Black–brown unity

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Caudill and De Vos had attempted to "distinguish between identity and compatibility, similarity and sharing, subsequent variations on the theme depicted Asians as 'just like whites'." Okihiro notes that because of the manner in which race is conceptualized in the United States, as a binary between white and black, Asian, Amerindian, and Latinos are positioned as "somewhere along the divide between black and white." While Okihiro acknowledges that Asian Americans have "served the master class," whether as an oppressed class on a similar status to Black Americans or as a model minority class who presently may be perceived as "near whites," he ultimately concludes that "yellow is emphatically neither white nor black; but insofar as Asians and Africans share a subordinate position to the master class, yellow is a shade of black, and black, a shade of yellow."

2963:'s notion regarding the psychic violence of colonialism and refers to the model minority stereotype as a myth which had conditioned some Asians in the United States to believe that "there was no need for change because their own social and economic status was assured." As scholar Rychetta Watkins notes of Kubota's perceptions on the notion of the Asian model minority, "this myth not only flattened the image of the community to a small group of successful second- and third- generation Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans, it also isolated Asian Americans from other ethnic minorities, hindering the coalitions which would be necessary for creating a revolutionary coalition in America." Amy Uyematsu similarly reflects that "Asian Americans are perpetuating white racism as they allow white America to hold up the 2275:, variations include black-brown-unity and black-brown-red unity, is a racial-political ideology which initially developed among black scholars, writers, and activists who pushed for global activist associations between black people and brown people (including Chicanos and Latinos),and Indigenous peoples of the Americas (historically referred to as "red") to unify against white supremacy, colonialism, capitalism, and, in some cases, European conceptualizations of masculinity, which were recognized as interrelated in maintaining white racial privilege and power over people of color globally. 2913:, released a joint statement denouncing “white supremacy, racism, economic exploitation, and anti-Blackness in all its forms.” A solidarity march at Cicero Town Hall was held shortly after, denouncing the conflict. On June 2, "a coalition of Latino organizers formed the Brown Squad For Black Lives and a Black and Brown Unity food pantry was planned." The following day, a rally under the 26th street arches in Little Village was held. Stephanie Cerda-Ocampo stated that she had joined the rally to emphasize a “need to stick together and fight against the real issue like white supremacy.” 5994: 2219: 2788:, found that American media was a major agent of the violence "through coverage and editorial writing that sometimes was blatantly hostile and antiblack," as summarized by academic Amy Alexander. The eleven-member commission wrote: "The media report and write from the standpoint of a white man's world. The ills of the ghetto, the difficulties of life there, the Negro's burning sense of grievance, are seldom conveyed." Television 687: 2721:

prejudice between African and Asian American workers often directly developed from "ideas and practices of the master class." However, as Okihiro notes, while some African Americans were opposed to acts of cooperation and solidarity with Asian workers, the majority recognized that "the enemy was white supremacy and that anti-Asianism was anti-Africanism in another guise." In 1925, following the establishment of

9310: 2599:, both Black and Brown Americans had their own widespread civil rights movements and unification was often not accentuated. Scholar Brian D. Behnken noted that "when African American and Mexican American activists moderated the divisive power of race by focusing on economics, they recognized the shared oppression of each group" and collectively fought for improved wages, hours, and working conditions. 2696:(1854), Justice Charles J. Murray reversed the conviction of Hall, who had been convicted of murder based on the testimony of Chinese witnesses, based on legal precedents which had determined that "no black or mulatto person, or Indian, shall be allowed to give evidence in favor of, or against a white man" applied to Asian persons, since, in the American legal perception, " 59: 2413:

another, but rather shares many similarities, which may serve "as a major potential resource for greater Black-Brown unity," as described by scholars Tatcho Mindiola Jr., Yolanda Flores Niemann, and Nestor Rodriguez. The range of scholarship regarding Black-Brown(-Yellow-Red) unity is broad, yet works toward emphasizing the common goal of unity in the face of oppression.

2668:" slave trade, in which approximately one-third of Asian enslaved peoples perished en route to the Americas under the forced authority of European and American ship captains, to assert that "the African and Asian coolie were kinsmen and kinswomen in that world created by European masters. For example, over 124,000 Chinese "coolies" were shipped to 34:"No Dogs, Negroes, Mexicans" was a policy enforced by the Lonestar Restaurant Association throughout Texas. It not only excluded Black and Mexican patrons from white-owned businesses, but also equated them with a subhuman status. ca. 1940s. Similar signs could be found posted at Texas restaurants into the 1960s. 2826:, many Latinos "buy-in to U.S.-based white dominant racial frames" while many Latino immigrants "bring anti-Black notions from their home countries or adopt anti-Black perspectives" as they learn from the dominant white supremacist culture to disparage and separate themselves Black Americans. American 3005:

Chicano identity was critical in shifting these perceptions among Mexican Americans towards opening the possibility of Black-Brown unity, as "Chicanos defined themselves as proud members of a brown race, thereby rejecting not only the previous generation's assimilationist orientation but their racial

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The treaty concluded with the following statement: "this TREATY, will be valid between the two said peoples, as long as the Sun and Moon shall shine." While this agreement recognized that disagreements and conflicts between Black and Brown people had been present in a society which actively oppressed

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The language of otherness and difference became naturalized as the empire's continents become dark, and races become savage. There is a colonialist history to this becoming. Capitalism is the story of colonial conquest, of the Americas, then of Asia and Africa. And this conquest is part and parcel of

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The formation of unity struggles among people of color widely emerged in the 20th century and have been identified as an attempt to forge a united struggle by emphasizing the similar forms of oppression black and brown people confront under white supremacy, including shared experiences of subjugation

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against Black people are common in Latino communities and that "racial skirmishes" in U.S. public schools between Black and Latino youth reflect a distrust among these communities. Nwosu argues that "Black and Latino historical struggles for freedom and justice are so intertwined that separation and

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in particular has been found through scientific surveys to increase "the extent of anti-Black racism in public." The images of Black people the news media portrays have been found to perpetuate anti-Black stereotypes. The study, which controlled for education and other demographic traits, found that

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who had never been to the United States, yet perceived Black Americans as "self-destructive, dirty, lazy, unintelligent, criminal, violent, and ugly." The researcher found that "these negative images were generally gleaned from U.S. television shows, movies, and music videos that the respondents had

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and sought to assert Mexican identity as white. One East Los Angeles study found that twice as many Mexican Americans favored cooperation with Black Americans in 1972 than in 1965, and concluded that "when one takes into account traditional animosities marring Black-Mexican American relations," this

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identity in the late 1960s and 1970s, most Mexican American community leaders were fixated on attempting to appeal to the white establishment by claiming a white identity. Lisa Y. Ramos notes that, prior to the 1960s, many "Mexican American leaders were wedded to whiteness, meaning they possessed a

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writes that the Chinese became "coinheritors with the Negroes of the lowliness of caste, the abuse, the ruthless exploitation.... Chinese labor in Cuba in the nineteenth century was slavery in every social aspect except the name." African and Asian forced laborers "were related insofar as they were

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recognizes how European colonialism was built on an ideology which justified "their expansion and appropriation of land, labor, and resources in Africa, Asia, and the Americas." This ideology of white superiority was justified "in the name of religion and science" which was wielded by the Europeans

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Oriental image before other minority groups as the model to emulate." Keith Osajima addresses Asians in America who use the model minority myth to uphold white supremacy: "fully committed to a system that subordinates them on the basis of non-whiteness, Asian Americans still tried to gain complete

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We wish it understood, that the Brotherhood has nothing against Filipinos. They have been used against the unionization of Pullman porters just as Negroes have been used against the unionization of white workers... We will take in Filipinos as members... We want our Filipino brothers to understand

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excluded all persons of color." The court upheld this decision on the grounds that white men should be shielded from the testimony "of the degraded and demoralized caste" of racially inferior peoples. In 1860, California legally banned African, Asian, and Amerindian children from attending schools

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of 1968, in which tens of thousands of students protested unequal conditions in Los Angeles schools, were accompanied by walkouts of thousands of Black students in South Los Angeles, who also participated. As noted by academic Daniel Martinez HoSang, Black and Mexican American parents and students

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According to scholars, unity becomes possible when the person of color who is oppressed in a white supremacist society first recognizes their status as a subject of racism and then moves to identifying with a community of other similarly oppressed peoples who are already working towards change. In

