285:
22:
692:
1440:"We are a generous people; and yet we are told we must keep up a sectarian bitterness to the end; and the Protestant Ascendancy has been broken down, only to build Catholic Ascendancy on its ruins. Are we in earnest about our country at all or are we seeking to perpetuate our wretchedness by refusing the honest aid of Irishmen? Why should we throw unto the arms of England those children of Ireland who would be our most faithful allies, if we did not seek to disinherit them? "
2485:
2496:
316:, etc.), having previously held immense power in Ireland, became major targets of the crown and of more stridently anti-Irish members of the Ascendancy. With the defeat of Catholic attempts to regain power and lands in Ireland, a ruling class which became known later as the "Protestant Ascendancy" sought to ensure dominance with the passing of a number of laws to restrict the religious, political and economic activities of Catholics and to some extent,
2473:
538:
Ulster or on the outskirts of towns were more favourably placed than the owners of tracts of infertile bog in the west. In 1870 302 proprietors (1.5% of the total) owned 33.7% of the land, and 50% of the country was in the hands of 750 families of the
Ascendency. At the other end of the scale, 15,527 (80.5%) owned between them only 19.3% of the land. 95% of the land of Ireland was calculated to be under minority control of those within the
989:
639:
232:
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193:, or city-hall, where, having passed the touch of the corporation, so respectably stamped and vouched, it soon became current in parliament, and was carried back by the Speaker of the House of Commons in great pomp as an offering of homage from whence it came. The word is Ascendancy." This was then used by Catholics seeking further political reforms.
771:, while much of the population starved, over a million dying of hunger or associated diseases. Ireland remained a net exporter of food throughout most of the famine. About 20% of the population emigrated. The Encumbered Estates Act of 1849 was passed to allow landlords to sell mortgaged land, where a sale would be restricted because the land was
529:
in exchange for lands and other privileges. Records of these conversions were tracked in "Convert Rolls", which can be located through various online resources. Interestingly, early 20th century census records inform us that a fair number of Irish men and women who'd converted to the
Anglican Church
880:
With the
Protestant yeoman class void being filled by a newly rising "Catholic Ascendancy", the dozens of remaining Protestant large landowners were left isolated within the Catholic population without the benefit of the legal and social conventions upon which they had depended to maintain power and
537:
As a result, political, legal and economic power resided with the
Ascendancy to the extent that by the mid-18th century, the greater part of the land in Ireland (97% in 1870) was owned by men who rented it out to tenant farmers rather than cultivating it themselves. Smaller landlords in the east, in
395:– Catholic inheritances of land were to be equally subdivided between all an owner's sons with the exception that if the eldest son and heir converted to Protestantism that he would become the one and only tenant of estate and portions for other children not to exceed one third of the estate. This "
519:
until his death in
January 1766, and Roman Catholics were morally obliged to support him. This provided the main political excuse for the new laws, but it was not entirely exclusive as there was no law against anyone converting to Protestantism. While a relatively small number of Catholics would
524:
between the 17th and 19th centuries, more often than not these "conversions" amounted to the alteration of paper work, rather than any changes in religious beliefs or practices. With job prospects and civil rights for Irish
Catholics having grown quite grim since the mid-17th century, for some,
530:
between the mid 17th and mid 19th century actually returned to their original
Catholic faith by the early 20th century. A similar phenomenon can also be observed with the return of "O" and "Mc" to surnames during the mid/late 19th and early 20th centuries, a period known to scholars as the
525:
converting to the
Anglican Church was one of the few ways one could attempt to improve one's lot in life. A handful of members of formerly powerful Irish clans also chose to convert, learn English, swear fealty to the King, and perform roles on behalf of the Anglo-Irish of
406:: forfeiting all property estates and legacy to the monarch of the time and remaining in prison at the monarch's pleasure. In addition, forfeiting the monarch's protection. No injury however atrocious could have any action brought against it or any reparation for such.
