3032:, a city with a significant black population, the convention included a diverse group of black activists, although it completely excluded whites. The convention was criticized for its racial exclusivity by Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, a group that supported integration. The delegates created a National Black Political Agenda with stated goals including the election of a proportionate number of black representatives to Congress, community control of schools, national health insurance, etc. Though the convention did not result in any direct policy, the convention advanced goals of the black power movement and left participants buoyed by a spirit of possibility and themes of unity and self-determination. A concluding note to the convention, addressing its supposed idealism, read: "At every critical moment of our struggle in America we have had to press relentlessly against the limits of the 'realistic' to create new realities for the life of our people. This is our challenge at Gary and beyond, for a new Black politics demands new vision, new hope and new definitions of the possible. Our time has come. These things are necessary. All things are possible." Though such political activism may not have resulted in direct policy, they provided political models for later movements, advanced a pro-black political agenda, and brought sensitive issues to the forefront of American politics. In its confrontational and often oppositional nature, the black power movement started a debate within the black community and America as a nation over issues of racial progress, citizenship, and democracy, namely "the nature of American society and the place of the African American in it." The continued intensity of debate over these same social and political issues is a tribute to the impact of the black power movement in arousing the political awareness and passions of citizens.
3511:
free/avant-garde, Afrofuturist, and fusion jazz, African-American artists continued to evolve the genre to adapt to the social trends of their time. One of the core reasons behind jazz experimentation was the integration of the music in to the white-controlled mainstream, subjecting the music to marketization for the purpose of entertainment. Kwami
Coleman explains this played an integral role in the production of avant-garde jazz in the 1960s as a response to the use of bebop as cultural propaganda during Cold War and its growing reputation as "white music." The structure of avant-garde jazz allowed the musicians to have more creative liberty in their pieces because of the emphasis on improvisation that had contradicted the notions of Euro-American music. This generation, which was grounded within the conditions of the Civil Rights Movement, utilized an Afrological and Afro-Modernist sound to reconnect to African heritage in a move away from American Romanticism. Avant-garde jazz was also developed from the desire of African Americans to develop their own cultural attitudes and structures of power outside of the status-quo; this desire for autonomy is translated into the music and the music is used to express their resistance against the white supremacist system.
3637:
movement, many goals, themes, and activists overlapped. Literature, drama, and music of black people "served as an oppositional and defensive mechanism through which creative artists could confirm their identity while articulating their own unique impressions of social reality." In addition to acting as highly visible and unifying representations of "blackness," the artistic products of the black power movement also utilized themes of black empowerment and liberation. For instance, black recording artists not only transmitted messages of racial unity through their music, they also became significant role models for a younger generation of
African Americans. Updated protest songs not only bemoaned oppression and societal wrongs, but utilized adversity as a reference point and tool to lead others to activism. Some black power-era artists conducted brief mini-courses in the techniques of empowerment. In the tradition of cultural nationalists, these artists taught that in order to alter social conditions, black people first had to change the way they viewed themselves; they had to break free of white norms and strive to be more natural, a common theme of African-American art and music. Musicians such as
3107:, author of A New Day in Babylon, "movement leaders never were as successful in winning power for the people as they were in convincing people that they had sufficient power within themselves to escape 'the prison of self-deprecation'". Primarily, the liberation and empowerment experienced by African Americans occurred in the psychological realm. The movement uplifted the black community as a whole by cultivating feelings of racial solidarity and positive self-identity, often in opposition to the world of white Americans, a world that had physically and psychologically oppressed black people for generations. Stokely Carmichael stated that "the goal of black self-determination and black self-identityâBlack Powerâis recognition of the virtues in themselves as black people." Through the movement, blacks came to understand themselves and their culture by exploring and debating the question, "who are we?" in order to establish a unified and viable identity. And "if black people are to know themselves as a vibrant, valiant people, they must know their roots."
3259:(BBPM) formed in the 1960s. They worked with the U.S. Black Panther Party in 1967â68, and 1968â72. The On March 2, 1970, roughly one hundred people protested outside the U.S. embassy in Grosvenor Square, London, in support of the U.S. Black Panther founder Bobby Seale, who was on trial for murder in New Haven, Connecticut. They chanted "Free Bobby!" and carried posters proclaiming "Free, Free bobby Seale" and "You can kill a revolutionary but not a revolution." London police arrested sixteen of the protestors that day, three women and thirteen men with threatening and assaulting police officers, distributing a flier entitled "the Definition of Black Power", intending to incite a breach of the peace, and willful damage to a police raincoat. The raincoat charge was dropped by the judge, but the judge found five of the accused guilty of the remaining charges.
