
11259:
11172:
11142:
11096:
10859:
10745:
5047:
was probably post-Mycenaean, but occurred before the introduction of the Greek alphabet.
3984:
2092:
1117:
1112:
1008:
932:
897:
820:
810:
669:
370:
365:
334:
188:
31:
5683:, which were converted (mostly) into labials, sometimes into dentals (or velars next to
2968:; however, Mycenaean texts are inconclusive in offering evidence on this matter, as the
2146:. Pre-Proto-Greek, the Indo-European dialect from which Proto-Greek originated, emerged
2139:(PIE); a process whose last phase gave rise to the later language families and occurred
14056:
13953:
13742:
13476:
13373:
13279:
12923:
12840:
12728:
12230:
12054:
11570:
11550:
11407:
11278:
11162:
10957:
10884:
10706:
10619:
9765:
between South Greek and North Greek in the late Mycenaean period are relatively small."
9407:
9399:
6018:
5449:
3237:
3228:
2990:
2100:
1823:
1774:
1708:
1692:
1317:
970:
709:
395:
300:
295:
132:
96:
9530:
The fragmentation of the Balkan Proto-Indo-European Sprachbund of phase II around 3000
9370:
Parker, Holt N. (2008). "The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered".
7312:
The future tense is created, including a future passive as well as an aorist passive.
5506:
Sound changes that postdate Proto-Greek, but predate the attested dialects, including
14182:
14147:
14009:
13985:
13652:
13551:
13138:
12687:
12535:
12487:
12331:
12300:
12245:
12162:
12039:
11911:
11732:
11565:
11518:
11458:
11332:
11314:
11290:
11272:
11227:
11182:
11177:
10828:
10755:
10723:
10710:
10696:
10658:
10648:
10582:
10558:
10526:
10505:
10453:
10421:
10389:
10368:
10343:
10286:
10265:
10255:
10241:
10095:
9709:
9680:
9627:
9493:
9411:
9391:
9336:
9295:
9254:
9197:
9109:
9048:
9016:
7247:
6158:
6053:
contracted verbs, represents one of the two main classes of verbs in that language.)
5441:
3896:
2272:
2201:
2170:
2166:
1837:
1803:
1795:
1739:
1733:
1715:
1686:
1665:
1651:
1643:
1413:
1274:
1214:
1196:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1094:
1089:
918:
781:
430:
423:
416:
402:
388:
348:
327:
264:
256:
10610:
A New Computational Approach to the Ancient Greek Dialects: Phylogenetic Systematics
6036:.) This makes Greek of particular importance in reconstructing original labiovelars.
3713:
by the particular laryngeal in question) prior to the general merger of laryngeals:
14218:
14187:
14061:
13930:
13752:
13481:
13013:
12978:
12795:
12652:
12530:
12417:
12412:
11737:
11692:
11523:
11430:
11046:
10879:
10864:
10854:
10688:
10644:
10623:
10572:
10364:
10091:
9383:
5242:
5173:
5085:
5056:
4683:
remained. Hence, depending on the type of formation, the pre-Proto-Greek sequences
4111:, or alternatively, restoration may have yielded an affricate followed by a glide,
3317:
3311:
2293:
2260:
2193:
1831:
1781:
1598:
1404:
1292:
1232:
1209:
1152:
1147:
1084:
1071:
1066:
1056:
729:
342:
290:
282:
275:
10554:
Griechische Grammatik: auf der Grundlage von Karl Brugmanns Griechischer Grammatik
5819:
5388:
3297:
On the other hand, it predates the development of the first aorist passive marker
2770:
2024:
14447:
14328:
14318:
14024:
13859:
13773:
13737:
13727:
13496:
13254:
13042:
12855:
12597:
12463:
12395:
11722:
11320:
11302:
11296:
11210:
11187:
11061:
10972:
10932:
10869:
10749:
10576:
10552:
10520:
10499:
10447:
10415:
10383:
10358:
10280:
10259:
10235:
9670:
9621:
9042:
9012:
The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East
9010:
5953:
5654:
5507:
5232:
4151:
3530:
3500:
2812:
2205:
2068:
1912:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1852:
1788:
1767:
1745:
1330:
1219:
1142:
1051:
984:
925:
791:
523:
508:
498:
493:
409:
381:
14036:
13521:
13234:
3316:
Greek is unique among Indo-European languages in reflecting the three different
14474:
14376:
14177:
14172:
14157:
14041:
14029:
13812:
13708:
13378:
13318:
13313:
13269:
13050:
12998:
12988:
12968:
12958:
12702:
12697:
12692:
11545:
11344:
11338:
11326:
11126:
11101:
10874:
10799:
7259:
6150:
5474:
5403:
5393:
5365:
5324:
5315:
5304:
5284:
5273:
5253:
5216:
5207:
5187:
4135:
derived from the first palatalization. There may also have been restoration of
2276:
2108:
2064:
1657:
1524:
1399:
957:
911:
879:
815:
306:
4147:
that resulted from the first palatalization before leaving any visible trace.
14502:
14456:
14293:
14192:
14019:
14004:
13972:
13916:
13911:
13886:
13786:
13614:
13531:
13506:
13196:
13118:
12800:
12743:
12642:
12632:
12602:
12584:
12458:
11610:
11392:
11284:
11240:
11202:
11041:
10962:
10662:
9395:
7255:
7058:
6050:
4175:
4162:(which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨z⟩ via the second palatalization).
3245:
3232:
2169:
to the west, at the eastern borders of southeastern Europe; according to the
1917:
1381:
1297:
1014:
872:
734:
488:
60:
10608:
10082:
Teodorsson, Sven-Tage (1979). "On the Pronunciation of Ancient Greek Zeta".
3681:
respectively, with later palatalization (see below). Sometimes, the outcome
2016:
704:
14483:
14046:
13999:
13979:
13854:
13825:
13722:
13431:
13383:
13249:
13103:
12973:
12612:
12448:
11954:
11916:
11615:
10627:
9372:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
7267:
7251:
6075:). This merger may have been motivated by analogy to the locative singular
6046:
5601:
5535:
5433:
5369:
5348:
5337:
5296:
5265:
5199:
2675:
2112:
2084:
1536:
1374:
848:
719:
518:
513:
503:
80:
10692:
9387:
5220:
5035:, with one of the two word-initial reflexes of PIE *y-, and with original
14465:
13948:
13940:
13898:
13881:
13876:
13799:
13451:
13343:
13323:
13151:
12659:
12637:
12627:
12622:
12545:
12502:
12049:
11959:
11949:
11836:
11826:
11590:
10967:
10942:
10313:"An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C."
5711:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5333:
5141:
5071:
5059:: Shortening of long vowels before a sonorant in the same syllable. E.g.
3636:
2672:
2336:
2305:
2264:
2252:
2244:
2104:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2028:
View about "Proto-Greek area" in the 3rd millennium BC, reconstructed by
1512:
1498:
1462:
1170:
13156:
10631:
9403:
5109:
699:
13388:
13358:
13353:
13338:
13224:
13191:
12860:
12830:
12497:
12225:
12059:
11901:
11896:
11886:
11871:
11856:
11846:
11821:
11197:
10952:
10907:
9706:
Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
9676:
9623:
Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002, rev. ed
6082:
Significant developments attributed to the Proto-Greek period include:
5718:
4352:
Sihler reconstructs the palatalized stops (shown in the above table as
3301:
since the aspirate in that marker has no effect on preceding aspirates.
2323:
2268:
2189:
1475:
1389:
1267:
1032:
4887:(morphologically transparent forms, first and second palatalization):
4691:
have different outcomes in the later languages. In particular, medial
4127:
would go on to merge via the second palatalization with the reflex of
4000:
The first palatalization replaced post-PIE sequences of dental stop +
3887:, with a vocalized resonant), the laryngeal colours a following short
3327:
Greek shows distinct reflexes of the laryngeals in various positions:
14208:
13363:
13289:
13274:
13244:
13239:
13171:
13095:
13080:
13065:
13008:
12908:
12560:
12492:
12064:
12044:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11969:
11964:
11934:
11881:
11841:
11620:
11486:
11440:
11420:
11051:
10922:
8781:
8756:
8731:
8706:
8691:
8666:
8641:
8616:
8601:
8576:
8557:
8528:
8513:
8498:
8483:
8468:
8453:
8435:
8409:
8394:
8379:
8357:
8338:
8319:
8301:
8282:
8276:
8270:
8248:
6030:
6021:, the labiovelars lost their labialisation before consonants. (Greek
2930:
2661:
2280:
2256:
2182:
2119:). Proto-Greek speakers entered Greece sometime between 2200 and 1900
2033:
1678:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1419:
1287:
9106:
The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History
7181:
4143:
in the same circumstances, but if so, it apparently merged with the
2363:
2288:
Age Greece is compatible with the inherited lexicon from the common
14152:
13413:
13403:
13393:
13368:
13146:
13113:
13075:
13018:
12933:
12918:
12775:
12765:
12682:
12677:
12074:
12069:
12029:
12024:
11999:
11979:
11906:
11861:
11851:
11707:
11605:
11540:
11468:
11076:
10312:
9146:
5938:
5609:
5153:
3988:
3906:
sequence (a laryngeal between vowels, including a vocalic resonant
3685:
is found, as in most other Indo-European languages, or the outcome
2969:
2332:
2240:
2236:
1621:
1612:
1503:
1304:
1279:
1183:
674:
250:
13166:
10504:. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. 263–276.
13677:
13556:
13546:
13491:
13486:
13471:
13461:
13446:
13441:
13328:
13216:
13206:
13085:
13060:
13055:
13028:
13023:
13003:
12993:
12983:
12948:
12938:
12928:
12880:
12870:
12845:
12810:
12805:
12780:
12433:
12215:
11876:
11866:
11625:
11595:
11585:
11580:
11560:
11555:
11435:
11382:
11091:
11081:
11071:
11066:
11056:
10768:
5758:; loss of /w/ after /r/ had not occurred at that point in Attic.)
5459:
2248:
2224:
1671:
1635:
1628:
1426:
1046:
679:
14344:
13501:
12815:
10206:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
9675:. Trends in Linguistics: State-of-the-art Reports. Vol. 4.
5484:"go!", regularly escaped this process and retained their accent.
5043:'branch' or PIE *si-sd- > ἵζω 'take a seat'. The merger with
13526:
13456:
13436:
13398:
13264:
13070:
12963:
12900:
12890:
12835:
12453:
12438:
12034:
12019:
11994:
11989:
11974:
11635:
11630:
11397:
11377:
11121:
11111:
11106:
10977:
10937:
10927:
10912:
8983:
8226:
Proto-Greek numerals were derived directly from Indo-European.
5814:
The development of labiovelars varies from dialect to dialect:
5019:
originally underwent parallel treatment to words with original
3252:
It postdates the Greek-specific de-voicing of voiced aspirates;
2896:
2852:
1394:
1348:
867:
684:
10525:. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48.
9099:
13536:
13511:
13408:
13348:
13333:
13201:
13161:
12913:
12825:
12820:
12790:
12785:
12760:
12443:
11984:
11939:
11891:
11463:
11415:
11116:
11086:
11033:
11008:
10947:
10917:
10680:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
8595:
8570:
8551:
8507:
8492:
8477:
8403:
8388:
8373:
8332:
8313:
8264:
6014:
5968:
5721:
accent, resulting from contraction and certain other changes.
5064:
3523:
2206:
hypothetically closer relationship between Greek and Armenian
1493:
1367:
1361:
1343:
714:
689:
7669:
5120: with: Proto-Greek reconstructed forms. You can help by
13541:
13516:
13466:
12953:
12943:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9771:
5592:
In southern dialects (including Mycenaean, but not Doric),
5075:
4816:(morphologically opaque forms, first palatalization only):
2904:
1885:
10417:
Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages
9938:
7293:
is an innovation by analogy, replacing the expected Doric
3331:
Most famously, between consonants, where original vocalic
2907:" may be more examples of the same if it derived from PIE
2752:
The primary sound changes separating Proto-Greek from the
2424:
Proto-Greek is reconstructed with the following phonemes:
9962:
9894:
9858:
3987:(still represented as a separate sound in Mycenaean) and
2916:
2836:
2135:
Proto-Greek emerged from the diversification of the late
10211:
10171:
10137:
10041:
10039:
10008:
10006:
9986:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9911:
9909:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9842:
9768:
8790:
4359:) with a degree of assibilation and transcribes them as
2664:
with the corresponding sequences of vowel and semivowel.
2292:, which excludes any possibility of it being present in
10135:
10133:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10117:
10102:
9573:
7337:
4047:
The affricate derived from the first palatalization of
2063:
which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of
10360:
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics
10282:
The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek
10189:
9806:
9467:
5698:
Contraction of adjacent vowels resulting from loss of
2707:
Occurs geminated only as the result of palatalization
10036:
10003:
9974:
9950:
9921:
9906:
9882:
9870:
9839:
9733:
9455:
6071:(the Proto-Indo-European locative plural having been
5015:. However, it is reasonable to think that words with
3697:
All of the cases may stem from an early insertion of
3159:
in Mycenaean, Aeolic and Arcadocypriot. Example: PIE
10114:
10033:
due to Attic analogical lengthening in comparatives.
10028:
9815:
9561:
7302:
5060:
3128:
3120:
3046:
3038:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2994:
10613:(PhD thesis). University of California Los Angeles.
9076:
7270:, in Greek apparently already lost in Proto-Greek.
5977:All remaining labiovelars became labials, original
4178:, shows the outcomes of the second palatalization:
9095:
9093:
9091:
5780:"wine" nominative singular, but genitive singular
4174:. The following table, based on American linguist
4055:merged with the outcome of the inherited clusters
3910:), the laryngeal again colours any adjacent short
9332:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
9189:
8775:
8765:
8750:
8740:
8725:
8715:
8700:
8685:
8675:
8660:
8650:
8635:
8625:
8610:
8585:
8537:
8522:
8462:
8447:
8425:
8418:
8347:
8291:
8238:
8231:
6153:is probably Proto-Greek. It appears, at least as
5389:cause the labiovelar to lose its labial component
2859:"with" is another example, contaminated with PIE
86:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
14500:
9489:The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History
9440:by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).
5436:, but developed a number of rules governing it:
3290:It postdates even the loss of aspiration before
3248:. The change may have even been post-Mycenaean:
11004:
9088:
4675:that resulted from the first palatalization of
9424:A comprehensive overview is in J. T. Hooker's
9380:American School of Classical Studies at Athens
6164:
3895:a previous stop and prevents the operation of
3263:, which is then lost in the same environment:
3093:often appears in Arcadian after a velar, e.g.
27:Last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek
14360:
13693:
10784:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9704:. In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
9173:
9171:
9169:
2953:regularly due to vocalization of laryngeals).
2173:. Speakers of what would become Proto-Greek,
1997:
14263:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
9104:. In Edwin Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (eds.).
7242:Proto-Greek inherited the augment, a prefix
6120:, if reconstructed as such, is reflected as
5826:had already been converted to plain velars:
4714:after a long vowel, and vacillation between
9253:. Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
7210:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5807:after a consonant was often accompanied by
5501:
4131:, resulting in a distinct outcome from the
3483:An initial laryngeal before a consonant (a
3193:
2392:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
14367:
14353:
13700:
13686:
11670:
10791:
10777:
10578:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
10081:
9795:
9436:, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in
9294:. Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
9166:
9015:. Princeton University Press. p. 14.
8567:
8489:
7319:is attached to some perfects and aorists.
7273:The first person middle verbal desinences
3027:). This vowel then usually developed into
2004:
1990:
1968:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
10669:
10617:
10337:
9997:
9751:
9672:Ancient Languages of the Balkans (Part 1)
9443:
9335:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 19–20.
