1303:
2626:
1900:). Many properties of promethium rely on its position among lanthanides and are intermediate between those of neodymium and samarium. For example, the melting point, the first three ionization energies, and the hydration energy are greater than those of neodymium and lower than those of samarium; similarly, the estimate for the boiling point, ionic (Pm) radius, and standard heat of formation of monatomic gas are greater than those of samarium and less than those of neodymium.
1920:
1359:
1715:
2641:
these observations were disproved by newer investigations, because for all seven naturally occurring neodymium isotopes, any single beta decays (which can produce promethium isotopes) are forbidden by energy conservation. In particular, careful measurements of atomic masses show that the mass difference between Nd and Pm is negative (−87 keV), which absolutely prevents the single beta decay of Nd to Pm.
2990:, the beta particles emitted by promethium-147 are converted into electric current by sandwiching a small promethium source between two semiconductor plates. These batteries have a useful lifetime of about five years. The first promethium-based battery was assembled in 1964 and generated "a few milliwatts of power from a volume of about 2 cubic inches, including shielding".
2856:
1818:, who, having measured the atomic numbers of all the elements then known, found that the element with atomic number 61 was missing. In 1926, two groups (one Italian and one American) claimed to have isolated a sample of element 61; both "discoveries" were soon proven to be false. In 1938, during a nuclear experiment conducted at
2842:
2828:
3028:
is found, the contaminated area should be washed with water and soap, but, even though promethium mainly affects the skin, the skin should not be abraded. If a promethium leak is found, the area should be identified as hazardous and evacuated, and emergency services must be contacted. No dangers from
2993:
Promethium is also used to measure the thickness of materials by measuring the amount of radiation from a promethium source that passes through the sample. It has possible future uses in portable X-ray sources, and as auxiliary heat or power sources for space probes and satellites (although the alpha
2736:
was an experimentally measurable property of elements, found that a few atomic numbers had no known corresponding elements: the gaps were 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, and 87. With the knowledge of a gap in the periodic table several groups started to search for the predicted element among other rare earths in
2039:
is similar to the corresponding samarium salt and not the neodymium salt. As-synthesized, e.g. by heating the oxalate, it is a white or lavender-colored powder with disordered structure. This powder crystallizes in a cubic lattice upon heating to 600 °C. Further annealing at 800 °C and then
2752:
by fractionated crystallization, they yielded a solution containing mostly samarium. This solution gave x-ray spectra attributed to samarium and element 61. In honor of their city, they named element 61 "florentium". The results were published in 1926, but the scientists claimed that the experiments
2671:
10 years. It has been shown that europium is "responsible" for about 12 grams of promethium in the Earth's crust. Alpha decays for europium-153 have not been found yet, and its theoretically calculated half-life is so high (due to low energy of decay) that this process will probably not be
2931:
As early as the 1960s, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory could produce 650 grams of promethium per year and was the world's only large-volume synthesis facility. Gram-scale production of promethium has been discontinued in the U.S. in the early 1980s, but will possibly be resumed after 2010 at the
1895:
electrons. In forming compounds, the atom loses its two outermost electrons and one 4f-electron, which belongs to an open subshell. The element's atomic radius is the second largest among all the lanthanides but is only slightly greater than those of the neighboring elements. It is the most notable
2640:
reported that he had found weak beta activity in pure neodymium, which was attributed to a half-life over 10 years. Almost 20 years later, it was claimed that the element occurs in natural neodymium in equilibrium in quantities below 10 grams of promethium per one gram of neodymium. However,
2616:
of 133 to 142, 144, 148, 149, 152, and 154 (some mass numbers have more than one isomer). The most stable of them is promethium-148m, with a half-life of 43.1 days; this is longer than the half-lives of the ground states of all promethium isotopes, except for promethium-143 to 147. In fact,
2911:
The production methods for different isotopes vary, and only those for promethium-147 are given because it is the only isotope with industrial applications. Promethium-147 is produced in large quantities (compared to other isotopes) by bombarding uranium-235 with thermal neutrons. The output is
2727:
found out that the differences in properties between neodymium and samarium were the largest between any two consecutive lanthanides in the sequence then known; as a conclusion, he suggested there was an element with intermediate properties between them. This prediction was supported in 1914 by
1931:
of lanthanides and is chemically very similar to the neighboring elements. Because of its instability, chemical studies of promethium are incomplete. Even though a few compounds have been synthesized, they are not fully studied; in general, they tend to be pink or red in color. In May 2024, a
3451:
Driscoll, Darren M.; White, Frankie D.; Pramanik, Subhamay; Einkauf, Jeffrey D.; Ravel, Bruce; Bykov, Dmytro; Roy, Santanu; Mayes, Richard T.; Delmau, Lætitia H.; Cary, Samantha K.; Dyke, Thomas; Miller, April; Silveira, Matt; VanCleve, Shelley M.; Davern, Sandra M. (May 2024).
40:
2812:, they did not announce their discovery until 1947. The original proposed name was "clintonium", after the laboratory where the work was conducted; however, the name "prometheum" was suggested by Grace Mary Coryell, the wife of one of the discoverers. It is derived from
1822:, a few radioactive nuclides were produced that certainly were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced, and the discovery was not much recognized. Promethium was first produced and characterized at
2757:, Smith Hopkins and Len Yntema published the discovery of element 61. They named it "illinium", after the university. Both of these reported discoveries were shown to be erroneous because the spectrum line that "corresponded" to element 61 was identical to that of
2608:
10 %. Several other promethium isotopes such as Pm, Pm, and Pm also have a positive energy release for alpha decay; their alpha decays are predicted to occur but have not been observed. In total, 41 isotopes of promethium are known, ranging from Pm to Pm.
2945:
2304:
Promethium forms only one stable oxidation state, +3, in the form of ions; this is in line with other lanthanides. Promethium can also form the +2 oxidation state. Thermodynamic properties of Pm suggests that the dihalides are stable, similar to
2820:
who stole fire from Mount
Olympus and brought it down to humans and symbolizes "both the daring and the possible misuse of the mankind intellect". The spelling was then changed to "promethium", as this was in accordance with most other metals.
2912:
relatively high, at 2.6% of the total product. Another way to produce promethium-147 is via neodymium-147, which decays to promethium-147 with a short half-life. Neodymium-147 can be obtained either by bombarding enriched neodymium-146 with
2776:. Nuclides were produced in 1941 which were not radioisotopes of neodymium or samarium, and the name "cyclonium" was proposed, but there was a lack of chemical proof that element 61 was produced and the discovery was not largely recognized.
3017:. Interactions with tiny quantities of promethium-147 are not hazardous if certain precautions are observed. In general, gloves, footwear covers, safety glasses, and an outer layer of easily removed protective clothing should be used.
2872:
crucible which was located in another tantalum crucible; the outer crucible contained lithium metal (10 times excess compared to promethium). After creating a vacuum, the chemicals were mixed to produce promethium metal:
2970:
that absorbs the beta radiation emitted by promethium-147 and emits light. This isotope does not cause aging of the phosphor, as alpha emitters do, and therefore the light emission is stable for a few years. Originally,
1831:, the Titan in Greek mythology who stole fire from Mount Olympus and brought it down to humans, to symbolize "both the daring and the possible misuse of mankind's intellect". A sample of the metal was made only in 1963.