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celebrating and emphasizing the distinctive group culture of
African Americans to an American society that had previously been dominated by white artistic and cultural expressions. Black power utilized all available forms of folk, literary, and dramatic expression based in a common ancestral past to promote a message of self-actualization and cultural self-definition. The emphasis on a distinctive black culture during the black power movement publicized and legitimized a culture gap between black and white people that had previously been ignored and denigrated. More generally, in recognizing the legitimacy of another culture and challenging the idea of white cultural superiority, the black power movement paved the way for the celebration of multiculturalism in America today.
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of the black power generation was a cultivation of aloofness and detachment, the creation of an "aura or emotional invulnerability," a persona that challenged their position of relative powerlessness in greater society. The nonverbal expressions of this attitude, including everything from posture to handshakes, were developed as a counterpoint to the rigid, "up-tight" mannerisms of white people. Though the iconic symbol of black power, the arms raised with biceps flexed and clenched fists, is temporally specific, variants of the multitude of handshakes, or "giving and getting skin," in the 1960s and 1970s as a mark of communal solidarity continue to exist as a part of black culture.
3178:, who became a prominent member in Ghana as well as influencing African American civil rights, stated that the nonviolent, passive-resistive strategies failed the needs of the lower class blacks. He believed that "the only way to win a revolution is to be revolutionary". America nevertheless managed to keep much of Africa under the western sphere of influence, especially after communism began to enter African countries, with Ghana being one. Black power in Africa soon lost its way though, with the coup and overthrow of Nkrumah and the death of black power advocates, such as Malcolm X. Nevertheless, for a short time, Ghana became a place of freedom and
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3013:" on political affairs of the 1960s. Though the nature of the relationship between the Civil Rights Movement and the black power movement is contested, Haines' study of the relationship between black radicals and the mainstream civil rights movement indicates that black power generated a "crisis in American institutions which made the legislative agenda of 'polite, realistic, and businesslike' mainstream organizations" more appealing to politicians. In this way, it can be argued that the more strident and oppositional messages of the black power movement indirectly enhanced the bargaining position of more moderate activists.
3531:," a fresh, authentic, and natural style of cooking that originated in Africa. The flavor and solid nourishment of the food was credited with sustaining African Americans through centuries of oppression in America and became an important aid in nurturing contemporary racial pride. Black power advocates used the concept of "soul food" to further distinguish between white and black culture; though the basic elements of soul food were not specific to African-American food, Blacks believed in the distinctive quality, if not superiority, of foods prepared by Blacks. No longer racially specific, traditional "soul foods" such as
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3675:, an elder statesman of the Civil Rights Movement, was a harsh critic of black power in its earliest days. Writing in 1966, shortly after the March Against Fear, Rustin said that black power "not only lacks any real value for the civil rights movement, but ... its propagation is positively harmful. It diverts the movement from a meaningful debate over strategy and tactics, it isolates the Negro community, and it encourages the growth of anti-Negro forces." He particularly criticized the
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3404:. Several marches and protests followed, including a demonstration on 26 February which started outside of the Canadian High Commission and the Royal Bank of Canada to protest the arrest of Caribbean students for an anti-racism sit-in at Sir George Williams University in Montreal. The Prime Minister tried to appease protesters by introducing a five percent levy to fund unemployment relief, and established the first locally owned commercial bank, but this had little impact.
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founding jazz was facing a massive crisis; clubs were rapidly being closed, gig opportunities sharply decreased, and jazz experimentalists did not connect with large audiences due to their unconventional style. The AACM created a power structure for
African-American musicians, especially women who typically faced large amounts of discrimination in the industry, that allowed for the fostering of a healthy jazz community outside of the predatory record companies.
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2672:âthat is the disproportionate political power at the national level held by slave owners in the South. Douglass predicted: "The days of Black Power are numbered. Its course, indeed is onward. But with the swiftness of an arrow, it rushes to the tomb. While crushing its millions, it is also crushing itself. The sword of Retribution, suspended by a single hair, hangs over it. That sword must fall. Liberty must triumph."
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there is no separate white path to power and fulfillment, short of social disaster, that does not share that power with black aspirations for freedom and human dignity. We are bound together in a single garment of destiny. The language, the cultural patterns, the music, the material prosperity, and even the food of
America are an amalgam of black and white.