9100:Asko Parpola; Christian Carpelan (2005).
7670:An example of adjective in Proto-Hellenic
7230:Learn how and when to remove this message
6086:the replacement of PIE nominative plural
2827:was not completed entirely, evidenced by
2412:Learn how and when to remove this message
14334:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
10550:
10420:. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
10413:
10278:
10264:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10194:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 226.
9811:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 227.
9591:
9543:
9328:
9225:
9190:Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (1973).
9177:
4165:
2181:(which could have been northeast of the
2023:
2015:
10717:
10606:
10518:
10496:
10381:
10310:
10233:
9980:
9968:
9956:
9915:
9739:
9699:
9693:
9661:
9607:
9523:
9473:
9461:
9449:
9433:
9287:
9231:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8432:
8354:
8298:
8245:
5706:(and, to a lesser extent, from loss of
5497:modified how and if this would surface.
5432:Proto-Greek retained the Indo-European
5379:Note that when a labiovelar adjoins an
4150:However, restoration is not evident in
4079:After the first palatalization changed
3995:
2765:Delabialization of labiovelars next to
2667:Exactly one vowel in each word bears a
2275:), and Pieria in Macedonia, during the
2099:—either a dialect or a closely related
14:
14501:
12724:
10744:
10571:
10466:
10452:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
10445:
10261:Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
10165:
10153:
10108:
10069:
10057:
10045:
10012:
9944:
9932:
9900:
9888:
9876:
9864:
9852:
9833:
9579:
9567:
9485:
9429:
9369:
9144:
9108:. Psychology Press. pp. 107–141.
9036:
9034:
9032:
6116:Genitive singular Proto-Indo-European
3642:"mortal", both apparently reflecting
2747:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
14348:
13681:
13581:
12723:
12152:
11656:
11003:
10823:
10772:
10751:Comparative Indo-European Linguistics
10722:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10581:. New York: Oxford University Press.
10356:
10217:
10177:
10141:
9821:
9789:
9619:
9555:
9365:
9363:
9324:
9322:
9283:
9281:
9082:
9008:
8791:Summary of numerals in Proto-Hellenic
8563:
8504:
8474:
8385:
8310:
5732:(incompletely in Cretan Greek), with
5660:in many dialects (later than loss of
4740:the composer of the Iliad and Odyssey
3814:remains without vowel insertion >
3244:, although it may represent a common
1975:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1947:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
13192:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
10824:
10476:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
10469:"Proto-Greeks and the Kurgan Theory"
10388:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
10316:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
10254:
9702:"The Homeland of the Indo-Europeans"
9246:
9242:
9240:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9040:
8995:
8548:
8459:
8400:
8370:
8329:
8261:
7338:An example of verb in Proto-Hellenic
7208:adding citations to reliable sources
7175:
6105:the genitive and dative dual suffix
5104:
4946:For comparison, examples of initial
3305:
2779:: Merger of palatovelars and velars.
2427:
2390:adding citations to reliable sources
2357:
38:
9029:
8971:*ǵʰesliyoy (< *ǵʰéslom, "1000")
8772:
8747:
8722:
8697:
8682:
8657:
8632:
8607:
8592:
8544:
8519:
8444:
8366:
8325:
8257:
6113:) appears to be exclusive to Greek.
5383:affected by Cowgill's law, the new
5144:, Cowgill's law says that a former
3975:Consonants followed by consonantal
2729:
2692:
2208:, although evidence remains scant.
1932:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
163:(appearance in the Greek peninsula)
24:
14524:Aegean languages in the Bronze Age
13707:
12153:
10798:
10738:
10414:Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981).
10385:Indo-European Language and Culture
10192:Indo-European Language and Culture
9809:Indo-European Language and Culture
9640:from the original on 26 March 2023
9360:
9319:
9278:
9250:Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity
9061:from the original on 26 March 2023
5480:Certain imperative forms, such as
3224:, detailed under "palatalization".
3151:before sonorants and analogously.
2318:
1954:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
76:for transliterated languages, and
56:of its non-English content, using
25:
14540:
14374:
10340:Le dialecte grec ancien de Chypre
9237:
9133:
5039:, as in PIE *h₃esdos/osdos >
5007:and a secondary restored cluster
3970:
13661:
13651:
13642:
13641:
10557:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck.
10382:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004).
7180:
6049:, the set of verbs derived from
5624:), except initially, e.g. Doric
5108:
5100:
5096:between a resonant and a labial.
2782:Merging of sequences of velar +
2362:
2157:, in an area which bordered pre-
1961:Journal of Indo-European Studies
725:Bible translations into Armenian
216:
43:
14417:300 BC – AD 600
14253:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
13662:
10641:Leiden Studies in Indo-European
10595:from the original on 2023-03-26
10539:from the original on 2023-03-26
10522:Languages in Prehistoric Europe
10485:from the original on 2021-01-26
10434:from the original on 2023-03-26
10402:from the original on 2023-03-26
10326:from the original on 2022-03-08
10299:from the original on 2023-03-26
10198:
10190:Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2004).
10183:
10159:
10147:
10075:
10063:
10051:
10018:
9827:
9807:Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2004).
9745:
9722:from the original on 2023-03-26
9655:
9613:
9601:
9585:
9549:
9537:
9517:
9506:from the original on 2023-03-26
9479:
9418:
9349:from the original on 2023-03-26
9308:from the original on 2023-03-26
9291:The Ancient Languages of Europe
9267:from the original on 2023-03-26
9210:from the original on 2023-03-26
9155:from the original on 2021-10-28
9122:from the original on 2023-03-26
9041:West, M. L. (23 October 1997).
7034:as articles is post-Mycenaean.
5577:with compensatory lengthening:
5411:, where the usual Greek change
5031:also merged with the reflex of
4781:"worship, be respectful" (Ved.
4154:, where the reflex of original
4115:, in the case of both original
3430:"standing, being made to stand"
2911:"to burn" (possibly related to
2719:also occurs in the combination
236:List of Indo-European languages
10240:. Princeton University Press.
9183:
9047:. Clarendon Press. p. 1.
7250:), lending some support to a "
4954:by the second palatalization:
4074:
2883:/ksun/, Homeric and Old Attic
2740:Exact phonetic value uncertain
92:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
14529:History of the Greek language
14422:
14414:
14406:
14398:
14390:
14258:Center for the Greek Language
13816:
13803:
13790:
13777:
13764:
11263:
11250:
11231:
11214:
10754:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10226:
9620:Feuer, Bryan (2 March 2004).
6056:
6002:"I throw (a missile, etc.)",
4430:after long vowel or diphthong
4095:was restored after original
3073:in Mycenaean after a labial:
2895:"light in the sky, as in the
2759:
2344:
2309:
2231:Older theories like those of
2213:
2200:is shared, for one, with the
2147:
2140:
2041:
1562:Proto-Indo-European mythology
831:Paleolithic continuity theory
166:
157:
12391:Funeral and burial practices
11576:Military of Mycenaean Greece
10677:. In Olander, Thomas (ed.).
10096:10.1016/0024-3841(79)90078-0
8989:
8782:
8757:
8732:
8707:
8692:
8667:
8642:
8617:
8602:
8577:
8558:
8529:
8514:
8499:
8484:
8469:
8454:
8436:
8410:
8395:
8380:
8358:
8339:
8320:
8302:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8249:
7085:, "again", and *to, "that")
5929:"slaughter" < *gʷʰón-os;
5518:in consonant clusters, with
3355:respectively (the so-called
3213:"I will have" < Post-PIE
2754:Proto-Indo-European language
2353:
2290:Proto-Indo-European language
2259:, as well as west and north
2137:Proto-Indo-European language
1250:Northern Black Polished Ware
449:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
10746:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul
10607:Skelton, Christina (2014).
10285:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
9329:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010).
8977:
8221:
7081:*autós < *h₂ewtos (from
7013:
6165:Examples of noun declension
6149:"women", attested from the
5221:
4750:scans as long-short, while
4703:in transparent formations.
3255:It postdates the change of
1567:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
14545:
12315:Greek Revival architecture
11657:
10718:Woodard, Roger D. (1997).
10685:Cambridge University Press
10670:van Beek, Lucien (2022b).
10618:van Beek, Lucien (2022a).
10338:Egetmeyer, Markus (2010).
10029:
9708:. Routledge. p. 101.
9288:Woodard, Roger D. (2008).
9247:Hall, Jonathan M. (1997).
9196:. Duckworth. p. 248.
8776:
8751:
8726:
8701:
8686:
8661:
8636:
8611:
8596:
8571:
8552:
8523:
8508:
8493:
8478:
8463:
8448:
8404:
8389:
8374:
8333:
8314:
8265:
7303:
6728:*dzugón, dzugójjo (yoke),
6453:*pʰugā́, pʰugā́s (fugue),
6145:The peculiar oblique stem
5427:
5246:
5236:
5061:
4004:with alveolar affricates:
3309:
3220:Loss of aspiration before
3205:Loss of aspiration before
3129:
3121:
3047:
3039:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2335:script, Walter Porzig and
2130:
863:Domestication of the horse
29:
14383:
14271:
14245:
14217:
14140:
14114:
14079:
13962:
13939:
13842:
13835:
13751:
13715:
13637:
13588:
13582:
13577:
13422:
13299:
13288:
13215:
13137:
13094:
13041:
12899:
12751:
12742:
12738:
12719:
12668:
12583:
12521:
12483:
12476:
12426:
12386:
12377:
12299:
12176:
12172:
12148:
12114:
12083:
11925:
11812:
11756:
11723:Attalid kings of Pergamon
11678:
11669:
11665:
11652:
11531:Antigonid Macedonian army
11504:
11477:
11449:
11406:
11363:
11354:
11196:
11135:
11032:
11028:
10999:
10898:
10847:
10843:
10819:
10806:
10551:Schwyzer, Eduard (1939).
10342:(in French). De Gruyter.
10311:Coleman, John E. (2000).
9626:. McFarland. p. 67.
6170:*agrós, agrójjo (field),
5994:"spear, dart" (dialectal
5561:from earlier affricates,
5407:
5397:
5328:
5319:
5288:
5257:
5191:
5050:
4808:"thought, contemplation")
4706:The outcome of PG medial
4699:in opaque formations but
4642:
4637:
4617:
4607:
4599:
4582:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4549:
4539:
4534:
4527:
4517:
4508:
4501:
4486:
4466:
4461:
4451:
4432:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4374:
4257:
4221:
3631:are found instead: Greek
2509:
1572:Historical Vedic religion
849:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
179:
150:
146:Southern Balkan Peninsula
142:
128:
123:
118:
10279:Clackson, James (1995).
7171:
7045:Proto-Hellenic < PIE
7030:are created. The use of
6061:
6006:"a blow with a missile".
5809:compensatory lengthening
5734:compensatory lengthening
5695:is used for such sounds.
5628:"having conquered" <
5522:of the preceding vowel (
5520:compensatory lengthening
5502:Post-Proto-Greek changes
5070:"skyling, sky god" >
4999:For words with original
3846:= vowel) passes through
3198:Major changes included:
3194:Changes to the aspirates
3101:"one hundred" vs. usual
2756:include the following.
1577:Ancient Iranian religion
940:Novotitarovskaya culture
787:Indo-European migrations
30:Not to be confused with
14289:Greek language question
10234:Anthony, David (2010).
8767:
8742:
8717:
8677:
8652:
8627:
8587:
8539:
8427:
8420:
8349:
8293:
8240:
8233:
7157:? (Attic Greek: autaí)
7149:? (Attic Greek: autoí)
5893:, respectively, before
5736:of the preceding vowel.
5534:) or of the consonant (
5360:
4123:. Either way, restored
3595:with acute register in
2300:Greek peninsula to 2200
1078:Northern/Eastern Steppe
11757:Artists & scholars
11672:List of ancient Greeks
11309:Second Athenian League
11158:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
10983:Ancient Greek colonies
10467:Katona, A. L. (2000).
9700:Mallory, J.P. (2003).
9486:Demand, Nancy (2012).
9009:Drews, Robert (1994).
7675:*néwos, -ā, -on (new)
7663:*ehénti < *h₁sénti
7165:? (Attic Greek: autá)
7133:*əhmé(e)s < *usmé
7093:*autā́ < *h₂ewtéh₂
5921:"I strike, kill" <
5822:, labiovelars next to
5811:of a preceding vowel.
5717:Rise of a distinctive
5557:Creation of secondary
5308:
5277:
5211:
4738:. This was useful for
4424:final, initial, after
2343:During this period of
2073:ancient Greek dialects
2061:Indo-European language
2048:
2021:
1549:Religion and mythology
1508:Medieval Scandinavians
799:Alternative and fringe
137:Ancient Greek dialects
129:Reconstruction of
12876:Sybaris on the Traeis
11601:Sacred Band of Thebes
11341:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
10855:Cycladic civilization
10693:10.1017/9781108758666
10446:Hooker, J.T. (1976).
9596:Late Neolithic Period
9492:. Wiley. p. 49.
9438:Bronze Age Migrations
9388:10.2972/hesp.77.3.431
7613:*eswén? < *h₁swós
7289:. The third singular
5589:, "absent", feminine.
4734:dat. pl. "foot" <
4722:after a short vowel:
4166:Second palatalization
3555:= laryngeal) becomes
3035:in some cases. Thus:
2867:; preserved in Greek
2027:
2019:
1899:Indo-European studies
1262:Peoples and societies
14299:Morphemes in English
14284:Eteocypriot language
13716:Origin and genealogy
12401:mythological figures
12122:Ancient Greek tribes
11247:Peloponnesian League
10687:. pp. 173–201.
10367:. pp. 175–189.
9947:, pp. 190, 205.
9679:. pp. 122–123.
7643:*esmén < *h₁smós
7633:*estón < *h₁stés
7623:*estón < *h₁stés
7204:improve this section
7125:*spʰо̄é < ?
7117:*spʰṓwi < ?
6142:becomes productive.
5444:, also known as the
5180:), in either order.
4761:Examples of initial
4726:dat. pl. "rug" <
4710:in Homeric Greek is
3996:First palatalization
3985:affricate consonants
3983:, producing various
3495:"darkness" < PIE
2386:improve this section
2233:Vladimir I. Georgiev
2161:to the east and pre-
2053:Proto-Greek language
2030:Vladimir I. Georgiev
806:Anatolian hypothesis
758:Proto-Indo-Europeans
665:Hittite inscriptions
210:Indo-European topics
54:specify the language
52:This article should
14304:Terms of endearment
14279:Eteocretan language
14246:Promotion and study
13733:Pre-Greek substrate
12513:Tunnel of Eupalinos
12508:Theatre of Dionysus
12132:Ancient Macedonians
11748:Tyrants of Syracuse
11260:Amphictyonic League
10860:Minoan civilization
10620:Lubotsky, Alexander
10220:, pp. 182–183.
10180:, pp. 180–181.
10060:, pp. 191–192.
9792:, pp. 177–179.
9610:, pp. 101–153.
8964:One thousand (1000)
8796:
8417:"four": nominative
7949:
7676:
7603:*estí < *h₁ésti
7562:
7347:
7101:*autó < *h₂ewtó
7038:
6732:
6457:
6174:
6138:The superlative in
5424:has not occurred).
4883:Examples of medial
4812:Examples of medial
4651:The restoration of
4479:medial intervocalic
4399:Lesbian, Thessalian
3395:"sacred, religious"
3378:Proto-Indo-European
3367:or other vowels in
3279:"I will have" <
3175:"heart" > Attic
3081:) "seed" vs. usual
3065:before a sonorant.