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In Los Angeles, school segregation became a focal point of Black-Brown unity throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In the mid-1960s, 80% of Black students attended schools which were predominately Black. Similarly, 50% of Mexican students attended schools which were predominately Mexican. These schools

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gang, founded in Chicago, had harassed and attacked Black people driving through the neighborhood, throwing bricks at their cars. They claimed that they were protecting businesses. A 49-year-old Black man was shot in the wrist during the attacks by a youth gang member. Some residents claimed the

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and George De Vos initially hypothesized on the commonalities between Japanese culture and "the value systems found in American middle class culture" and positioned Asian Americans as reflecting similarities with white culture or existing as a "model minority." Gary Okihiro notes that, although

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The American capitalist system was instituted along racial lines with the intention of creating divisions and preventing racial solidarity through pitting "African against Asian workers, whereby Asian workers were used to discipline African workers and to depress their wages." Ethnocentrism and

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newspaper claimed the following on the relationship and shared struggle of Black Americans and Chicano communities: "Our oppressions are one. Our dreams are one. Our demands are one. We suffer as one, we react as one, we struggle as one!" This new position was a considerable shift from previous

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were identified as exemplifying a tradition of anti-Blackness. Cultural critic Rachel Ramirez remarks that deconstructing anti-Blackness in Asian American communities is "a continuous process that requires breaking cultural barriers." Scholar Ellen Wu noted that, even though events such as the

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in 1969 attempted to construct multiracial coalitions based on the common interest of dismantling the structures which created poverty. However, as a result of police brutality, government surveillance and harassment, sabotage campaigns by government agencies and local police departments which

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The racial-political ideology of Black-Brown unity is based on acknowledging the similarities of oppression endured by Black and Brown people. Scholars examining this racial-political ideology demonstrate how the social and economic oppression of Black and Brown people is not isolated from one

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in 2015, have been cited as cases of police brutality against Asian Americans that should also be recognized, not to overshadow police brutality against Black Americans, but to form solidarity. Youa Vang, mother of Fong Lee, stated that this was a moment "to stand in solidarity with the black

3010:, recent immigrants, and/or working-class often identified based on their cultural or familial ties in Mexico and not by their race. In the 1940s and 1950s, as a precursor to the Chicano Movement, Mexican youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations and developed an "alienated 2419:

and other scholars recognize how the need for unity among people of color emerged from the global nature of oppression and its relationship with capitalism, colonialism, masculinity, and white supremacy. As a result of this force, unity among people of color therefore operates as a means of

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stated that "the lives of disproportionately black and brown workers are being sacrificed to fuel the engine of a faltering economy, by a president who disdains them." A study found that black people and Latinos were three times as likely to know someone who had died of COVID-19. The

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both essential for the maintenance of white supremacy, they were both members of an oppressed class of 'colored laborers, and they both were tied historically to the global network of labor migration as slaves and coolies." African American community and political leaders, such as

2917:, one of the founders of the Brown Squad For Black Lives stated, "the ultimate goal is to make sure that our Black community members are protected at all costs. And also understanding that Black liberation means liberation for all people. Our struggles are intersected." 2777:, it was determined that foreign-born Latinas held "even more negative attitudes toward Black Americans" than U.S.-born Latinas, which has been identified as suggesting that "the foreign-born bring negative views of Black Americans from their countries of origin." 2434:

to assert their own purported superiority and "civilized" status in comparison to the "anti-Christian, uncivilized non-Europeans." According to Okihiro, when enacted through colonialism, this ideology led to a plundering of the world by Europeans and the global

2618:

was an "impressive finding." However, while animosity from Mexican Americans notably lessened as a result of new expressions of solidarity among Chicanos, the total number of Mexican Americans who favored cooperation was still in the minority at 39%.

2850:

police officer Tou Thao became a central figure representing Asian American anti-Blackness, which "has sparked a conversation among Asian Americans" on the need to combat anti-Blackness in their communities. Previous cases such as Peter Liang in the

2804:, although they share a history of "colonial violence, slavery, genocide and exploitation of natural resources" with Black people, many harbor anti-Black sentiments which have existed since colonialism. Throughout Latin American countries, such as 2472:

targeted activist organizations with the intention of producing distrust and disunity among activists and organizations, and the assassination of leaders such as King and Hampton, this wave of multiracial coalition building declined by the 1970s.

2450:

The first wave of movements asserting the objective of forming unity or coalitions between people of color and economically disadvantaged whites, began in the late 1960s in the United States and declined by the 1970s. Chicano activists such as

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an imperial masculinity which fantasizes the protection of white femininity. Dominance and domination are white and male. Colonialism simply presents itself as civilization and attempts to naturalize theft, rape, and dehumanization.

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both groups, it signified an attempt to forge a coalitive liberation movement, and has been noted by scholars in comparative civil rights scholarship to represent the inception of an attempt to forge Black-Brown unity.

2544: 6829: 2310:, exclusion from white-owned establishments, and the perception by white people that black and brown people are biologically and racially predisposed to be inferior, criminal, disorderly, and degenerate. 2709:

designated for whites. In 1880, California enacted an anti-miscegenation law which prohibited marriages between white and nonwhite persons, whether "negro, mulatto, or Mongolian." In 1927, challenged by

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among Asian Americans, as stated by Wu: "These gains, however, have come at a cost: complicity with white supremacy." The killing of 19-year-old Fong Lee in 2006 and the beating of 57-year-old

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Article I: "Both peoples do promise not to permit the members of either of said peoples to make false propaganda of any kind whatsoever against each other, either by SPEECH or WRITING."

2638:. After Washington's death in 1987, "when the black base split over which alderman should succeed Washington, Latino supporters were set adrift, and the remnants of the city’s infamous 2485: 5378: 3002:

to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity." Ramos notes that "this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s."

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Article IV: Let it be known, that there will be a RECIPROCAL right to send an EMISSARY or DELEGATE to the conventions, Congresses, and National reunions of each of said peoples.

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Scholars have emphasized how Black-Yellow unity may be found in the shared experience of being subjected to slavery and servitude by European capitalism. Okihiro documents the "

2337:

Black–brown unity became highly visible in 2020, fueled by activists, journalists, and people who increasingly recognized the shared struggles of black and brown people in the

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culture that fashioned itself neither as Mexican nor American." As a result, some scholars designate a difference between Chicanos and Mexican Americans. According to López, "

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defeated Washington's successor by "pitting the gains of one group against the other—replacing black officials with Latinos, for instance—in order to forestall the unity."

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characterized the conflict as a result of misplaced blame: "All too often in Chicago, Latinos and African Americans fight for scraps. We have to accept slumlords as

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1967 conference hosted by Reies Tijerina to explore Black and Brown unity, cooperation, and forge a cross-racial alliance. Representatives from nearly every major

9048: 9092: 5899: 5894: 5443: 4175: 4032: 8846: 6782: 5706: 5578: 4163: 2093: 7016: 6593: 2245: 1927: 9140: 8988: 2551:, who was present at the conference along with many northern New Mexican villagers, also signed the treaty, which began with the following five articles: 1596: 9295: 4273: 2459:

in 1967-1969 collaborated with civil rights and Black Power organizations to forge Black-Brown collaborative activist work. Organizations such as the

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strong identification with the white race and especially the idea of white racial supremacy over other racial groups." In the 1930s, legal scholar

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U.S. media reinforces anti-Black communities within racialized communities by providing biased and selective coverage of Black Americans. The

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Article III: Both peoples, make a SOLEMN promise, to cure and remedy the historical errors and differences that exist between said peoples.

2547:, a seven-part pact which acknowledged mutual respect and cooperative alliance. Along with the other representatives, Hopi spiritual leader 6017: 5674: 5510: 5219: 5209: 4867: 4857: 3809: 2438:, which dehumanized enslaved peoples as units of production – a system of European development constructed on the underdevelopment of the 2322:") are also necessary steps which precede the formation of cross-racial unity, as Asian-American activists, writers, and scholars such as 9023: 9018: 8806: 8788: 7520: 7429: 6877: 6687: 6683: 5716: 5488: 2729:, the Pullman Company hired Filipinos, which the Brotherhood initially referred to as "scab laborers." However, by the 1930s, unlike the 2061: 7569: 7271: 6324: 5936: 4880: 4875: 1121: 2839:

divorce cannot be the most genuine pathway for progress in America," and that anti-Blackness must be combated through mutual respect.