158:
that included this line: "We feel ourselves peculiarly called upon to stand forward in the crisis to pray your majesty to preserve the
Protestant ascendancy in Ireland inviolate ...." The corporation's resolution was a part of the debate over
431:'No person of the popish religion shall publicly or in private houses teach school, or instruct youth in learning within this realm' upon pain of a ÂŁ20 fine and three months in prison for every such offence. Repealed in 1782.
146:
on 20 February 1782. George Ogle MP used it on 6 February 1786 in a debate on falling land values, saying that "When the landed property of the
Kingdom, when the Protestant Ascendancy is at stake, I cannot remain silent."
720:
The abolition of the Irish Parliament was followed by economic decline in Ireland, and widespread emigration from among the ruling class to the new centre of power in London, which increased the number of
568:
The confidence of the Ascendancy was manifested towards the end of the 18th century by its adoption of a nationalist Irish, though still exclusively Protestant, identity and the formation in the 1770s of
166:
The phrase therefore was seen to apply across classes to rural landowners as well as city merchants. The Dublin resolution was disapproved of by a wide range of commentators, such as the
775:. Over ten percent of landlords went bankrupt as their tenants could not pay any rent due to the famine. One example was the Browne family which lost over 50,000 acres (200 km) in
837:
was led by members of the Anglo-Irish class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain. Reformist and nationalist politicians such as
787:
As a consequence, the remnants of the Ascendancy were gradually displaced during the 19th and early 20th centuries through impoverishment, bankruptcy, the disestablishment of the
897:, when some of the remaining Protestant landlords were either assassinated and/or had their country houses in Ireland burned down. Nearly 300 houses of the old landed class were
898:
320:. These aspects provided the political basis for the new laws passed for several decades after 1695. Interdicts faced by Catholics and Dissenters under the Penal Laws were:
90:, land owned from Irish nobles was gradually confiscated by the Crown over several decades. These lands were sold to colonists from Great Britain as part of the
1699:
619:
of 1801 was passed partly in response to a perception that the bloodshed was provoked by the misrule of the Ascendancy, and partly from the expense involved.
857:, and in large measure led and defined Irish nationalism. At the same time the British Government included Anglo-Irish figures at the highest level such as
313:
600:
for the catholic middle classes from the 1780s, but could not persuade a majority of the Irish MPs to support him. After the forced recall of the liberal
729:
in 1829 meant that the Ascendancy now faced competition from prosperous Catholics in parliament and in the higher-level professional ranks such as the
334:
55:, whose members consisted of landowners, politicians, clergymen, military officers and other prominent professions. They were either members of the
2555:
434:
Any and all rewards not paid by the crown for alerting authorities of offences to be levied upon the Catholic populace within parish and county.
300:, which discriminated against the majority Irish Catholic population of the island. While the native Irish Gaels comprised the majority of the
1260:
741:. From 1840 corporations running towns and cities in Ireland became more democratically elected; previously they were dominated until 1793 by
484:
claim and came to power briefly in London from 1710 to 1714. Also in 1750, the main Catholic Jacobite heir and claimant to the three thrones,
2545:
1358:
1596:
Hayton, David. "Anglo-Irish Attitudes, Changing Perceptions of National Identity among the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, C. 1690–1750."
1736:
2530:
1900:
1882:
488:("Bonny Prince Charlie"), converted to Anglicanism for a time but had reverted to Roman Catholicism again by his father's death in 1766.
589:
effectively gave Grattan a military force, and he was able to force Britain to concede a greater amount of self-rule to the Ascendancy.
412:
Ban on custody of orphans being granted to Catholics on pain of a ÂŁ500 fine that was to be donated to the Blue Coat hospital in Dublin.