1826:
in 1945 by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor. The discoverers proposed the name "prometheum" (the spelling was subsequently changed), derived from
3362:
5308:
Operator, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual: installation, operation, and checkout procedures for Joint-Services
Interior Intrusion Detection System (J-SIIDS)
1783:; it is extremely rare, with only about 500–600 grams naturally occurring in the Earth's crust at any given time. Promethium is one of the only two radioactive elements that are followed in the
6982:
1850:(various isotopes). Promethium-145 is the most stable promethium isotope, but the only isotope with practical applications is promethium-147, chemical compounds of which are used in
2955:
Only promethium-147 has uses outside laboratories. It is obtained as the oxide or chloride, in milligram quantities. This isotope has a relatively long half-life, does not emit
2772:. One of the indirect consequences of this rule was that element 61 was unable to form stable isotopes. From 1938, a nuclear experiment was conducted by H. B. Law et al. at the
1988:. The sulfate is slightly soluble, like the other cerium group sulfates. Cell parameters have been calculated for its octahydrate; they lead to conclusion that the density of
5328:
2663:
than sums of those of their potential alpha daughters plus that of an alpha particle; therefore, they (stable in practice) may alpha decay to promethium. Research at
6835:
2868:
In 1963, promethium(III) fluoride was used to make promethium metal. Provisionally purified from impurities of samarium, neodymium, and americium, it was put into a
3383:
1537:
2652:, resulting in an upper limit of 10 for the abundance of promethium in nature; this may have been produced by the natural nuclear fission of uranium, or by
3174:
3782:"Measuring the β-decay properties of neutron-rich exotic Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd isotopes to constrain the nucleosynthesis yields in the rare-earth region"
5443:
3954:
3024:. Sealed promethium-147 is not dangerous. However, if the packaging is damaged, then promethium becomes dangerous to the environment and humans. If
6746:
2754:
1749:
1858:
and thickness-measurement devices. Because natural promethium is exceedingly scarce, it is typically synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 (
4871:"Ion exchange purification of promethium-147 and its separation from americium-241, with diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid as the eluant"
4743:
1932:
promethium coordination complex with neutral PyDGA ligands was characterized in aqueous solution. Treatment of acidic solutions containing
1740:
4826:
Lee, Chung-Sin; Wang, Yun-Ming; Cheng, Wu-Long; Ting, Gann (1989). "Chemical study on the separation and purification of promethium-147".
4896:
Ion exchange purification of promethium-147 and its separation from americium-241, with diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid as the eluant
4698:
Marinsky, J. A.; Glendenin, L. E.; Coryell, C. D. (1947). "The chemical identification of radioisotopes of neodymium and of element 61".
2592:(which has 2 neutrons) to form praseodymium-141 with 82 neutrons. Thus it is the only promethium isotope with an experimentally observed
2892:
In 1963, ion-exchange methods were used at ORNL to prepare about ten grams of promethium from nuclear reactor fuel processing wastes.
4870:
5385:Аналитическая химия технеция, прометия, астатина и франция (Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium)
1489:
2541:
and stabilities of neighbor element isotopes; it is also the least stable element of the first 84. The primary decay products are
1407:
3857:
2534:
5436:
5373:
5259:
5234:
5202:
5125:
5081:
5019:
4810:
4682:
4612:
3936:
3918:
3738:
3710:
3377:
3271:
3157:
3127:
2710:) and HD 965. Because of the short half-life of promethium isotopes, they should be formed near the surface of those stars.
5335:
3013:
The element has no biological role. Promethium-147 can emit gamma rays, which are dangerous for all lifeforms, during its
1530:
2664:
4243:
6739:
5044:
4994:
3971:
3752:
3545:
2761:; the lines thought to belong to element 61 turned out to belong to a few impurities (barium, chromium, and platinum).
4029:
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".
5404:
3633:
3303:
3187:
2048:
phases, respectively, and the last two phases can be interconverted by adjusting the annealing time and temperature.
1140:
100:
5429:
4769:
1733:
1376:
1896:
exception to the general trend of the contraction of lanthanide atoms with the increase of their atomic numbers (
1806:
suggested that there was a then-unknown element with properties intermediate between those of the known elements
2855:
2106:
1904:
1339:
6732:
2785:
1823:
3628:, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, p. 1704,
2895:
Promethium can be either recovered from the byproducts of uranium fission or produced by bombarding Nd with
3020:
It is not known what human organs are affected by interaction with promethium; a possible candidate is the
6997:
1726:
17:
5156:
Flicker, H.; Loferski, J. J.; Elleman, T. S. (1964). "Construction of a promethium-147 atomic battery".
1907:(dhcp) structure and a hardness of 63 kg/mm. This low-temperature alpha form converts into a beta,
6977:
2920:
target with energetic protons in a particle accelerator. Another method is to bombard uranium-238 with
2561:
may decay to other promethium isotopes and one isotope (Pm) has a very rare alpha decay mode to stable
1100:
6906:
6860:
3994:
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Cappella, F.; et al. (2007). "Search for α decay of natural
Europium".
3025:
2933:
2703:
5249:
3887:
2568:
The most stable isotope of the element is promethium-145, which has a specific activity of 139
1590:
6777:
6767:
4119:"On the possible presence of promethium in the spectra of HD 101065 (Przybylski's star) and HD 965"
2948:
2045:
1207:
2841:
6916:
6884:
6870:
6787:
1080:
5274:
4755:
2885:
The promethium sample produced was used to measure a few of the metal's properties, such as its
6853:
6797:
3882:
3597:
Chikalla, T. D.; McNeilly, C. E.; Roberts, F. P. (1972). "Polymorphic
Modifications of Pm2O3".
2585:
2520:
1897:
1884:
1605:
1523:
1107:
1092:
1067:
5363:
5252:
Radioisotope power systems: an imperative for maintaining U.S. leadership in space exploration
5192:
3700:
3438:
2936:. In 2010, Russia was the only country producing promethium-147 on a relatively large scale.
2744:, Italy. After separating a mixture of a few rare earth elements nitrate concentrate from the
1139:
6821:
4984:
4600:
3263:
2847:
2827:
2805:
2793:
2773:
2653:
1819:
1502:
5306:
4445:
Rolla, Luigi; Fernandes, Lorenzo (1927). "Über Das
Element der Atomnummer 61 (Florentium)".
4134:
3173:
Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".
6987:
6755:
5472:
5165:
4835:
4565:
4522:
4485:
4357:
4312:
4130:
4048:
4003:
3928:
3874:
3793:
3465:
3144:
2769:
2707:
2144:
1908:
1397:
4877:
8:
6992:
6972:
3001:
Promethium-147 is also used, albeit in very small quantities (less than 330nCi), in some
2676:
2645:
2549:
isotopes (promethium-146 decays to both, the lighter isotopes generally to neodymium via
1843:
1719:
1474:
5169:
4839:
4569:
4526:
4489:
4361:
4316:
4226:
4052:
4007:
3878:
3797:
3494:
3469:
3453:
2687:
has been found to contain promethium at a concentration of four parts per quintillion (4
2604:
10 years, and the relative probability for a Pm nucleus to decay in this way is 2.8
6948:
4851:
4581:
4538:
4373:
4330:
4175:
4072:
4038:
3821:
3684:
3649:
3610:
3291:
3215:
2861:
2797:
2530:
1765:
1683:
1494:
1464:
1434:
1326:
1199:
1193:
4158:
Laing, Michael (2005). "A Revised
Periodic Table: With the Lanthanides Repositioned".
6807:
6323:
5416:
5400:
5388:
5369:
5255:
5230:
5198:
5121:
5077:
5040:
5015:
4990:
4942:
4917:
4806:
4725:
4678:
4618:
4608:
4556:
Meyer, R. J.; Schumacher, G.; Kotowski, A. (1926). "Über das
Element 61 (Illinium)".
4103:
4076:
4064:
3967:
3932:
3900:
3865:
3825:
3748:
3706:
3671:
3629:
3541:
3499:
3481:
3373:
3338:
3334:
3299:
3267:
3183:
3153:
3123:
2833:
2789:
2740:
The first claim of a discovery was published by Luigi Rolla and
Lorenzo Fernandes of
2597:
2538:
1948:
1780:
1570:
1561:
1498:
1333:
1252:
1242:
728:
4855:
4585:
4179:
4015:
3896:
6387:
6092:
5921:
5750:
5669:
5588:
5561:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5173:
4912:
4907:
4899:
4843:
4720:
4715:
4707:
4573:
4542:
4530:
4493:
4454:
4427:
4400:
4377:
4365:
4334:
4320:
4281:
4167:
4138:
4099:
4056:
4011:
3959:
3892:
3811:
3801:
3737:
Hammond, C. R. (2011). "Prometium in "The
Elements"". In Haynes, William M. (ed.).