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that it is necessary for them to join the Brotherhood in order to help secure conditions and wages which they too will benefit from.

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Article V: Let it be known that both peoples will have a political delegate to represent his interests and relations with the other.

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affecting black and brown communities and open calls for unity among black and brown people. After being hit by rubber bullets at a

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Article II: "Both peoples (races) do promise, never to permit violence or hate, to break this SOLEMN TREATY between said peoples."

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stereotyping around the world, including negative images of Black Americans." Hsiao-Chuan Hsia conducted a study of fifteen rural

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community to fight for justice for Floyd — and to encourage Asian Americans, who have been divided in support of movements like

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Ramos, Lisa Y. (2012). "Not Similar Enough: Mexican American and African American Civil Rights Struggles in the 1940s," in

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which excluded both Africans and Asians, the Brotherhood recognized the common struggle between Asian and African workers:

9175: 7604: 7540: 6903: 6600: 6448: 5849: 5686: 5656: 5438: 5017: 4229: 3255: 2793:"heavy television viewers were more likely than light viewers to stereotype" Black people as being "unskilled and lazy." 2726: 2517: 1934: 1013: 287: 202: 7614: 7589: 7574: 7303: 6971: 6695: 6569: 6284: 5839: 5733: 5649: 5493: 5274: 5074: 4225: 4203: 3827: 3665:

America in Black and Brown: Exploring Sources of Intercultural Tensions between Blacks and Latinos in the United States

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were often "plaintiffs in litigation related to educational adequacy and reform" in court cases into the early 1970s.

9120: 8993: 7467: 7244: 6756: 6709: 5986: 4376: 4027: 3672: 3647: 3622: 3559: 3534: 3509: 3308: 3116: 2584: 2583:, Black and Brown unity was exemplified through groups such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the 2396:

were described as unifying black and brown communities within the city. In the aftermath of a conflict, activists in

646: 501: 327: 17: 9155: 8897: 7368: 7255: 6839: 6628: 5914: 5879: 5864: 5622: 5224: 4468: 4438: 4254: 3983: 2639: 2468: 2193: 1962: 559: 297: 242: 106: 102: 2595:, many Black Americans united with Mexican American groups in order to strengthen their civil rights struggle. In 1484: 9182: 9170: 7646: 7584: 6607: 6351: 5921: 5844: 5639: 5483: 5214: 5079: 4784: 4423: 3766:"Black Chicagoans Being Harassed In Some Latino Neighborhoods, Officials Say: 'We Are In This Struggle Together'" 3097: 2533: 1941: 1477: 1143: 307: 292: 252: 2622:

were often overcrowded and poorly funded whereas white schools were newly built and not filled to capacity. The

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movement, some Chicanos accentuated the similarities between Black and Brown political struggles. In 1968, the

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South of the Color Barrier: How Jorge Pasquel and the Mexican League Pushed Baseball Toward Racial Integration

9192: 9135: 8934: 7276: 7249: 7067: 6849: 6802: 6258: 5728: 5661: 5644: 5590: 5539: 5478: 5383: 5344: 5284: 5084: 4473: 4453: 4260: 4239: 3218: 2797: 2769:." Similarly, researcher Nestor Rodriguez found that U.S. media was disseminating anti-Black perspectives in 2318:, scholars have noted that the need to create a pan-Asian identity and dismantle existing stereotypes (e.g. " 2198: 1414: 1023: 322: 247: 6554: 3949:

The Struggle in Black and Brown: African American and Mexican American Relations During the Civil Rights Era

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The Struggle in Black and Brown: African American and Mexican American Relations During the Civil Rights Era

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Anti-Blackness is a global obstacle to forming Black-Brown and multiracial unity. Scholars have identified

2730: 2648: 2512:, and Walter Bremond of the Black Congress. Representatives of Chicano groups were also present, including 2376:

folk," who are the most vulnerable. Sampson previously supported Black-Brown-Indigenous unity in 2019. The

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police had allowed the gang to roam, while the police denied this accusation. In response, eight Latino

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Racism against African and Asian Americans was expressed via American law and proposed legislation. In

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pretensions as well." Even prior to the 1960s, members of the Mexican community who were of darker

2303: 1634: 1518: 1230: 983: 888: 795: 154: 6228: 6183: 1038: 933: 9082: 8497: 8267: 7932: 7912: 7827: 7782: 7358: 7315: 7298: 7136: 7105: 7057: 6978: 6524: 5766: 5316: 4970: 4939: 4719: 4659: 4524: 4267: 3181:"Latino And Black Leaders Unite Across Neighborhoods To Denounce Hate: 'We're Stronger Together'" 2893: 2852: 2785: 2481: 2397: 2183: 1806: 1665: 1532: 843: 810: 430: 312: 277: 2456: 8537: 8272: 8257: 8252: 8127: 7982: 7822: 7767: 7337: 7187: 7110: 7081: 7043: 6749: 6373: 6335: 6318: 5681: 5411: 4649: 4443: 4433: 4371: 4181: 4120: 2856: 2843: 2613:

generations of Mexican Americans, especially among community leaders, many of whom were openly

2464: 2128: 1786: 1525: 1115: 968: 751: 513: 317: 272: 257: 237: 212: 88: 3728:"Officer who stood by as George Floyd died highlights complex Asian American, black relations" 3690:"Officer who stood by as George Floyd died highlights complex Asian American, black relations" 978: 9130: 8667: 8482: 8112: 8017: 7997: 7967: 7656: 7651: 7398: 7363: 7261: 7225: 6919: 6824: 6819: 6728: 6642: 6579: 6559: 6428: 6289: 5756: 5269: 5134: 5089: 4905: 4624: 4589: 4408: 4391: 4198: 4115: 3596:"Anti-Blackness in Latinx countries is systemic and reinforced by deliberate cultural policy" 3117:"The coronavirus pandemic is hitting black and brown Americans especially hard on all fronts" 2889: 2865: 2357: 2178: 2173: 2019: 1976: 1913: 1776: 1705: 1081: 863: 805: 604: 520: 227: 222: 207: 3615:

The Racial Politics of Division: Interethnic Struggles for Legitimacy in Multicultural Miami

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acceptance by denying their yellowness. They have become white in every respect but color."

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stereotype to stifle black social movements." As a result, these gains fueled complicity in

2868:

and anti-Japanese sentiments were pervasive, that "in the 1960s, white liberals wielded the

1829: 9339: 9150: 9038: 8836: 8717: 8622: 8432: 8062: 7220: 6952: 6762: 6635: 6383: 6330: 6248: 6243: 6155: 6135: 5998: 5406: 5169: 4980: 4932: 4804: 4694: 4599: 4366: 4356: 4328: 4193: 4047: 3155:"black Americans and Latinos nearly 3 times as likely to know someone who died of COVID-19" 2952: 2416: 2223: 1969: 1743: 1380: 1132: 998: 953: 893: 873: 627: 83: 42: 6621: 1955: 8: 8913: 8874: 8422: 8382: 8332: 8242: 8202: 8177: 8132: 7937: 7892: 7737: 7717: 7686: 7681: 7624: 7535: 7330: 7283: 7233: 7194: 6716: 6458: 6253: 6233: 5781: 5139: 5054: 4534: 4323: 4213: 4143: 2919: 2607: 2493: 2307: 2068: 1220: 1182: 1053: 1003: 347: 267: 262: 232: 73: 5786: 2480:

An unprecedented meeting of African American and Mexican American activists occurred in

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Racism, Sexism, and the Media: The Rise of Class Communication in Multicultural America

2905: 2882: 2846:, many discussed the need to deconstruct anti-Blackness in Asian American communities. 2722: 2678: 2673: 2385: 1920: 1796: 1695: 1349: 1344: 1149: 973: 948: 838: 790: 730: 710: 589: 544: 470: 460: 440: 390: 78: 6009: 3935:

Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition and the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960-1974

3219:"Kendrick Sampson: The Activist and Actor Shaping a Celebrity Social Justice Movement" 2995: 2756:

as a major exporter of anti-Blackness throughout the world, by shaping views through "

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stated that the police were "only here to terrorize black and brown communities and

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Attempts at coalition work between Black and Brown people largely occurred in the

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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Martinez HoSang, Daniel (2013). "Changing Valence of White Racial Innocence," in

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In his 1973 essay entitled "Yellow Power," Larry Kubota echoes the sentiments of

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to combat racial segregation and fight for economic rights for farm workers. In

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refers to those who argued instead that Mexicans constitute a non-white race."