601:
418:
Prohibition on Catholics owning a horse valued at over ÂŁ5 (to keep horses suitable for military activity out of the majority's hands)
893:, and therefore from owning large amounts of land locally. The final phase of the elimination of the Ascendancy occurred during the
63:
and wielded a disproportionate amount of social, cultural and political influence in Ireland. The Ascendancy existed as a result of
2499:
1910:
1234:
974:
167:
1920:
909:(1922–23), who targeted some remaining wealthy and influential Protestants who had accepted nominations as Senators in the new
656:
249:
608:– liberal elements across religious, ethnic, and class lines who began to plan for armed rebellion. The resulting and largely
1687:
296:
The process of Protestant Ascendancy was facilitated and formalized in the legal system after 1691 by the passing of various
1429:
885:, passing many local powers to councilors who were usually supportive of nationalism. Formerly landlords had controlled the
2550:
2540:
2509:
910:
768:
324:
Exclusion of Catholics from most public offices (since 1607), Presbyterians were also barred from public office from 1707.
1915:
925:
Many members of the Ascendancy played a role in literary and artistic matters in 19th- and 20th-century Ireland, notably
882:
1310:
2180:
1769:
1764:
1665:
799:, which legally allowed the sitting tenants to buy their land. Some typical "Ascendancy" land-owning families like the
869:(1751–1816). Even during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when Irish nationalism became increasingly tied to a
2565:
1591:
1573:
1547:
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1421:
1344:
1294:
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1218:
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271:
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1729:
870:
357:
29:
2247:
2192:
1857:
578:
1537:
660:
253:
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is accepted as having been an almost universal practice in Ireland and detrimental to the country's progress.
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609:
815:
then bought up a further 13 million acres (53,000 km) of farmland between 1885 and 1920 where the
2535:
2430:
2267:
2184:
2152:
1832:
850:
604:
in 1795 by conservatives, parliament was effectively abandoned as a vehicle for change, giving rise to the
163:. In the event, Catholics were allowed to vote again in 1793, but could not sit in parliament until 1829.
2188:
1722:
1620:
496:
353:
1355:
2446:
2277:
2208:
1852:
1603:
Hill, Jacqueline R. "National Festivals, the State and 'Protestant Ascendancy' in Ireland, 1790–1829."
68:
1467:
2438:
1905:
1867:
1861:
1797:
1759:
1425:
977:(formerly Lord Mount Charles) are more recent high-profile descendants of the Ascendancy in Ireland.
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87:
25:
428:
When allowed, new Catholic churches were to be built from wood, not stone, and away from main roads.
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1871:
1995:
2366:
2198:
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1842:
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242:
64:
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Irish Imperial Networks Migration, Social Communication and Exchange in Nineteenth-Century India
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in England and Ireland after 1688. They were Protestants who generally supported the Catholic
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Exclusion from the legal professions and the judiciary; repealed (respectively) 1793 and 1829.
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2399:
2157:
1807:
1208:
792:
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from 1652; rescinded 1662–1691; renewed 1691–1829, applying to the successive parliaments of
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115:
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Catholics barred from holding firearms or serving in the armed forces (rescinded by the
32:. He was the author of some of the staunchest apologetics for the Ascendancy in Ireland.
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2328:
2203:
2051:
1945:
1817:
1802:
1745:
1494:
1002:
760:
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713:
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Reform, though not complete, came in three main stages and was effected over 50 years:
539:
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508:
473:
However, those protected by the Treaty were still excluded from public political life.
466:
462:
454:
372:
317:
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151:
119:
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2213:
1683:
1673:
The Making of the Irish Protestant Ascendancy: The Life of William Conolly, 1662–1729
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1636:
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123:
103:
60:
56:
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Reform of religious disabilities in 1778–82, allowing bishops, schools and convents.
2560:
2383:
2083:
2003:
1379:
1161:
1032:
914:
858:
126:, who were mostly Catholics, used the phrase as a "focus of resentment", while for
21:
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1653:
1513:
1434:
1181:
954:
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902:
894:
812:
804:
796:
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305:
171:
155:
130:, who were mostly Protestants, it gave a "compensating image of lost greatness".
