879:
857:, perhaps in the process of writing this list, since several Latin names changed in these years. Another reform of the Senate followed a few decades later: senators were by now picked from among former magistrates. As a result, senators were ordered by the censors in several ranks according to their past magistracies. This ordering by seniority led to the creation of the princeps senatus: the first name on the list of senators, who was always the most senior ex-censor, patrician or plebeian; the censors could not make a choice between candidates. Caecus was almost certainly not the first princeps, because the extensive tradition about him would not have failed to mention this fact. He is also described as an old man speaking in the Senate against
980:
964:
44:
952:. Although the position probably continued – there was still a list of senators and someone had to be listed first – the prerogatives of the office fell away. In particular, consuls designate assumed the honour of speaking first. This may be because, through the 80s and 70s, the senior living ex-censors – the most senior members of the senate, in the absence of a formal
722:
was the most prestigious position in Rome and had adduced further privileges: he moved all routine senate business, having power to have his input directly moulded into them by choosing their wording. He also set out the possible options on controversial proposals. Some notable principes of this
845:, who could only remove senators in case of misconduct, thus making them appointed for life. The law also increased their number to 300. These changes led the censors to make an official list of senators, recording their right to sit in the Senate. The first censor to make this list was likely
910:"). After this date, the princeps was the most important politician of the day, chosen among the ex-consuls, and often one of the sitting censors, appointed by the other censor. When the censors could not agree on a candidate, the choice was solved by lot, as in 209 BC.
960:, – were largely uninfluential and unimportant men. Even when named first in the list of senators, they were largely so named by default or custom and were unable to assert speaking privilege before more influential, but junior, consulars.
837:, which considerably changed the composition of the Senate. Before this law, senators were about a hundred and appointed by the consuls from among their supporters; membership of the Senate therefore changed every year. The
2067:, pp. 2–3 n. 6, explaining, "Cicero can be described as the 'leader of the Senate' in its struggle against Antony... but that does not make him princeps senatus within the traditional meaning of that term".
1002:
may have been the last princeps senatus of the
Republic, appointed after April 43 by his fellow senators. Such restoration of this ancient office was part of "diehard republicans"' propaganda against
813:. Ryan has argued instead that the princeps could be a plebeian: first, ancient sources never mention Mommsen's patrician requirement; second, because the post was established after the end of the
1036:
were possibly ineligible, and
Augustus was not yet then one of the customary candidates (senior ex-censors). Regardless, Augustus held the office until his death; it then absorbed into the
2118:
Ryan often gives several dates for each princeps and various degrees of certainty; out of practicality, only the dates that he considers the most probable are reproduced here.
938:
order in order to prevent any man from rising above the rest (for example, iteration of the consulship was banned). Several scholars, such as
Theodor Mommsen and
867:. Since he was the most senior former censor at that date, the first princeps was necessarily appointed after his death. The most probable candidate is therefore
1413:
2457:
1043:
In the emperor's absence, it is possible that a senator was granted the privilege of holding this role when the Senate met; the notoriously unreliable
594:
1618:
1611:
1559:
1539:
1464:
1544:
1506:
1446:
1939:
2344:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1189:
2886:
2928:
2916:
878:
2975:
1566:
1475:
1469:
1407:
1276:
2891:
1481:
1389:
1384:
1351:
4263:
2901:
1592:
1534:
1516:
1511:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1423:
1418:
1379:
1361:
1356:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1292:
968:
903:
728:
656:
648:
4208:
2896:
2630:
943:
587:
191:
1814:
567:
4178:
3003:
2530:
2202:
2151:
759:), which makes it more difficult to follow its evolution. For a long time, modern historians were influenced by the works of
181:
1810:
942:, believe that Sulla even abolished the office. However, Sulla would probably not have demoted his close ally, the princeps
4268:
4143:
3296:
2849:
801:). However, Francis Ryan showed that Mommsen's argument was circular: he first asserted that the princeps must be from a
352:
683:' prerogatives with their own, although there are occasional mentions of distinctive principes during the later Empire.