2946: 2869: 2643: 2331: 2319: 1872: 1748: 1670: 1373: 1354: 785: 410: 184: 149: 9328: 9285: 9215: 9063: 8929: 8752: 8682: 8587: 8437: 8372: 8357: 8347: 8307: 8232: 8222: 8182: 8167: 8057: 8047: 8007: 7957: 7832: 7757: 7727: 6614: 6539: 6519: 6423: 6398: 4847: 4829: 4819: 4789: 4734: 4689: 4674: 4619: 4609: 4594: 4544: 4539: 4509: 4306: 4234: 4057: 3747:"Hmong family whose son was shot by white officer speaking out in solidarity" 2831: 2823: 2682: 2338: 2280: 1948: 1685: 1660: 1197: 425: 370: 9245: 9225: 8747: 8702: 8697: 8657: 8492: 8472: 8427: 8362: 8297: 8282: 8197: 8187: 8142: 8092: 8082: 8072: 8042: 8037: 8027: 8012: 7972: 7907: 7887: 7882: 7862: 7857: 7847: 7807: 7762: 7732: 7115: 6544: 6498: 6488: 6413: 6408: 5159: 4927: 4852: 4824: 4809: 4794: 4749: 4724: 4704: 4614: 4584: 4579: 4549: 4499: 4351: 4037: 3828:"As protests nationwide continue past curfew, tension eases in some cities" 2960: 2835: 2822:

ideology. Because anti-Blackness is upheld by colonial states, such as the

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refers to the Mexican community who insisted that Mexicans are white, and

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Mindiola Jr., Tatcho; Flores Niemann, Yolanda; Rodriguez, Nestor (2009).

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Uncovering Race: A Black Journalist's Story of Reporting and Reinvention

2540:

was also invited to the conference and to join the Alianza by Tijerina.

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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

3709:"Asian Americans need to talk about anti-blackness in our communities" 3238:"Protesters gather downtown in San Antonio over death of George Floyd" 3136:"The Coronavirus Was an Emergency Until Trump Found Out Who Was Dying" 8867: 8337: 8322: 6503: 6478: 5328: 5174: 4679: 4463: 4401: 4296: 3963:

Black Power, Yellow Power, and the Making of Revolutionary Identities

3200:"Insecure Actor Kendrick Sampson Hit by Rubber Bullets at LA Protest" 2940: 2393: 1504: 1311: 594: 564: 539: 445: 420: 6274: 6178: 3975: 918: 8227: 6534: 6433: 6089: 5801: 5796: 5306: 3921:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

3298: 2934: 2910: 2404:, held a rally for black and brown unity to fight white supremacy. 2314:

some instances, such as in the case of forging an understanding of

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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Wilson II, Clint C., Gutierrez, Frank, and Chao, Lena M. (2003)

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Latinos Facing Racism: Discrimination, Resistance, and Endurance

3502:

Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations

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Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture

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upheld segregation and concluded that Chinese were "colored."

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Machine exploited that uncertainty," as written by journalist

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organization were present, including Anthony Akku Babu of the

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Black and Brown in Los Angeles: Beyond Conflict and Coalition

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has been identified as a major exporter of anti-Blackness to

2773:. In a study comparing foreign-born and U.S.-born Latinas in 2596: 1018: 2923:

reported that a truce between the Latin Kings and the local

6218: 5109: 1028: 2937:. We don’t know where to turn when our wages are stolen." 3900:

Carlos Cooks and Black Nationalism from Garvey to Malcolm

3282:"Latinos and African Americans must unite against racism" 2855:

and anti-Black violence among Asian Americans during the

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Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

8847:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 6039: 58: 9093:

African American founding fathers of the United States

7446:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

7311:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

6918: 9141:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

3886:

