339:, acts of subversion and usurpation, offense against the peace of the state, offenses against the administration of justice, and violating absolute duties. Overall, crimes in which the state, emperor, the state's tranquility, or offenses against the good of the people would be considered treason, and, therefore, would constitute proscription. Some of these regulations are understandable and comparable to safety laws today. Others, like violating absolute duties, could very easily be accidents or circumstantial crises that would deserve punishment regardless.
238:
71:
32:
469:. Additionally, those who were condemned lost rights even after their brutal death. Those killed were denied the right to a funeral, and all of their possessions were auctioned off, often to the ones who killed them. Negative consequences arose for anyone that chose to assist those on the list, despite not being listed on the proscribed lists themselves. Anyone who was found guilty of assisting the condemned was
465:. During this time, "the cities of Italy became theaters of execution." Citizens were terrified to find their names on the lists. Those whose names were listed were ultimately sentenced to death. The executions were brutal and consisted of beheading. Often, the heads were then put on display for the city to see. The bodies of the condemned were often mutilated and dragged before being thrown into the
527:
for bringing back the head of a free person on the list (a slave's head was worth 1,000 drachmae); the same rewards were given to anyone who gave information on where someone on the list was hiding. Anyone who tried to save people on the list was added to the list. The material belongings of the dead
342:
Punishments for treason were quite harsh and were meant to highlight the seriousness and shamefulness of the treason crimes committed. There were a variety of punishments for capital crimes, including death, loss of a freedman's status, loss of citizenship with a loss of family rights, and a loss of
436:
were particularly hard-hit. Giving the procedure a particularly sinister character in the public eye was the fact that many of the proscribed men, escorted from their homes at night by groups of men all named "Lucius
Cornelius", never appeared again. (These men were all Sulla's freedmen.) This gave
412:
was given to any informer who gave information leading to the death of a proscribed man, and any person who killed a proscribed man was entitled to keep part of his estate (the remainder went to the state). No person could inherit money or property from proscribed men. Many victims of proscription
591:
described the proscriptions as a ruthless and cutthroat swapping of friends and family among Antony, Lepidus, and
Octavian. For example, Octavian allowed the proscription of his ally Cicero, Antony the proscription of his maternal uncle Lucius Julius Caesar, and Lepidus his brother, although only
318:. He instituted a notice for the sale of confiscated property belonging to those declared public enemies of the state (some modern historians estimate about 520 people were proscribed as opposed to the ancient estimate of 4,700 people) and therefore condemned to death those proscribed, called
480:, the greatest injustice of all the consequences was stripping the rights of their children and grandchildren. While those proscribed and their loved ones faced harsh consequences, the people who assisted the government by killing any person on the proscription list were actually rewarded.
361:
frequently utilized this method of exile, as he desired to keep banished men from banding together in large groups. Such punishment was given for only the mildest forms of treason, in comparison to the death penalty, which served for most other treason crimes. Augustus also created the
587:, who maintained that Octavian shared an equal interest with Lepidus and Antony in eradicating his enemies. Suetonius said that Octavian was at first reluctant to proscribe officials, but eventually pursued his enemies with more vigor than the other triumvirs.
571:
Contemporary Roman historians provide conflicting reports as to which triumvir was most responsible for the proscriptions and killing. They agree that enacting the proscriptions was a means by all three factions to eliminate political enemies.
357:. The Interdiction from Water and Fire was a civil excommunication resulting in ultimate exile, which included forfeiture of citizenship and forfeiture of property. Those who were condemned would be deported to an island. Emperor
330:
There were multiple reasons why the ancient Roman government may have desired to proscribe or attribute multiple other forms of pain. One of the most prevalent reasons for punishment are treason crimes, also known as
440:
Sulla's proscription was bureaucratically overseen, and the names of informers and those who profited from killing proscribed men were entered into the public record. Because Roman law could criminalise acts
335:. Treason crimes consisted of a very broad and large number of regulations, and such crimes had a negative effect on the government. This list includes, but is not limited to: assisting an enemy in any way,
119:
Its usage has been significantly widened to describe governmental and political sanctions of varying severity on individuals and classes of people who have fallen into disfavor, from the
428:, which had been drained by costly civil and foreign wars in the preceding decade, and to eliminate enemies (both real and potential) of his reformed state and constitutions; the
310:, the word took on a more sinister meaning. In 82 or 81 BC, Sulla instituted the process of proscription in order to purge the state of those supporters of his populist rivals,
123:
suppression of adherents of unorthodox ideologies to the suppression of political rivals or personal enemies. In addition to its recurrences during the various phases of the
752:
St Just demanded the execution of victims in the same manner as the supply of armies. Proscription like victories were essential to the furtherance of his principles.