3679:
3661:
3606:
3489:
3473:
3330:
3287:
3255:
3230:
2724:
2692:
2581:
2554:
2036:
1892:
1859:
1803:
1761:
1667:
1636:
1616:
1389:
1351:
1234:
1085:
57:
5194:
The Terrorist Effect – Weapons of Mass Disruption: The Danger of Nuclear Terrorism
1969:. The latter is also well-soluble; when dried, it forms pink crystals, similar to
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5383:
Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1966).
5118:
Man-made and natural radioactivity in environmental pollution and radiochronology
4603:. In Gschneider, Karl A. Jr.; Bünzli, Jean-Claude; Pecharsky, Vitalij K. (eds.).
4143:
4118:
4060:
2917:
2913:
2817:
1867:
1863:
1796:
1291:
1222:
3005:
CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) glow switches in the PLC 22W/28W 15mm CFL range.
5452:
4601:"Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis"
4272:
Rolla, Luigi; Fernandes, Lorenzo (1926). "Über das Element der Atomnummer 61".
4090:
Attrep, Moses Jr. & Kuroda, P. K. (May 1968). "Promethium in pitchblende".
3806:
3781:
3477:
3321:
Pallmer, P. G.; Chikalla, T. D. (1971). "The crystal structure of promethium".
3234:
2987:
2980:
2975:-226 was used for the purpose, but it was later replaced by promethium-147 and
2963:
2900:
2765:
2625:
2589:
2558:
2550:
2344:
2068:
1855:
1851:
1784:
1343:
1134:
1072:
133:
5311:. Headquarters, Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. 1991. p. 5.
4895:
4171:
2617:
promethium-148m has a longer half-life than its ground state, promethium-148.
2529:
and one of only two elements among the first 82 with no stable or long-lived (
1302:
6966:
6546:
5250:
Radioisotope Power Systems Committee, National Research Council U.S. (2009).
4622:
4458:
4431:
4404:
4285:
4068:
3963:
3675:
3666:
3485:
3342:
2995:
2886:
2733:
2729:
2637:
2349:
1815:
1772:
1659:
1622:
1595:
1444:
1309:
1277:
1168:
1154:
1049:
898:
5177:
4117:
C. R. Cowley; W. P. Bidelman; S. Hubrig; G. Mathys & D. J. Bord (2004).
4116:
1958:, is produced; similarly, when dissolved in nitric acid, a nitrate results,
6930:
6600:
6429:
6134:
5534:
5467:
4729:
4513:
Brauner, Bohuslav (1926). "The New Element of Atomic Number 61: Illinium".
3503:
2925:
2921:
2809:
2691:
10) by mass. Uranium is thus "responsible" for 560 g of promethium in
2683:. Only trace amounts can be found in naturally occurring ores: a sample of
2569:
2562:
1984:
is 4f, and the color of the ion is pink. The ground state term symbol is I
1928:
1698:
1673:
1454:
1426:
940:
807:
581:
1919:
6654:
6618:
6609:
6519:
6501:
6492:
5529:
3855:
3021:
2684:
2680:
2667:
showed that europium-151 decays to promethium-147 with the half-life of 5
2660:
2613:
2593:
2336:
2060:
1835:
1630:
982:
954:
947:
877:
863:
856:
123:
4711:
2959:, and its radiation has a relatively small penetration depth in matter.
1173:
3273 K (3000 °C, 5432 °F)
6724:
6663:
6591:
6564:
6537:
6197:
6179:
5983:
5974:
5713:
4847:
4577:
3816:
3046:
3014:
2956:
2813:
2648:
separated out traces of Pm from a rare earth concentrate purified from
2526:
2041:
1828:
1792:
1788:
989:
933:
912:
891:
630:
616:
467:
460:
261:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
4921:
4208:
4206:
4204:
3856:
G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003).
3839:
3837:
3835:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
6672:
6645:
6636:
6483:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6233:
6143:
6116:
6064:
6010:
5992:
5956:
5936:
5875:
5812:
5756:
5695:
5684:
5603:
5554:
5544:
5539:
4534:
4498:
4473:
4369:
4325:
4300:
3924:
3744:
2629:
2588:
which corresponds to a stable neutron configuration), it may emit an
2577:
2542:
1807:
1575:
1421:
1283:
1025:
1018:
996:
975:
968:
849:
835:
828:
821:
658:
588:
567:
530:
488:
474:
446:
428:
384:
335:
291:
247:
238:
178:
4903:
4242:
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2016).
3624:
Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.),
3286:
6627:
6528:
6411:
6393:
6368:
6359:
6332:
6305:
6269:
6260:
6242:
6170:
6161:
6055:
5927:
5893:
5803:
5794:
5785:
5776:
5731:
5650:
5632:
5567:
5090:
5053:
4961:
4201:
4043:
3917:
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.).
3832:
3761:
3566:
3554:
3510:
3400:
3214:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
2967:
2928:, which, among multiple reaction products, creates promethium-147.
2869:
2758:
2749:
2741:
2557:, and the heavier isotopes to samarium via beta decay). Promethium
2546:
1839:
1811:
1033:
961:
884:
793:
779:
763:
756:
735:
714:
686:
679:
665:
609:
602:
523:
421:
398:
328:
321:
314:
307:
275:
215:
201:
153:
5074:
On the Home Front: The Cold War Legacy of the Hanford Nuclear Site
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6582:
6573:
6555:
6510:
6438:
6420:
6350:
6296:
6278:
6251:
6224:
6206:
6188:
6098:
6028:
6001:
5965:
5947:
5911:
5902:
5884:
5866:
5765:
5704:
5594:
5549:
5421:
4669:
Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2015) .
3298:(5th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 776, 955,
3002:
2976:
2896:
2801:
2649:
1937:
1847:
1776:
1178:
926:
919:
905:
870:
814:
800:
749:
707:
693:
672:
651:
637:
623:
553:
502:
481:
453:
439:
412:
405:
391:
377:
298:
254:
171:
4028:
3780:
Kiss, G. G.; Vitéz-Sveiczer, A.; Saito, Y.; et al. (2022).
2808:; however, being too busy with military-related research during
2753:
were done in 1924. Also in 1926, a group of scientists from the
2698:
Promethium has also been identified in the spectrum of the star
6474:
6402:
6287:
6215:
6125:
6107:
6073:
6037:
6019:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5722:
5675:
5641:
5623:
5578:
4801:
Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).
2972:
2745:
2699:
1160:
842:
786:
700:
644:
574:
560:
537:
509:
495:
363:
356:
349:
268:
231:
208:
194:
162:
6983:
Chemical elements with double hexagonal close-packed structure
4555:
4244:"Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Last Member"
4089:
3120:
Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements
2998:
has become standard for most space-exploration-related uses).
2779:
75:
6688:
6377:
6082:
5740:
5614:
5275:
https://www.msdsdigital.com/system/files/PHILIPS-CFL-15MM.pdf
4983:
Duggirala, Rajesh; Lal, Amit; Radhakrishnan, Shankar (2010).
1888:
1163: (1042 °C, 1908 °F)
1147:
1113:
770:
544:
282:
187:
39:
4677:]. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 302–303.
4348:
Rolla, L.; Fernandes, L. (1927). "Florentium or Illinium?".
3993:
3450:
3049:: the parameters for each crystal axis (at 20 °C) are α
2632:, a uranium ore and the host for most of Earth's promethium
1358:
78:
6341:
6314:
5857:
5821:
5659:
5076:(3rd ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. 162.
4825:
4391:
Rolla, Luigi; Fernandes, Lorenzo (1928). "Florentium. II".
2584:. Because it has 84 neutrons (two more than 82, which is a
2573:
1940:
results in a gelatinous light-brown sediment of hydroxide,
742:
721:
370:
342:
222:
84:
81:
66:
4471:
4231:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
3650:"Promethium: To Strive, to Seek, to Find and Not to Yield"
6046:
5461:
4982:
4195:
Atomic and Nuclear Physics: An Introduction in S.I. Units
2979:(hydrogen-3). Promethium may be favored over tritium for
2951:
being used as a light source for signals in a heat button
1891:] 4f 6s. The seven 4f and 6s electrons are
516:
4697:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
3419:
3417:
3415:
2944:
2675:
Promethium can also be formed in nature as a product of
2032:, has the lowest solubility of all lanthanide oxalates.