Signs of the Times: The Visual Politics of Jim Crow

3098:"COVID-19's assault on black and brown communities" 2784:, which was assembled to address the causes of the 2998:records that "community leaders promoted the term 2971: 27:Ideology calling for unity among racialized people 3256:"Milwaukee: Large protests against police crimes" 9326: 7677:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 6860:List of Mexican-American political organizations 5100:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 7667:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7600:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 7491:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 5145:Black players in professional American football 5095:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 3153:Karson, Kendall; Scanlan, Quinn (22 May 2020). 2713:regarding segregation in Jim Crow schools, the 2672:to service Cuba's plantation system. Historian 2545:Treaty of Peace, Harmony, and Mutual Assistance 9146:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 3914:Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice 3907:Against Empire: Feminisms, Racism and the West 3785: 3613:Gosin, Monika (15 June 2019). "Introduction". 3179:Peña, Mauricio; Sabino, Pascal (3 June 2020). 2812:was made pervasive through colonialism, while 9054:List of lynching victims in the United States 7392:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 6904: 6025: 3991: 3152: 2253: 647: 4858:Historically black colleges and universities 3786:Malagón, Elvia; Charles, Sam (2 June 2020). 2904:, there were reports that Latino men of the 2685:, recognized this shared oppression openly. 7521:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 6878:Category:American people of Mexican descent 3637: 3593: 2927:was declared and the conflict was settled. 7570:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 6911: 6897: 6032: 6018: 3998: 3984: 3303:. University of Texas Press. p. 126. 3178: 2260: 2246: 654: 640: 9126:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 5075:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 3642:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 92–101. 3524: 2579:and had notable regional differences. In 2510:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 9161:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 7201:University of Georgia desegregation riot 3439: 3216: 2941:Asian Americans and the "model minority" 2445: 1621:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza 29: 9075:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 8812:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 8807:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 6830:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority 6214:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts 3706: 3638:Feagin, Joe R.; Cobas, José A. (2015). 3095: 1835:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts 14: 9327: 8989:African-American women in the movement 7441:White House Conference on Civil Rights 7272:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 5974:Topics related to the African diaspora 5080:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 3803: 3801: 3781: 3779: 3667:. Cengage Learning. pp. 232–241. 3594:Smith-Matta, Quinn (19 January 2018). 3554:. Transaction Publishers. p. 34. 3549: 3499: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3235: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3133: 2526:Mexican American Political Association 7430:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 6892: 6845:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans 6013: 5954:Landmark African-American legislation 4005: 3979: 3861: 3859: 3807: 3744: 3662: 3612: 3574: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3331: 3329: 3301:Black-Brown Relations and Stereotypes 3197: 2659: 2536:of the Crusade for Justice. Activist 2334:have addressed since the late 1960s. 283:League of Revolutionary Black Workers 9198:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 7662:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 7610:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 7556:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 7033:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 6958:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 6855:List of Mexican-American communities 6280:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike 5085:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 3763: 3114: 3073: 3071: 2543:The meeting ultimately produced the 2475: 1602:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center 7605:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 7541:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 7211:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 6657:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 6601:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. 5439:African-American Vernacular English 3798: 3776: 3725: 3687: 3442:"The Barriers to Black-Brown Unity" 3440:Muwakkil, Salim (20 January 2015). 3266: 3165: 3047:Wilson, Gutierrez, Chao 2003, p. 9. 2834:. Peter Ogom Nwosu identifies that 2727:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 2518:Mexican American Youth Organization 2330:, Larry Kubota, Keith Osajima, and 1998:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 1935:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. 605:United States civil rights movement 288:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 24: 9049:African-American churches attacked 7615:Montgomery Improvement Association 7590:Georgia Council on Human Relations 7575:Council of Federated Organizations 7546:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 7304:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 7262:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 7068:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 6972:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 5357:U.S. cities with large populations 5060:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 3965:. University Press of Mississippi. 3856: 3838: 3479: 3410: 3398: 3377: 3365: 3338: 3326: 3217:Quiñones, Michael (14 June 2019). 2985:Prior to the establishment of the 2420:resistance against this structure. 1464:The Revolt of the Cockroach People 25: 9356: 9335:African–Native American relations 9121:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 8994:Jews in the civil rights movement 4230:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 4226:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 4033:African American founding fathers 3944:. University of California Press. 3930:. University of Washington Press. 3888:. University of California Press. 3430:Martinez HoSang 2013, p. 120-123. 3068: 2747: 2585:National Farm Workers Association 2486:Alianza Federal de Pueblos Libres 502:Black Power and the American Myth 328:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 9315:Civil rights movement portal 9308: 9156:Freedom Riders National Monument 8898:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 7410:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 7369:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 7256:Second Emancipation Proclamation 6449:Mexican-American women's fashion 5992: 5110:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 4255:Nadir of American race relations 2217: 685: 243:Black Revolutionary Assault Team 203:African People's Socialist Party 57: 9183:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 9171:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 7647:National Council of Negro Women 7585:Deacons for Defense and Justice 6594:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez 4116:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 4106:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 3951:. University of Nebraska Press. 3895:. University of Nebraska Press. 3847: 3820: 3757: 3738: 3719: 3707:Ramirez, Rachel (3 June 2020). 3700: 3681: 3656: 3631: 3606: 3587: 3568: 3543: 3518: 3493: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3433: 3424: 3389: 3356: 3347: 3317: 3292: 3248: 3229: 3210: 3191: 3146: 1928:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez 854:California agricultural strikes 308:National Joint Action Committee 293:May 19th Communist Organization 7063:Mansfield school desegregation 5105:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 4111:Civil right movement 1896–1954 3764:Peña, Mauricio (2 June 2020). 3529:. Beacon Press. pp. xix. 3280:Garcia, Marlen (3 June 2020). 3236:Carden, Andrea (30 May 2020). 3127: 3108: 3089: 3080: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 2630:In 1983, Black-Brown unity in 2360:have increased recognition of 1429:From This Wicked Patch of Dust 13: 1: 9193:National Voting Rights Museum 9136:Civil Rights Movement Archive 8935:Lynching in the United States 8822:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 7277:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 7250:University of Chicago sit-ins 7017:Davis v. Prince Edward County 6259:Occupation of Catalina Island 6234:Farm workers' rights campaign 5285:Cherokee freedmen controversy 4261:The Negro Motorist Green Book 3875: 3096:Johnson, Greg (26 May 2020). 2742: 2634:led to the election of mayor 1485:...y no se lo tragó la tierra 1024:Occupation of Catalina Island 323:Revolutionary Action Movement 248:Black Riders Liberation Party 9188:National Civil Rights Museum 9044:March on Washington Movement 9029:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 7498:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 3808:Ramos, Manny (2 June 2020). 3745:Fuchs, Chris (2 June 2020). 3617:. Cornell University Press. 3575:Jaime, Angie (1 June 2020). 3552:The Media in Black and White 3550:Dennis, Everette E. (2011). 3198:Sinha, Charu (30 May 2020). 3115:Kaur, Harmeet (8 May 2020). 2731:American Federation of Labor 2694:The People v. George W. Hall 2508:, Ralph Featherstone of the 2141:Indigenous Mexican Americans 1845:Self Help Graphics & Art 555:Black Power in the Caribbean 253:Black Women's Defense League 7: 8832:"This Little Light of Mine" 7580:Dallas County Voters League 7526:Atlanta Negro Voters League 7289:Letter from Birmingham Jail 6996:Brown v. Board of Education 5155:Black players in ice hockey 5090:National Urban League (NUL) 4916:American Society of Muslims 4154:Selma to Montgomery marches 4074:Brown v. Board of Education 3916:. Harvard University Press. 3905:Eisenstein, Zillah (2004). 3134:Serwer, Adam (8 May 2020). 