4294:
2520:
1501:
174:
157:
643:
The position was created in the first half of the third century BC and retained its prominence for two centuries. The
4188:
2948:
2515:
2510:
2486:
2337:
2277:
1691:
1366:
1271:
1266:
1230:
899:
809:
can be drawn from the principes – while ancient sources are silent on many principes and do not give the list of the
580:
152:
4203:
2876:
2525:
2452:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1161:
1126:
868:
169:
17:
906:, the senior ex-censor. Tuditanus justified his choice by saying that Fabius was the foremost of all the Romans ("
2469:
2402:
2181:
2169:
1307:
1156:
1151:
1146:
923:
660:
162:
3223:
3148:
2906:
4289:
3719:
1665:
3559:
3163:
2615:
2330:
895:
4258:
4183:
3942:
2998:
2881:
2427:
1050:
1012:. Cicero's ascribed leadership of the senate, however, may not necessarily correspond to the traditional
4218:
3882:
3774:
3544:
3316:
3138:
3046:
2911:
2854:
365:
699:(that is, every 5 years on average) whenever there was a vacancy on the seat during their tenure. The
4238:
3331:
3286:
3213:
3133:
3081:
3071:
3023:
2370:
430:
132:
3839:
3749:
3258:
3238:
3233:
3218:
3171:
3111:
3066:
2868:
1585:
850:
768:
34:
731:, who was appointed a record six times between 179 and 154 and combined his position with that of
4299:
4248:
4228:
4168:
4158:
4148:
3554:
3243:
3143:
3123:
3038:
3028:
2733:
2673:
2653:
2365:
1217:
1121:
1116:
1111:
468:
4253:
4243:
4193:
4173:
3987:
3962:
3927:
3809:
3534:
3181:
2943:
2474:
846:
824:
appeared in the beginning of the third century BC, possibly in 275. It finds its origin in the
814:
2143:
4304:
4223:
4153:
3977:
3729:
3529:
3524:
3321:
3228:
3153:
3116:
3101:
3076:
3056:
2958:
2079:. "Augustus revived it, appointing himself ... His successors took it as a matter of course".
4233:
4198:
3887:
3754:
3654:
3579:
3444:
3407:
2783:
2447:
1683:
110:
3877:
817:, the plebeians would not have allowed the patricians to create an office barred to them.
8:
4163:
4012:
3814:
3684:
3634:
2953:
2550:
1991:. "Sulla abolished the office, since he did not want any one senator to have such power".
1338:
1240:
1235:
948:
826:
245:
1709:. "The senator whose name was entered first on the senate list compiled by the censors".
4213:
3937:
3744:
3599:
3539:
3459:
3402:
3266:
2502:
2481:
1054:
503:
142:
3852:
1028:
in 28 BC; he, irregularly, appointed himself. If the post was limited to certain
3847:
3699:
3454:
3414:
3392:
2600:
2273:
2254:
2208:
2198:
2157:
2147:
1687:
1070:
858:
422:
415:
218:
2132:
Badian, Ernst (2012). "princeps senatus". In
Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.).
3912:
3872:
3804:
3739:
3664:
3659:
3431:
3354:
3301:
3096:
3091:
2980:
2839:
2788:
2748:
2718:
2713:
2698:
2620:
2567:
2560:
2545:
2540:
2464:
2392:
2139:
1679:
1675:
1394:
1302:
1297:
1261:
1045:
883:
732:
724:
715:
714:
had the honour of speaking first on any motion or topic presented by the presiding
652:
544:
538:
517:
346:
325:
270:
255:
250:
235:
119:
1669:
1053:, some others held the position; in particular, it stated that the future emperor
4007:
3819:
3799:
3759:
3694:
3644:
3639:
3514:
3464:
3372:
3206:
3186:
3106:
2555:
2380:
2267:
2220:
2133:
1058:
778:
760:
260:
4062:
3704:
3439:
3387:
3359:
3306:
3291:
3271:
3086:
3061:
3018:
3008:
2834:
2808:
2738:
2723:
2688:
2648:
2409:
995:
927:
798:
790:
782:
773:
630:
549:
496:
340:
315:
224:
72:
2030:
4283:
3594:
3564:
3479:
3013:
2990:
2803:
2658:
2643:
2590:
2397:
2316:
2258:
2161:
1966:, p. 239. It is also the only case of such disagreement between censors.