4418:
Rolla, Luigi; Fernandes, Lorenzo (1927). "Florentium".
3858:"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"
3779:
3596:
5365:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
5155:
2800:
by separation and analysis of the fission products of
5326:
5287:
Simmons, Howard (1964). "Reed Business Information".
4635:
4472:
Harris, J. A.; Yntema, L. F.; Hopkins, B. S. (1926).
4444:
4417:
4390:
3412:
3360:
101:
5382:
5103:
5072:
Gerber, Michele Stenehjem; Findlay, John M. (2007).
5059:
4967:
4800:
4605:
Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths
4212:
4193:
Littlefield, Thomas Albert; Thorley, Norman (1968).
3843:
3767:
3577:
3560:
3523:
3406:
3213:
1914:
1883:
A promethium atom has 61 electrons, arranged in the
63:
60:
4592:
3648:Elkina, Veronika; Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020-07-10).
3029:promethium aside from the radioactivity are known.
2784:Promethium was first produced and characterized at
87:
72:
69:
4447:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
4420:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
4393:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
4347:
4274:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
4192:
3958:. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 188.
5277:MSDS for the Philips CFL lamps containing Pm-147.
4512:
3454:"Observation of a promethium complex in solution"
3254:
3216:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
3146:ASM Ready Reference: Thermal properties of metals
1947:, which is insoluble in water. When dissolved in
6964:
5243:
5224:
5140:
4828:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
4668:
4598:
4241:
3143:Cverna, Fran (2002). "Ch. 2 Thermal Expansion".
3113:
3111:
3109:
2903:through beta decay with a half-life of 11 days.
1371: = 1.1739 pm (at 20 °C)
5286:
5191:Jones, James William; Haygood, John R. (2011).
4876:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from
3647:
3535:
3320:
2788:(Clinton Laboratories at that time) in 1945 by
1834:The two sources of natural promethium are rare
1787:by elements with stable forms, the other being
5034:
4271:
3955:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3736:
3623:
3540:. Gordon & Breach. p. 34, Table 2.1.
3363:"Physical Properties of the rare earth metals"
2659:Both isotopes of natural europium have larger
2612:The element also has 18 nuclear isomers, with
2040:at 1750 °C irreversibly transforms it to
6740:
5437:
5368:. Oxford University Press. pp. 428–430.
5071:
5009:
3698:
3182:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
3106:
1734:
1097:
5218:
5190:
4298:
3916:
3372:(86th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3142:
1301:
5280:
5037:Applications of inorganic mass spectrometry
5012:Applications of inorganic mass spectrometry
4986:Radioisotope Thin-Film Powered Microsystems
4474:"The Element of Atomic Number 61; Illinium"
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3172:
3122:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.
2780:Discovery and synthesis of promethium metal
2580:/g) and a half-life of 17.7 years via
23:Chemical element with atomic number 61 (Pm)
6747:
6733:
5444:
5430:
5145:. Government Printing Office. p. 187.
5134:
4893:
4868:
4197:(2nd ed.). Van Nostrand. p. 109.
4092:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
4022:
2755:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
2718:
1741:
1727:
1538:
1531:
1357:
38:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5115:
4978:
4976:
4911:
4898:(Report). Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
4719:
4599:Thyssen, Pieter; Binnemans, Koen (2011).
4497:
4324:
4142:
4042:
3886:
3815:
3805:
3683:
3665:
3493:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3196:
3117:
1911:(bcc) phase upon heating to 890 °C.
6754:
5329:"Radioactive Material Safety Data Sheet"
5299:
5229:. Oxford University Press. p. 154.
4700:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4691:
4235:
3980:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
2943:
2899:, turning it into Nd, which decays into
2624:
1918:
1413:
6544:
5254:. National Academies Press. p. 8.
3599:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
3434:
3432:
2706:; it also has been found in HD 101065 (
6965:
6598:
6427:
6132:
5361:
5315:
5028:
5010:Hänninen, Pekka; Härmä, Harri (2011).
4973:
4656:
3705:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 117.
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3423:
3349:
1878:
6728:
6652:
6616:
6607:
6517:
6499:
6490:
5425:
5158:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
5116:Tykva, Richard; Berg, Dieter (2004).
4805:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 1694.
4224:
4218:
4157:
3920:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3773:
3740:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3719:
3370:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3316:
3314:
3241:
3176:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3166:
1687:
1682:
1648:
1645:
1609:
1604:
6661:
6589:
6562:
6535:
6195:
6177:
6150:
5981:
5972:
4777:Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review
4748:Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review
3952:McGill, Ian. "Rare Earth Elements".
3429:
1842:-151 (producing promethium-147) and
1814:(62); this was confirmed in 1914 by
6670:
6643:
6634:
6481:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6231:
6141:
6114:
6062:
6008:
5990:
5954:
5934:
5873:
5810:
5711:
5693:
5682:
5601:
4607:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 63.
4151:
3583:
2665:Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
1795:. Promethium shows only one stable
13:
6625:
6526:
6409:
6391:
6366:
6357:
6330:
6303:
6258:
6240:
6168:
6159:
6053:
5925:
5891:
5801:
5783:
5774:
5754:
5729:
5451:
4940:
3951:
3611:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1972.tb11329.x
3311:
2533:) isotopes. This is a result of a
1412:est. 0.75 µΩ⋅m (at
1340:double hexagonal close-packed
14:
7009:
6580:
6571:
6553:
6508:
6418:
6348:
6321:
6294:
6276:
6267:
6249:
6222:
6204:
6186:
6096:
6026:
5999:
5963:
5909:
5900:
5882:
5864:
5792:
5763:
5702:
5648:
5630:
5592:
5565:
5410:
5399:Oxford University Press, Oxford,
5327:Stuart Hunt & Associates Lt.
3702:Lanthanide And Actinide Chemistry
3538:Chemistry of the f-block elements
3323:Journal of the Less Common Metals
1980:. The electron configuration for
1915:Chemical properties and compounds
1247:Pauling scale: 1.13 (?)
6472:
6436:
6400:
6285:
6213:
6123:
6105:
6035:
6017:
5945:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5673:
5576:
5104:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
5060:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
4968:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
4675:The Periodic Table's Shadow Side
4213:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
3844:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
3768:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
3578:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
3561:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
3524:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
3441:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3407:Lavrukhina & Pozdnyakov 1966
2854:
2840:
2826:
2008:is 2.86 g/cm. The oxalate,
1714:
1713:
1266:3rd: 2150 kJ/mol
1263:2nd: 1050 kJ/mol
56:
6375:
6080:
6071:
5738:
5720:
5639:
5621:
5355:
5268:
5184:
5149:
5109:
5065:
5003:
4934:
4862:
4819:
4794:
4736:
4662:
4549:
4506:
4465:
4438:
4411:
4384:
4341:
4292:
4265:
4186:
4110:
4083:
4016:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001
3945:
3910:
3897:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
3849:
3692:
3641:
3617:
3529:
3444:
3045:The thermal expansion of Pm is
2939:
1951:, a water-soluble yellow salt,
1866:to produce promethium-147 as a
1260:1st: 540 kJ/mol
6339:
6312:
5855:
5819:
5657:
5612:
3361:Gschneidner Jr., K.A. (2005).
3280:
3136:
3039:
3008:
1791:. Chemically, promethium is a
1459:α form: est. 33 GPa
1449:α form: est. 18 GPa
1439:α form: est. 46 GPa
1:
6044:
4228:The discovery of the elements
3100:
2906:
2881:+ 3 Li → Pm + 3 LiF
2786:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2672:observed in the near future.
2620:
1905:double hexagonal close packed
1873:
1824:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
4123:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4104:10.1016/0022-1902(68)80427-0
3335:10.1016/0022-5088(71)90101-9
3296:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
2732:who, having discovered that
2600:for alpha decay is about 6.3
1366: = 0.36393 pm
1188:α-Pm: 7.247 g/cm
7:
5417:It's Elemental – Promethium
5143:Disease and the Environment
5039:. Wiley-IEEE. p. 205.
4225:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).