2951:In 1956, social scientists 2715:United States Supreme Court 2506:Congress of Racial Equality 2467:in 1968 and Fred Hampton's 2407: 2279:under colonial capitalism, 1443:The Dirty Girls Social Club 816:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 10: 9361: 9166:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 9034:Holt Street Baptist Church 9004:16th Street Baptist Church 7988:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 7632:Nashville Student Movement 7562:An Appeal for Human Rights 5312:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 5070:Nashville Student Movement 4081:Children of the plantation 3961:Watkins, Rychetta (2012). 3958:. McFarland & Company. 3933:Mantler, Gordon K (2013). 3891:Behnken, Brian D. (2012). 3726:Yam, Kimmy (1 June 2020). 3688:Yam, Kimmy (1 June 2020). 3663:Nwosu, Peter Ogom (2012). 3504:. Routledge. p. 135. 3335:Eisenstein 2004, p. 37-39. 2978: 2944: 2577:southwestern United States 1642:This Bridge Called My Back 1388:Who Would Have Thought It? 338:Symbionese Liberation Army 9304: 9206: 9108: 8922: 8855: 8797: 8776: 8663:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 8633:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 7705: 7697:Women's Political Council 7692:Wednesdays in Mississippi 7687:United Auto Workers (UAW) 7672:Southern Regional Council 7642:Northern Student Movement 7551:Committee for Freedom Now 7511: 7458:Memphis sanitation strike 7424:Voting Rights Act of 1965 7346: 7167:Savannah Protest Movement 7129: 6987: 6948:Journey of Reconciliation 6940: 6927: 6868: 6812: 6666: 6568: 6512: 6444:Mexican-American folklore 6366: 6267: 6224:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán 6169: 6103: 6052: 5982: 5949:Index of related articles 5827: 5742: 5466: 5399: 5337: 5237: 5198: 5130: 5123: 5038: 4958: 4950:Doctrine of Father Divine 4896: 4838: 4487: 4342: 4334:Women's suffrage movement 4287:Reconstruction Amendments 4094:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4013: 3972:. SAGE Publications, Inc. 3912:Haney López, Ian (2009). 3898:Cooks, Carlos A. (1992). 2989:and the consolidation of 2146:Punjabi Mexican Americans 1878:Great Wall of Los Angeles 1450:The House on Mango Street 1302:Mexican-American folklore 1034:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán 859:Cantaloupe strike of 1928 7531:Atlanta Student Movement 7480:Civil Rights Act of 1968 7405:1964–1965 Scripto strike 7386:Civil Rights Act of 1964 7284:1963 Birmingham campaign 7177:Civil Rights Act of 1960 7101:Civil Rights Act of 1957 6439:Mexican-American cuisine 5999:United States portal 5434:African-American English 4863:Inventors and scientists 4555:George Washington Carver 4159:Chicago Freedom Movement 3025: 2842:In the aftermath of the 2534:Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales 2304:voter disenfranchisement 2224:United States portal 1635:The Church in the Barrio 1495:Poetry and Short Stories 1231:Mexican-American cuisine 1072:1985–1987 cannery strike 41:This article is part of 9083:Voter Education Project 8837:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 8498:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 7933:Josephine Dobbs Clement 7359:Chester school protests 7354:Twenty-fourth Amendment 7316:Detroit Walk to Freedom 7058:Tallahassee bus boycott 6979:Baton Rouge bus boycott 6629:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. 6525:Coyolxauhqui imperative 5922:African-American firsts 4971:Back-to-Africa movement 4940:Black Hebrew Israelites 4720:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 4268:Partus sequitur ventrem 3853:Watkins 2012, p. 39-40. 3844:Okihiro 1994, p. 32-34. 3525:Alexander, Amy (2011). 3500:Feagin, Joe R. (2001). 3490:Okihiro 1994, p. 53-54. 3476:Okihiro 1994, p. 51-52. 3467:Okihiro 1994, p. 50-51. 3458:Okihiro 1994, p. 42-45. 3407:López 2009, p. 210-211. 3386:Mantler 2013, p. 74-75. 3344:Okihiro 1994, p. 37-38. 3323:Eisenstein 2004, p. 55. 3086:Watkins 2012, p. 35-42. 2853:shooting of Akai Gurley 2796:In regard to non-Black 2786:1967 Detroit race riots 2528:, Dávid Sanchez of the 2482:Albuquerque, New Mexico 2388:organized a protest in 1963:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. 1807:Royal Chicano Air Force 1666:Coyolxauhqui imperative 1478:Under the Feet of Jesus 560:Black Power in Montreal 431:Martin Luther King, Jr. 313:New Black Panther Party 278:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 9296:Movement photographers 8538:Bernice Johnson Reagon 8258:Martin Luther King Sr. 8253:Martin Luther King Jr. 7823:William Holmes Borders 7595:Highlander Folk School 7485:Poor People's Campaign 7338:St. Augustine movement 7188:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 7111:Katz Drug Store sit-in 7082:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 7044:Montgomery bus boycott 6608:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce 6374:Anti-Mexican sentiment 6336:Killing of Adam Toledo 6319:Great American Boycott 6189:Centro de Arte Público 5890:Spingarn Medal winners 5379:States and territories 5150:Black NFL quarterbacks 4650:Martin Luther King Jr. 4182:Dred Scott v. Sandford 4121:Montgomery bus boycott 3926:Okihiro, Gary (1994). 3919:Jung, Moon-Ho (2006). 3362:Mantler 2013, p. 9-10. 3038:Abel 2010, p. 170-171. 2844:murder of George Floyd 2740: 2569: 2504:, James Dennis of the 2465:Martin Luther King Jr. 2461:Poor People's Campaign 2427: 1942:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce 1825:Centro de Arte Público 1787:East Los Streetscapers 1526:Pensamiento Serpentino 1116:Great American Boycott 994:Las Adelitas de Aztlán 964:Conferencia de Mujeres 752:Anti-Mexican sentiment 514:The Diary of Malcolm X 318:Republic of New Afrika 273:George Jackson Brigade 258:British Black Panthers 238:Black Radical Congress 213:Black Guerrilla Family 89:Black Power Revolution 35: 9131:Civil Rights Memorial 9019:Bethel Baptist Church 8668:Charles Kenzie Steele 8113:Audrey Faye Hendricks 8018:Myrlie Evers-Williams 7998:Patricia Stephens Due 7968:Abraham Lincoln Davis 7903:Colia Lafayette Clark 7657:Operation Breadbasket 7652:National Urban League 7399:Katzenbach v. McClung 7267:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 6920:Civil rights movement 6643:Mendez v. Westminster 6580:Botiller v. Dominguez 6560:Youth control complex 6429:Estrada Courts murals 6290:2019 El Paso shooting 6268:Post-Chicano Movement 6229:Plan de Santa Bárbara 6184:Católicos por La Raza 5200:Athletic associations 5135:Negro league baseball 4906:African-American Jews 4625:Ketanji Brown Jackson 4590:Henry Highland Garnet 4449:Negro National Anthem 4199:George Floyd protests 4164:Post–civil rights era 3954:Virtue, John (2007). 3902:. The Majority Press. 3395:Behnken 2012, p. 8-9. 3374:Behnken 2012, p. 1-3. 3353:Mantler 2013, p. 5-6. 2890:George Floyd protests 2866:Chinese Exclusion Act 2735: 2553: 2446:First wave: 1960s-70s 2422: 2358:George Floyd protests 2300:community segregation 2020:Madrigal v. Quilligan 1977:Mendez v. Westminster 1914:Botiller v. Dominguez 1706:Youth control complex 1082:2019 El Paso shooting 1039:Plan de Santa Bárbara 934:Católicos por La Raza 864:Citrus Strike of 1936 806:San Elizario Salt War 777:Early-American Period 521:Revolutionary Suicide 228:Black Panther Militia 223:Black Liberation Army 33: 9176:other King memorials 9151:Freedom Rides Museum 9088:1960s counterculture 9039:Edmund Pettus Bridge 8718:Walter Francis White 8623:Alexander D. Shimkin 7137:New Year's Day March 7106:Ministers' Manifesto 6953:Executive Order 9981 6636:Leal Garcia v. Texas 6331:Justice for Janitors 6249:Los Siete de la Raza 6244:Colegio César Chávez 6136:Mexican Repatriation 6104:Pre-Chicano Movement 5407:Afro-Seminole Creole 4933:Azusa Street Revival 4805:Booker T. Washington 4329:Underground Railroad 4194:Free people of color 4048:Atlantic slave trade 3421:Ramos 2012, p. 19-20 3077:Okihiro 1994, p. 48. 3065:Behnken 2012, p. 6-7 2514:José Angel Gutiérrez 2457:Reies López Tijerina 1970:Leal Garcia v. Texas 1592:MAS Programs, Tucson 1381:Living Up the Street 1133:Justice for Janitors 999:Los Siete de la Raza 954:Colegio César Chávez 874:Mexican Repatriation 825:Pre-Chicano Movement 796:Mexican–American War 84:Black power movement 8914:Mary McLeod Bethune 8875:Sermon on the Mount 8842:"We Shall Overcome" 8423:William Lewis Moore 8203:Frank Minis Johnson 8178:Richie Jean Jackson 8133:Donald L. Hollowell 7938:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 7743:Gwendolyn Armstrong 7738:William G. Anderson 7718:Victoria Gray Adams 7682:The Freedom Singers 7536:Black Panther Party 7321:March on Washington 7234:Garner v. Louisiana 7195:Boynton v. Virginia 6459:New Mexican cuisine 6285:1992 Drywall Strike 6254:Los Seis de Boulder 6239:Land grant struggle 6156:Sleepy Lagoon trial 5802:Trinidad and Tobago 5417:Black American Sign 5244:By African descent 5238:Ethnic subdivisions 5225:Southwestern (SWAC) 5140:Baseball color line 5055:Black Panther Party 4959:Political movements 4876:in computer science 4535:Carol Moseley Braun 4324:Tulsa race massacre 4317:Treatment of slaves 4149:March on Washington 4144:Birmingham movement 3865:López 2009, p. 1-3. 3056:Virtue 2007, p. 10. 2920:The Washington Post 2885:, to do the same." 2723:A. Phillip Randolph 2494:Black Panther Party 2308:economic oppression 2009:Federal Court cases 1903:Supreme Court cases 1221:New Mexican cuisine 1183:Abrazos, no balazos 1104:Chicano Art Exhibit 1077:1992 Drywall Strike 1063:Post-Chicano Period 1054:United Farm Workers 1004:Los Seis de Boulder 989:Land grant struggle 979:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc 894:Sleepy Lagoon trial 669:Part of a series on 348:Weather Underground 268:Five-Percent Nation 263:Conscious Community 233:Black Panther Party 74:Black Arts Movement 9231:Michael Eric Dyson 9116:In popular culture 8999:Fifth Circuit Four 8983:Loving v. Virginia 8976:Hernandez v. Texas 8955:Buchanan v. Warley 8947:Separate but equal 8941:Plessy v. Ferguson 8904:Frederick Douglass 8738:Robert F. Williams 8648:Kelly Miller Smith 8628:Fred Shuttlesworth 8553:Frederick D. Reese 8533:George Raymond Jr. 8523:A. Philip Randolph 8503:Fay Bellamy Powell 8418:Queen Mother Moore 8303:Z. Alexander Looby 8248:Coretta Scott King 8193:Barbara Rose Johns 8173:Jimmie Lee Jackson 8098:William E. Harbour 7878:Stokely Carmichael 7793:Randolph Blackwell 7463:King assassination 7452:Loving v. Virginia 7436:March Against Fear 7416:How Long, Not Long 7294:Children's Crusade 7245:Cambridge movement 7182:Ax Handle Saturday 7147:Greensboro sit-ins 7074:Give Us the Ballot 6667:By city and region 6587:Hernandez v. Texas 6550:Spiritual activism 6394:Chicano literature 6209:Chicano Moratorium 6116:Bisbee Deportation 5900:US representatives 5895:US cabinet members 5787:Dominican Republic 5374:Metropolitan areas 5215:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 5040:Civic and economic 5018:Self-determination 4839:Education, science 4760:Fred Shuttlesworth 4740:A. Philip Randolph 4645:Coretta Scott King 4570:Frederick Douglass 4397:Harlem Renaissance 4302:Separate but equal 4292:Reconstruction era 4280:Plessy v. Ferguson 4171:Cornerstone Speech 4085:Civil Rights Acts 4068:Black Lives Matter 4043:American Civil War 3937:. UNC Press Books. 