27:
55:
722:
69:
41:
836:, wrapped in a towel, and left on the hair for at least 30 minutes. If lice were found on re-inspection, the process was repeated. Once attendants declared the lice test had been "passed", the naked people were gathered in a bathing area and sprayed with a liquid soap made of soap chips and kerosene oil. After collecting their sanitized clothing and dressing, migrants were evaluated by a foreman, vaccinated and given a certificate that they had completed the procedure. From the disinfecting area, migrants then entered the Immigration and Naturalization Service building for processing.
1942:
1910:
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1617:
848:, which they were riding to work. Ordered to disembark and submit to the disinfection process, 17-year-old Carmelita Torres refused, having heard reports that nude women were being photographed while in the baths. Reports had also circulated that bathers might be set on fire, as had happened the previous year when gasoline baths at the El Paso City Jail had resulted in the death of 28 inmates when a cigarette ignited bathers. She requested permission to enter without submitting to bathing and was refused. She then demanded a refund of her
647:
100:
875:
arrested and the
Mexican cavalry dispersed the rioters from the bridge. Business owners and households who were without laborers consulted with the Chamber of Commerce to resolve the issues promptly as most workers refused to come to work. Officials clarified that those who were not infected could be passed without having to bathe and that certificates were valid for a week.
879:
monitored the southern end of the bridge crossing, a
Mexican health inspector Andrés García was present to maintain respectful treatment at the disinfection plant, and street car service between the two cities was suspended. Notices had been posted in Juárez to advise that the inspectors in El Paso would accept health certificates issued by Mexican health inspectors.
920:, later used by the Nazis to exterminate prisoners in the concentration camps. A similar riot the following year was averted when prompt action by Mexican authorities intervened with American authorities. Reports of a typhus death in Juárez were denied by Mexicans, and the port and trolleys were temporarily closed to prevent altercations.
861:
Around 10 o'clock, General Andrés G. García drove to the center of the bridge to try to quiet the mob and was only partially successful, as the mob tried to prevent his car from leaving the
Mexican side. By the afternoon, when it was clear that those who had entered the baths were not being harmed,
717:
office, requiring
Mexicans crossing the border to take de-lousing baths and be vaccinated. Reports that nude photographs of women bathers and fear of potential fire from the kerosene baths, led Carmelita Torres to refuse to submit to the procedure. Denied a refund of her transport fare, she began
874:
On the 29th rioting continued, but this time, the majority of rioters were men. Newspapers reported that the men were taking advantage of the bath disturbance to protest the
Carranza regime and voice support for his rival Pancho Villa. Ciudad Juárez Police Chief Máximo Torres ordered all rioters
878:
By
January 30, precautionary measures taken by authorities on both sides of the border had quelled the rioting. Two men and one woman were arrested at the American side of the bridge for assaulting a customs officer and an infantryman, but no further violence was reported. Policemen from Juárez
828:. The officers conducting the strip searches were rumored to have photographed the nude women and shared the photos to others at bars. When lice were found on a man, the man's hair was clipped close to his head and the clippings were burned. For a woman, the hair was doused in a mixture of
852:
and upon refusal of a refund convinced the other women on her cable car to protest. The women began shouting and hurling stones at health and immigration officials, sentries and civilians, who had gathered to watch the disturbance. The majority of the early protesters were young,
857:
employed in homes in El Paso but as the crowd grew to several thousand a mixture of people became involved. Four trolleys which had made early morning runs to collect workers on the Juárez side were seized and did not return to the El Paso side until mid-afternoon.
899:
passed just days after the riot and imposed barriers for
Mexican laborers entering the United States. For the first time in history, workers were required to pass literacy tests, pay a head tax and were forbidden to perform contract labor. Business owners in the
819:
Men were separated from women and children into separate buildings, where they were stripped of all clothing and valuables. Most clothing and valuables were steamed. Other items which might be damaged by steam (like shoes, hats, or belts) were exposed to
728:, El Paso, Texas, January 30, 1917, Headlinedː "Bill Before Congress to Prevent Mexicans Voting" depicts the bath riots begun by Carmelita Torres at the Santa Fe International Bridge disinfecting plant at the border between El Paso and Ciudad Juárez.
670:
870:
driver were reported to have been beaten by rioters and several media movie makers were attacked. Despite rumors that someone had been shot, Mexican authorities denied the event and reported that no serious injuries resulted.