580:
defended
Octavian as trying to spare as many as possible, whereas Antony and Lepidus, being older and involved in politics longer, had many more enemies to deal with.
812:
734:. History of Europe during the French Revolution 10 Volume Paperback Set. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 309.
476:
Families were also punished as a result of being related to one of the proscribed. It was forbidden to mourn the death of a proscribed person. According to
344:
528:
victims were to be confiscated. Some of the listed were stripped of their property but protected from death by their relatives in the
Triumvirate (
507:’s assassination, eliminate political enemies, and acquire their properties. The proscription was aimed at Julius Caesar’s conspirators, such as
1471:
701:
The
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire"", Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press, p. 43ff, 14ff, 150ff
515:, and other individuals who had taken part in the civil war, including wealthy people, senators, knights, and republicans such as
398:"). Sulla proceeded to have the Senate draw up a list of those he considered enemies of the state and published the list in the
1723:
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915:
893:
676:
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1010:
215:
The banning of organisations considered terrorist—including the membership of and support for—in
Ireland, particularly the
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asserted that
Octavian tried to avoid proscribing officials whereas Lepidus and Antony were to blame for initiating them.
533:
1224:
537:
500:
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rise to a general fear of being taken from one's home at night as a consequence of any outwardly seditious behaviour.
862:
739:
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277:
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508:
488:
The proscription of 43 BC was the second major proscription. It began with an agreement in
November 43 between the
787:
Against the Cold War: The
History and Political Traditions of Pro-Sovietism in the British Labour Party, 1945-1989
349:, or the "extreme penalty". The death sentence was often the punishment for all but the mildest forms of treason.
1354:
541:
108:) and can be used in a political context to refer to state-approved murder or banishment. The term originated in
150:
1454:
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710:
259:
220:
176:
The mass deportations of
British and French workers from Russia in the mid-19th century, with the onset of the
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366:, whose powers included the ability to banish, deport, or send to the mines. The prefect also heard appeals.
255:
75:
20:
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789:(Vol. 1 of International Library of Political Studies), London, U.K.: I.B.Tauris, pp. 20f, 45f, 176f, and
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were all killed in the proscription. Cicero's head and hands were famously cut off and fastened to the
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303:) initially meant public advertisements or notices signifying property or goods for sale.
8:
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112:, where it included public identification and official condemnation of declared
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523:. There were 2,000 names on the list in total, and a handsome reward of 2,500
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family rights only. Death was a very common punishment and was referred to as
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1672:
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201:
The broad prohibitions of Jewish cultural institutions and activities in the
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1536:
1344:
1214:
1145:
1128:
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311:
202:
109:
102:) is, in current usage, a 'decree of condemnation to death or banishment' (
1702:
1657:
1171:
1107:
577:
496:
414:
399:
389:
177:
974:
Ridley, Ronald T. "The Dictator's Mistake: Caesar's Escape from Sulla."
955:
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stripped of his citizenship and excluded from all protection under law;
1339:
1324:
1259:
1085:
1064:
1019:
950:
Michnik, Adam, and Elzbieta Matynia. "The Ultras of Moral Revolution."
616:
429:
404:
262: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Public identification and official condemnation of enemies of the state
814:
Yaacov Ro'i, 2010, "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Culture," in
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Cicero would ultimately be killed as a result of these concessions.
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were decapitated and their heads were displayed on spears in the
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An early instance of mass proscription took place in 82 BC, when
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84:
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woman hides a fleeing Royalist proscript in the hollow of a tree
1697:
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The proscription lists created by Sulla led to mass terror in
1239:
1058:
988:
641:
466:
307:
854:
Roman History, Books 46-50 (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. V)
462:
151:
The curbing of Western religion in early 18th-century China
883:
881:
447:, many informers and profiteers were later prosecuted.