1245:
1037:
794:
676:
445:
295:
63:
2212:
979:
963:
4072:
3932:
3377:
3326:
3281:
3276:
3128:
2938:
2824:
2768:
2763:
2535:
2419:
2353:
939:
842:
786:
696:
625:
358:
310:
280:
206:
81:
3867:
3489:
3311:
3201:
2595:
1008:
1003:
755:
672:
401:
4092:
4032:
3997:
3789:
3724:
3714:
3609:
3494:
3382:
2965:
2933:
2678:
2605:
2437:
2432:
482:
212:
92:
2322:
4122:
4117:
4077:
4002:
3972:
3952:
3829:
3769:
3679:
3629:
3624:
3549:
3509:
3397:
3367:
3176:
3051:
2844:
2728:
2703:
2582:
1062:
935:
749:
554:
524:
390:
372:
335:
703:
was not a lifetime appointment. However, in practice, the incumbent
624:, was the first member by precedence on the membership rolls of the
43:
4082:
4067:
4057:
4042:
3957:
3947:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3794:
3709:
3589:
3574:
3504:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3449:
3248:
2829:
2793:
2683:
2610:
2442:
1025:
636:
489:
379:
290:
201:
99:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4052:
4047:
4037:
3982:
3967:
3784:
3779:
3764:
3734:
3689:
3669:
3649:
3604:
3336:
3191:
2970:
2778:
2773:
2663:
647:
were often the most famous Roman politicians of the period, such
475:
454:
305:
285:
4112:
3992:
3922:
3862:
3857:
3824:
3584:
3569:
3519:
3499:
2921:
2798:
2693:
1820:
1640:
1633:
1066:
999:
984:
668:
510:
300:
1736:
3897:
3619:
3346:
2638:
931:
854:
664:
640:, this office conferred prestige on the senator holding it.
1788:
4107:
3674:
3614:
3196:
2572:
2188:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
2176:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.
1860:
671:, its possible last incumbent during the struggle between
667:
in 82–80 BC, but might have been temporarily restored for
2668:
946:, who had enabled his appointment as dictator though the
461:
408:
2232:
Mommsen, Theodor (1864b). "Über den princeps senatus".
2018:
1776:
2046:
1994:
1836:
1752:
1065:, and he continued to hold it through to the reign of
2006:
1969:
1764:
1945:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1724:
1712:
1069:. The same source also makes the same claim about
1073:when the Senate acclaimed him emperor in AD 275.
841:transferred the power to appoint senators to the
4281:
1057:held the office in AD 238, during the reigns of
913:
2269:Rank and Participation in the Republican Senate
2124:
2319:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
27:First member by precedence of the Roman Senate
2338:
2287:Suolahti, Jaakko (1972). "Princeps senatus".
588:
2245:Rafferty, David (2011). "Princeps senatus".
1076:
1006:, whom Cicero had violently attacked in his
777:– the most illustrious patrician families (
2345:
2331:
595:
581:
2180:
2168:
2138:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1866:
1794:
898:went against the tradition and appointed
2286:
2244:
2231:
2219:
2064:
2036:
2024:
1975:
1830:
1806:
1770:
1758:
1671:Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
978:
962:
877:
707:was always re-appointed by the censors.
2352:
2300:Willems, Pierre Gaspard Hubert (1878).
2299:
2192:
2144:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5331
2012:
1848:
1746:
1663:
14:
4282:
2195:The constitution of the Roman Republic
2131:
2076:
1988:
1742:
1706:
1277:M'. Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla
871:, chosen by the censors of 275, whose
2326:
2186:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2174:The magistrates of the Roman republic
998:and Francis Ryan have suggested that
727:(appointed in 199, 194, and 189) and
2265:
2052:
2000:
1963:
1951:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1854:
1842:
1826:
1782:
1730:
1718:
1684:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001
1019:
849:, who was said to have invented the
1482:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
1390:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
1385:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
1352:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
659:. It lost its importance after the
614:
24:
1414:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
25:
4316:
2310:
2302:Le Sénat de la République romaine
2234:Rheinisches Museum für Philologie
1612:Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus
900:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
628:. Although officially out of the
2182:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
2170:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
956:due to the paucity of censorial
922:ceased to be relevant after the
875:left a mark in ancient sources.
869:Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus
42:
2135:The Oxford classical dictionary
2112:
2099:
2082:
2070:
2058:
1981:
1957:
1932:
1800:
1308:Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus
1700:
1657:
1502:Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianus
738:
735:– the Roman chief priesthood.
718:. By the middle republic, the
13:
1:
1598:
1572:
1521:
1490:
1486:
1395:P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
1312:
1303:P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
1298:P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
1281:
1262:P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
1250:
1162:C. Marcius Rutilus Censorinus
1135:
1131:
914:Decline after Sulla's reforms
861:
831:
805:, and later said the list of
675:and the Senate in 43 BC. The
2917:Frontiers and fortifications
2247:Melbourne Historical Journal
2125:General and cited references
1651:
1367:Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
1272:Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
1267:Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
1231:Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
1024:The position was revived by
896:Publius Sempronius Tuditanus
7:
2976:Decorations and punishments
2197:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1664:Roberts, John, ed. (2007).