2748:Proto-Greek changes
2671:(equivalent to the
2308:(1928) dates it to
2103:) and, ultimately,
2045: 2200–2000 BC
1062:Multi-cordoned ware
933:Mikhaylovka culture
821:Indigenous Aryanism
811:Armenian hypothesis
670:Hieroglyphic Luwian
189:Proto-Indo-European
161: 2200–1900 BC
32:Pre-Greek substrate
14401:1600–1100 BC
14324:Greek Language Day
13954:Jewish Koine Greek
13743:Hellenic languages
13187:Menestheus's Limin
12841:Pandosia (Lucania)
12729:Greek colonisation
12091:Athenian statesmen
11852:Diogenes of Sinope
11713:Kings of Macedonia
11703:Kings of Commagene
11571:Macedonian phalanx
11551:Hellenistic armies
11299:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
11163:Indo-Greek Kingdom
10885:Hellenistic Greece
10256:Buck, Carl Darling
9971:, pp. 35, 39.
9903:, p. 190–191.
9867:, p. 189–196.
8795:
7948:
7674:
7653:*esté < *h₁sté
7557:
7342:
7109:*nṓwi < ?
7037:
6727:
6452:
6169:
6019:Germanic languages
5998:) by analogy with
5446:trisyllabicity law
4938:"strong" < PIE
4930:, usual non-Attic
4903:, usual non-Attic
4824:"as much" > PG
3766:*CeReC/CeRaC/CeRoC
3605:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3597:Proto-Balto-Slavic
3506:"darkness"; Greek
3402:) "decreed by God"
2159:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2097:ancient Macedonian
2049:
2022:
642:Proto-Indo-Iranian
628:Proto-Balto-Slavic
609:Proto-Italo-Celtic
133:Hellenic languages
14496:
14495:
14491:
14490:
14393:3rd millennium BC
14342:
14341:
14148:Cypriot syllabary
14075:
14074:
13949:Hellenistic Koine
13675:
13674:
13633:
13632:
13573:
13572:
13569:
13568:
13565:
13564:
13139:Iberian Peninsula
13071:Lipara/Meligounis
13037:
13036:
12715:
12714:
12711:
12710:
12688:Cypriot syllabary
12579:
12578:
12488:Athenian Treasury
12472:
12471:
12144:
12143:
12140:
12139:
11733:Ptolemaic dynasty
11693:Archons of Athens
11648:
11647:
11644:
11643:
11519:Athenian military
11500:
11499:
11333:League of Corinth
11315:Thessalian League
11291:Chalcidian League
11273:Acarnanian League
11183:Ptolemaic Kingdom
10995:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10702:978-1-108-49979-8
10654:978-90-04-46973-0
10624:Kloekhorst, Alwin
10573:Sihler, Andrew L.
10564:978-3-406-03397-1
10532:978-3-82-531449-1
10459:978-0-7100-8379-1
10427:978-953-51-7261-1
10374:978-90-04-22597-8
10349:978-3-11-021752-0
10292:978-0-631-19197-1
10271:978-0-226-07931-8
10247:978-1-4008-3110-4
10111:, pp. 42–43.
9686:978-3-11-156887-4
9677:De Gruyter Mouton
9663:Katicic, Radoslav
9633:978-0-7864-1748-3
9499:978-1-4051-5551-9
9342:978-1-4443-1892-0
9301:978-1-139-46932-6
9260:978-0-521-78999-8
9203:978-0-7156-0580-6
9115:978-0-7007-1463-6
9054:978-0-19-159104-4
8975:
8974:
8957:(*ḱm̥tóm: "100")
8944:One hundred (100)
8244:(feminine) (>
8219:
8218:
7946:
7945:
7667:
7666:
7593:*ehí < *h₁ési
7555:
7554:
7254:" or "Inner PIE"
7240:
7239:
7232:
7169:
7168:
7008:
7007:
6725:
6724:
6450:
6449:
5442:law of limitation
5138:
5137:
4922:"better" > PG
4851:"middle" > PG
4792:"notice" > PG
4649:
4648:
4440:after short vowel
4350:
4349:
4184:Before (post-PIE)
4045:
4044:
3770:CeReC/CaRaC/CoRoC
3480:
3479:
3343:are reflected as
3306:Laryngeal changes
3231:was a process of
3171:"army"; post-PIE
2687:
2686:
2641:
2640:
2577:
2576:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2202:Armenian language
2171:Kurgan hypothesis
2101:Hellenic language
2071:, the subsequent
2014:
2013:
1275:Anatolian peoples
1245:Painted Grey Ware
1133:Nordic Bronze Age
782:Kurgan hypothesis
735:Old Irish glosses
700:Gaulish epigraphy
195:
194:
172:(diversification)
114:
113:
94:may also be used.
16:(Redirected from
14536:
14431:
14426:
14424:
14418:
14416:
14410:
14409:800–300 BC
14408:
14402:
14400:
14394:
14392:
14386:
14385:
14369:
14362:
14355:
14346:
14345:
14067:Greco-Australian
13840:
13839:
13821:
13818:
13808:
13805:
13795:
13792:
13782:
13779:
13769:
13766:
13702:
13695:
13688:
13679:
13678:
13665:
13664:
13655:
13645:
13644:
13579:
13578:
13297:
13296:
12796:Heraclea Lucania
12749:
12748:
12740:
12739:
12721:
12720:
12481:
12480:
12413:Twelve Olympians
12384:
12383:
12174:
12173:
12150:
12149:
11738:Seleucid dynasty
11718:Kings of Paionia
11667:
11666:
11654:
11653:
11524:Scythian archers
11431:Graphe paranomon
11361:
11360:
11268:
11265:
11255:
11252:
11236:
11233:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11030:
11029:
11001:
11000:
10880:Classical Greece
10865:Mycenaean Greece
10845:
10844:
10821:
10820:
10793:
10786:
10779:
10770:
10769:
10765:
10733:
10714:
10676:
10666:
10643:. Vol. 22.
10614:
10603:
10601:
10600:
10568:
10547:
10545:
10544:
10515:
10493:
10491:
10490:
10484:
10473:
10463:
10449:Mycenaean Greece
10442:
10440:
10439:
10410:
10408:
10407:
10378:
10353:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10322:(1–2): 101–153.
10307:
10305:
10304:
10275:
10251:
10221:
10215:
10209:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10187:
10181:
10175:
10169:
10163:
10157:
10151:
10145:
10139:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10099:
10079:
10073:
10067:
10061:
10055:
10049:
10043:
10034:
10032:
10031:
10022:
10016:
10010:
10001:
9995:
9984:
9978:
9972:
9966:
9960:
9954:
9948:
9942:
9936:
9930:
9919:
9913:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9837:
9831:
9825:
9819:
9813:
9812:
9804:
9793:
9787:
9766:
9763:
9759:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9727:
9697:
9691:
9690:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9647:
9645:
9617:
9611:
9605:
9599:
9589:
9583:
9577:
9571:
9565:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9541:
9535:
9533:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9511:
9483:
9477:
9471:
9465:
9459:
9453:
9447:
9441:
9426:Mycenaean Greece
9422:
9416:
9415:
9367:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9326:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9285:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9272:
9244:
9235:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9216:
9215:
9187:
9181:
9175:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9142:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9097:
9086:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9066:
9038:
9027:
9026:
9006:
8797:
8794:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8252:
8247:
8243:
8236:
7950:
7947:
7677:
7673:
7563:
7556:
7348:
7343:*ágō (I drive),
7341:
7308:
7307:
7266:-endings in the
7235:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7215:
7184:
7176:
7039:
7036:
6733:
6726:
6458:
6451:
6175:
6168:
6043:contracted verbs
6011:centum languages
5916:
5912:
5900:
5896:
5846:"goatherd" <
5830:"herdsman" <
5825:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5791:
5749:
5731:
5727:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5686:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5642:
5623:
5619:
5422:
5416:
5409:
5399:
5386:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5321:
5300:
5299:
5290:
5269:
5268:
5259:
5248:
5238:
5224:
5203:
5202:
5193:
5174:labial consonant
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5133:
5130:
5112:
5105:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5069:
5068:
5027:. The reflex of
4895:"I row" > PG
4773:"avoid" > PG
4732:possí(n)/posí(n)
4390:Boeotian, Cretan
4372:
4371:
4181:
4180:
4091:, the consonant
4007:
4006:
3913:
3890:
3879:In the sequence
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3653:tends to become
3489:prothetic vowels
3375:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3323:
3312:Laryngeal theory
3262:
3258:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2982:
2933:of word-initial
2822:
2818:
2800:
2768:
2741:
2738:
2727:
2705:
2586:
2585:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2366:
2358:
2349:
2346:
2329:
2314:
2311:
2303:
2294:Neolithic Greece
2285:Radoslav Katičić
2222:
2218:
2215:
2198:prothetic vowels
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2115:(along with its
2046:
2043:
2039:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1847:
1840:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1695:
1681:
1674:
1660:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1405:Germanic peoples
1395:Hellenic peoples
1384:
1377:
1370:
1293:Mycenaean Greeks
1282:
1210:Thraco-Cimmerian
1108:Globular Amphora
1085:Abashevo culture
1024:
1017:
987:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
730:Tocharian script
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
351:
337:
330:
323:
309:
285:
278:
259:
220:
197:
196:
171:
168:
162:
159:
116:
115:
109:
106:
100:
85:
79:
75:
69:
65:
59:
47:
46:
39:
21:
14544:
14543:
14539:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14534:
14533:
14519:Proto-languages
14499:
14498:
14497:
14492:
14487:
14478:
14469:
14460:
14451:
14442:
14429:
14421:
14413:
14405:
14397:
14389:
14379:
14373:
14343:
14338:
14329:Trojan language
14319:Minoan language
14267:
14241:
14213:
14141:Writing systems
14136:
14132:Standard Modern
14110:
14106:Standard Modern
14071:
14025:Greco/Calabrian
13958:
13935:
13831:
13819:
13806:
13793:
13780:
13774:Mycenaean Greek
13767:
13747:
13738:Graeco-Phrygian
13728:Graeco-Armenian
13711:
13706:
13676:
13671:
13629:
13584:
13561:
13424:
13418:
13301:
13292:
13284:
13255:Melaina Korkyra
13211:
13133:
13090:
13043:Aeolian Islands
13033:
12895:
12753:
12734:
12733:
12707:
12664:
12575:
12517:
12468:
12422:
12373:
12295:
12286:Wedding customs
12168:
12167:
12136:
12127:Thracian Greeks
12110:
12101:Olympic victors
12079:
11921:
11808:
11752:
11743:Kings of Sparta
11728:Kings of Pontus
11698:Kings of Athens
11674:
11661:
11640:
11536:Army of Macedon
11496:
11473:
11445:
11402:
11350:
11323:(370–c. 230 BC)
11321:Arcadian League
11305:(c. 400–188 BC)
11303:Aetolian League
11297:Boeotian League
11279:Hellenic League
11266:
11253:
11243:(c. 650–404 BC)
11234:
11228:Italiote League
11221:
11217:
11211:Doric Hexapolis
11201:
11192:
11188:Seleucid Empire
11131:
11024:
11023:
10987:
10894:
10870:Greek Dark Ages
10839:
10838:
10815:
10802:
10797:
10762:
10741:
10739:Further reading
10736:
10730:
10703:
10674:
10655:
10598:
10596:
10589:
10565:
10542:
10540:
10533:
10512:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10471:
10460:
10437:
10435:
10428:
10405:
10403:
10396:
10375:
10363:. Vol. 3.
10350:
10329:
10327:
10302:
10300:
10293:
10272:
10248:
10229:
10224:
10216:
10212:
10203:
10199:
10188:
10184:
10176:
10172:
10164:
10160:
10152:
10148:
10140:
10115:
10107:
10103:
10080:
10076:
10068:
10064:
10056:
10052:
10044:
10037:
10023:
10019:
10011:
10004:
9996:
9987:
9979:
9975:
9967:
9963:
9955:
9951:
9943:
9939:
9931:
9922:
9914:
9907:
9899:
9895:
9887:
9883:
9875:
9871:
9863:
9859:
9851:
9840:
9832:
9828:
9820:
9816:
9805:
9796:
9788:
9769:
9761:
9755:
9750:
9746:
9738:
9734:
9725:
9723:
9716:
9698:
9694:
9687:
9660:
9656:
9643:
9641:
9634:
9618:
9614:
9606:
9602:
9590:
9586:
9578:
9574:
9566:
9562:
9554:
9550:
9542:
9538:
9531:
9526:, p. 35: "
9522:
9518:
9509:
9507:
9500:
9484:
9480:
9472:
9468:
9460:
9456:
9448:
9444:
9423:
9419:
9368:
9361:
9352:
9350:
9343:
9327:
9320:
9311:
9309:
9302:
9286:
9279:
9270:
9268:
9261:
9245:
9238:
9230:
9226:
9213:
9211:
9204:
9188:
9184:
9176:
9167:
9158:
9156:
9143:
9134:
9125:
9123:
9116:
9098:
9089:
9081:
9077:
9064:
9062:
9055:
9039:
9030:
9023:
9007:
8996:
8992:
8980:
8793:
8266:εἷς (ἑνός), μία
8224:
7672:
7569:Verb (present)
7558:*ehmí (to be),
7354:Verb (present)
7340:
7322:Infinitives in
7236:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7201:
7185:
7174:
7073:*tú < *túh₂
7016:
6167:
6064:
6059:
5818:Due to the PIE
5714:than elsewhere.