4031:European Physical Journal A
3118:Arblaster, John W. (2018).
2514:
1923:Solution containing Pm ions
18:Promethium (disambiguation)
10:
7014:
5943:
5772:
5691:
5610:
5574:
5476:
5197:. iUniverse. p. 180.
4144:10.1051/0004-6361:20035726
4061:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2
3478:10.1038/s41586-024-07267-6
2713:
2518:
1927:Promethium belongs to the
436:
304:
244:
184:
159:
15:
6762:
6686:
6386:
6091:
5920:
5749:
5668:
5587:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5397:A tale of seven elements,
5225:Stwertka, Albert (2002).
5141:Deeter, David P. (1993).
5035:De Laeter; J. R. (2001).
5014:. Springer. p. 144.
4770:"Discovery of Promethium"
4754:(1). 2003. Archived from
4744:"Discovery of Promethium"
4301:"Florentium or Illinium?"
4172:10.1007/s10698-004-5959-9
3786:The Astrophysical Journal
3260:Chemistry of the Elements
3258:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3026:radioactive contamination
2962:Some signal lights use a
2934:High Flux Isotope Reactor
2737:the natural environment.
1712:
1708:
1679:
1642:
1601:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1522:
1511:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1420:
1406:
1396:
1375:
1350:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1300:
1290:
1282:empirical: 183
1276:
1251:
1241:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1192:
1177:
1167:
1153:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1106:
1091:
1079:
1066:
1047:
1024:
139:
131:
122:
114:
51:
46:
37:
5120:. Springer. p. 78.
4989:. Springer. p. 12.
4943:"The Element Promethium"
4459:10.1002/zaac.19271600119
4432:10.1002/zaac.19271630104
4405:10.1002/zaac.19281690128
4286:10.1002/zaac.19261570129
4160:Foundations of Chemistry
3964:10.1002/14356007.a22_607
3807:10.3847/1538-4357/ac80fc
3667:10.3389/fchem.2020.00588
3536:Aspinall, H. C. (2001).
3368:. In Lide, D. R. (ed.).
3235:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
3032:
2949:Promethium(III) chloride
2035:Unlike the nitrate, the
5227:A guide to the elements
5178:10.1109/T-ED.1964.15271
4913:2027/mdp.39015077313933
4721:2027/mdp.39015086506477
4135:2004A&A...419.1087C
2804:fuel irradiated in the
2768:finally formulated the
2723:In 1902, Czech chemist
2719:Searches for element 61
2535:rarely occurring effect
2525:Promethium is the only
1469:α form: est. 0.28
1402:17.9 W/(m⋅K)
3699:Cotton, Simon (2006).
3654:Frontiers in Chemistry
2952:
2633:
2521:Isotopes of promethium
1924:
1898:lanthanide contraction
1524:Isotopes of promethium
1408:Electrical resistivity
1306:
1108:Electron configuration
5362:Emsley, John (2011).
4299:Noyes, W. A. (1927).
3264:Butterworth-Heinemann
3256:Greenwood, Norman N.
3152:. ASM International.
2947:
2848:Lawrence E. Glendenin
2794:Lawrence E. Glendenin
2774:Ohio State University
2654:cosmic ray spallation
2628:
1922:
1820:Ohio State University
1503:Lawrence E. Glendenin
1305:
1212:289 kJ/mol
1186:α-Pm: 7.149 g/cm
6756:Promethium compounds
1720:Category: Promethium
1398:Thermal conductivity
1208:Heat of vaporization
1182:(at 20° C)
16:For other uses, see
5170:1964ITED...11....2F
4949:. Science Education
4894:Orr, P. B. (1962).
4869:Orr, P. B. (1962).
4840:1989JRNC..130...21L
4803:Inorganic Chemistry
4712:10.1021/ja01203a059
4570:1926NW.....14..771M
4558:Naturwissenschaften
4527:1926Natur.118...84B
4490:1926Natur.117..792H
4362:1927Natur.119..637R
4317:1927Natur.120...14N
4053:2019EPJA...55..140B
4008:2007NuPhA.789...15B
3879:2003NuPhA.729....3A
3798:2022ApJ...936..107K
3626:Inorganic Chemistry
3470:2024Natur.629..819D
3292:Wilkinson, Geoffrey
2916:or by bombarding a
2677:spontaneous fission
2318:
2317:Promethium halides
1909:body-centered cubic
1879:Physical properties
1844:spontaneous fission
1253:Ionization energies
1129:Physical properties
1121:Electrons per shell
34:
6998:Synthetic elements
5395:2013, E.R. Scerri,
4848:10.1007/BF02037697
4578:10.1007/BF01490264
4037:(8): 140–1–140–7.
2953:
2862:Charles D. Coryell
2798:Charles D. Coryell
2634:
2316:
1925:
1515:Grace Mary Coryell
1495:Charles D. Coryell
1323:Natural occurrence
1313:
1307:
1124:2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2
1031:
1014:
132:Promethium in the
26:
6978:Chemical elements
6958:
6957:
6722:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6681:
6680:
5375:978-0-19-960563-7
5261:978-0-309-13857-4
5236:978-0-19-515026-1
5204:978-1-4620-3932-6
5127:978-1-4020-1860-2
5083:978-0-8032-5995-9
5021:978-3-642-21022-8
4812:978-0-12-352651-9
4684:978-0-19-938334-4
4671:The Lost Elements
4614:978-0-444-53590-0
3996:Nuclear Physics A
3938:978-0-8493-0485-9
3923:(85th ed.).
3866:Nuclear Physics A
3743:(92nd ed.).
3712:978-0-470-01006-8
3464:(8013): 819–823.
3379:978-0-8493-0486-6
3288:Cotton, F. Albert
3273:978-0-08-037941-8
3223:Chinese Physics C
3159:978-0-87170-768-0
3129:978-1-62708-155-9
2834:Jacob A. Marinsky
2790:Jacob A. Marinsky
2708:Przybylski's star
2598:partial half-life
2539:liquid drop model
2512:
2511:
2302:
2301:
1949:hydrochloric acid
1903:Promethium has a
1755:
1754:
1704:
1703:
1499:Jacob A. Marinsky
1422:Magnetic ordering
1377:Thermal expansion
1352:Lattice constants
1334:Crystal structure
1308:
1296:199 pm
1243:Electronegativity
1217:Atomic properties
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1012:
1004:
1003:
730:Mercury (element)
28:Promethium,
7005:
6951:
6944:
6926:
6912:
6902:
6880:
6866:
6856:
6849:
6831:
6817:
6803:
6793:
6783:
6773:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6726:
6725:
6691:
6690:
6677:
6675:
6668:
6666:
6659:
6657:
6650:
6648:
6641:
6639:
6632:
6630:
6623:
6621:
6614:
6612:
6605:
6603:
6596:
6594:
6587:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6569:
6567:
6560:
6558:
6551:
6549:
6542:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6524:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6506:
6504:
6497:
6495:
6488:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6470:
6468:
6461:
6459:
6452:
6450:
6443:
6441:
6434:
6432:
6425:
6423:
6416:
6414:
6407:
6405:
6398:
6396:
6382:
6380:
6373:
6371:
6364:
6362:
6355:
6353:
6346:
6344:
6337:
6335:
6328:
6326:
6319:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6301:
6299:
6292:
6290:
6283:
6281:
6274:
6272:
6265:
6263:
6256:
6254:
6247:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6229:
6227:
6220:
6218:
6211:
6209:
6202:
6200:
6193:
6191:
6184:
6182:
6175:
6173:
6166:
6164:
6157:
6155:
6148:
6146:
6139:
6137:
6130:
6128:
6121:
6119:
6112:
6110:
6103:
6101:
6087:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6069:
6067:
6060:
6058:
6051:
6049:
6042:
6040:
6033:
6031:
6024:
6022:
6015:
6013:
6006:
6004:
5997:
5995:
5988:
5986:
5979:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5961:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5941:
5939:
5932:
5930:
5916:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5898:
5896:
5889:
5887:
5880:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5853:
5851:
5844:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5779:
5770:
5768:
5761:
5759:
5745:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5727:
5725:
5718:
5716:
5709:
5707:
5700:
5698:
5689:
5687:
5680:
5678:
5664:
5662:
5655:
5653:
5646:
5644:
5637:
5635:
5628:
5626:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5606:
5599:
5597:
5583:
5581:
5572:
5570:
5462:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5392:
5379:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5340:
5334:. Archived from
5333:
5324:
5313:
5312:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5088:
5087:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4915:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4535:10.1038/118084b0
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:10.1038/117792a0
4469:
4463:
4462:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4370:10.1038/119637a0
4345:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4326:10.1038/120014c0
4296:
4290:
4289:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4248:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4129:(3): 1087–1093.
