1263:, particularly of ethnic Mexicans. The investigation estimated that from 1914 to 1919, between 300 and 5,000 ethnic Mexicans died in the violence. Charges were filed against many Rangers and the department was reduced in size. Additionally, Canales required administrative changes within the Texas Ranger Division, including much stricter recruitment criteria and higher pay for qualifying Rangers. The investigation largely ended the mass violence by law enforcement against Mexicans and instituted a new level of professionalism within the Rangers.
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1227:. On March 25, two months after the Porvenir massacre, a rancher and a female Mexican servant were killed by raiders at nearby Neville Ranch. The servant was raped, shot, and mutilated. As not much was stolen during the raid, it was suspected that the Neville Ranch killings were retaliation by Villistas for the Porvenir massacre.
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In 2015 archaeological research at the site of the killings turned up bullets and casings likely to have been fired by U.S. Cavalry standard-issue weapons. In 2002, Juan Flores identified the site where his father and 14 others were killed. One of the team's archaeologists, David Keller, said, "I can
1219:
The incident was not reported to Ranger command for nearly a month. Captain Fox of the
Rangers reported that the 15 Mexican villagers had ambushed the Rangers, and that stolen property from the Brite Ranch was found on the bodies of the villagers. Captain Anderson of the U.S. Cavalry and Henry Warren
1148:
They left the bodies of the dead where they were shot. The next day, the son of one of the men killed, 13-year old Juan Flores, went with Anglo-American schoolteacher Henry Warren to the site and discovered the massacre. The remaining 140 villagers abandoned
Porvenir. Many moved across the border to
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villager. Both weapons were confiscated, and three Tejano men were arrested and taken and detained at the Ranger camp. The men were released the next day. Shortly after two of the men returned to
Porvenir, the Rangers reentered the settlement in the early hours of January 28, taking everyone out of
1131:
On
January 26, 1918, Texas Rangers Company B, under the command of Captain James Monroe Fox, entered and searched the homes of villagers in Porvenir after suspecting involvement in the Brite Ranch raid a month before. During the search, the Rangers found only two weapons: a pistol belonging to an
1122:
The Brite Ranch raid took place on
Christmas Day, December 25, 1917, in Presidio County. The mail hack driver was hanged in the store, and his throat was slit. His two Mexican passengers were shot and killed, and the ranch foreman was injured. The bandits stole thousands of dollars worth of goods
1144:
A total of 15 males, two boys and the remainder of the men, all ethnic
Mexicans, were separated from the women, other children, and Anglo-Americans in the village. The Texas Rangers and ranchers led the men and boys outside the village to a nearby hill, reportedly leaving the U.S. Army Cavalry
1103:
in 1916, federal, state, and local authorities took greater action to stop raids in the border region. Many Texas
Rangers, including Company B, were ordered to secure the areas near the border and to stop raids by bandits, Villistas, and Anglo-Americans trying to provoke conflict with Mexico.
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from several widows of the victims, all having Henry Warren as their attorney. Along with a statement from Warren claiming the dead were all farmers, and none bandits, the investigation concluded that
Company B was to be tried for the killings. None of the Rangers were found guilty by a
802:
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say with a fair degree of confidence that the artifactual distribution, the types of artifacts, all strongly conform to the hypothesis that this was the site of the
Porvenir Massacre of 1918. The findings also strongly implicate the U.S. Cavalry."
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1076:. Despite having no evidence that the Porvenir villagers had been involved in recent thefts or the killings of ranchers, the Rangers separated 15 men and boys from the rest of the village and shot them on a nearby hill.
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their homes. In addition to the ten
Rangers, eight U.S. Army Cavalry, and four local Anglo-American ranchers (John Pool, Buck Pool, Raymond Fitzgerald and Tom Snyder) were present at the village.
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in 1915. The Plan de San Diego was a manifesto made by two Texas Mexicans in an attempt to create an uprising against Anglo-American settlers in the lands acquired by the US after the
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1248:. The remainder, including Captain Fox, were reassigned. Company B was disbanded. The investigation concluded that the U.S. Cavalry were not directly involved in the killings.