5688:
5620:(from original
5508:Mycenaean Greek
5504:
5458:, which causes
5430:
5370:
5349:
5338:
5297:
5266:
5200:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5118:needs expansion
5103:
5053:
4844:"so much/many")
4655:after original
4429:
4168:
4152:Mycenaean Greek
4139:after original
4077:
4067:, all becoming
3998:
3973:
3689:in the case of
3314:
3308:
3238:Grassmann's law
3236:(also known as
3229:Grassmann's law
3196:
2891:. Furthermore,
2879:) to Mycenaean
2851:"dense growth,
2813:Debuccalization
2794:> Mycenaean
2762:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2706:
2693:
2688:
2656:, and possibly
2644:Diphthongs are
2418:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2383:
2367:
2356:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2319:Diversification
2312:
2301:
2220:
2216:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2069:Mycenaean Greek
2055:(also known as
2044:
2037:
2010:
1981:
1980:
1913:Marija Gimbutas
1901:
1891:
1890:
1882:Winter solstice
1872:Horse sacrifice
1843:
1836:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1719:
1704:
1691:
1677:
1670:
1656:
1647:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1581:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1484:
1471:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1284:
1278:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1228:
1205:
1192:
1180:
1161:
1103:
1080:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1004:
1002:Northern Europe
983:
979:
966:
953:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
885:Steppe cultures
858:
851:
844:
836:
835:
826:Baltic homeland
800:
796:
792:Eurasian nomads
776:
772:
748:
740:
739:
710:Runic epigraphy
705:Latin epigraphy
660:
652:
651:
589:Proto-Anatolian
573:
528:
524:Thraco-Illyrian
509:Graeco-Phrygian
499:Graeco-Armenian
494:Graeco-Albanian
473:
451:
438:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
347:
333:
326:
319:
305:
281:
274:
255:
240:
232:
230:
191:
184:
182:
175:
169:
160:
110:
104:
101:
95:
83:
77:
73:
71:transliteration
67:
63:
57:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14542:
14532:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14509:Greek language
14494:
14493:
14489:
14488:
14481:
14479:
14472:
14470:
14463:
14461:
14454:
14452:
14445:
14443:
14436:
14433:
14432:
14427:
14425:600–1453
14419:
14411:
14403:
14395:
14384:
14381:
14380:
14372:
14371:
14364:
14357:
14349:
14340:
14339:
14337:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14275:
14273:
14269:
14268:
14266:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14249:
14247:
14243:
14242:
14240:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14223:
14221:
14215:
14214:
14212:
14211:
14206:
14205:
14204:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14178:Greek numerals
14175:
14173:Attic numerals
14170:
14165:
14158:Greek alphabet
14155:
14150:
14144:
14142:
14138:
14137:
14135:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14118:
14116:
14112:
14111:
14109:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14083:
14081:
14077:
14076:
14073:
14072:
14070:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14033:
14032:
14027:
14017:
14015:Constantinople
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13996:
13995:
13983:
13976:
13968:
13966:
13960:
13959:
13957:
13956:
13951:
13945:
13943:
13937:
13936:
13934:
13933:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13925:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13901:
13893:
13892:
13891:
13890:
13889:
13879:
13871:
13870:
13869:
13868:
13867:
13857:
13848:
13846:
13837:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13829:
13823:
13813:Medieval Greek
13810:
13797:
13784:
13771:
13757:
13755:
13749:
13748:
13746:
13745:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13719:
13717:
13713:
13712:
13709:Greek language
13705:
13704:
13697:
13690:
13682:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13669:
13659:
13649:
13638:
13635:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13601:
13600:
13589:
13586:
13585:
13575:
13574:
13571:
13570:
13567:
13566:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13428:
13426:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13401:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13305:
13303:
13294:
13286:
13285:
13283:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13221:
13219:
13213:
13212:
13210:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13143:
13141:
13135:
13134:
13132:
13131:
13126:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13100:
13098:
13092:
13091:
13089:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13047:
13045:
13039:
13038:
13035:
13034:
13032:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12989:Megara Hyblaea
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12969:Hybla Gereatis
12966:
12961:
12959:Heraclea Minoa
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12905:
12903:
12897:
12896:
12894:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12757:
12755:
12746:
12736:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12725:
12717:
12716:
12713:
12712:
12709:
12708:
12706:
12705:
12703:Attic numerals
12700:
12698:Greek numerals
12695:
12693:Greek alphabet
12690:
12685:
12680:
12674:
12672:
12666:
12665:
12663:
12662:
12657:
12656:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12589:
12587:
12581:
12580:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12527:
12525:
12519:
12518:
12516:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12484:
12478:
12474:
12473:
12470:
12469:
12467:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12430:
12428:
12424:
12423:
12421:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12404:
12403:
12393:
12387:
12381:
12375:
12374:
12372:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12350:
12349:
12347:Musical system
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12318:
12317:
12306:
12304:
12297:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12182:
12180:
12170:
12169:
12166:
12165:
12160:
12154:
12146:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12118:
12116:
12112:
12111:
12109:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12087:
12085:
12081:
12080:
12078:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11931:
11929:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11818:
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11779:Mathematicians
11776:
11771:
11766:
11760:
11758:
11754:
11753:
11751:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11688:Kings of Argos
11684:
11682:
11676:
11675:
11663:
11662:
11650:
11649:
11646:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11546:Cretan archers
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11516:
11510:
11508:
11502:
11501:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11494:
11489:
11483:
11481:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11455:
11453:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11412:
11410:
11404:
11403:
11401:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11364:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11348:
11345:Achaean League
11342:
11339:Euboean League
11336:
11330:
11327:Epirote League
11324:
11318:
11312:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11288:
11282:
11276:
11275:(c. 500–31 BC)
11270:
11257:
11244:
11238:
11225:
11207:
11205:
11203:Confederations
11194:
11193:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11139:
11137:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11129:
11127:Lissus (Crete)
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11038:
11036:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11005:
10997:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10904:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10875:Archaic Greece
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10851:
10849:
10841:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10831:
10825:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10813:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10800:Ancient Greece
10796:
10795:
10788:
10781:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10760:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10734:
10728:
10715:
10701:
10667:
10653:
10615:
10604:
10587:
10569:
10563:
10548:
10531:
10516:
10510:
10494:
10464:
10458:
10443:
10426:
10411:
10394:
10379:
10373:
10354:
10348:
10335:
10308:
10291:
10276:
10270:
10252:
10246:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10222:
10210:
10197:
10182:
10170:
10158:
10146:
10144:, p. 180.
10113:
10101:
10090:(4): 323–332.
10074:
10072:, p. 194.
10062:
10050:
10048:, p. 194.
10035:
10017:
10015:, p. 195.
10002:
10000:, p. 123.
9998:Egetmeyer 2010
9985:
9973:
9961:
9949:
9937:
9935:, p. 190.
9920:
9905:
9893:
9891:, p. 205.
9881:
9879:, p. 192.
9869:
9857:
9855:, p. 191.
9838:
9836:, p. 190.
9826:
9824:, p. 178.
9814:
9794:
9767:
9752:van Beek 2022b
9744:
9732:
9714:
9692:
9685:
9667:Winter, Werner
9654:
9632:
9612:
9600:
9584:
9572:
9560:
9548:
9536:
9516:
9498:
9478:
9476:, p. 369.
9466:
9454:
9442:
9417:
9359:
9341:
9318:
9300:
9277:
9259:
9236:
9224:
9202:
9182:
9165:
9132:
9114:
9087:
9085:, p. 175.
9075:
9053:
9028:
9021:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8969:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8949:
8946:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8914:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8845:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8816:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8801:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8762:
8737:
8712:
8672:
8647:
8622:
8582:
8534:
8443:"four-eared";
8415:
8344:
8288:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8202:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8167:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8132:
8118:
8112:
8111:
8097:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8062:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8027:
8013:
8007:
8006:
7992:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7965:
7957:
7944:
7943:
7929:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7894:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7859:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7824:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7789:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7754:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7719:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7692:
7684:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7553:
7552:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7352:
7339:
7336:
7260:proto-language
7238:
7237:
7188:
7186:
7179:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7079:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7015:
7012:
7006:
7005:
6995:
6992:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6965:
6962:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6927:
6917:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6890:
6880:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6853:
6846:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6819:
6812:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6781:
6767:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6723:
6722:
6712:
6709:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6682:
6679:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6652:
6642:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6578:
6571:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6544:
6537:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6506:
6492:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6448:
6447:
6437:
6434:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6407:
6404:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6369:
6359:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6332:
6322:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6295:
6288:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6261:
6254:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6223:
6209:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6166:
6163:
6151:Thebes tablets
6125:
6124:
6114:
6103:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6038:
6037:
6007:
5975:
5875:
5786:
5785:
5773:
5762:Vendryes's Law
5759:
5737:
5722:
5715:
5696:
5677:
5652:
5637:
5606:
5605:
5590:
5555:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5491:Vendryes's law
5487:
5486:
5485:
5475:Vedic Sanskrit
5471:
5453:
5429:
5426:
5377:
5376:
5313:
5282:
5251:
5148:vowel becomes
5136:
5135:
5115:
5113:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5083:
5052:
5049:
4997:
4996:
4978:
4944:
4943:
4912:
4893:*h₁erh₁-t-yoh₂
4881:
4880:
4867:, other dial.
4845:
4810:
4809:
4786:
4695:becomes Attic
4663:(resulting in
4647:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4348:
4347:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4167:
4164:
4076:
4073:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4011:
3997:
3994:
3972:
3971:Palatalization
3969:
3968:
3967:
3946:possibly >
3900:
3897:Brugmann's law
3877:
3866:
3855:
3820:
3819:
3788:CyēC/CyāC/CyōC
3777:
3754:CRēC/CRāC/CRōC
3743:
3729:
3695:
3694:
3647:
3619:.) Sometimes,
3589:Proto-Germanic
3537:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3415:"temple" <
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:Vedic Sanskrit
3382:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3283:< Post-PIE
3267:"I have" <
3253:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3203:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3118:
2988:
2977:
2954:
2928:
2901:selḗnē/selā́nā
2810:
2780:
2774:
2761:
2758:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2728:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2665:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348: 1700 BC
2320:
2317:
2313: 1900 BC
2277:Late Neolithic
2221: 2300 BC
2165:and pre-Proto-
2163:Proto-Armenian
2155: 2200 BC
2144: 2500 BC
2132:
2129:
2057:Proto-Hellenic
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Fire sacrifice
1863:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:Zoroastrianism
1640:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1525:Medieval India
1516:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1407:
1402:
1400:Italic peoples
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1236:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1176:Gandhara grave
1173:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:Middle Dnieper
1018:
999:
998:
993:
988:
977:Eastern Europe
974:
973:
961:
960:
948:
947:
946:
945:
944:
943:
936:
922:
915:
908:
905:Dnieper–Donets
901:
894:
882:
880:Kurgan culture
877:
876:
875:
865:
853:
852:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Beech argument
813:
808:
802:
801:
795:
794:
789:
784:
778:
777:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
639:
625:
620:
606:
599:Proto-Germanic
596:
594:Proto-Armenian
591:
586:
584:Proto-Albanian
580:
579:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
535:
534:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
480:
479:
472:
471:
470:
469:
445:
444:
437:
436:
435:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
373:
368:
362:
361:
355:
354:
353:
352:
340:
339:
338:
331:
324:
312:
311:
310:
298:
293:
288:
287:
286:
279:
267:
262:
261:
260:
247:
246:
239:
238:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:
213:
212:
206:
205:
193:
192:
187:
185:
180:
177:
176:
174:
173:
170: 1700 BC
164:
154:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
124:Proto-Hellenic
121:
120:
112:
111:
90:. Knowledge's
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14541:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14514:Ancient Greek
14512:
14510:
14507:
14506:
14504:
14486:
14485:
14480:
14477:
14476:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14462:
14459:
14458:
14453:
14450:
14449:
14444:
14441:
14440:
14435:
14434:
14428:
14420:
14412:
14404:
14396:
14388:
14387:
14382:
14378:
14370:
14365:
14363:
14358:
14356:
14351:
14350:
14347:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14276:
14274:
14270:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14250:
14248:
14244:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14224:
14222:
14220:
14216:
14210:
14207:
14203:
14199:
14198:Cyrillization
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14168:Archaic forms
14166:
14164:
14161:
14160:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14149:
14146:
14145:
14143:
14139:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14119:
14117:
14113:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14096:
14092:
14088:
14085:
14084:
14082:
14078:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14031:
14030:Griko/Apulian
14028:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13994:
13993:
13989:
13988:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13981:
13977:
13975:
13974:
13970:
13969:
13967:
13965:
13961:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13942:
13938:
13932:
13929:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13888:
13885:
13884:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13874:
13872:
13866:
13865:Arcadocypriot
13863:
13862:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13852:
13850:
13849:
13847:
13845:
13841:
13838:
13834:
13827:
13824:
13814:
13811:
13807: 300 BC
13801:
13798:
13788:
13787:Ancient Greek
13785:
13775:
13772:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13756:
13754:
13750:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13720:
13718:
13714:
13710:
13703:
13698:
13696:
13691:
13689:
13684:
13683:
13680:
13668:
13660:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13648:
13640:
13639:
13636:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13594:
13591:
13590:
13587:
13580:
13576:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13429:
13427:
13421:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13306:
13304:
13298:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13222:
13220:
13218:
13214:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13167:Hemeroscopion
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13142:
13140:
13136:
13130:
13127:
13124:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13101:
13099:
13097:
13093:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13048:
13046:
13044:
13040:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12906:
12904:
12902:
12898:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12744:Magna Graecia
12741:
12737:
12730:
12727:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12675:
12673:
12671:
12667:
12661:
12658:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12618:Arcadocypriot
12616:
12614:
12611:
12610:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12582:
12572:
12571:Zeus, Olympia
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12556:Hera, Olympia
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12528:
12526:
12524:
12520:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12482:
12479:
12475:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12459:Mount Olympus
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12427:Sacred places
12425:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12402:
12399:
12398:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12388:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12376:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12316:
12313:
12312:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12298:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12251:Olympic Games
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12241:Homosexuality
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12113:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12088:
12086:
12082:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11932:
11930:
11928:
11924:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11811:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11755:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11685:
11683:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11655:
11651:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11611:Seleucid army
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11509:
11507:
11503:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11448:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11405:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11353:
11346:
11343:
11340:
11337:
11334:
11331:
11328:
11325:
11322:
11319:
11316:
11313:
11310:
11307:
11304:
11301:
11298:
11295:
11292:
11289:
11286:
11285:Delian League
11283:
11280:
11277:
11274:
11271:
11261:
11258:
11248:
11245:
11242:
11241:Ionian League
11239:
11229:
11226:
11222: 560 BC
11212:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11199:
11195:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11134:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10963:Magna Graecia
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10897:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10805:
10801:
10794:
10789:
10787:
10782:
10780:
10775:
10774:
10771:
10763:
10761:90-272-2150-2
10757:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10743:
10742:
10731:
10729:0-19-510520-6
10725:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10681:
10673:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10637:
10634:
10629:
10628:Pronk, Tijmen
10625:
10621:
10616:
10612:
10611:
10605:
10594:
10590:
10588:0-19-508345-8
10584:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10560:
10556:
10555:
10549:
10538:
10534:
10528:
10524:
10523:
10517:
10513:
10511:0-7156-0580-1
10507:
10503:
10502:
10495:
10481:
10477:
10470:
10465:
10461:
10455:
10451:
10450:
10444:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10418:
10412:
10401:
10397:
10395:1-4051-0316-7
10391:
10387:
10386:
10380:
10376:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10361:
10355:
10351:
10345:
10341:
10336:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10309:
10298:
10294:
10288:
10284:
10283:
10277:
10273:
10267:
10263:
10262:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10243:
10239:
10238:
10232:
10231:
10219:
10214:
10207:
10201:
10193:
10186:
10179:
10174:
10167:
10162:
10155:
10150:
10143:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10124:
10122:
10120:
10118:
10110:
10105:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10078:
10071:
10066:
10059:
10054:
10047:
10042:
10040:
10027:
10021:
10014:
10009:
10007:
9999:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9983:, p. 35.
9982:
9977:
9970:
9965:
9959:, p. 34.
9958:
9953:
9946:
9941:
9934:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9918:, p. 95.
9917:
9912:
9910:
9902:
9897:
9890:
9885:
9878:
9873:
9866:
9861:
9854:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9835:
9830:
9823:
9818:
9810:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9791:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9742:, p. 81.
9741:
9736:
9721:
9717:
9715:1-134-82877-2
9711:
9707:
9703:
9696:
9688:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9673:
9668:
9664:
9658:
9651:
9639:
9635:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9616:
9609:
9604:
9597:
9593:
9592:Georgiev 1981
9588:
9581:
9576:
9569:
9564:
9557:
9552:
9545:
9544:Clackson 1995
9540:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9505:
9501:
9495:
9491:
9490:
9482:
9475:
9470:
9464:, p. 51.
9463:
9458:
9452:, p. 81.
9451:
9446:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9366:
9364:
9348:
9344:
9338:
9334:
9333:
9325:
9323:
9307:
9303:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9284:
9282:
9266:
9262:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9243:
9241:
9234:, p. 82.
9233:
9228:
9221:
9209:
9205:
9199:
9195:
9194:
9186:
9179:
9178:Georgiev 1981
9174:
9172:
9170:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9141:
9139:
9137:
9121:
9117:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9084:
9079:
9072:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9024:
9022:0-691-02951-2
9018:
9014:
9013:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8994:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8784:
8769:
8763:
8759:
8744:
8738:
8734:
8719:
8713:
8709:
8694:
8679:
8673:
8669:
8654:
8648:
8644:
8629:
8623:
8619:
8604:
8589:
8583:
8579:
8560:
8541:
8535:
8531:
8516:
8501:
8486:
8471:
8456:
8438:
8429:
8422:
8416:
8412:
8397:
8382:
8360:
8351:
8345:
8341:
8322:
8304:
8295:
8289:
8285:
8279:
8273:
8251:
8242:
8237:(masculine),
8235:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7459:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7335:
7334:are created.