409:
Ban on Catholics buying land under a lease of more than 31 years; repealed 1778.
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2349:
2313:
2131:
1792:
1153:
970:
962:
942:
862:
738:
531:
309:
301:
197:
127:
122:. From the 1790s the phrase became used by the main two identities in Ireland:
2099:
1134:
559:
Restoration of political, professional and office-holding rights in 1793–1829.
2524:
1711:
explores the modern legacy of the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy on the island today.
1362:
1314:
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838:
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443:
186:
80:
76:
1022:
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2123:
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2035:
1375:
934:
846:
734:
178:
52:
2027:
2341:
2333:
2176:
1987:
1584:
Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland, c. 1650-c. 1850
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926:
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1704, but seminary priests and Bishops were not able to do so until 1778.
385:
On a death by a Catholic, his legatee could benefit by conversion to the
139:
107:
49:
1608:
1498:
1166:
1156:[The Golden Age of the Gael: Joseph Cooper Walker (1761–1810)].
811:
had already taken their part in Irish history. The government-sponsored
2454:
2297:
2242:
2115:
2091:
2011:
1935:
1017:
886:
842:
705:
663: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
481:
403:
392:
256: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1680:
Elite Women in Ascendancy Ireland, 1690–1745: Imitation and Innovation
1383:
1186:. Ireland Dept of the Environment and Local Government. 11 July 2018.
2305:
2107:
1714:
730:
439:
402:
Ban on converting from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism on pain of
396:
72:
1979:
1493:(271). Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol 68, No 271: 173–192.
638:
231:
1485:
John Turpin (Autumn 1979). "William Orpen as Student and Teacher".
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identity, it continued to count among its leaders Protestants like
807:
had by then converted to Catholicism, and a considerable number of
772:
556:
Reform of restrictions on property ownership and voting in 1778–93.
526:
504:
185:
comment in 1792: "A word has been lately struck in the mint of the
118:
or allied with the Crown. They eventually came to be known as the
114:
of Ireland, as the Gaelic nobility had either died, fled with the
2043:
1963:
988:
190:
45:
1708:
1455:
The Year of Disappearances: Political Killings in Cork 1920–1921
1035:, the "ruling class" of the Irish Free State/Republic after 1922
819:
was assigned under mortgage to tenant farmers and farm workers.
725:. The reduction of legalised discrimination with the passage of
1971:
582:
421:
Roman Catholic lay priests had to register to preach under the
330:
Presbyterian marriages were not legally recognised by the state
111:
95:
1658:
Anglo-Irish: The Literary Imagination in a Hyphenated Culture
1183:
An introduction to the architectural heritage of County Laois
759:
The festering sense of native grievance was magnified by the
742:
596:
in 1771–93 but did not abolish them entirely. Grattan sought
182:
1252:
304:
population, long-standing fully Gaelicised and intermarried
174:
who said it was "actuated by the most monopolising spirit".
1210:
Catholicism in Ulster, 1603–1983: An Interpretative History
1428:
asked in a long editorial, which was the Manifesto of the
901:
between 1919 and 1923. The campaign was stepped up by the
1395:
1393:
1115:
1103:
1076:
1064:
44:) was the sociopolitical and economical domination of
48:
between the 17th and early 20th centuries by a small
1390:
1154:"Ré Órga na nGael: Joseph Cooper Walker (1761–1810)"
984:
889:
system, where membership was based on being a large
881:
influence. Local government was democratized by the
378:
Bar to Catholics and Protestant Dissenters entering
327:
Ban on intermarriage with Protestants; repealed 1778
1538:
Public Space-Private Life: A Decade at Slane Castle
1339:" (Cambridge University Press, 2000) Ed. Jim Smyth
865:(1770–1827), as well others such as the playwright
763:of 1845–52, with many of the Ascendancy reviled as
16:
17th to 20th-century Anglican domination of Ireland
1468:"Beckett and Ireland – Cambridge University Press"
748:
102:for colonisation by Protestant settlers after the
1376:"Portrait of Dominick Browne of Castlemacgarrett"
177:The phrase became popularised outside Ireland by
2522:
476:The situation was confused by the policy of the
1206:
399:" system had previously been abolished by 1600.