1645:after 21 April – 7 Dec. 43
1545:L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus
1507:L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus
1447:L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus
1185:Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus
1180:Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus
1175:Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus
1127:Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus
1051:Crisis of the Third Century
918:The status and function of
894:In 209 BC, the censor
10:
4321:
3883:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2458:historiography of the fall
908:princeps Romanae civitatis
695:was chosen by the pair of
686:
4295:Ancient Roman politicians
4264:External wars and battles
4131:
4025:
3838:
3430:
3423:
3345:
3257:
3162:
3037:
2989:
2867:
2817:
2756:
2747:
2629:
2581:
2501:
2418:
2388:
2379:
2361:
2193:Lintott, Andrew (2009) .
991:of the republic in 43 BC.
431:Senatus consultum ultimum
326:Extraordinary magistrates
2272:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
2266:Ryan, Francis X (1998).
1586:Quintus Lutatius Catulus
1222:247 or 241 – before 230
1213:Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges
1208:Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges
1203:Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges
1190:Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges
1049:claimed that during the
747:was not defined by law (
35:Politics of ancient Rome
4259:Roman–Iranian relations
2734:Optimates and populares
1040:'s offices and powers.
944:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
904:Titus Manlius Torquatus
890:from 199 to 184/183 BC.
763:, who thought that the
729:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
723:period were the famous
657:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
649:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
4269:Civil wars and revolts
3535:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3182:Conflict of the Orders
2541:Legislative assemblies
992:
976:
971:, the longest serving
969:Marcus Aemlius Lepidus
891:
847:Appius Claudius Caecus
815:Conflict of the Orders
192:Political institutions
3978:Simplicius of Cilicia
3730:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2959:Siege in Ancient Rome
2568:Executive magistrates
2317:The Roman Law Library
1567:P. Cornelius Lentulus
1476:P. Cornelius Lentulus
1470:P. Cornelius Lentulus
1408:P. Cornelius Lentulus
982:
966:
934:established a strict
926:in 82–80 BC. As
881:
753:), but by tradition (
4290:Ancient Roman titles
3988:Stephanus Byzantinus
3893:Eusebius of Caesaria
3755:Sidonius Apollinaris
3445:Ammianus Marcellinus
2784:Tribune of the plebs
2225:Römische Forschungen
1785:, pp. 179, 181.
1517:Ap. Claudius Pulcher
1442:Ap. Claudius Pulcher
1419:Ap. Claudius Pulcher
1380:Ap. Claudius Pulcher
1218:Cn. Cornelius Blasio
1122:M'. Valerius Maximus
1117:M'. Valerius Maximus
1112:M'. Valerius Maximus
987:, possibly the last
622:leader of the senate
271:Ordinary magistrates
4164:Distinguished women
3815:Velleius Paterculus
3655:Nicolaus Damascenus
3635:Marcellus Empiricus
3024:Republican currency
1797:, p. 130 n. 1.
1619:L. Valerius Flaccus
1593:M. Aemilius Scaurus
1560:L. Valerius Flaccus
1540:L. Valerius Flaccus
1535:M. Aemilius Scaurus
1512:M. Aemilius Scaurus
1465:L. Valerius Flaccus
1452:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1437:M. Aemilius Scaurus
1424:L. Valerius Flaccus
1362:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1357:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1334:L. Valerius Flaccus
1329:L. Valerius Flaccus
1324:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1293:L. Valerius Flaccus
1085:
710:Traditionally, the
3938:Phlegon of Tralles
3745:Seneca the Younger
3219:Naming conventions
2949:Personal equipment
2482:Later Roman Empire
2105:Historia Augusta,
2090:The Three Gordians
2088:Historia Augusta,
2055:, pp. 200–03.
2003:, pp. 191–94.
1869:, pp. 158–59.
1845:, pp. 226–29.