7333:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7318:
7313:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7256:proto-dialect
7253:
7249:
7245:
7234:
7231:
7223:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7189:This section
7187:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7059:Homeric Greek
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7018:The pronouns
7011:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6054:
6052:
6051:Ancient Greek
6048:
6044:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:"fifth" <
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5908:
5904:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:*h₁ln̥gʷʰ-rós
5870:"light" <
5869:
5865:
5862:"small" <
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5848:*ai(g)-kʷólos
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5821:
5820:boukólos rule
5817:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5797:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5697:
5692:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5647:"three" <
5646:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5496:
5495:Bartoli's law
5492:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5456:Wheeler's law
5454:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5374:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5332:) < early
5331:
5326:
5322:"nail" (stem
5317:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5197:
5194:"night" <
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5155:
5143:
5132:
5123:
5119:
5116:This section
5114:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5101:Cowgill's law
5088:: Raising of
5087:
5086:Cowgill's law
5084:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5057:Osthoff's law
5055:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4807:
4804:"sign" (Ved.
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4615:after ε, ι, υ
4614:
4613:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4580:after ε, ι, υ
4579:
4578:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:Andrew Sihler
4173:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:and original
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:The sequence
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:The sequence
3856:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:= laryngeal,
3841:
3837:
3834:= consonant,
3833:
3829:
3826:The sequence
3825:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3649:The sequence
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3547:= consonant,
3546:
3542:
3539:The sequence
3538:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3358:
3357:triple reflex
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:, but future
3274:
3270:
3266:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:areal feature
3243:
3239:
3234:
3233:dissimilation
3230:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3186:
3183:, Pamphylian
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:. Similarly,
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:and Sanskrit
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:Strengthening
2929:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:Centumization
2775:
2772:
2771:boukólos rule
2764:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2413:
2405:
2402:November 2019
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2371:This section
2369:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Arcadocypriot
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:J. P. Mallory
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:Reconstructed
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1382:Insular Celts
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:Indo-Iranians
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:Pontic Steppe
1034:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
980:
978:
972:
969:
968:
967:
965:
959:
956:
955:
954:
952:
941:
937:
934:
930:
929:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
892:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
873:Kurgan stelae
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
857:
856:Pontic Steppe
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
798:
797:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
774:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
744:
743:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
656:
655:
647:
646:Proto-Iranian
643:
640:
637:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
618:
614:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Daco-Thracian
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:Reconstructed
440:
439:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
400:
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
379:
378:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
356:
350:
346:
345:
344:
341:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
318:
317:
316:
313:
308:
304:
303:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
284:
280:
277:
273:
272:
271:
268:
266:
263:
258:
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
241:
237:
234:
233:
229:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
199:
198:
190:
186:
181:Reconstructed
178:
165:
156:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
122:
117:
108:
98:
93:
89:
82:
72:
62:
55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
14482:
14473:
14464:
14455:
14446:
14438:
14437:
14202:Romanization
14052:Romano-Greek
14042:Mariupolitan
13990:
13980:Katharevousa
13978:
13971:
13828:(since 1453)
13826:Modern Greek
13760:
13723:Graeco-Aryan
13462:Dionysopolis
13432:Abonoteichos
13384:Pantikapaion
12974:Hybla Heraea
12592:
12310:Architecture
12266:Prostitution
11955:Aristophanes
11814:Philosophers
11784:Philosophers
11616:Spartan army
11347:(280–146 BC)
11335:(338–322 BC)
11329:(370–168 BC)
11317:(374–196 BC)
11311:(378–355 BC)
11293:(430–348 BC)
11287:(478–404 BC)
11281:(499–449 BC)
10968:Peloponnesus
10890:Roman Greece
10750:
10719:
10679:
10636:
10635:Kunstsprache
10632:
10609:
10597:. Retrieved
10577:
10553:
10541:. Retrieved
10521:
10500:
10487:. Retrieved
10475:
10448:
10436:. Retrieved
10416:
10404:. Retrieved
10384:
10359:
10339:
10328:. Retrieved
10319:
10315:
10301:. Retrieved
10281:
10260:
10236:
10213:
10205:
10200:
10191:
10185:
10173:
10161:
10149:
10104:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10065:
10053:
10025:
10020:
9981:Skelton 2014
9976:
9969:Skelton 2014
9964:
9957:Skelton 2014
9952:
9940:
9916:Woodard 1997
9896:
9884:
9872:
9860:
9829:
9817:
9808:
9747:
9740:Anthony 2010
9735:
9724:. Retrieved
9705:
9695:
9671:
9657:
9649:
9644:28 September
9642:. Retrieved
9622:
9615:
9608:Coleman 2000
9603:
9595:
9587:
9575:
9563:
9551:
9539:
9527:
9524:Renfrew 2003
9519:
9508:. Retrieved
9488:
9481:
9474:Anthony 2010
9469:
9462:Anthony 2010
9457:
9450:Anthony 2010
9445:
9437:
9434:Renfrew 1973
9425:
9420:
9375:
9371:
9351:. Retrieved
9331:
9310:. Retrieved
9290:
9269:. Retrieved
9249:
9232:Anthony 2010
9227:
9218:
9212:. Retrieved
9192:
9185:
9157:. Retrieved
9147:
9124:. Retrieved
9105:
9078:
9070:
9065:28 September
9063:. Retrieved
9043:
9011:
8963:
8956:
8952:
8943:
8930:
8917:
8904:
8891:
8878:
8865:
8852:
8839:
8826:
8813:
8764:"thousand":
8441:/kʷétroːwes/
8225:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8150:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8115:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7968:
7962:
7954:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7807:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7695:
7689:
7681:
7658:
7648:
7638:
7628:
7618:
7608:
7598:
7588:
7574:
7559:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7489:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7461:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7433:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7359:
7344:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7321:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7304:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7272:
7268:middle voice
7263:
7252:Graeco-Aryan
7243:
7241:
7226:
7217:
7202:Please help
7190:
7082:
7062:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7017:
7009:
7002:
6998:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6972:
6968:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6860:
6856:
6852:< ?
6849:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6826:
6822:
6818:< ?
6815:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6792:
6784:
6778:
6770:
6764:
6756:
6750:
6729:
6719:
6715:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6689:
6685:
6676:
6675:? < *bʰug
6672:
6666:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6585:
6581:
6577:< ?
6574:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6551:
6547:
6543:< ?
6540:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6503:
6495:
6489:
6481:
6475:
6454:
6444:
6440:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6414:
6410:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6302:
6298:
6294:< ?
6291:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6268:
6264:
6260:< ?
6257:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6212:
6206:
6198:
6192:
6171:
6154:
6146:
6144:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6047:Modern Greek
6042:
6039:
6033:
6026:
6022:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5963:"who?" <
5960:
5956:
5949:
5948:"life" <
5945:
5941:
5934:
5933:"womb" <
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5906:
5902:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5867:
5864:*h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ús
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5832:*gʷou-kʷólos
5831:
5827:
5813:
5798:
5787:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5755:
5754:"girl" <
5751:
5744:
5740:
5690:
5673:
5672:"year" from
5669:
5668:). Example:
5648:
5644:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5607:
5602:assibilation
5597:
5593:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5542:"I am" >
5539:
5515:
5505:
5481:
5467:
5463:
5452:of the word.
5445:
5434:pitch accent
5431:
5419:
5412:
5408:ónuks/ónukh-
5402:
5392:
5378:
5368:
5355:
5347:
5336:
5323:
5303:
5295:
5291:"mill" <
5272:
5264:
5260:"leaf" <
5241:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5206:
5198:
5182:
5139:
5126:
5122:adding to it
5117:
5074:
5063:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4993:
4992:, Mycenaean
4989:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:mésos/méssos
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4837:
4834:tósos/tóssos
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4754:with single
4751:
4747:
4746:with double
4743:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4618:
4608:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4425:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4171:
4169:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4001:
3999:
3976:
3974:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3838:= resonant,
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:assimilation
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3635:"death" vs.
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:Proto-Celtic
3613:Proto-Italic
3608:
3600:
3593:*CiRˀC/CuRˀC
3592:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:= resonant,
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3518:vs. English
3515:
3511:
3510:"wind" <
3507:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3369:Indo-Iranian
3356:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3242:Indo-Iranian
3227:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2847:"dense" and
2844:
2840:
2839:" (from PIE
2832:
2828:
2824:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2751:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2681:
2676:acute accent
2669:pitch accent
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2423:
2408:
2399:
2384:Please help
2372:
2342:
2322:
2298:
2230:
2210:
2187:Paleo-Balkan
2134:
2113:Modern Greek
2067:, including
2056:
2052:
2050:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1939:Publications
1938:
1924:
1905:
1859:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:Paleo-Balkan
1714:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1642:
1641:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1554:
1537:Greater Iran
1530:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1410:Paleo-Balkan
1375:Celtiberians
1354:
1353:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1309:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1158:
1157:
1100:
1099:
1077:
1076:
1039:
1038:
1001:
1000:
976:
975:
963:
962:
950:
949:
891:Bug–Dniester
855:
854:
720:Gothic Bible
636:Proto-Baltic
632:Proto-Slavic
622:
617:Proto-Italic
613:Proto-Celtic
576:
531:
519:Italo-Celtic
514:Indo-Hittite
504:Graeco-Aryan
477:Hypothetical
476:
441:
376:Paleo-Balkan
358:
315:Indo-Iranian
270:Balto-Slavic
243:
102:
88:ISO 639 code
84:}}
78:{{
74:}}
68:{{
64:}}
58:{{
53:
36:
14439:Proto-Greek
14309:Place names
14183:Orthography
13992:Misthiotika
13986:Cappadocian
13800:Koine Greek
13781: 1600
13768: 2900
13761:Proto-Greek
13610:Place names
13522:Salmydessus
13344:Kalos Limen
13324:Chersonesus
13314:Borysthenes
13019:Tauromenion
12831:Metapontion
12593:Proto-Greek
12546:Erechtheion
12541:Athena Nike
12503:Philippeion
12332:Mathematics
12303:and science
12186:Agriculture
12050:Stesichorus
11960:Bacchylides
11950:Archilochus
11837:Antisthenes
11827:Anaximander
11799:Seven Sages
11789:Playwrights
11769:Geographers
11764:Astronomers
11591:Pezhetairos
11218: 1100
11198:Federations
11097:Megalopolis
11034:City states
11009:City states
10208:. Page 654.
10166:Sihler 1995
10154:Sihler 1995
10109:Sihler 1995
10070:Sihler 1995
10058:Sihler 1995
10046:Sihler 1995
10024:Lengthened
10013:Sihler 1995
9945:Sihler 1995
9933:Sihler 1995
9901:Sihler 1995
9889:Sihler 1995
9877:Sihler 1995
9865:Sihler 1995
9853:Sihler 1995
9834:Sihler 1995
9757:Figure 11.1
9594:, p. 192: "
9580:Katona 2000
9568:Katona 2000
9430:Hooker 1976
9382:: 443–444.
8968:*kʰehliyoi
8912:*(h₁)oḱtṓw
8860:*kʷetwóres
8857:*kʷétwores
8739:"hundred":
8437:qe-to-ro-we
8424:, genitive
7969:(singular)
7963:(singular)
7955:(singular)
7696:(singular)
7690:(singular)
7682:(singular)
7599:He, she, it
7579:*ehmí <
7398:He, she, it
7315:The suffix
7301:(from PIE *
7122:They (two)
6443:< *h₂éǵr
6430:< *h₂éǵr
6413:< *h₂éǵr
6396:< *h₂éǵr
6375:< *h₂éǵr
6365:< *h₂éǵr
6355:< *h₂éǵr
6338:< *h₂éǵr
6328:< *h₂éǵr
6318:< *h₂éǵr
6301:< *h₂éǵr
6284:< *h₂éǵr
6267:< *h₂éǵr
6250:< *h₂éǵr
5990:"missile",
5838:"cow" <
5768:> Attic
5739:Raising of
5712:Attic Greek
5710:); more in
5681:labiovelars
5510:, include:
5357:Old English
5240:, gen. sg.
5178:labiovelars
5176:(including
5142:Proto-Greek
5129:August 2022
5072:Attic Greek
4984:> Attic
4966:> Attic
4926:> Attic
4899:> Attic
4777:> Greek
4387:Other Ionic
4375:Proto-Greek
4075:Restoration
3981:palatalized
3883:(including
3863:CēC/CāC/CōC
3850:, becoming
3740:eC-/aC-/oC-
3726:CeC/CaC/CoC
3644:*dʰn̥h₂-tos
3637:Doric Greek
3516:*h₂wéh₁n̥t-
3421:*dʰh̥₁s-no-
3285:*seǵʰ-s-oh₂
3215:*seǵʰ-s-oh₂
3163:> usual
3155:appears as
3115:*sem-ḱm̥tóm
3069:appears as
3057:, but >
2964:with Greek
2945:(note that
2673:Attic Greek
2646:ai ei oi ui
2337:Ernst Risch
2306:Carl Blegen
2265:Histiaeotis
2253:Amphilochia
2217: 2400
2177:from their
2151: 2400
1817:Continental
1810:Anglo-Saxon
1513:Middle Ages
1463:Middle Ages
1318:Indo-Aryans
1311:Indo-Aryans
1118:Bell Beaker
1113:Corded ware
1009:Corded ware
898:Sredny Stog
843:Archaeology
623:Proto-Greek
603:Proto-Norse
119:Proto-Greek
18:Proto-Greek
14503:Categories
14430:Since 1453
14219:Literature
14188:Diacritics
13931:Pamphylian
13922:Macedonian
13903:Northwest
13820: 330
13794: 800
13512:Polemonion
13389:Phanagoria
13359:Kimmerikon
13354:Kerkinitis
13339:Hermonassa
13329:Dioscurias
13225:Aspalathos
13172:Kalathousa
13147:Akra Leuke
13076:Phoenicusa
12861:Scylletium
12846:Poseidonia
12766:Brentesion
12653:Pamphylian
12648:Macedonian
12566:Samothrace
12551:Hephaestus
12498:Long Walls
12477:Structures
12418:Underworld
12364:Technology
12327:Literature
12261:Philosophy
12226:Euergetism
12115:By culture
12060:Thucydides
11902:Pythagoras
11897:Protagoras
11887:Parmenides
11872:Heraclitus
11857:Empedocles
11847:Democritus
11832:Anaximenes
11822:Anaxagoras
11774:Historians
11267: 595
11254: 550
11235: 800
11220: – c.
11148:Cappadocia
10953:Ionian Sea
10943:Hellespont
10908:Aegean Sea
10599:2016-02-23
10543:2016-04-15
10489:2021-01-22
10438:2016-02-23
10406:2016-02-23
10330:2018-06-01
10303:2016-05-21
10227:References
10218:Filos 2014
10178:Filos 2014
10142:Filos 2014
9822:Filos 2014
9790:Filos 2014
9726:2020-08-20
9556:Filos 2014
9510:2020-08-20
9353:2021-02-11
9312:2021-02-11
9271:2021-02-11
9214:2021-02-11
9159:2020-05-06
9126:2020-08-21
9083:Filos 2014
8955:*h₁ḱm̥tóm
8951:*heḱm̥tóm
8256:(dative);
7629:They (two)
7548:< *h₂éǵ
7531:< *h₂éǵ
7507:< *h₂éǵ
7479:< *h₂éǵ
7471:They (two)
7451:< *h₂éǵ
7423:< *h₂éǵ
7406:< *h₂éǵ
7389:< *h₂éǵ
7220:March 2024
7162:They (n.)
7154:They (f.)
7146:They (m.)