2879:...these were the kind of men Fred Shuttlesworth admired, a mirror of the toughness he aspired to himselfâŠThey went armed , for it was one of the realities of the civil rights movement that however nonviolent it may have been at its heart, there was always a current of 'any means necessary,' as the black power advocates would say later on.
3068:, features emerging from the black power movement. Because the black power movement emphasized and explored a black identity, movement activists were forced to confront issues of gender and class as well. Many activists in the black power movement became active in related movements. This is seen in the case of the "second wave" of
3471:... That phase is over and it succeeded. My children feel better about themselves and they know that they're black." The outward manifestations of an appreciation and celebration of blackness abound: black dolls, natural hair, black Santas, models and celebrities that were once rare and symbolic have become commonplace.
2419:, and Patricia Robinson of Third World Press," the Boggses had "met with Malcolm in a Harlem luncheonette to discuss our proposal that he come to Detroit to help build the Organization for Black Power," but "Malcolmâs response was that we should go ahead while he served the movement as an 'evangelist.'"
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BAM sought "to link, in a highly conscious manner, art and politics in order to assist in the liberation of black people", and produced an increase in the quantity and visibility of
African-American artistic production. Though many elements of the Black Arts movement are separate from the black power
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Clothing style also became an expression of black power in the 1960s and 1970s. Though many of the popular trends of the movement remained confined to the decade, the movement redefined standards of beauty that were historically influenced by white people and instead celebrated a natural "blackness."
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ideology. As a result of the Cold War, black radicals and activists were unable to freely propose ideas due to government censorship. Consequently, Ghana became the example for black freedom and liberation movements due to the Cold War ideology and politics proving in the long term to be a factor for
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Due to the negative and militant reputation of such auxiliaries as that of the Black
Panther Party, many people felt that this movement of "insurrection" would soon serve to cause discord and disharmony through the entire U.S. Even Stokely Carmichael stated, "When you talk of Black Power, you talk of
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I think what Black Arts did was inspire a whole lot of Black people to write. Moreover, there would be no multiculturalism movement without Black Arts. Latinos, Asian
Americans, and others all say they began writing as a result of the example of the 1960s. Blacks gave the example that you don't have
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After several weeks of increasingly heated demonstrations, which included disaffected citizens of all ethnicities, Basil Davis, a protester, was killed by the police on 6 April. He was later recognised as the first martyr of the
Revolution. His funeral on 9 April saw some 100,000 people join a march
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The "Crisis and
Commitment Statement" was a full-page ad taken out in the New York Times on October 14, 1966. The ad was written and signed onto by Civil Rights leaders, condemning the "extreme" measures used by groups such as the black power movement, while reaffirming the basic tenets of the Civil
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SNCC's base of support was generally younger and more working-class than that of the other "Big Five" civil rights organizations and became increasingly more militant and outspoken over time. As a result, as the Civil Rights Movement progressed, increasingly radical, more militant voices came to the
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is us and we are going to call that beautiful whether they like it or not." "Natural" hair styles, such as the Afro, became a socially acceptable tribute to group unity and a highly visible celebration of black heritage. Though the same social messages may no longer consciously influence individual
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The cultural concept of "soul" was fundamental to the image of African-American culture embodied by the black power movement. Soul, a type of "in-group cultural cachet," was closely tied to black America's need for individual and group self-identification. A central expression of the "soulfulness"
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Williams, who was accused of upholding colonial and capitalist power structures, endeavoured to win over members of the black power movement by trying to align himself and his party with their aims. In a Cabinet re-shuffle, he removed three ministers (two of them white) and three senators. However,
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in 1964. For many expatriates, 'home' became Ghana due to the freedom of thought, speech, and economy which could not be had in America amidst the ongoing Cold War. Ghana as a place itself inspired black power due to its position as a non-aligned nation during the Cold War. Ghana thus represented a
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has created." Though black power at the most basic level refers to a political movement, the psychological and cultural messages of the black power movement, though less tangible, have had perhaps a longer-lasting impact on American society than concrete political changes. Indeed, "fixation on the
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In the final analysis the weakness of Black Power is its failure to see that the black man needs the white man and the white man needs the black man. However much we may try to romanticize the slogan, there is no separate black path to power and fulfillment that does not intersect white paths, and
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among its members," including "representatives from Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Chicago, Cleveland, and New York," as "a coordinating group of grassroots activists that looked to establish a concrete program for black self-determination centered in the cities." Already, "in the spring of 1964,
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The black power movement produced artistic and cultural products that both embodied and generated pride in "blackness" and further defined an African-American identity that remains contemporary. Black power is often seen as a cultural revolution as much as a political revolution, with the goal of