1666:"Princeps senatus"
1549:130? – before 125
1157:M. Fabius Ambustus
1152:M. Fabius Ambustus
1147:M. Fabius Ambustus
1084:
993:
977:
892:
865: 280 BC
835: 313 BC
634:and possessing no
620:), in English the
504:Triumvir monetalis
438:Titles and honours
4277:
4276:
4239:Pontifices maximi
4021:
4020:
3878:Diogenes Laërtius
3700:Pliny the Younger
3455:Asconius Pedianus
3415:Romance languages
3287:Civil engineering
3029:Imperial currency
2902:Political control
2863:
2862:
2497:
2496:
2204:978-0-19-815068-8
2153:978-0-19-954556-8
2094:The Two Valerians
1649:
1648:
1641:M. Tullius Cicero
1634:M. Tullius Cicero
1575:125 – before 115
1524:136 – before 130
1315:220 – before 216
1284:225 – before 220
1194:258 – 247 or 241
1166:265 – before 258
1079:principes senatus
1020:During the Empire
1014:princeps senatus'
975:(179–153/152 BC).
967:Modern statue of
765:principes senatus
618:principes senatus
605:
604:
423:Quaestio perpetua
416:Senatus consultum
219:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
4312:
4229:Magistri equitum
4144:Cities and towns
4137:
4063:Constantinopolis
3873:Diodorus Siculus
3805:Valerius Maximus
3740:Seneca the Elder
3660:Nonius Marcellus
3428:
3427:
2981:Hippika gymnasia
2944:Infantry tactics
2850:Consular tribune
2840:Magister equitum
2789:Military tribune
2754:
2753:
2714:Pontifex maximus
2709:Princeps senatus
2699:Magister militum
2465:Byzantine Empire
2386:
2385:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2305:
2296:
2283:
2262:
2241:
2228:
2221:Mommsen, Theodor
2216:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1676:Oxford Reference
1661:
1600:
1574:
1523:
1492:
1488:
1314:
1283:
1252:
1137:
1133:
1097:Suolahti (1972)
1086:
1083:
1046:Historia Augusta
989:princeps senatus
983:Ancient bust of
973:princeps senatus
954:princeps senatus
924:reforms of Sulla
920:princeps senatus
888:princeps senatus
884:Scipio Africanus
882:Ancient bust of
866:
863:
836:
833:
822:princeps senatus
745:princeps senatus
743:The position of
733:pontifex maximus
725:Scipio Africanus
720:princeps senatus
712:princeps senatus
705:princeps senatus
701:princeps senatus
693:princeps senatus
681:princeps senatus
663:of the dictator
653:Scipio Africanus
616:
610:princeps senatus
597:
590:
583:
539:Pontifex maximus
532:Princeps senatus
518:Magister militum
353:Consular tribune
347:Magister equitum
175:Augustan reforms
46:
30:
29:
21:
18:Princeps Senatus
4320:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4017:
3853:Aëtius of Amida
3834:
3820:Verrius Flaccus
3800:Valerius Antias
3760:Silius Italicus
3695:Pliny the Elder
3640:Marcus Aurelius
3515:Cornelius Nepos
3465:Aurelius Victor
3419:
3341:
3253:
3187:Secessio plebis
3158:
3033:
2985:
2859:
2813:
2743:
2625:
2577:
2493:
2414:
2375:
2357:
2351:
2313:
2308:
2280:
2205:
2154:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2027:, pp. 6–7.
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:, p. 225;
1825:
1821:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:, pp. 1–2.
1757:
1753:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1678:. p. 858.
1662:
1658:
1654:
1339:M. Fabius Buteo
1241:M. Fabius Buteo
1236:M. Fabius Buteo
1094:Willems (1878)
1091:Mommsen (1864)
1082:
1059:Maximinus Thrax
1022:
916:
864:
834:
761:Theodor Mommsen
741:
689:
601:
572:
568:Other countries
559:
428:
385:
320:
265:
230:
186:
163:Sullan republic
128:
124:
115:
106:
102:
95:
85:
76:
67:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4318:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4300:Cursus honorum
4297:
4292:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3705:Pomponius Mela
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Aelius Donatus
3436:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3408:Ecclesiastical
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3149:Toys and games
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Vigintisexviri
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Cursus honorum
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2448:Western Empire
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2311:External links
2309:
2307:
2306:
2304:. Vol. 1.
2297:
2284:
2278:
2263:
2242:
2229:
2227:. Vol. 1.
2217:
2203:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2152:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2098:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1954:, p. 231.
1944:
1931:
1929:, p. 170.
1919:
1917:, p. 143.
1907:
1905:, p. 230.
1895:
1893:, p. 168.