182:
In the 20th century, such things as the efforts of the
905:
903:
49:
by adding general information and discuss at the
878:
922:
900:
450:The proscription of 82 BC was overseen by Sulla's
503:after two long meetings. Their aim was to avenge
116:and it often involved confiscation of property.
1715:
668:The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography
420:Sulla used proscription to restore the depleted
983:Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome
978:Bd. 49, H. 2 (2nd Qtr., 2000), pp. 211–229
816:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
544:). Most were killed, in some cases gruesomely.
731:History of Europe During the French Revolution
402:. Any man whose name appeared on the list was
1004:
857:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
127:, it has become a standard term to label:
1011:
997:
1472:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
976:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
394:("Dictator for the Reconstitution of the
278:Learn how and when to remove this message
933:sfn error: no target: CITEREFScott1933 (
914:sfn error: no target: CITEREFScott1933 (
892:sfn error: no target: CITEREFScott1933 (
353:was an influential framer of the law on
198:propagandizing persons and organisations
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1716:
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992:
956:https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028090
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909:
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765:The history of the war against Russia
483:
41:one specialized aspect of the subject
1460:Right-wing authoritarian personality
838:"Proscribed Terrorist Organisations"
260:adding citations to reliable sources
231:
166:Atrocities that occurred during the
25:
850:
13:
944:
665:Magill, Frank N. (15 April 2013).
14:
1740:
458:, and was rife with corruption.
306:During the dictatorial reign of
236:
205:after the birth of the state of
30:
836:Dawson, Joanna (7 March 2021).
247:needs additional citations for
227:
1455:Authoritarian leadership style
1018:
851:Dio, Cassius (1917). "XLVII".
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829:
805:
778:
757:
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658:
1:
1724:Political and cultural purges
1360:Social construction of gender
767:, Vol. 5 (Illustr.), London:
671:. Routledge. pp. 1209–.
652:
209:in 1948 and the onset of the
76:The Proscribed Royalist, 1651
39:This article focuses only on
1355:Rally 'round the flag effect
456:Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus
7:
1558:Asch conformity experiments
1275:Identification (psychology)
595:
583:This claim was rejected by
10:
1745:
1573:Stanford prison experiment
1315:Normative social influence
964:. London: Routledge, 2007.
954:136, no. 1 (2007): 67–83.
785:Darren G. Lilleker, 2004,
763:Edward Henry Nolan, 1856,
574:Marcus Velleius Paterculus
373:
325:
18:
1581:
1550:
1522:Normalization of deviance
1484:
1450:Authoritarian personality
1442:
1202:
1159:
1033:
1026:
802:, accessed 18 April 2015.
775:, accessed 18 April 2015.
290:
170:(1793-1796) phase of the
105:Oxford English Dictionary
1532:Preference falsification
713:, accessed 18 April 2015
699:Thomas H. Reilly, 2004,
337:Crimen Laesae Majestasis
19:Not to be confused with
1194:Tyranny of the majority
962:A Legal History of Rome
161:Jacobite rising of 1745
1497:Communal reinforcement
1250:False consensus effect
550:Quintus Tullius Cicero
548:, his younger brother
382:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
139:'s decisive defeat of
99:
88:
1601:Anti-social behaviour
1596:Anti-authoritarianism
1335:Pluralistic ignorance
1182:National conservatism
1177:Left-wing nationalism
1160:Governmental pressure
960:Mousourakis, George.
622:Hostis humani generis
295:Proscriptions (Latin
211:1948 Arab–Israeli War
73:
1563:Breaching experiment
1350:Operant conditioning
1295:Mere exposure effect
534:Lucius Julius Caesar
376:Sulla's proscription
370:Sulla's dictatorship
256:improve this article
192:"Communist entryism"
114:enemies of the state
83:c. 1853, in which a
81:John Everett Millais
47:improve this article
1443:Individual pressure
1320:Passing (sociology)
1255:Fear of missing out
1220:Closure (sociology)
1134:Enemy of the people
637:Personae non gratae
612:Enemy of the people
147:in 1651 (see image)
145:Battle of Worcester
131:The suppression of
1611:Civil disobedience
1568:Milgram experiment
1507:Creeping normality
1409:Social integration
1345:Psychosocial issue
1285:Invented tradition
1139:Enemy of the state
985:. Routledge, 2007.