7141:*uhmé(e)s
7138:You (all)
7061:egṓn <
7053:*egṓ <
7032:ho, hā, to
6718:< *bʰug
6705:< *bʰug
6688:< *bʰug
6658:< *bʰug
6648:< *bʰug
6638:< *bʰug
6621:< *bʰug
6611:< *bʰug
6601:< *bʰug
6584:< *bʰug
6567:< *bʰug
6550:< *bʰug
6533:< *bʰug
6135:"water").
6109:(Arcadian
6057:Morphology
6029:; compare
5959:"alive"),
5788:Note that
5719:circumflex
5183:Examples:
5152:between a
4982:*kyā-wetes
4960:*ki-āmerom
4918:> PreG
4911:"oarsman")
4871:(cf. Ved.
4855:> Att.
4836:(cf. Ved.
4828:> Att.
4796:> Dor.
4623:unattested
4605:after α, ο
4570:unattested
4562:after α, ο
4384:West Ionic
3601:*CīRC/CūRC
3409:) "devout"
3400:thésphatos
3398:θέσφατος (
3318:laryngeals
3310:See also:
3179:, Homeric
3173:*ḱr̥di-eh₂
2993:resonants
2760:Consonants
2662:allophonic
2660:; all are
2559:Semivowel
2521:Fricative
2505:Affricate
2455:Labiovelar
2433:Consonants
2324:Ivo Hajnal
2304:BC, while
2269:Perrhaibia
2219: – c.
2194:laryngeals
2190:sprachbund
2153: – c.
1925:Institutes
1845:Lithuanian
1599:Indo-Aryan
1585:Historical
1519:Indo-Aryan
1476:Tocharians
1390:Cimmerians
1268:Bronze Age
1159:South Asia
1033:Bronze Age
971:Afanasievo
775:Mainstream
539:Vocabulary
459:Sound laws
321:Indo-Aryan
14448:Mycenaean
14232:Byzantine
14209:Greeklish
14080:Phonology
14057:Tsakonian
14010:Himariote
13860:Mycenaean
13836:Varieties
13783:–1100 BC)
13770:–1600 BC)
13598:in Epirus
13547:Trapezous
13492:Mesambria
13477:Eupatoria
13447:Apollonia
13442:Anchialos
13404:Theodosia
13374:Nymphaion
13364:Myrmekion
13334:Gorgippia
13290:Black Sea
13275:Tragurion
13260:Nymphaion
13245:Epidauros
13240:Epidamnos
13230:Apollonia
13207:Zacynthos
13129:Ptolemais
13123:Apollonia
13096:Cyrenaica
13086:Therassía
13081:Strongyle
13061:Ereikousa
12984:Leontinoi
12924:Apollonia
12801:Hipponion
12598:Mycenaean
12561:Parthenon
12493:Lion Gate
12396:Mythology
12359:Sculpture
12322:Astronomy
12256:Pederasty
12231:Festivals
12216:Education
12096:Lawgivers
12065:Timocreon
12045:Sophocles
12040:Simonides
12015:Philocles
12010:Panyassis
12005:Mimnermus
11970:Herodotus
11965:Euripides
11935:Aeschylus
11882:Leucippus
11842:Aristotle
11621:Strategos
11487:Synedrion
11441:Ostracism
11421:Areopagus
11373:Free city
11168:Macedonia
11052:Byzantion
10958:Macedonia
10923:Cyrenaica
10900:Geography
10834:Geography
10711:161016819
10663:0926-5856
9665:(2012) .
9412:161497388
9396:0018-098X
8990:Footnotes
8948:*hekətón
8925:*h₁néwn̥
8905:Eight (8)
8892:Seven (7)
8840:Three (3)
8818:*h₁óynos
8768:kʰéhliyoi
8649:"eight":
8624:"seven":
8421:kʷétwores
8346:"three":
7649:You (all)
7560:athematic
7523:You (all)
7191:does not
7065:*eǵh₂óm)
7001:< *yug
6988:< *yug
6971:< *yug
6954:< *yug
6933:< *yug
6923:< *yug
6913:< *yug
6896:< *yug
6886:< *yug
6876:< *yug
6859:< *yug
6842:< *yug
6825:< *yug
6808:< *yug
6739:Singular
6464:Singular
6181:Singular
6161:as well.
6031:Old Latin
6027:*pénkʷtos
6017:and most
5981:becoming
5979:kʷ kʷʰ gʷ
5950:*gʷih₃wos
5923:*gʷʰen-yō
5913:(but not
5858:"goat");
5579:*apónt-ya
5464:*poikilós
5298:*mol-eh₂-
5250:/nekʷts/)
4974:, Doric
4916:*krét-yōs
4863:, Boeot.
3989:geminated
3893:aspirates
3514:< PIE
3497:*h₁regʷos
3491:): Greek
3428:*sth₂-to-
3405:धिष्ण्य (
3273:*seǵʰ-oh₂
3271:< PIE
3167:, Aeolic
3161:*str̥-tos
3031:but also
2976:"out of".
2925:*sāwélios
2919:", Ionic
2805:, Aeolic
2799:/híkkʷos/
2498:kʷ gʷ kʷʰ
2373:does not
2354:Phonology
2281:pre-Greek
2257:Acarnania
2245:Athamania
2183:Black Sea
2109:Byzantine
2059:) is the
2034:pre-Greek
1860:Practices
1679:Yarsanism
1489:Albanians
1469:East Asia
1456:Scythians
1448:Phrygians
1441:Paeonians
1434:Illyrians
1420:Thracians
1337:East Asia
1288:Armenians
1215:Hallstatt
1197:Chernoles
1138:Terramare
1128:Trzciniec
1095:Sintashta
1090:Andronovo
991:Cernavodă
964:East Asia
919:Khvalynsk
659:Philology
569:Particles
455:Phonology
396:Liburnian
371:Tocharian
366:Anatolian
335:Nuristani
228:Languages
14475:Medieval
14375:Ages of
14314:Proverbs
14153:Linear B
14095:teaching
13851:Central
13809:–AD 330)
13796:–300 BC)
13647:Category
13625:Theatres
13552:Tripolis
13487:Kerasous
13482:Heraclea
13414:Tyritake
13369:Nikonion
13280:Thronion
13202:Salauris
13157:Emporion
13114:Berenice
13104:Balagrae
13056:Euonymos
13029:Tyndaris
13014:Syracuse
13009:Selinous
12979:Kamarina
12934:Casmenae
12919:Akrillai
12836:Neápolis
12771:Caulonia
12752:Mainland
12683:Linear B
12678:Linear A
12608:Dialects
12585:Language
12379:Religion
12337:Medicine
12271:Religion
12236:Folklore
12221:Emporium
12196:Clothing
12191:Calendar
12075:Xenophon
12070:Tyrtaeus
12055:Theognis
12030:Polybius
12025:Plutarch
12000:Menander
11980:Hipponax
11907:Socrates
11862:Epicurus
11708:Diadochi
11606:Sciritae
11566:Hetairoi
11541:Ballista
11506:Military
11469:Gerousia
11459:Ekklesia
11426:Ecclesia
11408:Athenian
11356:Politics
11269:–279 BC)
11256:–366 BC)
11237:–389 BC)
11173:Pergamon
11143:Bithynia
11136:Kingdoms
11077:Pergamon
11019:Military
11014:Politics
10811:Timeline
10748:(1995).
10630:(eds.).
10593:Archived
10575:(1995).
10537:Archived
10480:Archived
10432:Archived
10400:Archived
10324:Archived
10297:Archived
10258:(1933).
9720:Archived
9638:Archived
9504:Archived
9404:40205757
9347:Archived
9306:Archived
9265:Archived
9208:Archived
9153:Archived
9120:Archived
9059:Archived
8978:See also
8931:Ten (10)
8922:*ennéwə
8918:Nine (9)
8899:*septḿ̥
8896:*heptə́
8873:*pénkʷe
8870:*pénkʷe
8866:Five (5)
8853:Four (4)
8847:*tréyes
8844:*tréyes
8674:"nine":
8584:"six":
8536:"five":
8500:píttares
8494:πίτταρες
8485:péttares
8479:πέτταρες
8470:tésseres
8464:τέσσερες
8455:téttares
8449:τέτταρες
8428:kʷeturṓn
8222:Numerals
7583:*h₁ésmi
7566:Pronoun
7351:Pronoun
7345:thematic
7299:*phéresi
7297:, Ionic
7295:*phéreti
7281:replace
7248:Armenian
7114:You two
7057:*éǵh₂; (
7042:Pronoun
7014:Pronouns
6650:éh₂h₁(e)
6613:éh₂h₁(e)
6504:éh₂h₁(e)
6159:Armenian
6107:*-oi(i)n
6034:quinctus
6013:such as
5996:délemnon
5992:bélemnon
5939:Sanskrit
5935:*gʷelbʰ-
5901:, while
5868:elaphrós
5854:, gen.
5828:boukólos
5799:Loss of
5770:hétoimos
5766:hetoîmos
5724:Loss of
5693:⟩
5689:⟨
5679:Loss of
5655:Loss of
5639:Loss of
5634:*níkasas
5630:*níkahas
5616:Loss of
5610:Linear B
5514:Loss of
5468:poikílos
5371:*nag-laz
5350:h₃nogʷʰ-
5339:*onokʷʰ-
5267:*bʰolyom
5172:) and a
5154:resonant
4994:za-we-te
4988:, Ionic
4976:sā́meron
4970:, Ionic
4964:*ťāmeron
4962:> PG
4928:kreíttōn
4924:*kréťťōn
4920:*krétyōn
4853:*mét͡sos
4849:*médʰyos
4826:*tót͡sos
4790:*dʰyeh₂-
4775:*t͡segʷ-
4742:, since
4393:Arcadian
3872:becomes
3861:becomes
3633:thánatos
3529:"wind",
3455:*dh₃-ti-
3433:στατός (
3407:dhíṣṇya-
3087:*spérmn̥
2991:Syllabic
2970:Linear B
2887:, later
2801:, Attic
2792:*híkkʷos
2790:> PG
2788:*h₁éḱwos
2658:āu ēu ōu
2654:āi ēi ōi
2650:au eu ou
2483:Plosive
2458:Glottal
2446:Alveolar
2333:Linear B
2273:Tripolis
2261:Thessaly
2241:Tymphaia
2237:Parauaea
2179:homeland
2175:migrated
2167:Phrygian
2117:variants
1906:Scholars
1804:Germanic
1775:Scottish
1740:Thracian
1734:Illyrian
1728:Albanian
1716:European
1709:Armenian
1693:Ossetian
1687:Scythian
1672:Yazidism
1622:Buddhism
1613:Hinduism
1504:Norsemen
1414:Anatolia
1331:Iranians
1324:Iranians
1305:Iron Age
1280:Hittites
1233:Colchian
1226:Caucasus
1184:Iron Age
1153:Lusatian
1148:Urnfield
1072:Srubnaya
1067:Poltavka
1057:Catacomb
996:Cucuteni
951:Caucasus
768:Religion
753:Homeland
695:Behistun
675:Linear B
564:Numerals
559:Pronouns
484:Balkanic
431:Thracian
424:Phrygian
417:Paeonian
403:Messapic
389:Illyrian
301:Hellenic
296:Germanic
265:Armenian
257:Albanian
251:Albanoid
202:a series
200:Part of
183:ancestor
105:May 2019
14457:Ancient
14294:Exonyms
14227:Ancient
14193:Braille
14163:History
14122:Ancient
14115:Grammar
14087:Ancient
14062:Yevanic
14020:Italiot
14005:Cypriot
13973:Demotic
13917:Locrian
13912:Epirote
13907:Achaean
13887:Homeric
13844:Ancient
13753:Periods
13667:Outline
13620:Temples
13557:Zaliche
13537:Thèrmae
13527:Sesamus
13497:Odessos
13472:Cytorus
13467:Cotyora
13217:Illyria
13182:Mainake
13177:Kypsela
13066:Hycesia
13024:Thermae
13004:Segesta
12994:Messana
12949:Helorus
12929:Calacte
12909:Akragas
12871:Sybaris
12856:Rhegion
12811:Krimisa
12761:Alision
12670:Writing
12643:Locrian
12633:Epirote
12603:Homeric
12536:Artemis
12523:Temples
12464:Olympia
12434:Eleusis
12369:Theatre
12354:Pottery
12281:Warfare
12276:Slavery
12211:Economy
12206:Cuisine
12201:Coinage
12178:Society
12163:Culture
12158:Society
12106:Tyrants
11945:Alcaeus
11927:Authors
11877:Hypatia
11867:Gorgias
11804:Writers
11626:Toxotai
11596:Sarissa
11586:Peltast
11581:Phalanx
11561:Hoplite
11556:Hippeis
11479:Macedon
11451:Spartan
11436:Heliaia
11383:Proxeny
11092:Larissa
11087:Kerkyra
11082:Eretria
11072:Miletus
11067:Ephesus
11062:Corinth
11057:Chalcis
10978:Taurica
10848:Periods
10829:History
10672:"Greek"
9669:(ed.).
9220:Greece.
8938:*déḱm̥
8886:*swéḱs
8883:*hwéks
8879:Six (6)
8834:*dwóh₁
8827:Two (2)
8821:*óynos
8814:One (1)
8800:Number
8783:khílioi
8758:hekatón
8743:hekətón
8714:"ten":
8530:tétores
8524:τέτορες
8515:písures
8509:πίσυρες
8363:/trins/
8307:/dúwoː/
8290:"two":
8254:/heméi/
8230:"one":
8021:eh₂oHom
7619:You two
7443:You two
7305:bʰéreti
7212:removed
7197:sources
7106:We two
7063:variant
7024:ekeînos
6745:Plural
6552:éh₂oHom
6470:Plural
6187:Plural
6147:gunaik-
6129:húdatos
6023:pémptos
5942:garbha-
5931:delphús
5917:). Cf.
5909:before
5905:became
5885:became
5860:elakhús
5844:aipólos
5728:before
5649:*tréyes
5643:, e.g.
5460:oxytone
5428:Prosody
5391:(as in
5243:Hittite
5201:*nokʷts
5080:/dzeús/
4972:sḗmeron
4968:tḗmeron
4940:*kr̥tús
4932:kréssōn
4897:*eréťťō
4875:, Lat.
4873:mádhya-
4859:, Hom.
4840:, Lat.
4832:, Hom.
4822:*tótyos
4800:, Att.
4785:"flee")
4779:sébomai
4771:*tyegʷ-
4396:Cypriot
4378:Homeric
3950:, with
3796:*Cih₂eC
3762:*CeRHeC
3640:thnātós
3536:"wind".
3512:*awent-
3460:δόσις (
3442:sthíta-
3440:स्थित (
3417:*fasnom
3393:*dʰh₁s-
3209:, e.g.