1883:
1881:, p. 138.
1871:
1867:Broughton 1951
1859:
1857:, p. 170.
1847:
1835:
1819:
1799:
1795:Broughton 1952
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1735:
1733:, p. 244.
1723:
1721:, p. 233.
1711:
1699:
1692:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1428:184/183 – 180
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:199 – 184/183
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:Ryan's dating
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1021:
1018:
996:Pierre Willems
915:
912:
811:gentes maiores
807:gentes maiores
774:gentes maiores
767:could only be
740:
737:
688:
685:
677:Roman emperors
631:cursus honorum
603:
602:
600:
599:
592:
585:
577:
574:
573:
571:
570:
564:
561:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
497:Vigintisexviri
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
450:
449:
448:
440:
439:
435:
434:
427:
426:
419:
412:
405:
397:
394:
393:
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
350:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
274:
273:
267:
266:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
239:
238:
232:
231:
229:
228:
225:Cursus honorum
221:
216:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
178:
177:
167:
166:
165:
155:
149:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
127:
126:
117:
107:
105:
104:
97:
96:27 BC – AD 284
89:
88:
87:
86:27 BC – AD 395
78:
73:Roman Republic
69:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4317:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Julius Paulus
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Fabius Pictor
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Amphitheatres
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Deforestation
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Siege engines
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Establishment
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:Extraordinary
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Promagistrate
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Twelve Tables
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2279:3-5150-7093-1
2275:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2065:Rafferty 2011
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2037:Rafferty 2011
2033:
2026:
2025:Rafferty 2011
2021:
2015:, p. 78.
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1976:Rafferty 2011
1972:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1831:Rafferty 2011
1828:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:Mommsen 1864a
1803:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1771:Rafferty 2011
1767:
1760:
1759:Rafferty 2011
1755:
1749:, p. 78.
1748:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1693:9780192801463
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:by 216 – 209
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
986:
981:
974:
970:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
885:
880:
876:
874:
870:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
829:
828:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
752:
751:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
612:
611:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
578:
576:
575:
569:
566:
565:
563:
562:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:
536:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
487:
485:
484:
480:
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
452:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:
425:
424:
420:
418:
417:
413:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
395:
392:
389:
388:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
368:
367:
363:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
331:
330:
327:
324:
323:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Promagistrate
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
241:
240:
237:
234:
233:
227:
226:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
197:
196:
193:
190:
189:
183:
180:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
134:
130:
129:
123:
122:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
64:Roman Kingdom
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4305:Roman Senate
4209:Institutions
4073:Leptis Magna
4026:Major cities
3933:Philostratus
3720:Quadrigarius
3540:Rufus Festus
3403:Contemporary
3124:Romanization
3047:Architecture
2708:
2654:Collegiality
2503:Constitution
2354:Ancient Rome
2301:
2292:
2288:
2268:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2194:
2185:
2173:
2134:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2020:
2013:Lintott 2009
2008:
1996:
1983:
1978:, p. 1.
1971:
1959:
1947:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1822:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1773:, p. 2.
1766:
1754:
1747:Lintott 2009
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1670:
1659:
1623:by 86 – 70s
1456:179–153/152
1100:Ryan (1998)
1078:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1007:
994:
988:
972:
957:
953:
947:
940:Ernst Badian
919:
917:
907:
893:
887:
872:
838:
825:
821:
819:
810:
806:
802:
772:
764:
754:
748:
744:
742:
719:
711:
709:
704:
700:
692:
690:
680:
644:
642:
635:
629:
626:Roman Senate
621:
617:
609:
608:
606:
537:
531:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
429:
421:
414:
407:
400:
378:
371:
364:
357:
345:
223:
211:
207:Collegiality
143:Constitution
131:
120:
111:
82:Roman Empire
80:
71:
62:
4204:Geographers
3888:Dioscorides
3868:Cassius Dio
3490:Cassiodorus
3393:Renaissance
2999:Agriculture
2971:Auxiliaries
2912:Engineering
2749:Magistrates
2601:Citizenship
2596:Mos maiorum
2531:Late Empire
2253:(2): 1–22.
2077:Badian 2012
1989:Badian 2012
1809:, pp.