1660:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995,
1730:
920:
1615:History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
1416:p.17, Irish Heritage Society, Dublin (1990)
1313:. Queen's University Belfast. Archived from
138:The phrase was first used in passing by Sir
1563:
1529:
1484:
1213:. U of South Carolina Press. p. 57ff.
965:(also a Nobel prize-winner) and the artist
622:
415:Ban on Catholics inheriting Protestant land
358:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
207:
201:
1737:
1723:
1582:Claydon, Tony and McBride, Ian (Editors).
1505:
375:– ban on foreign education; repealed 1782.
154:approved by majority vote a resolution to
1449:
1447:
1165:
1151:
1121:
1109:
1096:Calendar of the Ancient Records of Dublin
1082:
1070:
1052:
679:Learn how and when to remove this message
272:Learn how and when to remove this message
1911:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
1682:(Boydell and Brewer, Woodbridge, 2015).
1514:Chris de Burgh: The Authorized Biography
1337:Revolution, Counter-Revolution and Union
704:symbol. It became incorporated into the
690:
283:
106:. These settlers went onto form the new
28:, an Englishman who became the Anglican
20:
1700:Protestant Ascendancy decline 1800–1930
1373:
822:
769:shipping locally produced food overseas
563:
450:had revolted against the government and
438:They also covered the non-conforming ("
366:1728, exclusion from voting until 1793;
2556:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
2523:
1921:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1744:
1647:vol 6, international affairs of 1790s
1478:
1444:
1305:
1303:
1152:O Riordan, Michelle (7 October 2016).
969:came from the same social background.
181:, another liberal Protestant, and his
1718:
1598:Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture
2546:Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland
1586:(Cambridge University Press, 1999).
1276:
945:movement, and later authors such as
661:adding citations to reliable sources
632:
592:The parliament repealed most of the
442:") Protestant denominations such as
254:adding citations to reliable sources
225:
2505:
1916:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556
1374:Barrett, Jeremiah (28 March 2008).
1300:
1285:A History of Ireland and Her People
745:members who had to be Protestants.
13:
2531:History of Christianity in Ireland
1557:
1487:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
1265:Cambridge University Press (2012)
340:Bar from membership in either the
14:
2577:
1693:
1613:Lecky, William Edward Hartpole.
1457:, Cork: Gill & Macmillan Ltd.
1414:Canon Sheehan: A Turbulent Priest
507:as the legitimate monarch of the
133:
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2495:
2494:
2483:
2471:
1053:McCormack, W.J (1989), "Essay",
987:
737:that were needed in the growing
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230:
189:; thence it was conveyed to the
1858:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1460:
1406:
1367:
1349:
1329:
1227:
1200:
1098:, vol. 14, pp. 241–42
929:and Nobel prize-winning author
749:Great Irish Famine of 1845–1852
648:needs additional citations for
241:needs additional citations for
67:, as land confiscated from the
1770:History of Ireland (1691–1800)
1765:History of Ireland (1536–1691)
1518:Sidgwick & Jackson (1996)
1174:
1145:
1127:
1088:
1046:
973:and the rock concert promoter
314:FitzGerald/FitzMaurice Dynasty
1:
1403:(Routledge, 2 Sep 2003), 309.
1356:Encumbered Estates Act detail
1039:
712:merged the formerly separate
465:, the head of the Protestant
215:
170:, who called it "silly", and
2153:Dublin Castle administration
1675:(Boydell & Brewer, 2010)
941:who started the influential
7:
2551:Anti-Catholicism in Ireland
2541:Anti-Catholicism in England
980:
782:
497:James Francis Edward Stuart
10:
2582:
1853:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1566:Twilight of the Ascendancy
1564:Bence-Jones, Mark (1993).