3770:Block Club Chicago 3185:Block Club Chicago 2883:Black Lives Matter 2679:Frederick Douglass 2674:Franklin W. Knight 2660:Black-Yellow unity 2602:Influenced by the 2386:Black Lives Matter 2384:organization, and 2045:Population by City 1921:Hernandez v. Texas 1830:Galería de la Raza 1797:Mujeres Muralistas 1696:Spiritual activism 1350:Chicano literature 1345:Chicana literature 1150:South Central Farm 974:East L.A. walkouts 949:Chicano Moratorium 839:Bisbee Deportation 791:Las Gorras Blancas 590:Red Power movement 545:Black Lives Matter 471:Stokely Carmichael 461:Robert F. Williams 441:Malik Zulu Shabazz 391:Fay Bellamy Powell 208:Assata's Daughters 79:Black is beautiful 36: 9322: 9321: 9099:Eyes on the Prize 9014:A.G. Gaston Motel 9009:Kelly Ingram Park 8969:Sweatt v. Painter 8653:Mary Louise Smith 8613:Cleveland Sellers 8598:Michael Schwerner 8563:Gloria Richardson 8343:Thurgood Marshall 8263:Bernard Lafayette 7993:John Wesley Dobbs 7507: 7506: 7226:Birmingham attack 7206:Rock Hill sit-ins 7157:Sibley Commission 7152:Nashville sit-ins 7024:Gebhart v. Belton 7010:Briggs v. Elliott 7003:Bolling v. Sharpe 6964:Sweatt v. Painter 6886: 6885: 6835:Mexican Americans 6783:Dallas–Fort Worth 6650:Bernal v. Fainter 6622:Medellín v. Texas 6151:Porvenir Massacre 6146:Plan de San Diego 6141:Operation Wetback 6007: 6006: 5835:African Americans 5707:Dallas–Fort Worth 5302:Black Southerners 5233: 5232: 4685:Thurgood Marshall 4655:Bernard Lafayette 4250:Million Man March 4007:African Americans 3814:Chicago Sun-Times 3792:Chicago Sun-Times 3286:Chicago Sun-Times 3016:Mexican Americans 2973:Mexican Americans 2930:Chicago Sun-Times 2915:Michelle Zacarias 2859:in the murder of 2857:Rodney King riots 2782:Kerner Commission 2636:Harold Washington 2476:Black-Brown unity 2469:Rainbow Coalition 2455:in 1965-1966 and 2417:Zillah Eisenstein 2343:COVID-19 pandemic 2273:Black–brown unity 2270: 2269: 2207: 2206: 2189:Mexican Americans 2154: 2153: 2094:Dallas–Fort Worth 2029: 2028: 1991:Perez v. Brownell 1984:Bernal v. Fainter 1956:Medellín v. Texas 1886: 1885: 1816:Art organizations 1714: 1713: 1542: 1541: 1519:Moment of Silence 1320: 1319: 1158: 1157: 924:Black-brown unity 889:Porvenir Massacre 884:Plan de San Diego 879:Operation Wetback 759: 758: 679:Mexican Americans 664: 663: 585:Political hip hop 508:Ten-Point Program 476:Wadsworth Jarrell 401:Gloria Richardson 160:Black nationalism 130:Africana womanism 125:African socialism 18:Black-brown unity 16:(Redirected from 9352: 9313: 9312: 9276:Charles M. Payne 9261:Steven F. Lawson 9251:David Halberstam 9221:Clayborne Carson 8962:Hocutt v. Wilson 8909:W. E. B. Du Bois 8758:Sammy Younge Jr. 8743:Q. V. Williamson 8708:Wyatt Tee Walker 8573:Bernice Robinson 8518:Lincoln Ragsdale 8508:Rodney N. Powell 8403:Douglas E. Moore 8278:Sanford R. Leigh 8213:J. Charles Jones 8088:Fannie Lou Hamer 8003:Joseph Ellwanger 7963:Jonathan Daniels 7953:Claudette Colvin 7943:Annie Lee Cooper 7928:Kathleen Cleaver 7923:Eldridge Cleaver 7898:Shirley Chisholm 7788:Gloria Blackwell 7379:workers' murders 7326:"I Have a Dream" 7221:Anniston bombing 7172:Greenville Eight 7087:Little Rock Nine 7050:Browder v. Gayle 6938: 6937: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6873:Category:Chicano 6803:Salt Lake Valley 6513:Chicana/o Theory 6484:Teatro Campesino 6474:Regional Mexican 6464:New Mexico music 6454:Mexican muralism 6341:Murder of Selena 6204:Chicano Blowouts 6199:Chicana feminism 6171:Chicano Movement 6065:Mexican American 6045:Mexican American 6034: 6027: 6020: 6011: 6010: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5959:Lynching victims 5458:Louisiana Creole 5429:American English 5317:Louisiana Creole 5290:Choctaw freedmen 5128: 5127: 4665:Huddie Ledbetter 4605:Fannie Lou Hamer 4575:W. E. B. Du Bois 4565:Claudette Colvin 4560:Shirley Chisholm 4377:Family structure 4245:Military history 4127:Browder v. Gayle 4000: 3993: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3866: 3863: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3408: 3405: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3375: 3372: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3260:Fight Back! 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Daley 2624:Chicano Blowouts 2370:Kendrick Sampson 2362:police brutality 2262: 2255: 2248: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2167: 2166: 2042: 2041: 1899: 1898: 1802:Teatro Campesino 1727: 1726: 1628:Brown, Not White 1569:Chicana feminism 1557: 1556: 1436:Mexican WhiteBoy 1408:Bless Me, Ultima 1364:Autobiographical 1333: 1332: 1297:Lowrider bicycle 1171: 1170: 1138:Murder of Selena 1049:Raza Unida Party 909:Chicano Movement 844:Bloody Christmas 774: 773: 700: 699: 689: 666: 665: 656: 649: 642: 550:Black Power gang 495:A Taste of Power 386:Eldridge Cleaver 218:Black Liberators 180:Intercommunalism 170:Black separatism 140:Anti-Americanism 61: 38: 37: 21: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9307: 9300: 9281:Thomas E. Ricks 9271:Diane McWhorter 9256:Vincent Harding 9241:Adam Fairclough 9208: 9202: 9104: 9059:Freedom Schools 8918: 8851: 8799: 8793: 8784:Omaha, Nebraska 8772: 8688:Hartman Turnbow 8678:Dorothy Tillman 8638:Glenn E. Smiley 8618:Charles Sherrod 8578:Jo Ann Robinson 8453:Charles Neblett 8443:Elijah Muhammad 8408:Harriette Moore 8368:Floyd McKissick 8353:Franklin McCain 8288:Stanley Levison 8153:T. R. M. Howard 8103:Vincent Harding 8033:Walter Fauntroy 7918:Xernona Clayton 7868:John H. Calhoun 7853:Aurelia Browder 7843:Stanley Branche 7838:Raylawni Branch 7818:Joseph E. Boone 7803:Ezell Blair Jr. 7798:Unita Blackwell 7773:Harry Belafonte 7713:Ralph Abernathy 7701: 7637:Nation of Islam 7513: 7503: 7342: 7299:Birmingham riot 7240:Albany Movement 7162:Atlanta sit-ins 7142:Sit-in movement 7125: 7121:Biloxi wade-ins 7093:Cooper v. 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Maceo Smith 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8593:Bernie Sanders 8590: 8585: 8583:Angela Russell 8580: 8575: 8570: 8568:David Richmond 8565: 8560: 8558:Walter Reuther 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:Cordell Reagon 8540: 8535: 8530: 8528:George Raymond 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8488:Charles Person 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8458:Huey P. Newton 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8413:Harry T. Moore 8410: 8405: 8400: 8398:Cecil B. Moore 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8378:James Meredith 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8208:Clarence Jones 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8148:Zilphia Horton 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8118:Lola Hendricks 8115: 8110: 8108:Dorothy Height 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8078:Lawrence Guyot 8075: 8070: 8068:Jack Greenberg 8065: 8060: 8055: 8053:Andrew Goodman 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978:Joseph DeLaine 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7948:Dorothy Cotton 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7893:J. L. Chestnut 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7828:Amelia Boynton 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7748:Arnold Aronson 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7374:Freedom Summer 7371: 7366: 7364:Bloody Tuesday 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7184: 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6416: 6411: 6406: 6404:Chicano poetry 6401: 6396: 6391: 6389:Chicano cinema 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6037: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5910:Visual artists 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5870:Mathematicians 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5694: 5689: 5687:South Carolina 5684: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5657:North Carolina 5654: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5602:Massachusetts 5600: 5599: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5444:social context 5441: 5431: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5295:Creek Freedmen 5292: 5287: 5282: 5272: 5270:Alabama Creole 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5210:Central (CIAA) 5206: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5003:Pan-Africanism 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4945:Black theology 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4886:in STEM fields 4883: 4878: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4841:and technology 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4780:Harriet Tubman 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4710:Michelle Obama 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4640:Barbara Jordan 4637: 4635:Harriet Jacobs 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4525:Amelia Boynton 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4488:Notable people 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4424:LGBT community 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4276: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4139:Freedom Riders 4136: 4131: 4123: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4083: 4078: 4070: 4065: 4063:Black genocide 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3834:. 3 June 2020. 3819: 3797: 3775: 3756: 3737: 3718: 3699: 3680: 3673: 3655: 3648: 3630: 3623: 3605: 3586: 3567: 3560: 3542: 3535: 3517: 3510: 3492: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3446:In These Times 3432: 3423: 3409: 3397: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3325: 3316: 3309: 3291: 3265: 3262:. 30 May 2020. 