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It is largely unknown whether retaliatory action against Anglo-Americans by Mexicans occurred following the Porvenir massacre. One instance of possible retaliation was the
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a feature-length documentary film about the massacre. It features new and archival footage of interviews and archaeological digs. It was scheduled to be shown on
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into misconduct by the Rangers throughout Texas. The 1919 joint Senate–House investigation concluded that the Texas Rangers had committed many atrocities and
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gave a differing account of the massacre, stating the Rangers and ranchers had executed the men, and that the U.S. Cavalry was not involved in the killings.
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1119:. Although unsuccessful, this plan spurred fears of more violence in the border states, in addition to banditry and the encroaching Mexican civil war.
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from the store and horses before they fled toward Mexico. The U.S. Cavalry responded by chasing the suspected Villistas into Mexico.
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An investigation was launched by the Texas Rangers Command and headed by Captain William M. Hanson. The investigation used
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soldiers closer to the village. Shortly after, the party of Rangers and ranchers shot and killed all fifteen men and boys.
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Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Senate and the House in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force
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to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the massacre. There was widespread media coverage marking the anniversary.
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became more prevalent in the 1910s. Revolutionaries attacked farms, irrigation systems, and railroads. After
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Descendants of the victims of the massacre set up an organization. In 2018, they gathered for ceremonies in
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59:
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1920:
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David W. Keller (2021) "Archaeological investigations of the Porvenir Massacre, Presidio County, Texas,"
1554:"World War history: daily records and comments as appeared in American and foreign newspapers, 1914-1926"
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The Porvenir Ranger investigation was concluded in June 1918, shortly before Texas State Representative
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1817:"Rebroadcast: Andrew Shapter Revisits the Porvenir Massacre in Documentary and Feature-Length Film"
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On November 30, 2018, the state placed an historical highway marker 27 miles west of Marfa on
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Manuel Moralez, 47, who possessed a deed to 1,600 acres. His sixth child was born that night.
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Levario, Miguel A. "Cowboys and Bandidos: Authority and Race in West Texas, 1913-1918."
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1892:"Descendants reunite in San Antonio, Austin on Porvenir massacre's 100th anniversary"
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Testimonio: a Documentary History of the Mexican American Struggle for Civil Rights.
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1713:"Life and death on the border: effects of century-old murders still felt in Texas"
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Bosque Bonito: Violent times along the borderland during the Mexican Revolution
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Another factor that increased anti-Mexican sentiment was the emergence of the
2015:
1946:
Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928
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The Texas Rangers and the Mexican Revolution: The Bloodiest Decade, 1910-1920
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Forgotten Dead, Mob Violence Against Mexicans in The United States, 1848-1928
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2007:
Who Writes History? The Fight to Commemorate a Massacre by the Texas Rangers
1997:
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Porvenir, Texas
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The list of victims was documented by Porvenir schoolteacher Henry Warren.
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1955:. Alpine, TX: Sul Ross State University, Center for Big Bend Studies.
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https://news.sulross.edu/blog/2019/04/12/porvenir-the-quiet-massacre/
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Texas Obscurities: Stories of the Peculiar, Exceptional and Nefarious
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Racially motivated violence against Hispanic and Latino Americans
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to commemorate the Porvenir Massacre. It was installed under the
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The men killed were survived by a combined forty-two children.
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Company B had been sent to the area to stop banditry after the
570:
1970:
The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas
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had an increasing effect on Americans living near the border,
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Rosales, Francisco A. Houston, Tex.: Arte PĂşblico Press, 2000
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was an incident on January 28, 1918, outside the village of
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190:
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Institutional racism#Lynching of people of Mexican descent
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Shapter also began production in mid-2018 as director of
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Murders by law enforcement officers in the United States
1962:. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press.
1881:
1556:. New York: The New York Historical Society. p. 97.
1299:, a feature-length historical drama about the massacre.
1960:
Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy
1583:. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2013.