484:Second Triumvirate
471:capitally punished
89:
1711:
1710:
1591:Alternative media
1480:
1479:
1419:Spiral of silence
1290:Memory conformity
1230:Consensus reality
1123:Persona non grata
1044:Damnatio memoriae
969:The Life of Sulla
890:, pp. 19–20.
726:Alison, Archibald
678:978-1-135-45740-2
607:Damnatio memoriae
346:summum supplicium
288:
287:
280:
172:French Revolution
68:
67:
1736:
1636:Devil's advocate
1606:Auto-segregation
1502:Countersignaling
1429:Toxic positivity
1404:Social influence
1365:Social contagion
1210:Bandwagon effect
1167:Authoritarianism
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1678:Insubordination
1626:Culture jamming
1616:Cosmopolitanism
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1517:Internalization
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1189:Totalitarianism
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981:Robinson, O.F.
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945:Further reading
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217:Provisional IRA
168:Reign of Terror
155:The banning of
137:Oliver Cromwell
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1270:Herd mentality
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501:Marcus Lepidus
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384:was appointed
374:Main article:
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1683:Pueblo clown
1668:Idiosyncrasy
1653:Eccentricity
1537:Social proof
1245:Echo chamber
1225:Collectivism
1215:Brainwashing
1146:Scapegoating
1129:Public enemy
1121:
1112:
1076:Blacklisting
1063:
1042:
1035:Proscription
1034:
982:
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868:. Retrieved
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846:
831:
823:the original
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745:. Retrieved
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410:reward money
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390:rei publicae
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312:Gaius Marius
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296:
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268:January 2017
265:
254:Please help
249:verification
246:
228:Ancient Rome
203:Soviet Union
196:blacklisting
184:Labour Party
120:
118:
110:Ancient Rome
103:
92:Proscription
91:
90:
74:
56:
45:Please help
40:
21:Prescription
1703:Shock value
1658:Eclecticism
1551:Experiments
1172:Nationalism
1108:Civil death
1027:Enforcement
578:Cassius Dio
467:Tiber River
430:plutocratic
400:Roman Forum
297:proscriptio
190:to prevent
178:Crimean War
163:in Scotland
100:proscriptio
1718:Categories
1492:Compliance
1485:Conformity
1385:Hysterical
1375:Behavioral
1340:Propaganda
1325:Patriotism
1260:Groupthink
1086:Censorship
1065:Homo sacer
1020:Conformity
967:Plutarch,
929:Scott 1933
910:Scott 1933
888:Scott 1933
800:1850434719
747:2016-01-09
711:0295984309
653:References
617:Homo sacer
540:' brother
405:ipso facto
322:in Latin.
320:proscripti
141:Charles II
59:April 2015
1729:Roman law
1688:Rebellion
1646:Political
1527:Obedience
1397:Emotional
1370:Addiction
1114:Vogelfrei
1071:Ostracism
1054:Dissenter
1050:Dissident
728:(2011) .
627:Ostracism
602:Attainder
490:triumvirs
299:, plural
133:Royalists
51:talk page
1693:Red team
1631:Deviance
1151:Shunning
952:Daedalus
870:18 April
818:(online)
596:See also
589:Plutarch
552:(one of
525:drachmae
478:Plutarch
454:steward
452:freedman
424:Aerarium
396:Republic
387:dictator
359:Augustus
219:and the
194:through
121:en masse
1641:Dissent
1424:Teasing
1390:Suicide
1305:Mobbing
1098:Outcast
558:legates
542:Paullus
538:Lepidus
513:Cassius
364:prefect
355:treason
326:Treason
316:his son
186:in the
143:at the
85:Puritan
1698:Satire
1663:Hermit
1265:Hazing
1103:Outlaw
861:
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791:passim
769:Virtue
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684:9 July
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632:Outlaw
585:Appian
566:Rostra
560:) and
546:Cicero
521:Cicero
509:Brutus
499:, and
291:Origin
207:Israel
135:after
1380:Crime
1240:Dogma
1059:Exile
642:Purge
415:Forum
308:Sulla
96:Latin
935:help
916:help
894:help
872:2015
859:ISBN
796:ISBN
736:ISBN
707:ISBN
686:2013
673:ISBN
536:and
530:e.g.
519:and
511:and
463:Rome
314:and
221:INLA
556:'s
258:by
1720::
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902:^
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