4114:
4108:
4107:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4046:
4026:
4020:
4019:
3991:
3978:
3977:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3899:. Archived from
3890:
3862:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3809:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3747:. p. 4.28.
3734:
3717:
3716:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3669:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3594:
3581:
3575:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3382:. Archived from
3367:
3358:
3347:
3346:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3266:. p. 1233.
3262:(2nd ed.).
3252:
3239:
3238:
3220:
3211:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3115:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3076:
3074:
3062:
3060:
3043:
2988:atomic batteries
2914:thermal neutrons
2858:
2844:
2830:
2806:graphite reactor
2725:Bohuslav Brauner
2690:
2670:
2607:
2603:
2582:electron capture
2555:electron capture
2499:
2375:
2319:
2315:
2276:
2195:
2152:
2051:
2050:
2031:
2007:
1983:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1935:
1864:thermal neutrons
1860:enriched uranium
1856:atomic batteries
1804:Bohuslav Brauner
1762:chemical element
1743:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1695:
1690:
1670:
1656:
1651:
1633:
1619:
1612:
1587:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1518:
1507:
1415:
1387:
1385:
1361:
1318:Other properties
1232:
1223:Oxidation states
1183:
1144:
1143:
1099:
1075:(no number)
1059:
1058:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
431:
424:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
301:
294:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
241:
234:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
181:
174:
165:
156:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
110:
105:
96:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
42:
35:
33:
25:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6954:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6758:
6753:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6682:
6673:
6671:
6664:
6662:
6655:
6653:
6646:
6644:
6637:
6635:
6628:
6626:
6619:
6617:
6610:
6608:
6601:
6599:
6592:
6590:
6583:
6581:
6574:
6572:
6565:
6563:
6556:
6554:
6547:
6545:
6538:
6536:
6529:
6527:
6520:
6518:
6511:
6509:
6502:
6500:
6493:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6475:
6473:
6466:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6448:
6446:
6439:
6437:
6430:
6428:
6421:
6419:
6412:
6410:
6403:
6401:
6394:
6392:
6378:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6351:
6349:
6342:
6340:
6333:
6331:
6324:
6322:
6315:
6313:
6306:
6304:
6297:
6295:
6288:
6286:
6279:
6277:
6270:
6268:
6261:
6259:
6252:
6250:
6243:
6241:
6234:
6232:
6225:
6223:
6216:
6214:
6207:
6205:
6198:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6180:
6178:
6171:
6169:
6162:
6160:
6153:
6151:
6144:
6142:
6135:
6133:
6126:
6124:
6117:
6115:
6108:
6106:
6099:
6097:
6083:
6081:
6074:
6072:
6065:
6063:
6056:
6054:
6047:
6045:
6038:
6036:
6029:
6027:
6020:
6018:
6011:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5993:
5991:
5984:
5982:
5975:
5973:
5966:
5964:
5957:
5955:
5948:
5946:
5937:
5935:
5928:
5926:
5912:
5910:
5903:
5901:
5894:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5876:
5874:
5867:
5865:
5858:
5856:
5849:
5847:
5840:
5838:
5831:
5829:
5822:
5820:
5813:
5811:
5804:
5802:
5795:
5793:
5786:
5784:
5777:
5775:
5766:
5764:
5757:
5755:
5741:
5739:
5732:
5730:
5723:
5721:
5714:
5712:
5705:
5703:
5696:
5694:
5685:
5683:
5676:
5674:
5660:
5658:
5651:
5649:
5642:
5640:
5633:
5631:
5624:
5622:
5615:
5613:
5604:
5602:
5595:
5593:
5579:
5577:
5568:
5566:
5455:
5450:
5413:
5376:
5358:
5353:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5325:
5316:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5189:
5185:
5154:
5150:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5091:
5084:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4941:Gagnon, Steve.
4939:
4935:
4926:
4924:
4904:10.2172/4819080
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4615:
4597:
4593:
4554:
4550:
4521:(2959): 84–85.
4511:
4507:
4470:
4466:
4443:
4439:
4416:
4412:
4389:
4385:
4346:
4342:
4297:
4293:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4202:
4191:
4187:
4156:
4152:
4115:
4111:
4088:
4084:
4027:
4023:
3992:
3981:
3974:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3888:10.1.1.692.8504
3860:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3833:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3735:
3720:
3713:
3697:
3693:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3622:
3618:
3595:
3584:
3576:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3511:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3350:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3253:
3242:
3218:
3212:
3197:
3190:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3011:
2942:
2918:uranium carbide
2909:
2880:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2845:
2836:
2831:
2818:Greek mythology
2816:, the Titan in
2782:
2721:
2716:
2688:
2668:
2623:
2605:
2601:
2559:nuclear isomers
2523:
2517:
2497:
2484:
2455:
2426:
2408:
2393:
2373:
2360:
2329:
2312:
2308:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2228:
2224:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2150:
2114:
2097:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1917:
1881:
1876:
1868:fission product
1797:oxidation state
1775:61. All of its
1747:
1722:
1693:
1688:
1666:
1654:
1649:
1629:
1615:
1610:
1585:
1578:
1571:abundance
1544:
1526:
1516:
1505:
1479:7440-12-2
1435:Young's modulus
1383:
1381:
1367:
1362:
1292:Covalent radius
1272:
1233:(a mildly
1228:
1187:
1181:
1137:
1052:
1048:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
429:
422:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
299:
292:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
239:
232:
223:
216:
209:
202:
195:
188:
179:
172:
163:
154:
103:
98:
59:
55:
31:
27:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7011:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6729:
6720:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6669:
6660:
6651:
6642:
6633:
6624:
6615:
6606:
6597:
6588:
6579:
6570:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6534:
6525:
6516:
6507:
6498:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6444:
6435:
6426:
6417:
6408:
6399:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6374:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6338:
6329:
6320:
6311:
6302:
6293:
6284:
6275:
6266:
6257:
6248:
6239:
6230:
6221:
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6052:
6043:
6034:
6025:
6016:
6007:
5998:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5944:
5942:
5933:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5908:
5899:
5890:
5881:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5818:
5809:
5800:
5791:
5782:
5773:
5771:
5762:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5656:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5575:
5573:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5453:Periodic table
5449:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5411:External links
5409:
5408:
5407:
5393:
5387:(in Russian).
5380:
5374:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5314:
5298:
5279:
5267:
5260:
5242:
5235:
5217:
5203:
5183:
5148:
5133:
5126:
5108:
5106:, p. 118.
5089:
5082:
5064:
5062:, p. 116.
5052:
5046:978-0471345398
5045:
5027:
5020:
5002:
4996:978-1441967626
4995:
4972:
4970:, p. 115.
4960:
4933:
4861:
4818:
4811:
4793:
4735:
4706:(11): 2781–5.
4690:
4683:
4661:
4659:, p. 428.
4634:
4613:
4591:
4548:
4505:
4464:
4437:
4410:
4383:
4340:
4291:
4264:
4234:
4217:
4215:, p. 108.
4200:
4185:
4166:(3): 203–233.
4150:
4109:
4098:(3): 699–703.
4082:
4021:
4002:(1–4): 15–29.
3979:
3973:978-3527306732
3972:
3944:
3937:
3909:
3906:on 2008-09-23.
3848:
3846:, p. 117.
3831:
3772:
3770:, p. 114.
3760:
3754:978-1439855119
3753:
3718:
3711:
3691:
3640:
3634:
3616:
3582:
3580:, p. 123.
3565:
3563:, p. 122.