1426:Canon Sheehan of Doneraile
1289:Phoenix Publishing (1931)
1055:Eighteenth Century Ireland
921:Artistic and cultural role
826:
752:
626:
534:(Athbheochan na Gaeilge).
219:
69:Irish Catholic aristocracy
2478:British Empire portal
2466:
2286:
2143:
1954:
1906:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
1891:
1798:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1778:
1760:Timeline of Irish history
1752:
1542:Faber & Faber (1989)
1196:– via Google Books.
867:Richard Brinsley Sheridan
503:), was recognised by the
88:Tudor conquest of Ireland
2566:Protestantism in Ireland
2172:Privy Council of Ireland
1605:Irish Historical Studies
1207:Oliver Rafferty (1994).
716:into the United Kingdom.
623:Act of Union and decline
356:(1707 to 1800), and the
150:Then on 20 January 1792
2199:Court of Castle Chamber
1878:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1868:Williamite–Jacobite War
1843:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1621:vol 1 1700–1760, online
1453:Murphy, Gerard (2010),
875:Charles Stewart Parnell
855:Protestant nationalists
835:Irish Rebellion of 1798
809:Protestant Nationalists
581:to defend Ireland from
577:. The formation of the
453:had not under the 1691
212:, meaning 'dominance'.
94:, with the province of
65:British rule in Ireland
2233:Trinity College Dublin
2228:Grand Lodge of Ireland
2166:Irish House of Commons
2124:Bréifne Uà Raghallaigh
1926:Act of Settlement 1662
1848:Irish Confederate Wars
1823:Plantations of Ireland
1813:Reformation in Ireland
1709:Irish Passport Podcast
1430:All-for-Ireland League
1401:Nationalism in Ireland
1008:Plantations of Ireland
959:Dame Ninette de Valois
905:during the subsequent
853:(1815–1875) were also
717:
380:Trinity College Dublin
293:
208:
202:
144:Irish House of Commons
92:plantations of Ireland
33:
2158:Parliament of Ireland
1808:Surrender and regrant
1568:. London: Constable.
1535:Mount Charles, Henry
793:Irish Church Act 1869
727:Catholic emancipation
694:
598:Catholic emancipation
486:Charles Edward Stuart
346:Parliament of England
342:Parliament of Ireland
318:Protestant Dissenters
287:
161:Catholic emancipation
38:Protestant Ascendancy
24:
2162:Irish House of Lords
1941:Constitution of 1782
1135:"Téarmaà staire A–M"
939:William Butler Yeats
823:Nationalist movement
801:Marquess of Headfort
657:improve this article
585:invasion during the
564:Grattan's parliament
457:sworn allegiance to
364:Disenfranchising Act
250:improve this article
222:Penal Laws (Ireland)
200:, the term used was
168:Marquess of Abercorn
2536:Unionism in Ireland
2238:Order of St Patrick
2060:Mac William ĂŤochtar
1837:Flight of the Earls
1788:Lordship of Ireland
1600:17 (1987): 145–157.
1432:, published by the
1412:Clifford, Brendan,
1167:10.18669/ct.2016.08
1028:Aristocracy (class)
995:Christianity portal
947:Somerville and Ross
931:George Bernard Shaw
697:St. Patrick's Cross
587:American Revolution
513:Kingdom of Scotland
142:in a speech to the
116:Flight of the Earls
100:focus in particular
40:(also known as the
2490:Ireland portal
2268:Catholic Committee
2204:Peerage of Ireland
2012:Clann Aodha Buidhe
1946:Acts of Union 1800
1818:Desmond Rebellions
1746:Kingdom of Ireland
1511:Clayton-Lea, Tony
1003:Orange Institution
767:whose agents were
765:absentee landlords
761:Great Irish Famine
755:Great Irish Famine
723:absentee landlords
718:
714:Kingdom of Ireland
540:established church
517:Kingdom of Ireland
509:Kingdom of England
467:established church
455:Treaty of Limerick
373:Education Act 1695
294:
290:Kingdom of Ireland
152:Dublin Corporation
120:Anglo-Irish people
34:
2518:
2517:
2214:Church of Ireland
2076:Bréifne Uà Ruairc
1688:978-1-78327-039-2
1399:D. George Boyce,
1361:16 April 2009 at
1023:Suffrage#Religion
967:Sir William Orpen
849:(1778–1803), and
829:Irish Nationalism
789:Church of Ireland
689:
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681:
629:1801 Act of Union
615:was crushed; the
522:Church of Ireland
515:and the separate
387:Church of Ireland
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104:Battle of Kinsale
61:Church of England
57:Church of Ireland
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2016:
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1992:
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1968:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1678:Wilson, Rachel,
1671:Walsh, Patrick.