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led raids into the United States, most notably in the
2097:
United States military killing of American civilians
1801:, 16:3, 134–161, DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2119918
1168:
Román Nieves, 48, who possessed a deed to 320 acres
2027:20th-century military history of the United States
1986:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
1984:The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands
2013:
1275:
1438:
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1668:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 354.
1622:"Porvenir Massacre Archaeology Most Revealing"
1033:German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
852:German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
1664:Harris, Charles H.; Sadler, Louis R. (2007).
1551:
796:
762:
1704:
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2092:United States home front during World War I
1599:Warren, Henry, "The Porvenir Massacre" in
1568:West Texas Historical Association Yearbook
1537:Carrigan, William D.; Webb, Clive (2013).
1532:
1530:
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814:U.S. involvement in the Mexican Revolution
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2102:Violence against men in the United States
1972:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1171:Longino Flores, 44, father of Juan Flores
1132:Anglo-American man in the village, and a
2052:Massacres committed by the United States
1944:Carrigan, W. D., & Webb, C. (2013).
1552:Otto Spengler, ed. (December 23, 1917).
1479:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal
1060:and local ranchers, with the support of
1914:
1619:
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175:This article is part of a series on the
2014:
1698:Berkshier, Matthew D. April 12, 2019.
1737:
1735:
1733:
1462:'s Undertold Stories Marker Program.
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2107:War crimes in the Mexican Revolution
1951:Keil, R., & McBride, E. (2002).
1915:Minsker, Justin (January 25, 2019).
1710:
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1620:Justice, Glenn (December 16, 2015).
1615:
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1917:"Remembering the Porvenir Massacre"
1244:, but five were dismissed by Texas
669:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
613:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
13:
1948:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1938:
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1990:
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1689:. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
1649:. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
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2112:War crimes in the United States
1908:
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1821:KRTS 93.5 FM Marfa Public Radio
1799:Journal of Conflict Archaeology
1791:
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606:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
288:California agricultural strikes
2062:Massacres in the United States
1672:
1632:
1573:
1560:
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1:
1711:Dart, Tom (22 January 2016).
1518:
1276:Representation in other media
1079:
448:Occupation of Catalina Island
258:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
1439:Legacy and historical marker
1267:Archaeological investigation
1214:
7:
1921:Texas Historical Commission
1465:
1460:Texas Historical Commission
1401:November 30, 2018
1280:Texas-based film filmmaker
1126:
1113:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
238:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
2128:
1626:Glenn's Texas History Blog
1541:. Oxford University Press.
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110:January 28, 1918
16:1918 shooting in Texas, US
1750:1919 Ranger Investigation
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1246:Governor William P. Hobby
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458:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
283:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
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47:
38:
26:
21:
2042:Lynching deaths in Texas
1896:San Antonio Express-News
1638:Martinez, Monica Muñoz.
1345:Porvenir Massacre marker
743:United States portal
498:1985–1987 cannery strike
1982:Villanueva, N. (2017).
1958:Levario, M. A. (2012).
1393:42 inches (110 cm)
1257:a broader investigation
641:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
2072:Presidio County, Texas
1570:vol. 85, October 2009.
1508:Anti-Mexican sentiment
1385:27 inches (69 cm)
1334:30.50944°N 104.84444°W
1284:produced and directed
1261:extrajudicial killings
1186:Ambrosio Hernández, 21
1090:anti-Mexican sentiment
1054:Presidio County, Texas
620:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
537:Great American Boycott
418:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
388:Conferencia de Mujeres
83:30.41861°N 104.84444°W
53:Presidio County, Texas
2087:Texas Ranger Division
1678:Smith, Julia Cauble.