1743:Badian 2012
1707:Badian 2012
1009:Philippicae
1004:Mark Antony
949:lex Valeria
902:instead of
739:Appointment
679:merged the
673:Mark Antony
402:Mos maiorum
182:Late Empire
125:AD 395–1453
4284:Categories
4093:Mediolanum
4033:Alexandria
3998:Themistius
3963:Porphyrius
3790:Tertullian
3725:Quintilian
3715:Propertius
3610:Lactantius
3560:Fulgentius
3495:Censorinus
3317:Sanitation
3302:Metallurgy
3259:Technology
3224:Demography
3172:Patricians
3139:Spectacles
3097:Literature
3092:Hairstyles
2929:Technology
2679:Praefectus
2631:Government
2621:Litigation
2606:Auctoritas
2551:Centuriate
2438:Principate
2433:Pax Romana
2393:Foundation
2295:: 207–218.
2240:: 455–457.
1569:(cos 162)
1478:(cos 162)
1472:(cos 162)
1410:(cos 162)
1371:209 – 203
1253:230 – 225
1246:C. Duilius
936:oligarchic
839:lex Ovinia
827:lex Ovinia
803:gens maior
769:patricians
716:magistrate
483:Praefectus
391:Public law
246:Centuriate
236:Assemblies
213:Auctoritas
116:AD 395–476
103:AD 284–641
93:Principate
68:753–509 BC
4249:Quaestors
4179:Empresses
4169:Dynasties
4159:Dictators
4134:and other
4123:Volubilis
4118:Vindobona
4078:Londinium
4003:Theodoret
3973:Procopius
3953:Polyaenus
3928:Pausanias
3830:Vitruvius
3775:Symmachus
3770:Suetonius
3680:Petronius
3665:Obsequens
3630:Macrobius
3625:Lucretius
3550:Frontinus
3525:Eutropius
3510:Columella
3460:Augustine
3450:Appuleius
3398:Neo-Latin
3373:Classical
3364:Versions
3272:Aqueducts
3214:Patronage
3134:Sexuality
3107:Mythology
3082:Education
3072:Cosmetics
2897:Campaigns
2892:Structure
2845:Decemviri
2704:Imperator
2403:overthrow
2259:0076-6232
2223:(1864a).
2162:959667246
2053:Ryan 1998
2001:Ryan 1998
1964:Ryan 1998
1952:Ryan 1998
1927:Ryan 1998
1915:Ryan 1998
1903:Ryan 1998
1891:Ryan 1998
1879:Ryan 1998
1855:Ryan 1998
1843:Ryan 1998
1827:Ryan 1998
1783:Ryan 1998
1731:Ryan 1998
1719:Ryan 1998
1652:Citations
1063:Gordian I
958:lectiones
851:rhotacism
645:principes
525:Imperator
373:Decemviri
366:Triumviri
336:Corrector
77:509–27 BC
4254:Tribunes
4244:Praetors
4194:Generals
4174:Emperors
4083:Lugdunum
4068:Eboracum
4058:Carthage
4043:Aquileia
3958:Polybius
3948:Plutarch
3918:Libanius
3908:Josephus
3903:Herodian
3795:Tibullus
3710:Priscian
3685:Phaedrus
3645:Manilius
3590:Jordanes
3575:Hydatius
3505:Claudian
3485:Catullus
3475:Boëthius
3470:Ausonius
3388:Medieval
3360:Alphabet
3332:Theatres
3307:Numerals
3292:Concrete
3282:Circuses
3249:Bagaudae
3239:Adoption
3234:Marriage
3207:Assembly
3112:Religion
3087:Folklore
3067:Clothing
3062:Calendar
3019:Currency
3009:Commerce
2907:Strategy
2869:Military
2855:Triumvir
2835:Dictator
2830:Interrex
2809:Governor
2794:Quaestor
2757:Ordinary
2739:Province
2729:Tetrarch
2719:Augustus
2684:Vicarius
2674:Officium
2611:Imperium
2561:Plebeian
2521:Republic
2443:Dominate
2410:Republic
2371:Timeline
2213:39706770
2184:(1952).
2172:(1951).
1077:List of
1055:Valerian
1026:Augustus
1016:office.