777:. In September 1916, Carranza called for a constitutional convention to end the conflict and bring peace to Mexico. The convention ended simultaneously with the end of the riots, on January 31, 1917, and subsequently the
577:
677:
1569:
718:
yelling at the officials and convinced other riders to join her. After three days, the discontent subsided, but the disinfections of
Mexicans at the U.S. border continued for forty years.
808:
Officer for El Paso, Dr. B. J. Lloyd, admitted there was little danger and opposed a quarantine, but suggested opening de-lousing plants. U.S. officials quickly adopted a policy of
908:, businessmen were able to lift the 1917 immigration terms for Mexican workers, and the exemption lasted until 1921. However, the bathing and fumigations, which later used
812:
Mexican immigrants at a disinfecting station in El Paso. The policy initially applied to all
Mexicans entering the United States at El Paso, but soon spread to the
1624:
663:
624:
2011:
514:
978:
1154:
952:
916:, continued into the 1950s, and, in the 1920s, authorities at the Santa Fe Bridge fumigated the clothing of Mexicans crossing into the U.S. with
26:
1711:
1732:
613:
1421:
606:
979:"In 1916, the US began forcing Mexicans crossing the southern border to take kerosene baths. That tactic was later studied by the Nazis"
451:
1981:
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433:
406:
629:
196:
54:
714:
599:
439:
1559:
1458:
1410:
619:
291:
1962:"Carmelita" tribute song to Carmelita Torres (Bath Riots), written by Joe DeFilippo and performed by the R.J. Phillips Band
341:
32:
El Paso disinfection station and
Mexicans waiting to be de-loused at the international bridge at the US immigration station
695:
521:
346:
2006:
1991:
1976:
844:
Around 7:30 a.m. on January 28, 1917, the riot began when inspectors attempted to remove Mexican women from their
411:
296:
1482:
2016:
2001:
904:
pressed Congress to exempt Mexican workers from contract labor restrictions and head taxes. After the U.S. entered
549:
166:
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473:
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be put in place to stem the tide of "dirty lousey destitute Mexicans" who would spread typhus into El Paso. The
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356:
1996:
89:
60:
Clothing being readied for steam de-lousing at the El Paso disinfection plant of the US immigration station
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68:
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146:
1477:. Vol. II. Counter-revolution and Reconstruction. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
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the crowds were finally dispersed by mounted soldiers on each side of the border. One cable car
757:
refused to give up the fight and continued to execute border skirmishes. Between 1915 and 1917,
778:
445:
301:
1916:
1884:
1549:
1472:
1448:
311:
1519:
1400:
1155:"John Carlos Frey: America's Deadly Stealth War on the Mexico Border Is Approaching Genocide"
863:
805:
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and lasted from January 28 to January 30 and were sparked by new immigration policies at the
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749:, tired of the fighting and being more concerned with events unfolding in Europe and
741:
had been sworn into office as Mexico's head of state ending the main fighting of the
570:
261:
221:
216:
1528:
892:
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which brought the story back to the attention of the public and Chicano scholars.
46:
Side view of the El Paso disinfecting plant and yard of the US immigration station
1961:
427:
236:
186:
1517:
Pierce, C. C. (March 23, 1917). "Combating Typhus Fever on the Mexican Border".
1934:
1902:
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1159:
789:
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699:
116:
1956:
1970:
1737:
1716:
1647:""Bath Riot" at Bridge Is Averted, but Port Is Shut by Order of Juarez Mayor"
1629:
762:
535:
74:
Women's baths at the El Paso disinfecting plant of the US immigration station
1527:(12). Washington, D. C.: Association of Schools of Public Health: 426–429.
754:
457:
266:
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766:
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421:
1625:"Auburn-Haired Amazon at Santa Fe Street Bridge Leads Feminine Outbreak"
1540:
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809:
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131:
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was mostly forgotten, and her actions had little lasting effect. The
1532:
256:
1500:. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. Archived from
917:
833:
821:
770:
1925:. Vol. 82, no. 124. Detroit, Michigan. January 29, 1917
1893:. Vol. 82, no. 124. Detroit, Michigan. January 29, 1917
1827:. Vol. 67, no. 29. Richmond, Virginia. January 29, 1917
1710:
1623:
1447:
Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004).