1198:Severiano Herrera, 15
1189:Antonio Castanedo, 72
1180:Macedonio Huertas, 30
1136:rifle belonging to a
655:Mendez v. Westminster
592:Botiller v. Dominguez
508:2019 El Paso shooting
491:Post-Chicano Movement
463:Plan de Santa Bárbara
363:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
293:Citrus Strike of 1936
228:San Elizario Salt War
201:Early-American period
183:and Mexican Americans
2047:Mass murder in Texas
1339:30.50944; -104.84444
1177:Eutimio Gonzales, 37
1117:Mexican–American War
1064:, killed 15 unarmed
648:Leal Garcia v. Texas
554:Justice for Janitors
423:Los Siete de la Raza
378:Colegio César Chávez
303:Mexican Repatriation
218:Mexican–American War
151:8th Cavalry Regiment
88:30.41861; -104.84444
2037:January 1918 events
1398:Dedicated date
1329: /
1307:
1204:Serapio Jiménez, 25
1195:Viviano Herrera, 23
1183:Tiburcio Jaques, 50
584:Supreme Court cases
503:1992 Drywall Strike
478:United Farm Workers
428:Los Seis de Boulder
413:Land grant struggle
403:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
323:Sleepy Lagoon trial
181:History of Chicanos
78: /
2003:The Texas Observer
1680:Neville Ranch Raid
1491:History portal
1305:
1253:José Tomás Canales
1225:Neville Ranch raid
1174:Alberto GarcĂa, 35
1101:Battle of Columbus
1086:Mexican Revolution
1068:boys and men. The
901:Mexican Expedition
827:Mexican Revolution
599:Hernandez v. Texas
398:East L.A. walkouts
373:Chicano Moratorium
268:Bisbee Deportation
213:Las Gorras Blancas
33:Mexican Revolution
2057:Massacres in 1918
2001:Daniel Blue Tyx,
1777:External link in
1754:Texas Legislature
1685:Handbook of Texas
1645:Handbook of Texas
1640:Porvenir Massacre
1436:
1435:
1376:historical marker
1306:Porvenir Massacre
1201:Pedro Jiménez, 25
1192:Pedro Herrera, 25
1109:Plan de San Diego
1046:Porvenir massacre
1041:
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1013:3rd Ciudad Juárez
978:Zimmermann affair
871:1st Ciudad Juarez
779:
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716:Dallas–Fort Worth
662:Bernal v. Fainter
634:MedellĂn v. Texas
353:Black-brown unity
318:Porvenir Massacre
313:Plan de San Diego
308:Operation Wetback
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22:Porvenir Massacre
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2032:History of Texas
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1865:"Porvenir Movie"
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1207:Juan Jiménez, 16
1074:Brite Ranch raid
1066:Mexican American
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163:Retaliation for
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1094:Pancho Villa's
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1078:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1020:
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975:
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968:Las Varas Pass
965:
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945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
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868:
862:
861:
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834:Tampico Affair
830:
829:
823:
820:
819:
808:
807:
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793:
785:
777:
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773:
766:
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694:
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408:Huelga schools
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365:
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208:Josefa Segovia
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199:
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195:
194:
186:
185:
177:
176:
168:
167:
161:
157:
156:
155:local ranchers
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
108:
104:
103:
62:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2124:
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2110:
2108:
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2022:1918 in Texas
2020:
2019:
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1998:
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1964:
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1918:
1911:
1897:
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1860:
1846:
1845:porvenirtexas
1842:
1836:
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1818:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1780:|series=
1771:
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1579:Bills, E. R.