928:dictator
779:Cornelia
637:imperium
555:Tetrarch
545:Augustus
490:Vicarius
469:Officium
380:Interrex
341:Dictator
316:Governor
291:Quaestor
256:Plebeian
202:Imperium
158:Republic
133:Timeline
100:Dominate
4224:Legions
4184:Fiction
4154:Consuls
4149:Climate
4103:Ravenna
4098:Pompeii
4088:Lutetia
4053:Bononia
4048:Berytus
4038:Antioch
4013:Zosimus
4008:Zonaras
3983:Sozomen
3968:Priscus
3943:Photius
3785:Terence
3780:Tacitus
3765:Statius
3750:Servius
3735:Sallust
3690:Plautus
3670:Orosius
3650:Martial
3605:Juvenal
3580:Hyginus
3565:Gellius
3424:Writers
3355:History
3337:Thermae
3327:Temples
3277:Bridges
3244:Slavery
3192:Equites
3164:Society
3144:Theatre
3117:Deities
3077:Cuisine
3057:Bathing
3039:Culture
3014:Finance
2991:Economy
2882:Borders
2877:History
2779:Tribune
2774:Praetor
2664:Legatus
2659:Emperor
2546:Curiate
2516:Kingdom
2511:History
2487:History
2470:decline
2428:History
2398:Kingdom
2381:History
2366:Outline
2107:Tacitus
2092:, 9.7;
1071:Tacitus
1038:emperor
859:Pyrrhus
843:censors
799:Claudia
791:Aemilia
783:Valeria
771:of the
697:censors
687:History
661:reforms
476:Praeses
455:Legatus
446:Emperor
306:Tribune
286:Praetor
251:Curiate
153:Kingdom
121:Eastern
112:Western
55:Periods
4234:Nomina
4219:Legacy
4199:Gentes
4136:topics
4132:Lists
4113:Smyrna
3993:Strabo
3923:Lucian
3913:Julian
3863:Arrian
3858:Appian
3848:Aelian
3825:Vergil
3600:Justin
3585:Jerome
3570:Horace
3555:Fronto
3545:Florus
3520:Ennius
3500:Cicero
3480:Caesar
3378:Vulgar
3202:Tribes
3129:Romans
2939:Legion
2922:castra
2799:Aedile
2769:Censor
2764:Consul
2724:Caesar
2694:Lictor
2616:Status
2556:Tribal
2536:Senate
2526:Empire
2420:Empire
2356:topics
2289:Arctos
2276:
2257:
2211:
2201:
2160:
2150:
2041:passim
1815:258–59
1690:
1597:115 –
1489:147 –
1134:275 –
1067:Decius
1032:, the
1030:gentes
1000:Cicero
985:Cicero
873:lectio
797:, and
795:Manlia
669:Cicero
655:, and
550:Caesar
511:Lictor
311:Censor
301:Aedile
281:Consul
261:Tribal
170:Empire
3898:Galen
3840:Greek
3810:Varro
3620:Lucan
3432:Latin
3347:Latin
3322:Ships
3312:Roads
3297:Domes
3229:Women
3177:Plebs
3102:Music
2644:Forum
2639:Curia
2109:, 4.1
2096:, 5.4
1940:27.11
1938:Liv.
1811:92–94
1034:Julii
932:Sulla
855:Latin
787:Fabia
665:Sulla
4214:Laws
4189:Film
4108:Roma
3675:Ovid
3615:Livy
3383:Late
3197:Gens
3154:Wine
2966:Navy
2934:Army
2573:SPQR
2475:fall
2453:fall
2274:ISBN
2255:ISSN
2209:OCLC
2199:ISBN
2158:OCLC
2148:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1493:141
1138:265
1061:and
820:The
691:The
607:The
3368:Old
3052:Art
2825:Rex
2669:Dux
2583:Law
2140:doi
1987:Eg
1680:doi
1628:19
1606:18
1601:89
1580:17
1554:16
1529:15
1498:14
1461:13
1433:12
1404:11
1376:10
853:in
830:of
756:mos
750:lex
615:pl.
462:Dux
409:Ius
359:Rex
4286::
2291:.
2251:39
2249:.
2238:19
2236:.
2207:.
2156:.
2146:.
2039:,
1813:,
1745:;
1686:.
1674:.
1668:.
1599:c.
1573:c.
1522:c.
1491:c.
1487:c.
1348:9
1320:8
1313:c.
1289:7
1282:c.
1258:6
1251:c.
1227:5
1199:4
1171:3
1143:2
1136:c.
1132:c.
1108:1
930:,
886:,
862:c.
832:c.
793:,
789:,
785:,
781:,
651:,
2346:e
2339:t
2332:v
2293:7
2282:.
2261:.
2215:.
2164:.
2142::
2043:.
1942:.
1833:.
1817:.
1696:.
1682::
613:(
596:e
589:t
582:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