3553:
3547:978-9056993337
3546:
3528:
3526:, p. 121.
3509:
3443:
3428:
3426:, p. 429.
3411:
3409:, p. 120.
3399:
3378:
3348:
3310:
3304:
3279:
3272:
3240:
3195:
3188:
3165:
3158:
3135:
3128:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3082:
3078:
3064:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3010:
3007:
2981:nuclear safety
2964:luminous paint
2941:
2938:
2908:
2905:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2781:
2778:
2766:Josef Mattauch
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2646:Olavi Erämetsä
2622:
2619:
2590:alpha particle
2551:positron decay
2519:Main article:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:Pearson symbol
2342:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2069:Pearson symbol
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1943:
1916:
1913:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1852:luminous paint
1785:periodic table
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:Main isotopes
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:Spectral lines
1298:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1194:Heat of fusion
1190:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1073:f-block groups
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1006:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
776:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
550:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
437:
435:
433:
426:
418:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
303:
296:
288:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
243:
236:
228:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
185:
183:
176:
168:
167:
160:
158:
148:
137:
136:
134:periodic table
129:
128:
126:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7010:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6961:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6928:
6925:
6914:
6911:
6904:
6901:
6882:
6879:
6868:
6865:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6833:
6830:
6819:
6816:
6805:
6802:
6795:
6792:
6785:
6782:
6775:
6772:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6745:
6743:
6738:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6685:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6649:
6640:
6631:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6559:
6550:
6541:
6532:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6433:
6424:
6415:
6406:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5951:
5940:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5906:
5897:
5888:
5879:
5870:
5861:
5852:
5843:
5834:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5798:
5789:
5780:
5769:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5735:
5726:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5688:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5654:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5618:
5607:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5405:9780195391312
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5341:on 2021-09-15
5337:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5289:New Scientist
5283:
5276:
5271:
5263:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5238:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5137:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5085:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4964:
4948:
4947:Jefferson Lab
4944:
4937:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4883:on 2011-06-29
4879:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4758:on 2015-07-06
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4484:(2953): 792.
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4356:(3000): 637.
4355:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:(in German).
4275:
4268:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3635:0-12-352651-5
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3389:on 2012-09-18
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3305:0-471-84997-9
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3229:(3): 030001.
3228:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3189:0-8493-0486-5
3185:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3069: =
3067:
3055: =
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2996:plutonium-238
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:containing a
2965:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:fast neutrons
2919:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:melting point
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2734:atomic number
2731:
2730:Henry Moseley
2726:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2693:Earth's crust
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2661:mass excesses
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2638:Willard Libby
2631:
2627:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2493:rhombohedral
2492:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:orthorhombic
2463:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:orthorhombic
2434:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
1950:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:configuration
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:Henry Moseley
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:atomic number
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1748: |
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:2.6234 y
1685:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1596:product
1594:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:Named by
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:Poisson ratio
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:Shear modulus
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:(dhcp) (
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:of promethium
1311:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:Atomic radius
1275:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1169:Boiling point
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1155:Melting point
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:period 6
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1050:Atomic number
1046:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
925:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
904:
902:
900:Rutherfordium
897:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
792:
790:
785:
783:
778:
777:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
551:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
473:
471:
466:
464:
459:
457:
452:
450:
445:
443:
438:
434:
432:
427:
425:
420:
419:
416:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
313:
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
290:
289:
286:
281:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
258:
253:
251:
246:
242:
237:
235:
230:
229:
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
193:
191:
186:
182:
177:
175:
170:
169:
166:
161:
157:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
130:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
107:
92:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
45:
41:
36:
19:
6960:
6152:
5396:
5384:
5364:
5356:Bibliography
5343:. Retrieved
5336:the original
5307:
5301:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5270:
5251:
5245:
5226:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5193:
5186:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5142:
5136:
5117:
5111:
5073:
5067:
5055:
5036:
5030:
5011:
5005:
4985:
4963:
4951:. Retrieved
4946:
4936:
4925:. Retrieved
4885:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4864:
4834:(1): 21–37.
4831:
4827:
4821:
4802:
4796:
4785:. Retrieved
4783:(1): 3. 2003
4780:
4776:
4760:. Retrieved
4756:the original
4751:
4747:
4738:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4626:. Retrieved
4604:
4594:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4311:(3009): 14.
4308:
4304:
4294:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4250:
4237:
4227:
4220:
4194:
4188:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4034:
4030:
4024:
3999:
3995:
3953:
3947:
3919:
3912:
3901:the original
3873:(1): 3–128.
3870:
3864:
3851:
3792:(107): 107.
3789:
3785:
3775:
3763:
3739:
3701:
3694:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3625:
3619:
3602:
3598:
3556:
3537:
3531:
3461:
3457:
3446:
3402:
3391:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3369:
3326:
3322:
3295:
3282:
3259:
3226:
3222:
3175:
3168:
3145:
3138:
3119:
3065:
3051:
3041:
3022:bone tissues
3019:
3012:
3000:
2992:
2985:
2961:
2954:
2940:Applications
2930:
2926:fast fission
2910:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2867:
2810:World War II
2783:
2763:
2739:
2722:
2697:
2674:
2658:
2643:
2635:
2614:mass numbers
2611:
2586:magic number
2567:
2563:praseodymium
2524:
2363:Purple-pink
2328:coordination
2303:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2034:
1929:cerium group
1926:
1902:
1882:
1836:alpha decays
1833:
1801:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1580:
1517: (1945)
1506: (1945)
1455:Bulk modulus
1427:paramagnetic
1388:/K (at
1368:
1363:
1229:
1054:
942:Darmstadtium
809:Protactinium
595:
583:Praseodymium
6988:Lanthanides
5295:(389): 292.
5210:January 13,
4953:26 February
4657:Emsley 2011
4564:(33): 771.
4453:: 190–192.
4399:: 319–320.
4280:: 371–381.
4257:30 December
4251:The Hexagon
3817:2117/375253
3424:Emsley 2011
3047:anisotropic
3009:Precautions
2770:isobar rule
2685:pitchblende
2681:uranium-238
2594:alpha decay
2337:space group
2231:monoclinic
2061:space group
1838:of natural
1781:radioactive
1650:5.53 y
1611:17.7 y
1116:] 4f 6s
984:Livermorium
956:Copernicium
949:Roentgenium
879:Mendelevium
865:Einsteinium
858:Californium
124:Mass number
6993:Prometheus
6973:Promethium
6967:Categories
5345:2012-02-10
4927:2018-06-17
4887:2011-01-31
4787:2018-06-17
4762:2006-09-17
4628:2013-04-25
4044:1908.11458
3929:Section 11
3605:(8): 428.
3439:promethium
3393:2012-06-20
3329:(3): 233.
3101:References
3085:/3 =
3015:beta decay
2957:gamma rays
2907:Production
2814:Prometheus
2621:Occurrence
2576:(5.1
2531:primordial
2527:lanthanide
2402:hexagonal
2369:hexagonal
2270:hexagonal
2042:monoclinic
1936:ions with
1874:Properties
1829:Prometheus
1793:lanthanide
1789:technetium
1758:Promethium
1750:references
1475:CAS Number
1327:from decay
1198:7.13
1159:1315
1030:promethium
991:Tennessine
935:Meitnerium
914:Seaborgium
893:Lawrencium
632:Dysprosium
618:Gadolinium
597:Promethium
469:Technetium
462:Molybdenum
263:Phosphorus
115:Appearance
47:Promethium
4623:690920513
4426:: 40–42.
4077:201664098
4069:1434-601X
3925:CRC Press
3883:CiteSeerX
3826:252108123
3745:CRC Press
3676:2296-2646
3486:1476-4687
3343:0022-5088
3077:/K, and α
2924:to cause
2764:In 1934,
2746:Brazilian
2704:Andromeda
2644:In 1965,
2636:In 1934,
2630:Uraninite
2543:neodymium
2396:Lavender
2333:symmetry
2096:density,
2057:symmetry
2046:hexagonal
2026:·10H
1810:(60) and
1808:neodymium
1576:half-life
1490:Discovery
1026:neodymium
998:Oganesson
977:Moscovium
970:Flerovium
851:Berkelium
837:Americium
830:Plutonium
823:Neptunium
660:Ytterbium
590:Neodymium
569:Lanthanum
532:Tellurium
490:Palladium
476:Ruthenium
448:Zirconium
430:Strontium
386:Germanium
337:Manganese
293:Potassium
249:Aluminium
240:Magnesium
180:Beryllium
5164:(1): 2.