3247: 3228: 3209: 3190: 3164: 3145: 3126: 3107: 3088: 3079: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3024: 2976: 2970: 2947:Model minority 2945:Main article: 2942: 2939: 2925:Black P Stones 2894:Little Village 2870:model minority 2848:Hmong American 2808:, the idea of 2749: 2748:Anti-Blackness 2746: 2744: 2741: 2661: 2658: 2649:In These Times 2644:Salim Muwakkil 2477: 2474: 2447: 2444: 2409: 2406: 2398:Little Village 2392:. Protests in 2332:Daniel Okimoto 2320:model minority 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2129:Nuevomexicanos 2126: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1873:Estrada Courts 1870: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1749:Chicano cinema 1746: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1671:Gringo justice 1668: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1508: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1453: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1374:Always Running 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1355:Chicano poetry 1352: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 984:Huelga schools 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 915: 912: 911: 905: 904: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 830: 827: 826: 822: 821: 819: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 786:Josefa Segovia 782: 779: 778: 772: 767: 766: 763: 762: 757: 756: 755: 754: 746: 745: 741: 740: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 705: 704: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 682: 681: 671: 670: 662: 661: 659: 658: 651: 644: 636: 633: 632: 631: 630: 622: 621: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 517: 510: 505: 498: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 451:Muhammad Ahmad 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 411:Huey P. Newton 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 185:Pan-Africanism 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 150:Black feminism 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 109: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 54: 53: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9357: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9303: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9286:Timothy Tyson 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9216:Taylor Branch 9214: 9213: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9064:Freedom songs 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8930:Jim Crow laws 8928: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8827:"Oh, Freedom" 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8753:Whitney Young 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8733:Kale Williams 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8693:Albert Turner 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8683:A. P. Tureaud 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8588:Bayard Rustin 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8438:William Moyer 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8373:Joseph McNeil 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8358:Charles McDew 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8348:Benjamin Mays 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333:Vivian Malone 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8308:Joseph Lowery 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8233:Clyde Kennard 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223:Vernon Jordan 8221: 8219: 8218:Matthew Jones 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8183:T. J. Jemison 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8168:Jesse Jackson 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058:Robert Graetz 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8048:Golden Frinks 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8008:Charles Evers 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:Vernon Dahmer 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7913:Septima Clark 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7833:Bruce Boynton 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7758:James Baldwin 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7728:Mathew Ahmann 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7625:Youth Council 7623: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7216:Freedom Rides 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941:Prior to 1954 6939: 6936: 6933: 6926: 6921: 6914: 6909: 6907: 6902: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825:Chicano poets 6823: 6821: 6820:Chicano films 6818: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767:Pennsylvania 6766: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6757:New York City 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6692:San Francisco 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6615:Plyler v. Doe 6612: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570:Supreme Court 6567: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6540:New tribalism 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Barrioization 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424:Cinco de Mayo 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6399:Chicano names 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Neighborhoods 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Sports firsts 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5734:West Virginia 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671:Pennsylvania 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5650:New York City 5648: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5494:San Francisco 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467:By state/city 5465: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5412:American Sign 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5345:Neighborhoods 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5275:Black Indians 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4853:Black schools 4851: 4849: 4848:Black studies 4846: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4830:Whitney Young 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Oprah Winfrey 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Denmark Vesey 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:Joseph Rainey 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690:Toni Morrison 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675:Joseph Lowery 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4620:Jesse Jackson 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:Kamala Harris 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4595:Marcus Garvey 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4545:Blanche Bruce 4543: 4541: 4540:Edward Brooke 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4530:James Bradley 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510:James Baldwin 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454:Neighborhoods 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Silent Parade 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4235:Jim Crow laws 4233: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058:Black cowboys 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3674:9780495898313 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3649:9781317256953 3645: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3624:9781501738265 3620: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3561:9781412837743 3557: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3536:9780807061015 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3511:9780415925327 3507: 3503: 3496: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3320: 3312: 3310:9780292778542 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3072: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2975:and whiteness 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2832:Latin America 2829: 2825: 2824:United States 2821: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:United States 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2281:Jim Crow laws 2276: 2274: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2179:Chicano poets 2177: 2175: 2174:Chicano films 2172: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2035: 2034: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1949:Plyler v. Doe 1946: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1782:Culture Clash 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686:New tribalism 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1661:Barrioization 1659: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1583:Organizations 1582: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1198:Chicano names 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 914: 913: 910: 907: 906: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 829: 828: 824: 823: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 781: 780: 776: 775: 770: 765: 764: 753: 750: 749: 748: 747: 743: 742: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 702: 701: 693: 692: 688: 684: 683: 680: 676: 673: 672: 668: 667: 657: 652: 650: 645: 643: 638: 637: 635: 634: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 531: 530: 523: 522: 518: 516: 515: 511: 509: 506: 504: 503: 499: 497: 496: 492: 491: 485: 484: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426:Marcus Garvey 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:Assata Shakur 369: 367: 364: 363: 357: 356: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 197:Organizations 194: 193: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Black leftism 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 116: 115: 108: 104: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 65: 64: 60: 56: 55: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 32: 19: 9306: 9246:David Garrow 9226:John Dittmer 9097: 9024:Brown Chapel 8981: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8939: 8896: 8748:Andrew Young 8703:A. T. Walden 8698:C. T. Vivian 8658:Maxine Smith 8493:Homer Plessy 8473:James Orange 8428:Irene Morgan 8383:William Ming 8363:Ralph McGill 8298:Viola Liuzzo 8283:Jim Letherer 8268:James Lawson 8198:Vernon Johns 8188:Esau Jenkins 8143:Myles Horton 8093:Fred Hampton 8083:Prathia Hall 8073:Dick Gregory 8043:Marie Foster 8038:James Forman 8028:James Farmer 8013:Medgar Evers 7973:Angela Davis 7908:Ramsey Clark 7888:James Chaney 7883:Johnnie Carr 7863:Ralph Bunche 7858:H. Rap Brown 7848:Ruby Bridges 7808:Joanne Bland 7783:Claude Black 7763:Marion Barry 7733:Muhammad Ali 7560: 7496: 7489: 7450: 7428: 7397: 7390: 7232: 7193: 7186: 7116:Kissing Case 7091: 7048: 7031: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6970: 6962: 6850:Bibliography 6771:Philadelphia 6748:New Mexico ( 6701:California ( 6655: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6545:Rasquachismo 6499:Tortilla art 6489:Tejano music 6414:Chicano rock 6409:Chicano Park 6350: 6323: 6311: 6299: 5885:Sportspeople 5855:Billionaires 5772:Sierra Leone 5675:Philadelphia 5511:Jacksonville 5338:Demographics 5170:Jack Johnson 5160:Muhammad Ali 4993:Conservatism 4928:Black church 4825:Andrew Young 4810:Ida B. Wells 4800:David Walker 4795:C. T. Vivian 4750:Paul Robeson 4745:Hiram Revels 4725:Colin Powell 4705:Barack Obama 4660:James Lawson 4615:Jimi Hendrix 4585:James Farmer 4580:Medgar Evers 4550:Ralph Bunche 4500:Maya Angelou 4474:Middle class 4352:Afrofuturism 4278: 4266: 4259: 4180: 4125: 4072: 4038:Afrocentrism 4028:Abolitionism 3969: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3923:. JHU Press. 3920: 3913: 3909:. 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