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1569:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1540:
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1524:
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1431:
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1396:
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1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
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1356:
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1228:
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1154:
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1142:
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1120:
1118:
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1105:
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1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Texas Rangers
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Texas Rangers
1055:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Neville Ranch
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
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949:
946:
942:
939:
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936:Glenn Springs
934:
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922:
919:
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914:
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904:
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856:
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850:
848:
845:
843:
841:
837:
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832:
831:
828:
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821:
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801:
799:
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772:
767:
765:
760:
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753:
752:
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749:
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734:
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732:
731:
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719:
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713:
712:
709:
706:
702:
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695:
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688:
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666:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
652:
650:
649:
645:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
631:
629:
628:
627:Plyler v. Doe
624:
622:
621:
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614:
610:
608:
607:
603:
601:
600:
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594:
593:
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572:
569:
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566:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
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544:
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532:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:
516:
514:
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496:
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487:
486:
479:
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441:
439:
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431:
429:
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411:
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406:
404:
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389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
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371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
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351:
349:
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345:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
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261:
259:
256:
255:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
184:
179:
178:
174:
173:
166:
162:
158:
152:
146:
145:Texas Rangers
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
109:
105:
100:
63:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1983:
1969:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1924:. Retrieved
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1798:
1793:
1758:. Retrieved
1720:. Retrieved
1717:The Guardian
1716:
1706:
1694:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1600:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1547:
1538:
1453:
1442:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1250:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1130:
1121:
1106:
1096:
1083:
1062:U.S. Cavalry
1045:
1043:
1027:
1002:
916:Aguacaliente
896:Santa Isabel
881:Norias Ranch
839:
696:California (
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
563:
549:Farah strike
541:
529:
517:
358:Brown Berets
317:
140:Perpetrators
27:Part of the
1770:cite report
1445:San Antonio
1430:/5507018324
1337: /
1324:104°50′40″W
1056:, in which
1008:3rd Nogales
998:2nd Pilares
988:1st Pilares
983:Brite Ranch
973:San Ygnacio
958:Rubio Ranch
953:Ojos Azules
891:2nd Nogales
886:Ojo de Agua
698:Los Angeles
525:Castro 2020
513:Abolish ICE
143:Company B,
86: /
73:104°50′40″W
60:Coordinates
2016:Categories
1926:August 12,
1901:2018-02-02
1874:2018-02-02
1850:2018-02-02
1826:2018-02-02
1748:(Report).
1519:References
1456:Highway 90
1405:2018-11-30
1362:US 90
1343: (
1321:30°30′34″N
1242:grand jury
1237:affidavits
1134:Winchester
1080:Background
1018:Candelaria
911:San Isidro
876:Bandit War
859:Border War
703:Michigan (
468:Quinto Sol
368:Chicanismo
298:La Matanza
233:Sonoratown
223:Mutualista
126:small arms
114:1918-01-28
92: (
51:Porvenir,
29:Bandit War
1760:April 21,
1722:3 October
1682:from the
1642:from the
1255:launched
1215:Aftermath
1151:Chihuahua
1149:Pilares,
1097:Villistas
1028:see also
963:Castillon
689:Arizona (
683:by region
251:Juan Crow
149:Troop G,
70:30°25′7″N
1466:See also
1428:/Details
1358:Location
1297:Porvenir
1127:Incident
1050:Porvenir
1003:Porvenir
948:Guerrero
941:Carrizal
931:TomĂłchic
906:Columbus
847:Veracruz
842:incident
840:Ypiranga
94:Porvenir
48:Location
1968:(2018).
1413:Website
1403: (
1157:Victims
1084:As the
721:Houston
705:Detroit
122:Weapons
112: (
2082:Tejano
1976:
1756:. 1919
1687:Online
1647:Online
1449:Austin
1422:.state
1390:Height
1138:Tejano
921:Parral
691:Tucson
571:Xicanx
348:Aztlán
160:Motive
132:Deaths
1746:(PDF)
1418:atlas
1382:Width
1364:near
1052:, in
711:Texas
443:MEChA
1974:ISBN
1928:2019
1785:help
1762:2017
1724:2017
1447:and
1420:.thc
1372:Type
1044:The
1023:Ruby
543:IRCA
531:DACA
453:PCUN
438:MAYO
433:MANA
383:CFMN
107:Date
1426:.us
1424:.tx
1290:PBS
393:CRP
2018::
2005::
1919:.
1894:.
1883:^
1867:.
1843:.
1819:.
1806:^
1774::
1772:}}
1768:{{
1732:^
1715:.
1654:^
1624:.
1608:^
1588:^
1527:^
135:15
31:,
1930:.
1904:.
1877:.
1853:.
1829:.
1787:)
1783:(
1764:.
1726:.
1628:.
1407:)
1347:)
804:e
797:t
790:v
770:e
763:t
756:v
707:)
700:)
693:)
153:;
147:;
116:)
96:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