1292:
1217:
829:
774:
758:
479:
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crossing, and eventually along the entire U.S. Mexico border.
753:, withdrew American forces from Mexico. Mexican revolutionary
825:
351:
1450:
Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History
854:
849:
361:
99:
1568:
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1817:
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1883:
1405:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books.
1247:
1232:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
706:, Mexico. The riots are known to have been started by
1349:
1179:
1135:
1118:
1850:
1422:"The Bath Riots: Indignity Along the Mexican Border"
1310:
1069:
1004:"The dark history of "gasoline baths" at the border"
1093:
1057:
1045:
1885:"Women Force Anti-American Riot in Juarez (pt 1)"
1968:
1733:"Bath Rioting Renewed at Santa Fe Bridge (pt 2)"
1712:"Bath Rioting Renewed at Santa Fe Bridge (pt 1)"
1081:
1645:
1379:
671:
2012:Mexican-American riots in the United States
1554:. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing.
1551:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration
824:. Attendants examined the nude people for
678:
664:
720:
1600:. Fort Wayne, Indiana. January 31, 1917
1453:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
1419:
1402:The Aftermath of the Mexican Revolution
1112:
971:
931:featured a story on the riots in 2006.
84:This article is part of a series on the
1969:
1917:"Mexican Women Head Juarez Mob (pt 2)"
1755:"Blame Villa's Men for Juarez Rioting"
1547:
1516:
1467:
1398:
1368:Coerver, Pasztor & Buffington 2004
1355:
1185:
1141:
1129:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
715:Immigration and Naturalization Service
16:Border dispute between U.S. and Mexico
1592:"990 Mexicans All Survive After Bath"
1570:"200 Women Lead in Assault at Bridge"
1492:Perez, Maclovio Jr. (July 30, 2016).
1491:
1087:
923:In 2006, David Dorado Romo published
887:Though hailed by some as the "Latina
1687:. El Paso, Texas. September 27, 1918
1655:. El Paso, Texas. September 27, 1918
955:. September 21, 2019. Archived from
1794:. Iowa City, Iowa. January 31, 1917
578:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
522:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
13:
1741:. El Paso, Texas. January 30, 1917
1720:. El Paso, Texas. January 30, 1917
1633:. El Paso, Texas. January 29, 1917
1578:. El Paso, Texas. January 29, 1917
1420:Burnett, John (January 28, 2006).
996:
953:"Carmelita Torres Facts & Bio"
14:
2028:
1950:
1852:"Servant Girl Problem in El Paso"
1819:"Mexicans Resent Orders to Bathe"
1494:"El Paso Bath House Riots (1917)"
1430:. Washington, D.C. Archived from
761:(which was sometimes reported as
1940:
1908:
1875:
1860:. Reno, Nevada. January 30, 1917
1842:
1809:
1776:
1761:. Elyria, Ohio. January 31, 1917
1702:
1670:
1615:
694:occurred in January 1917 at the
645:
98:
67:
53:
39:
25:
1982:1917 labor disputes and strikes
1391:
1163:. July 10, 2019. Archived from
1147:
515:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
197:California agricultural strikes
1399:Beller, Susan Provost (2008).
945:
1:
934:
925:Ringside Seat to a Revolution
732:
357:Occupation of Catalina Island
167:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
939:
788:was elected as the mayor of
7:
1679:"Close Juarez Port 3 hours"
147:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
2033:
1786:"Mexican "Bath Riots" End"
781:was signed on February 5.
2007:Labour disputes in Mexico
1992:Immigrant rights activism
1977:1917 in the United States
882:
367:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
192:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
1498:Handbook of Texas Online
792:. Lea sent telegrams to
784:During the same period,
704:Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
652:United States portal
407:1985–1987 cannery strike
2017:Mexican women activists
2002:Labor disputes in Texas
1824:Richmond Times-Dispatch
1791:Iowa City Daily Citizen
1759:Elyria Evening Telegram
1597:The Fort Wayne Sentinel
1342:Iowa City Daily Citizen
1327:The Fort Wayne Sentinel
1279:Elyria Evening Telegram
1264:Richmond Times-Dispatch
897:Immigration Act of 1917
839:
786:Thomas Calloway Lea Jr.
550:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1922:The Detroit Free Press
1890:The Detroit Free Press
1474:The Mexican Revolution
1296:& January 30, 1917
1249:The Detroit Free Press
1234:The Detroit Free Press
1221:& January 29, 1917
1201:& January 29, 1917
769:to the provinces from
729:
696:Santa Fe Street Bridge
529:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
446:Great American Boycott
327:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
297:Conferencia de Mujeres
1738:El Paso Morning Times
1717:El Paso Morning Times
1630:El Paso Morning Times
1548:Powell, John (2009).
1520:Public Health Reports
1504:on September 11, 2016
1294:El Paso Morning Times
1219:El Paso Morning Times
959:on September 21, 2019
929:National Public Radio
806:Public Health Service
726:El Paso Morning Times
724:
702:, United States, and
564:Mendez v. Westminster
501:Botiller v. Dominguez
417:2019 El Paso shooting
400:Post-Chicano Movement
372:Plan de Santa Bárbara
272:Católicos por La Raza
202:Citrus Strike of 1936
137:San Elizario Salt War
110:Early-American period
92:and Mexican Americans
1870:Newspaperarchive.com
1857:Reno Evening Gazette
1804:Newspaperarchive.com
1771:Newspaperarchive.com
1610:Newspaperarchive.com
1312:Reno Evening Gazette
557:Leal Garcia v. Texas
463:Justice for Janitors
332:Los Siete de la Raza
287:Colegio César Chávez
212:Mexican Repatriation
127:Mexican–American War
1997:January 1917 events
1434:on February 2, 2006
1042:, p. 421, 623.
814:Laredo–Nuevo Laredo
739:Venustiano Carranza
493:Supreme Court cases
412:1992 Drywall Strike
387:United Farm Workers
337:Los Seis de Boulder
322:Land grant struggle
312:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
232:Sleepy Lagoon trial
90:History of Chicanos
1030:, pp. 44, 46.
743:Mexican Revolution
730:
508:Hernandez v. Texas
307:East L.A. walkouts
282:Chicano Moratorium
177:Bisbee Deportation
122:Las Gorras Blancas
1561:978-1-4381-1012-7
1460:978-1-57607-132-8
1412:978-0-8225-7600-6
745:. U.S. President
688:
687:
625:Dallas–Fort Worth
571:Bernal v. Fainter
543:Medellín v. Texas
262:Black-brown unity
227:Porvenir Massacre
222:Plan de San Diego
217:Operation Wetback
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983:Business Insider
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893:Carmelita Torres
855:domestic workers
779:new constitution
708:Carmelita Torres
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468:Murder of Selena
382:Raza Unida Party
250:Chicano Movement
182:Bloody Christmas
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474:Proposition 187
428:Arizona SB 1070
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187:Bracero program
172:1917 Bath riots
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1951:External links
1949:
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1935:Newspapers.com
1903:Newspapers.com
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1684:El Paso Herald
1665:Newspapers.com
1652:El Paso Herald
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1199:El Paso Herald
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1160:Democracy Now!
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790:El Paso, Texas
765:) spread from
747:Woodrow Wilson
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712:El Paso–Juárez
700:El Paso, Texas
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317:Huelga schools
314:
309:
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139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
117:Josefa Segovia
113:
109:
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103:
95:
94:
86:
85:
73:
66:
65:
64:
59:
52:
51:
50:
45:
38:
37:
36:
31:
24:
23:
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2029:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1975:
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1972:
1963:
1960:
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1943:
1936:
1929:September 12,
1924:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:September 12,
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1864:September 12,
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1831:September 12,
1826:
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1816:
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1798:September 12,
1793:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
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1765:September 12,
1760:
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1752:
1745:September 12,
1740:
1739:
1734:
1724:September 12,
1719:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1691:September 12,
1686:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:September 12,
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1637:September 12,
1632:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1604:September 12,
1599:
1598:
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1589:
1582:September 12,
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1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1542:
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1534:
1530:
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1515:
1508:September 11,
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
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1484:0-8032-7771-7
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1438:September 11,
1433:
1429:
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1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
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1397:
1396:
1384:
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1364:
1357:
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1345:
1343:
1337:
1331:, p. 32.
1330:
1328:
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1114:
1109:
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1101:
1099:
1097:
1089:
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1077:
1072:
1066:, p. 47.
1065:
1060:
1054:, p. 46.