3185:korzdia
3169:strótos
3165:stratós
3107:hekatón
3099:hekotón
3097:"ten",
2921:hēélios
2863:(Latin
2769:, the "
2540:Liquid
2449:Palatal
2394:removed
2379:sources
2249:Dolopia
2131:Origins
2075:(i.e.,
1838:Latvian
1796:Cornish
1666:Kurdish
1652:Persian
1644:Iranian
1636:Sikhism
1629:Jainism
1592:Hittite
1531:Iranian
1427:Dacians
1220:Jastorf
1143:Tumulus
1123:Únětice
1052:Yamnaya
1047:Chariot
985:Usatovo
926:Yamnaya
763:Society
747:Origins
680:Rigveda
532:Grammar
359:Extinct
349:Romance
328:Iranian
97:See why
14484:Modern
14237:Modern
14091:accent
14047:Pontic
14037:Maniot
14000:Cretan
13964:Modern
13855:Aeolic
13822:–1453)
13657:Portal
13605:People
13593:Cities
13532:Sinope
13517:Rhizos
13507:Phasis
13457:Bathus
13452:Athina
13437:Amisos
13399:Tanais
13394:Pityus
13319:Charax
13270:Pharos
13265:Orikon
13162:Helike
13152:Alonis
13119:Cyrene
13051:Didyme
12964:Himera
12939:Catana
12901:Sicily
12891:Thurii
12886:Terina
12851:Pixous
12806:Hydrus
12781:Croton
12613:Aeolic
12531:Aphaea
12454:Dodona
12439:Delphi
12408:Temple
12084:Others
12035:Sappho
12020:Pindar
11995:Lucian
11990:Ibycus
11975:Hesiod
11912:Thales
11680:Rulers
11659:People
11636:Xyston
11631:Xiphos
11492:Koinon
11398:Tyrant
11388:Stasis
11378:Koinon
11178:Pontus
11153:Epirus
11122:Sparta
11112:Rhodes
11107:Megara
11102:Thebes
11047:Athens
10973:Pontus
10938:Epirus
10928:Cyprus
10913:Aeolis
10758:
10726:
10709:
10699:
10661:
10651:
10585:
10561:
10529:
10508:
10456:
10424:
10392:
10371:
10346:
10289:
10268:
10244:
10084:Lingua
9762:
9712:
9683:
9630:
9532:
9496:
9410:
9402:
9394:
9339:
9298:
9257:
9200:
9112:
9051:
9019:
8984:Greeks
8935:*dékə
8909:*oktṓ
8831:*dúwō
8777:χίλιοι
8771:(>
8752:ἑκατόν
8746:(>
8721:(>
8681:(>
8678:ennéwə
8656:(>
8631:(>
8628:heptə́
8591:(>
8568:Thess.
8543:(>
8540:pénkʷe
8490:Thess.
8475:Boeot.
8431:(>
8353:(>
8350:tréyes
8297:(>
8196:eh₂mis
8186:Instr.
8091:eh₂m̥s
8056:eh₂mos
7913:Instr.
7609:We two
7415:We two
7291:phérei
7020:hoûtos
6980:Instr.
6925:óy(h₁)
6888:óy(h₁)
6779:óy(h₁)
6720:éh₂mis
6697:Instr.
6623:éh₂m̥s
6586:éh₂mos
6422:Instr.
6233:*h₂éǵr
6219:*h₂éǵr
6205:*h₂éǵr
6155:gunai-
6140:-tatos
6118:*-āsyo
5983:p ph b
5954:Gothic
5944:) vs.
5927:phónos
5919:theínō
5842:) vs.
5840:*gʷou-
5756:*kórwā
5674:*wétos
5626:níkaas
5587:apoûsa
5583:apónsa
5536:Aeolic
5329:ónukh-
5309:molīna
5278:folium
5258:φύλλον
5233:Gothic
5228:*nakts
5051:Vowels
5033:*g(ʷ)y
4952:*k(ʰ)y
4936:kratús
4909:erétēs
4905:eréssō
4901:eréttō
4877:medius
4865:méttos
4806:dhyā́-
4794:*t͡sā-
4728:tátēt-
4724:tátēsi
4693:*t(ʰ)y
4402:Other
4187:After
4160:*k(ʰ)y
4156:*t(ʰ)y
4129:*k(ʰ)y
4125:*t(ʰ)y
4013:After
4010:Before
3956:hiatus
3948:*CR̥RV
3944:*CR̥HV
3848:*CR̥HV
3810:; or,
3804:*CiyaC
3800:*CiHaC
3792:*Cih₂C
3790:; or,
3784:*CyeHC
3756:; or,
3750:*CReHC
3691:*Cih₂C
3531:Breton
3527:ventus
3504:riqiz-
3501:Gothic
3493:érebos
3467:दिति (
3457:"gift"
3448:status
3435:statós
3387:Latin
3363:, but
3281:*heks-
3269:*hekh-
3181:kradíē
3177:kardíā
3143:, but
3111:*déḱm̥
3083:spérma
3079:spérmo
2979:Final
2913:hḗlios
2909:*swel-
2899:" and
2897:aurora
2877:koinós
2853:forest
2841:*suh₁-
2803:híppos
2682:
2603:Close
2595:Center
2582:Vowels
2495:k g kʰ
2489:t d tʰ
2486:p b pʰ
2463:Nasal
2443:Labial
2328:
2302:
2255:, and
2125:
2121:
2095:, and
2085:Aeolic
2038:
1853:Slavic
1832:Baltic
1782:Breton
1762:Celtic
1746:Dacian
1702:Others
1482:Europe
1355:Europe
1349:Yuezhi
1203:Europe
1190:Steppe
1101:Europe
958:Maykop
912:Samara
868:Kurgan
685:Avesta
467:Ablaut
463:Accent
410:Mysian
382:Dacian
343:Italic
291:Celtic
283:Slavic
276:Baltic
244:Extant
143:Region
14466:Koine
14377:Greek
14272:Other
14127:Koine
14101:Koine
13941:Koine
13899:Doric
13895:West
13882:Ionic
13877:Attic
13873:East
13615:Stoae
13583:Lists
13502:Oinòe
13425:coast
13423:South
13409:Tyras
13379:Olbia
13349:Kepoi
13302:coast
13300:North
13293:basin
13235:Aulon
13197:Rhode
13109:Barca
12999:Naxos
12954:Henna
12914:Akrai
12881:Taras
12866:Siris
12826:Medma
12821:Locri
12786:Cumae
12776:Chone
12754:Italy
12660:Koine
12638:Ionic
12628:Doric
12623:Attic
12444:Delos
12342:Music
11985:Homer
11940:Aesop
11892:Plato
11794:Poets
11464:Ephor
11416:Agora
11393:Tagus
11368:Boule
11117:Samos
11042:Argos
10948:Ionia
10933:Doris
10918:Crete
10707:S2CID
10675:(PDF)
10645:Brill
10483:(PDF)
10472:(PDF)
10365:Brill
9528:Greek
9408:S2CID
9400:JSTOR
9378:(3).
8766:*
8741:*
8716:*
8693:ennéa
8687:ἐννέα
8676:*
8651:*
8643:heptá
8626:*
8588:hwéks
8586:*
8578:pémpe
8572:πέμπε
8564:Lesb.
8559:pénte
8553:πέντε
8538:*
8505:Lesb.
8426:*
8419:*
8411:trées
8405:τρέες
8401:Cret.
8386:Lesb.
8381:treîs
8375:τρεῖς
8359:ti-ri
8348:*
8303:du-wo
8292:*
8278:henos
8239:*
8232:*
8212:, néw
8208:, néw
8198:, néw
8194:, néw
8177:, néw
8173:, néw
8163:, néw
8161:eh₂su
8159:, néw
8142:, néw
8138:, néw
8128:, néw
8126:eh₂es
8124:, néw
8107:, néw
8103:, néw
8093:, néw
8089:, néw
8072:, néw
8068:, néw
8058:, néw
8054:, néw
8037:, néw
8033:, néw
8023:, néw
8019:, néw
8002:, néw
7998:, néw
7988:, néw
7986:eh₂es
7984:, néw
7953:Case
7939:, néw
7935:, néw
7925:, néw
7923:eh₂h₁
7921:, néw
7906:oi/ei
7904:, néw
7900:, néw
7898:oi/ei
7892:oy/ey
7890:, néw
7886:, néw
7884:oy/ey
7869:, néw
7865:, néw
7855:, néw
7851:, néw
7834:, néw
7830:, néw
7820:, néw
7816:, néw
7799:, néw
7795:, néw
7785:, néw
7783:eh₂ey
7781:, néw
7764:, néw
7760:, néw
7750:, néw
7746:, néw
7729:, néw
7725:, néw
7715:, néw
7711:, néw
7680:Case
7488:, *ág
7460:, *ág
7432:, *ág
7372:*h₂éǵ
7368:<
7328:-enai
7324:-ehen
7172:Verbs
7083:*h₂ew
7028:autós
6997:*dzug
6984:*dzug
6967:*dzug
6946:*dzug
6929:*dzug
6919:*dzug
6909:*dzug
6892:*dzug
6882:*dzug
6872:*dzug
6855:*dzug
6850:óyyun
6848:*dzug
6838:*dzug
6821:*dzug
6816:óyyun
6814:*dzug
6804:*dzug
6787:<
6783:*dzug
6773:<
6769:*dzug
6759:<
6755:*dzug
6742:Dual
6736:Case
6714:*pʰug
6707:éh₂h₁
6701:*pʰug
6690:éh₂su
6684:*pʰug
6671:*pʰug
6660:éh₂es
6654:*pʰug
6644:*pʰug
6634:*pʰug
6617:*pʰug
6607:*pʰug
6597:*pʰug
6580:*pʰug
6575:áyyun
6573:*pʰug
6569:éh₂ey
6563:*pʰug
6546:*pʰug
6541:áyyun
6539:*pʰug
6529:*pʰug
6518:éh₂es
6516:*bʰug
6512:<
6508:*pʰug
6502:*bʰug
6498:<
6494:*pʰug
6488:*bʰug
6484:<
6480:*pʰug
6467:Dual
6461:Case
6292:óyyun
6258:óyyun
6229:<
6215:<
6201:<
6184:Dual
6178:Case
6133:húdōr
6111:-oiun
6073:*-su-
6062:Nouns
6015:Latin
6000:bállō
5988:bélos
5969:Latin
5965:*kʷis
5856:aigós
5850:(cf.
5834:(cf.
5782:oínou
5778:oînos
5645:treîs
5632:<
5596:>
5585:>
5581:>
5569:>
5565:>
5540:*ésmi
5532:Doric
5528:Ionic
5524:Attic
5466:>
5450:morae
5418:>
5404:Greek
5394:Greek
5387:will
5366:PGerm
5364:<
5354:(cf.
5343:<
5325:Greek
5316:Greek
5305:Latin
5302:(cf.
5285:Greek
5274:Latin
5271:(cf.
5254:Greek
5247:nekuz
5237:nahts
5226:<
5208:Latin
5205:(cf.
5188:Greek
5065:dyēws
5011:>
5009:*d͡zy
4990:sêtes
4986:têtes
4980:PreG
4958:PreG
4950:from
4934:(cf.
4907:(cf.
4869:mésos
4857:mésos
4830:tósos
4820:PreG
4798:sā́ma
4783:tyaj-
4744:possí
4381:Attic
4343:>
4322:>
4253:*d͡zy
4245:*kʷʰy
4217:*t͡sy
4113:*t͡sy
4087:into
3979:were
3940:*CuwV
3938:>
3936:*CuHV
3932:*CiyV
3930:>
3928:*CiHV
3902:In a
3885:CHR̥C
3870:*CoHC
3859:*CeHC
3828:*CRHV
3812:*CiHC
3806:>
3802:>
3798:>
3794:>
3786:>
3782:>
3780:*CiHC
3768:>
3764:>
3760:>
3758:*CRHC
3752:>
3748:>
3746:*CRHC
3738:>
3736:*HeC-
3734:>
3724:>
3722:*CHeC
3720:>
3665:from
3663:*CyōC
3659:*CyāC
3655:*CyēC
3651:*CiHC
3629:CoRoC
3625:CaRaC
3621:CeReC
3609:*CRāC
3585:*CuRC
3567:from
3541:*CRHC
3534:gwent
3524:Latin
3508:áent-
3475:datiō
3469:díti-
3462:dósis
3419:<
3413:fānum
3381:Greek
3299:-thē-
3277:heksō
3259:>
3240:) in
3211:heksō
3135:>
3109:<
3085:<
3075:pe-mo
3053:>
2983:>
2949:>
2941:>
2923:<
2893:sélas
2881:ku-su
2849:dásos
2845:dasýs
2807:íkkos
2723:<
2711:<
2630:Open
2598:Back
2592:Front
2510:ts dz
2452:Velar
2225:Evros
2105:Koine
2089:Doric
2081:Ionic
2077:Attic
2065:Greek
1824:Norse
1789:Welsh
1768:Irish
1757:Roman
1752:Greek
1607:Vedic
1499:Slavs
1494:Balts
1368:Gauls
1362:Celts
1344:Wusun
1239:India
1015:Baden
715:Ogham
690:Homer
577:Other
554:Nouns
549:Verbs
307:Greek
14200:and
13542:Tium
13309:Akra
13250:Issa
12944:Gela
12816:Laüs
12791:Elea
12449:Dion
12301:Arts
12291:Wine
11917:Zeno
11514:Wars
10756:ISBN
10724:ISBN
10697:ISBN
10659:ISSN
10649:ISBN
10583:ISBN
10559:ISBN
10527:ISBN
10506:ISBN
10454:ISBN
10422:ISBN
10390:ISBN
10369:ISBN
10344:ISBN
10287:ISBN
10266:ISBN
10242:ISBN
10030:/eː/
9710:ISBN
9681:ISBN
9646:2020
9628:ISBN
9494:ISBN
9392:ISSN
9337:ISBN
9296:ISBN
9255:ISBN
9198:ISBN
9110:ISBN
9067:2020
9049:ISBN
9017:ISBN
8773:Att.
8748:Att.
8733:déka
8727:δέκα
8723:Att.
8718:dékə
8708:ennê
8702:ἐννῆ
8698:Dor.
8683:Att.
8668:oktṓ
8662:ὀκτώ
8658:Att.
8653:oktṓ
8637:ἑπτά
8633:Att.
8618:wéks
8608:Dor.
8603:héks
8593:Att.
8549:Ion.
8545:Att.
8520:Dor.
8460:Ion.
8445:Att.
8433:Myc.
8396:trḗs
8390:τρής
8371:Ion.
8367:Att.
8355:Myc.
8330:Ion.
8326:Att.
8311:Hom.
8299:Myc.
8294:dúwō
8272:heîs
8262:Ion.
8258:Att.
8250:e-me
8246:Myc.
8241:hmía
8234:héns
8204:*néw
8190:*néw
8179:oihi
8171:oihi
8169:*néw
8165:oysu
8157:oysu
8155:*néw
8151:Loc.
8134:*néw
8120:*néw
8116:Voc.
8099:*néw
8085:*néw
8081:Acc.
8064:*néw
8060:omos
8052:omos
8050:*néw
8046:Dat.
8029:*néw
8025:oHom
8017:oHom
8015:*néw
8011:Gen.
7994:*néw
7980:*néw
7976:Nom.
7931:*néw
7917:*néw
7896:*néw
7888:eh₂i
7882:*néw
7878:Loc.
7861:*néw
7847:*néw
7843:Voc.
7826:*néw
7812:*néw
7808:Acc.
7791:*néw
7777:*néw
7773:Dat.
7766:oyyo
7758:oyyo
7756:*néw
7752:osyo
7748:eh₂s
7744:osyo
7742:*néw
7738:Gen.
7721:*néw
7707:*néw
7703:Nom.
7659:They
7550:onti
7546:onti
7540:They
7514:omen
7512:(*ág
7509:omos
7505:omes
7490:eton
7486:etos
7484:(*ág
7481:etes
7477:etes
7462:eton
7458:etos
7456:(*ág
7453:etes
7449:etes
7434:owen
7430:owes
7428:(*ág
7425:owos
7421:owos
7332:-men
7330:and
7317:-ka-
7279:-mān
7275:-mai
7195:any
7193:cite
7090:She
7070:You
7026:and
6973:óysu
6969:óihi
6958:, *-
6942:Loc.
6905:Voc.
6868:Acc.
6861:ómos
6834:Dat.
6827:óHom
6810:ósyo
6806:óyyo
6800:Gen.
6791:*yug
6777:*yug
6763:*yug
6751:Nom.
6716:ā́is
6686:ā́hi
6677:éh₂i
6667:Loc.