4856:96599441
4730:20270831
4586:46235121
4180:97792365
3504:38778232
3495:11111410
3294:(1988),
3081:= α
2994:emitter
2968:phosphor
2897:neutrons
2870:tantalum
2759:didymium
2750:monazite
2748:mineral
2742:Florence
2547:samarium
2515:Isotopes
2322:Formula
2309:and SmCl
2054:Formula
2002:·8H
1840:europium
1812:samarium
1802:In 1902
1777:isotopes
1138:at
1034:samarium
963:Nihonium
886:Nobelium
795:Actinium
781:Francium
765:Astatine
758:Polonium
737:Thallium
716:Platinum
688:Tungsten
681:Tantalum
667:Lutetium
611:Europium
604:Samarium
525:Antimony
423:Rubidium
400:Selenium
330:Chromium
323:Vanadium
316:Titanium
309:Scandium
277:Chlorine
217:Fluorine
203:Nitrogen
155:Hydrogen
118:metallic
106:-thee-əm
6710:p-block
6705:d-block
6700:f-block
6695:s-block
5166:Bibcode
4922:4819080
4836:Bibcode
4566:Bibcode
4543:4089909
4523:Bibcode
4486:Bibcode
4378:4127574
4358:Bibcode
4335:4094131
4313:Bibcode
4131:Bibcode
4049:Bibcode
4004:Bibcode
3875:Bibcode
3794:Bibcode
3685:7366832
3466:Bibcode
3079:average
3003:Philips
2977:tritium
2802:uranium
2714:History
2656:of Nd.
2650:apatite
2537:of the
2330:number
1938:ammonia
1893:valence
1862:) with
1848:uranium
1799:of +3.
1484:History
1179:Density
1101:f-block
928:Hassium
921:Bohrium
907:Dubnium
872:Fermium
816:Uranium
802:Thorium
751:Bismuth
709:Iridium
695:Rhenium
674:Hafnium
653:Thulium
639:Holmium
625:Terbium
555:Caesium
504:Cadmium
483:Rhodium
455:Niobium
441:Yttrium
414:Krypton
407:Bromine
393:Arsenic
379:Gallium
300:Calcium
256:Silicon
173:Lithium
97:
6861:Pm(OH)
5403:
5372:
5258:
5233:
5201:
5124:
5080:
5043:
5018:
4993:
4920:
4854:
4809:
4728:
4681:
4621:
4611:
4584:
4541:
4515:Nature
4478:Nature
4376:
4350:Nature
4333:
4305:Nature
4178:
4075:
4067:
3970:
3935:
3885:
3824:
3751:
3709:
3682:
3674:
3632:
3544:
3502:
3492:
3484:
3458:Nature
3376:
3341:
3302:
3270:
3186:
3156:
3126:
2973:radium
2700:HR 465
2596:. Its
2565:-141.
2325:color
2292:595.4
2289:380.2
2286:380.2
2189:cubic
1942:Pm(OH)
1766:symbol
1718:
1646:synth
1429:
1286:
1269:
1237:oxide)
1202:
1200:kJ/mol
1098:
1081:Period
844:Curium
788:Radium
702:Osmium
646:Erbium
576:Cerium
562:Barium
539:Iodine
511:Indium
497:Silver
365:Copper
358:Nickel
351:Cobalt
270:Sulfur
233:Sodium
210:Oxygen
196:Carbon
164:Helium
95:
6871:Pm(NO
6808:Pm(IO
5389:Nauka
5339:(PDF)
5332:(PDF)
4881:(PDF)
4874:(PDF)
4852:S2CID
4773:(PDF)
4673:[
4582:S2CID
4539:S2CID
4374:S2CID
4331:S2CID
4253:: 4–9
4247:(PDF)
4176:S2CID
4073:S2CID
4039:arXiv
3904:(PDF)
3861:(PDF)
3822:S2CID
3387:(PDF)
3366:(PDF)
3219:(PDF)
3180:(PDF)
3150:(PDF)
3063:/K, α
3033:Notes
2505:hR24
2481:β-PmI
2473:oS16
2467:Cmcm
2452:α-PmI
2444:oS16
2438:Cmcm
2385:1338
2382:hP24
2352:(°C)
2298:7.53
2255:7.40
2243:1422
2240:mS30
2234:C2/m
2216:6.77
2210:1099
2207:1099
2204:1099
2201:cI80
2174:6.99
2141:β-Pm
2136:7.26
2130:1165
2115:/mmc
2103:α-Pm
2098:g/cm
2088:(pm)
2082:(pm)
2076:(pm)
2037:oxide
1971:Nd(NO
1960:Pm(NO
1887:[
1764:with
1760:is a
1684:trace
1606:synth
1562:Decay
1235:basic
1148:solid
1135:Phase
1112:[
1093:Block
1068:Group
772:Radon
546:Xenon
284:Argon
189:Boron
102:proh-
6931:Pm(C
6907:PmPO
6788:PmBr
6778:PmCl
5401:ISBN
5370:ISBN
5256:ISBN
5231:ISBN
5212:2012
5199:ISBN
5122:ISBN
5078:ISBN
5041:ISBN
5016:ISBN
4991:ISBN
4955:2012
4918:OSTI
4807:ISBN
4726:PMID
4679:ISBN
4619:OCLC
4609:ISBN
4259:2019
4065:ISSN
3968:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3749:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3672:ISSN
3630:ISBN
3542:ISBN
3500:PMID
3482:ISSN
3374:ISBN
3339:ISSN
3300:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3154:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3087:12.4
3071:15.0
3057:11.1
2796:and
2553:and
2545:and
2508:695
2502:148
2487:Red
2476:α→β
2458:Red
2447:624
2429:Red
2423:PmBr
2418:655
2415:hP8
2412:176
2409:/mc
2390:PmCl
2379:165
2350:m.p.
2305:NdCl
2283:hP5
2280:164
2249:891
2246:365
2198:206
2168:410
2165:410
2162:410
2159:cF4
2156:225
2127:365
2124:365
2121:hP4
2118:194
2107:dhcp
2044:and
1953:PmCl
1779:are
1771:and
1742:edit
1735:talk
1728:view
1591:mode
1414:r.t.
1390:r.t.
1227:+2,
744:Lead
723:Gold
372:Zinc
344:Iron
224:Neon
6949:PmN
6854:PmS
6840:(SO
6798:PmI
6768:PmF
5174:doi
4908:hdl
4900:doi
4844:doi
4832:130
4716:hdl
4708:doi
4574:doi
4531:doi
4519:118
4494:doi
4482:117
4455:doi
4451:160
4428:doi
4424:163
4401:doi
4397:169
4366:doi
4354:119
4321:doi
4309:120
4282:doi
4278:157
4168:doi
4139:doi
4127:419
4100:doi
4057:doi
4012:doi
4000:789
3960:doi
3893:doi
3871:729
3812:hdl
3802:doi
3790:936
3680:PMC
3662:doi
3607:doi
3490:PMC
3474:doi
3462:629
3331:doi
3231:doi
3093:/K.
2986:In
2877:PmF
2702:in
2679:of
2578:TBq
2470:63
2441:63
2376:c1
2366:11
2357:PmF
2341:No
2277:m1
2237:12
2213:16
2145:bcc
2065:No
1994:(SO
1846:of
1680:Pm
1643:Pm
1602:Pm
1584:1/2
1382:9.0
1344:hP4
1141:STP
518:Tin
104:MEE
6969::
6917:Pm
6889:(C
6885:Pm
6836:Pm
6822:Pm
6674:Og
6665:Ts
6656:Lv
6647:Mc
6638:Fl
6629:Nh
6620:Cn
6611:Rg
6602:Ds
6593:Mt
6584:Hs
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