1654:Moynahan, Julian
1642:vol 5, 1798–1801
1627:vol 2, 1760–1789
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861:(1769–1828) and
859:Lord Castlereagh
795:and finally the
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602:Lord Fitzwilliam
579:Irish Volunteers
423:Registration Act
382:; repealed 1793.
335:Militia Act 1793
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30:Bishop of Cloyne
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1956:
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1893:
1887:
1833:Nine Years' War
1780:
1774:
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1696:
1607:(1984): 30–51.
1576:
1560:
1558:Further reading
1555:
1554:
1534:
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1258:Crosbie, Barry
1257:
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1235:"irish-society"
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955:Elizabeth Bowen
923:
907:Irish Civil War
903:Anti-Treaty IRA
895:Anglo-Irish War
831:
825:
813:Land Commission
805:Earl of Granard
797:Irish Land Acts
785:
757:
751:
708:after the 1800
685:
674:
668:
665:
654:
642:
631:
625:
606:United Irishmen
566:
520:convert to the
360:(1800 to 1829).
308:families (e.g.
278:
267:
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203:An Chinsealacht
172:William Drennan
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71:was awarded by
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2017:
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1883:United Kingdom
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1694:External links
1692:
1691:
1690:
1676:
1669:
1666:978-0691037578
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:vol 4, 1796–98
1634:
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1617:(6 vol. 1892)
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1158:Comhar Taighde
1144:
1126:
1124:, p. 175.
1122:McCormack 1989
1114:
1112:, p. 177.
1110:McCormack 1989
1102:
1087:
1085:, p. 162.
1083:McCormack 1989
1075:
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971:Chris de Burgh
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943:Celtic Revival
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871:Roman Catholic
863:George Canning
827:Main article:
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750:
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739:British Empire
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198:Irish language
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1964:Tuadhmhumhain
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1438:11 June 1910
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1363:archive.today
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1220:9781570030253
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877:(1846–1891).
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851:Sir John Gray
848:
845:(1763–1798),
844:
841:(1746–1820),
840:
839:Henry Grattan
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669:November 2013
662:
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646:This section
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2273:Orange Order
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2193:Common Pleas
2181:King's Bench
2092:TĂr Chonaill
2052:Deasmhumhain
2036:Iar Connacht
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1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
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957:. Ballerina
935:Lady Gregory
924:
879:
847:Robert Emmet
832:
786:
758:
719:
710:Act of Union
695:
675:
666:
655:Please help
650:verification
647:
617:Act of Union
591:
567:
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536:
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475:
472:
437:
295:
288:Flag of the
268:
259:
248:Please help
243:verification
240:
195:
179:Edmund Burke
176:
165:
149:
137:
124:nationalists
85:
53:ruling class
41:
37:
35:
18:
2510:WikiProject
2458:(1760–1800)
2450:(1727–1760)
2442:(1714–1727)
2434:(1702–1714)
2426:(1689–1694)
2419:(1689–1702)
2416:William III
2411:(1685–1691)
2403:(1660–1685)
2395:(1659–1660)
2387:(1658–1659)
2379:(1653–1658)
2371:(1649–1653)
2361:(1625–1649)
2353:(1603–1625)
2345:(1558–1603)
2342:Elizabeth I
2337:(1554–1558)
2334:jure uxoris
2325:(1553–1558)
2309:(1547–1553)
2301:(1542–1547)
2177:Four Courts
2146:and society
2108:Fear Manach
2100:TĂr Eoghain
2004:UĂ DĂarmata
1988:Clanricarde
1803:New English
1139:acmhainn.ie
1013:Anglo-Irish
927:Oscar Wilde
899:burned down
883:Act of 1898
777:County Mayo
544:Absenteeism
491:The son of
469:in Britain.