1053:
1048:
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1029:
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1009:
1005:
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963:September 28,
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772:
768:
764:
763:typhoid fever
760:
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623:
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566:
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536:Plyler v. Doe
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328:
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254:
246:
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235:
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133:
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120:
118:
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106:
105:
101:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
83:
82:
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1933:– via
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1920:
1901:– via
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1888:
1868:– via
1862:. Retrieved
1855:
1835:– via
1829:. Retrieved
1822:
1802:– via
1796:. Retrieved
1789:
1769:– via
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1758:
1743:. Retrieved
1736:
1722:. Retrieved
1715:
1695:– via
1689:. Retrieved
1682:
1663:– via
1657:. Retrieved
1650:
1635:. Retrieved
1628:
1608:– via
1602:. Retrieved
1595:
1580:. Retrieved
1573:
1550:
1524:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1497:
1473:
1469:Knight, Alan
1449:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:the original
1425:
1401:
1392:Bibliography
1380:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1346:, p. 2.
1341:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:, p. 1.
1311:
1293:
1288:
1283:, p. 5.
1278:
1273:
1268:, p. 1.
1263:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1238:, p. 2.
1233:
1228:
1223:, p. 1.
1218:
1203:, p. 1.
1198:
1193:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:the original
1158:
1149:
1137:
1113:Burnett 2006
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
986:. Retrieved
982:
973:
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
947:
924:
922:
910:insecticides
886:
877:
873:
860:
843:
822:cyanogen gas
818:
800:demanding a
783:
755:Pancho Villa
736:
725:
691:
689:
605:California (
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
472:
458:Farah strike
450:
438:
426:
267:Brown Berets
171:
18:
1356:Powell 2009
1186:Pierce 1917
1142:Pierce 1917
1130:Pierce 1917
1076:Beller 2008
1064:Beller 2008
1052:Beller 2008
1040:Knight 1990
1028:Beller 2008
906:World War I
767:Mexico City
751:World War I
607:Los Angeles
434:Castro 2020
422:Abolish ICE
1987:1917 riots
1971:Categories
1088:Perez 2016
935:References
889:Rosa Parks
868:mail coach
810:sanitizing
802:quarantine
798:Washington
733:Background
612:Michigan (
377:Quinto Sol
277:Chicanismo
207:La Matanza
142:Sonoratown
132:Mutualista
1957:NPR video
1013:March 21,
988:March 21,
940:Citations
902:Southwest
737:By 1914,
598:Arizona (
592:by region
160:Juan Crow
1471:(1990).
1171:July 13,
918:Zyklon B
864:motorman
834:kerosene
771:Veracruz
698:between
1541:4574464
846:trolley
830:vinegar
775:Jalisco
630:Houston
614:Detroit
1558:
1539:
1481:
1457:
1409:
883:Legacy
866:and a
759:typhus
600:Tucson
480:Xicanx
257:Aztlán
1537:JSTOR
620:Texas
352:MEChA
1931:2016
1914:and
1899:2016
1866:2016
1833:2016
1800:2016
1767:2016
1747:2016
1730:and
1726:2016
1693:2016
1676:and
1661:2016
1639:2016
1606:2016
1584:2016
1556:ISBN
1510:2016
1479:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1440:2016
1407:ISBN
1383:1918
1344:1917
1329:1917
1314:1917
1281:1917
1266:1917
1251:1917
1236:1917
1173:2019
1015:2024
990:2024
965:2021
912:and
850:fare
840:Riot
832:and
826:lice
690:The
452:IRCA
440:DACA
362:PCUN
347:MAYO
342:MANA
292:CFMN
1529:doi
1427:NPR
1008:Vox
914:DDT
891:",
796:in
773:to
302:CRP
1973::
1919:.
1887:.
1854:.
1821:.
1788:.
1757:.
1735:.
1714:.
1681:.
1649:.
1627:.
1594:.
1572:.
1535:.
1525:32
1523:.
1496:.
1424:.
1303:^
1208:^
1157:.
1120:^
1095:^
1006:.
981:.
1937:.
1905:.
1872:.
1839:.
1806:.
1773:.
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1728:.
1699:.
1667:.
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1612:.
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1564:.
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1531::
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1415:.
1175:.
1115:.
1090:.
1017:.
992:.
967:.
679:e
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616:)
609:)
602:)
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