6630:Voc.
6593:Acc.
6559:Dat.
6548:ā́ōn
6535:éh₂s
6525:Gen.
6476:Nom.
6439:*agr
6426:*agr
6415:oysu
6411:óihi
6409:*agr
6388:*agr
6384:Loc.
6371:*agr
6361:*agr
6351:*agr
6347:Voc.
6334:*agr
6324:*agr
6314:*agr
6310:Acc.
6303:omos
6297:*agr
6290:*agr
6280:*agr
6276:Dat.
6269:oHom
6263:*agr
6256:*agr
6252:osyo
6248:óyyo
6246:*agr
6242:Gen.
6225:*agr
6211:*agr
6197:*agr
6193:Nom.
6131:for
6100:*-oi
6098:and
6096:*-ai
6092:*-ōs
6090:and
6088:*-ās
6004:bolḗ
5972:quis
5957:qius
5946:bíos
5925:vs.
5897:and
5889:and
5881:and
5866:vs.
5852:aíks
5836:boûs
5803:and
5792:and
5752:kórē
5748:/ɛː/
5702:and
5670:étos
5664:and
5598:-si-
5594:-ti-
5567:*nts
5563:*nty
5552:émmi
5548:eîmi
5493:and
5440:The
5415:/kʷ/
5401:and
5398:núks
5361:nægl
5320:ὄνυξ
5289:μύλη
5217:Ved.
5076:Zeús
5041:όζος
5025:*tʰy
5023:and
5005:*d͡z
4914:PIE
4891:PIE
4847:PIE
4838:táti
4814:*t͡s
4802:sêma
4788:PIE
4769:PIE
4763:*t͡s
4752:posí
4736:pod-
4718:and
4701:-tt-
4689:*tʰy
4687:and
4681:*tʰy
4679:and
4673:*t͡s
4510:*d͡z
4420:*t͡s
4273:*gʷy
4241:*kʷy
4234:*kʰy
4215:(or
4213:*tʰy
4197:*pʰy
4145:*d͡z
4133:*t͡s
4109:*tʰy
4107:and
4089:*t͡s
4085:*tʰy
4083:and
4069:*t͡s
4065:*tʰs
4063:and
4053:*tʰy
4051:and
4040:*d͡z
4028:*t͡s
4023:*tʰy
3918:was
3904:*VHV
3881:*CHV
3852:CaRV
3808:CiaC
3732:*HC-
3718:*CHC
3687:CiaC
3615:and
3565:CRōC
3561:CRāC
3557:CRēC
3520:wind
3499:vs.
3485:*HC-
3265:ékhō
3103:déka
3095:déko
3015:and
2958:quid
2905:moon
2885:ksýn
2873:katá
2861:*ḱom
2857:*som
2833:hȳ́s
2829:sȳ́s
2796:i-qo
2625:o ō
2616:Mid
2611:u ū
2589:Type
2440:Type
2377:any
2375:cite
2127:BC.
2111:and
2051:The
1886:Yule
1877:Sati
1166:BMAC
544:Root
61:lang
12246:Law
10689:doi
10092:doi
10026:-ei
9384:doi
8808:PE
8804:PIE
8612:ϝέξ
8340:dúo
8334:δύο
8321:dúō
8315:δύω
8284:mía
8281:),
8214:ois
8210:ais
8206:ois
8200:ōys
8192:ōys
8175:āhi
8130:eh₂
8122:oes
8105:ans
8101:ons
8095:eh₂
8087:oms
8074:ois
8070:ais
8066:ois
8035:āōn
7990:eh₂
7982:oes
7967:PE
7960:PIE
7927:oh₁
7919:oh₁
7853:eh₂
7787:oey
7779:oey
7713:eh₂
7694:PE
7687:PIE
7589:You
7581:PIE
7544:*ág
7533:ete
7529:ete
7527:*ág
7503:*ág
7475:*ág
7447:*ág
7419:*ág
7408:eti
7402:*ág
7391:esi
7387:ehi
7385:*ág
7381:You
7374:oh₂
7370:PIE
7364:*ág
7309:).
7283:-ai
7206:by
7130:We
7098:It
7078:He
7055:PIE
7003:ṓys
6999:ṓis
6990:óh₁
6950:, -
6935:éh₂
6898:éh₂
6857:óis
6844:óey
6793:éh₂
6789:PIE
6775:PIE
6761:PIE
6673:ā́i
6640:éh₂
6619:áns
6603:ā́m
6599:ā́n
6582:áis
6565:ā́i
6531:ā́s
6514:PIE
6500:PIE
6490:éh₂
6486:PIE
6445:ōys
6441:ṓis
6432:oh₁
6400:, -
6392:, -
6377:oes
6367:oh₁
6340:oms
6336:óns
6330:oh₁
6299:óis
6286:oey
6235:oes
6231:PIE
6221:oh₁
6217:PIE
6203:PIE
6157:in
6122:-āo
6094:by
6077:-i-
6069:-si
5961:tís
5915:/i/
5911:/e/
5899:/i/
5895:/e/
5883:kʷʰ
5824:/u/
5805:/w/
5801:/h/
5794:/j/
5790:/w/
5743:to
5730:/s/
5726:/n/
5708:/w/
5704:/j/
5700:/h/
5685:/u/
5666:/j/
5662:/h/
5657:/w/
5641:/j/
5622:/s/
5618:/h/
5550:or
5544:ḗmi
5538:):
5482:idé
5421:/p/
5385:/u/
5381:/o/
5345:PIE
5293:PIE
5262:PIE
5222:nák
5212:nox
5196:PIE
5192:νύξ
5170:/n/
5166:/m/
5162:/l/
5158:/r/
5150:/u/
5146:/o/
5140:In
5124:.
5094:/u/
5092:to
5090:/o/
5045:*sd
5037:*sd
5029:*dy
5021:*ty
5017:*dy
5013:*ďď
5001:*dy
4885:*ťť
4842:tot
4708:*ts
4697:-s-
4685:*ty
4677:*ty
4665:*ťť
4661:*tʰ
4659:or
4639:*yy
4609:i̯r
4601:*řř
4574:i̯n
4566:i̯n
4558:*ňň
4546:i̯l
4536:*ľľ
4514:*ďď
4475:*ťť
4408:*pť
4345:*yy
4341:*ɥɥ
4336:*wy
4329:*yy
4324:*hy
4320:*sy
4313:*řř
4308:*ry
4301:*ňň
4296:*ny
4292:*my
4285:*ľľ
4280:*ly
4266:*gy
4259:*ďď
4230:*ky
4223:*ťť
4209:*ty
4202:*pť
4193:*py
4121:*tʰ
4105:*ty
4101:*tʰ
4099:or
4081:*ty
4061:*ds
4057:*ts
4049:*ty
4035:*dy
4019:*ty
3912:/e/
3889:/e/
3874:CōC
3816:CīC
3772:by
3711:/o/
3707:/a/
3703:/e/
3699:/e/
3683:CīC
3679:*h₃
3675:*h₂
3671:*h₁
3611:in
3603:in
3587:in
3581:*h₃
3577:*h₂
3573:*h₁
3365:/i/
3361:/a/
3353:/o/
3349:/a/
3345:/e/
3341:*h₃
3337:*h₂
3333:*h₁
3322:/e/
3261:/h/
3257:/s/
3149:*ər
3145:*əl
3141:*rə
3137:*lə
3131:*r̥
3123:*l̥
3063:*ən
3059:*əm
3049:*n̥
3041:*m̥
3019:*r̥
3011:*l̥
3004:*n̥
2997:*m̥
2985:/n/
2981:/m/
2962:cid
2951:Vy-
2947:Hy-
2943:dz-
2939:dy-
2937:to
2917:sun
2889:sýn
2869:kaí
2865:cum
2855:";
2843:),
2837:pig
2821:/h/
2819:to
2817:/s/
2815:of
2767:/u/
2635:a ā
2619:e ē
2606:i ī
2548:ľ ř
2545:l r
2492:ť ď
2388:by
2196:by
1171:Yaz
151:Era
81:IPA
14505::
14423:c.
14415:c.
14407:c.
14399:c.
14391:c.
13817:c.
13804:c.
13791:c.
13778:c.
13765:c.
11264:c.
11251:c.
11232:c.
11215:c.
10705:.
10695:.
10683:.
10657:.
10647:.
10639:.
10626:;
10622:;
10591:.
10535:.
10478:.
10474:.
10430:.
10398:.
10320:28
10318:.
10295:.
10116:^
10088:47
10086:.
10038:^
10005:^
9988:^
9923:^
9908:^
9841:^
9797:^
9770:^
9718:.
9648:.
9636:.
9502:.
9406:.
9398:.
9390:.
9376:77
9374:.
9362:^
9345:.
9321:^
9304:.
9280:^
9263:.
9239:^
9217:.
9206:.
9168:^
9135:^
9118:.
9090:^
9069:.
9057:.
9031:^
8997:^
8953:or
8780:,
8755:,
8730:,
8705:,
8696:;
8690:,
8665:,
8640:,
8615:,
8606:;
8600:,
8597:ἕξ
8575:,
8566:,
8562:;
8556:,
8527:,
8518:;
8512:,
8503:;
8497:,
8488:;
8482:,
8473:;
8467:,
8458:;
8452:,
8408:,
8399:;
8393:,
8384:;
8378:,
8365:;
8337:,
8324:;
8318:,
8309:;
8269:,
8140:ai
8136:oi
8039:ōn
8031:ōn
8000:ai
7996:oi
7902:ai
7871:on
7857:om
7836:on
7832:ān
7828:on
7822:om
7818:ām
7814:om
7801:ōi
7797:āi
7793:ōi
7762:ās
7731:on
7723:os
7717:om
7709:os
7639:We
7516:)
7499:We
7492:)
7464:)
7436:)
7404:ei
7326:,
7287:-a
7285:,
7277:,
7244:e-
7050:I
7022:,
6994:?
6964:?
6960:éy
6956:óy
6952:éi
6948:ói
6915:óm
6911:ón
6878:óm
6874:ón
6840:ṓi
6823:ṓn
6765:óm
6757:ón
6730:n.
6711:?
6703:ā́
6681:?
6656:ái
6646:áe
6636:ā́
6609:áe
6510:ái
6496:áe
6482:ā́
6455:f.
6436:?
6406:?
6402:ey
6398:oy
6394:éi
6390:ói
6373:ói
6320:om
6316:ón
6282:ṓi
6265:ṓn
6227:ói
6207:os
6199:ós
6172:m.
5974:).
5903:gʷ
5891:th
5879:kʷ
5612::
5604:).
5571:ns
5546:,
5530:,
5526:,
5470:).
5406::
5396::
5359::
5334:PG
5327::
5318::
5307::
5287::
5276::
5256::
5245::
5235::
5230:,
5215:,
5210::
5190::
5168:,
5164:,
5160:,
4948:*ť
4765::
4730:,
4720:ss
4669:*y
4657:*t
4653:*y
4644:i̯
4632:ːr
4627:rr
4619:ːr
4594:ːn
4589:nn
4584:ːn
4551:ll
4541:ll
4529:zd
4524:dd
4519:zd
4512:,
4503:ss
4498:tt
4493:ss
4488:tt
4483:ss
4468:ss
4458:tt
4448:ss
4446:,
4426:*n
4413:pt
4366:.
4364:*ǰ
4361:*č
4357:*ď
4354:*ť
4294:,
4243:,
4232:,
4211:,
4195:,
4172:*y
4141:*d
4137:*y
4117:*t
4097:*t
4093:*y
4071:.
4059:,
4021:,
4002:*y
3977:*y
3962:,
3952:R̥
3942:,
3934:,
3924:*u
3922:,
3920:*i
3908:R̥
3899:).
3709:,
3705:,
3677:,
3673:,
3669:=
3661:,
3657:,
3627:,
3623:,
3607:,
3599:,
3591:,
3579:,
3575:,
3571:=
3563:,
3559:,
3522:,
3371:):
3351:,
3347:,
3339:,
3335:,
3292:*y
3222:*y
3207:*s
3153:*ə
3147:,
3139:,
3127:,
3113:,
3105:,
3067:*ə
3061:,
3055:*ə
3045:,
3025:*ə
2974:ek
2966:ti
2935:y-
2927:).
2875:,
2871:,
2831:~
2825:*s
2784:*w
2731:^
2725:py
2721:pť
2715:;
2713:Cy
2709:ČČ
2694:^
2678:).
2652:,
2648:,
2535:h
2345:c.
2315:.
2310:c.
2296:.
2283:.
2271:,
2267:,
2251:,
2247:,
2243:,
2239:,
2214:c.
2148:c.
2141:c.
2107:,
2091:,
2087:,
2083:,
2079:,
2047:).
2042:c.
1283:)
634:·
615:·
465:,
461:,
457::
204:on
167:c.
158:c.
135:/
66:,
14368:e
14361:t
14354:v
14097:)
14093:/
14089:(
13815:(
13802:(
13789:(
13776:(
13763:(
13701:e
13694:t
13687:v
13125:)
13121:(
11262:(
11249:(
11230:(
11224:)
11213:(
11200:/
10792:e
10785:t
10778:v
10764:.
10732:.
10713:.
10691::
10665:.
10602:.
10567:.
10546:.
10514:.
10492:.
10462:.
10441:.
10409:.
10377:.
10352:.
10333:.
10306:.
10274:.
10250:.
10168:.
10156:.
10098:.
10094::
9729:.
9689:.
9546:.
9513:.
9428:(
9414:.
9386::
9356:.
9315:.
9274:.
9162:.
9129:.
9025:.
8786:)
8761:)
8736:)
8711:)
8671:)
8646:)
8621:)
8581:)
8547:-
8533:)
8414:)
8369:/
8343:)
8328:-
8287:)
8275:(
8260:/
8144:a
8109:a
8004:a
7941:ō
7937:ā
7933:ō
7867:a
7863:e
7849:e
7727:ā
7575:I
7366:ō
7360:I
7264:r
7233:)
7227:(
7222:)
7218:(
7214:.
7200:.
6986:ṓ
6931:á
6921:ṓ
6894:á
6884:ṓ
6785:á
6771:ṓ
6428:ṓ
6363:ṓ
6357:e
6353:é
6326:ṓ
6213:ṓ
6102:.
5967:(
5952:(
5937:(
5907:d
5887:t
5874:.
5784:.
5772:.
5745:ē
5741:ā
5691:q
5676:.
5651:.
5636:.
5600:(
5575:n
5559:s
5554:.
5516:s
5413:*
5375:)
5312:)
5281:)
5156:(
5131:)
5127:(
5082:.
5062:*
4942:)
4879:)
4756:s
4748:s
4716:s
4712:s
4463:s
4453:s
4444:s
4434:s
4428:,
4255:)
4251:(
4219:)
3964:u
3960:i
3916:V
3876:.
3865:.
3854:.
3844:V
3840:H
3836:R
3832:C
3830:(
3818:.
3776:.
3742:.
3728:.
3693:.
3667:H
3569:H
3553:H
3549:R
3545:C
3543:(
3471:)
3464:)
3444:)
3437:)
3287:;
3217:.
3187:.
3157:o
3117:.
3091:o
3077:(
3071:o
3033:o
3029:a
2987:.
2915:"
2903:"
2835:"
2809:.
2717:ť
2622:ə
2571:w
2566:j
2526:s
2472:ɲ
2469:n
2466:m
2415:)
2409:(
2404:)
2400:(
2396:.
2382:.
2263:(
2005:e
1998:t
1991:v
1884:/
1748:)
1743:·
1737:·
1731:·
1726:(
1506:/
1412:/
1277:(
648:)
644:(
638:)
630:(
619:)
611:(
605:)
601:(
107:)
103:(
99:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