459:William III
352:(to 1707),
140:Boyle Roche
108:aristocracy
86:During the
2525:Categories
2455:George III
2400:Charles II
2298:Henry VIII
2291:and rulers
2218:Ascendancy
2116:Uà Catháin
2020:Magh Luirg
1996:UĂ Failghe
1936:Popery Act
1931:Penal Laws
1894:Parliament
1872:Wild Geese
1862:Barbadosed
1781:and events
1384:2262/15085
1321:21 October
1244:5 November
1040:References
1018:Williamite
887:grand jury
843:Wolfe Tone
773:"entailed"
706:Union Flag
594:Penal Laws
478:Tory Party
404:Praemunire
393:Popery Act
298:Penal Laws
262:March 2018
216:Penal Laws
156:George III
77:Protestant
42:Ascendancy
2447:George II
2358:Charles I
2306:Edward VI
2263:Defenders
2243:Jacobites
2222:Recusancy
2185:Exchequer
2132:Uà Mháine
2084:Cairbrigh
2028:AirgĂalla
1972:UĂ Echach
1957:conquests
1705:Episode 6
891:ratepayer
731:judiciary
702:Geraldine
613:rebellion
440:Dissenter
397:Gavelkind
292:1542–1801
128:unionists
73:the Crown
2500:Category
2439:George I
2408:James II
2288:Monarchs
2189:Chancery
2144:Politics
1892:Acts of
1609:in JSTOR
1499:30090194
1359:Archived
981:See also
817:freehold
803:and the
783:Land War
733:and the
527:The Pale
505:Holy See
493:James II
482:Jacobite
98:being a
50:Anglican
2561:Phrases
2423:Mary II
2350:James I
2044:Umhaill
1779:General
1753:History
1707:of the
913:of the
791:by the
463:Mary II
350:England
344:or the
209:cinseal
206:, from
196:In the
191:Tholsel
59:or the
46:Ireland
2421:&
2329:Philip
2327:&
2322:Mary I
2253:Tories
2220:&
2135:(1611)
2127:(1607)
2119:(1607)
2111:(1607)
2103:(1607)
2095:(1607)
2087:(1606)
2079:(1605)
2071:(1603)
2068:Laigin
2063:(1602)
2055:(1596)
2047:(1593)
2039:(1589)
2031:(1585)
2023:(1585)
2015:(1574)
2007:(1574)
1999:(1550)
1991:(1544)
1983:(1543)
1980:LoĂgis
1975:(1543)
1967:(1543)
1955:Gaelic
1827:Ulster
1686:
1664:
1590:
1572:
1546:
1522:
1497:
1420:
1343:
1293:
1269:
1217:
1190:
933:, and
911:Seanad
700:– the
583:French
306:Norman
183:ironic
112:gentry
96:Ulster
2248:Whigs
1495:JSTOR
1160:(2).
743:guild
499:(the
2431:Anne
2209:Army
2191:and
2164:and
1684:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1323:2011
1291:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1246:2018
1215:ISBN
1188:ISBN
953:and
937:and
833:The
735:army
461:and
110:and
36:The
1380:hdl
1162:doi
659:by
573:'s
252:by
75:to
2527::
2187:,
2183:,
1656:,
1491:68
1489:.
1470:.
1446:^
1392:^
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1302:^
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511:,
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