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activism, a movement supported and orchestrated to a certain degree by women working from within the coalition ranks of the black power movement. The boundaries between social movements became increasingly unclear at the end of the 1960s and into the 1970s; where the black power movement ends and
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Though the aims of the black power movement were racially specific, much of the movement's impact has been its influence on the development and strategies of later political and social movements. By igniting and sustaining debate on the nature of American society, the black power movement created
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Most early 1960s civil rights leaders did not believe in physically violent retaliation. However, much of the African-American rank-and-file, especially those leaders with strong working-class ties, tended to complement nonviolent action with armed self-defense. For instance, prominent nonviolent
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Those who profess to favor freedom, and yet depreciate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground. They want rain without thunder and lightning. They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many waters. ... Power concedes nothing without demand. It never did and it never
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Jazz had played a crucial artistic role to the black power movement throughout the 20th century. Throughout the century jazz had undergone a series of changes in terms of the composition and structure as experimentalists attempted to break away from the status quo. From swing to bebop, hard bop,
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Though the black power movement did not remedy the political problems faced by African Americans in the 1960s and 1970s, the movement did contribute to the development of black politics both directly and indirectly. As a contemporary of and successor to the Civil Rights Movement, the black power
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BAM could be easily described through the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians, or AACM, a collective of Black musicians and composers that was founded in the South Side of Chicago. Their goal was the nurturing, performing, and recording of Black jazz. At the time of the AACM's
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and Martin Luther King Jr. often attempted to deemphasize race in their quest for equality, while those advocating for separatism and colonization emphasized an extreme and irreconcilable difference between races. McCormack argues that the black power movement largely achieved an equilibrium of
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Black power activists approached politics with vitality, variety, wit, and creativity that shaped the way future generations approached dealing with America's societal problems (McCartney 188). These activists capitalized on the nation's recent awareness of the political nature of oppression, a
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writes that, "Contrary to the neat historical trajectories which suggest that black power came late in the decade and only after the 'successes' of earlier efforts, Simone's album makes clear that black power perspectives were already taking shape and circulating widely...in the early 1960s."
3690:(NAACP) also disapproved of black power. Roy Wilkins, then the NAACP's executive director, stated that black power was "a reverse Hitler, a reverse Ku Klux Klan...the father of hate and mother of violence." The black power slogan was also met with opposition from the leadership of SCLC and the
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By breaking into a field typically reserved for white Americans, artists of the black power era expanded opportunities for current African Americans. "Today's writers and performers," writes William L. Van Deburg, "recognize that they owe a great deal to black power's explosion of cultural
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for black people in the U.S., dictating that black Americans create their own identities despite being subjected to pre-existing societal factors. "Black power" in its original political sense expresses a range of political goals, from militant self-defense against racial oppression to the
2346:. The black power movement was prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, emphasizing racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture, promote and advance what was seen by proponents of the movement as being the collective interests and values of
3557:(born Everett LeRoy Jones), can be seen as the artistic branch of the black power movement. This movement inspired black people to establish ownership of publishing houses, magazines, journals and art institutions. Other well-known writers who were involved with this movement included
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what other multiracial and minority groups interpreted to be a viable template for the overall restructuring of society. By opening up discussion on issues of democracy and equality, the black power movement paved the way for a diverse plurality of social justice movements, including
3679:(CORE) and SNCC for their turn toward black power, arguing that these two organizations once "awakened the country, but now they emerge isolated and demoralized, shouting a slogan that may afford a momentary satisfaction but that is calculated to destroy them and their movement."
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opened Ghana up to African Americans seeking freedom, stating that "the independence of Ghana is meaningless unless it is linked with the total liberation of the whole of Africa". Black power was directly influenced by two key factors: the independence of Ghana and the
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to revolutionaries who sought an end to capitalism, the idea of black power exerted a significant influence. It helped organize scores of community self-help groups and institutions that did not depend on white people, encouraged colleges and universities to start
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hair or clothing styles in today's society, the black power movement was influential in diversifying standards of beauty and aesthetic choices. The black power movement raised the idea of a black aesthetic that revealed the worth and beauty of all black people.
2609:. Working-class people of all colors must unite against the exploitative, oppressive ruling class. So let me emphasize againâwe believe our fight is a class struggle and not a race struggle." For Seale, the African-American struggle was not solely a struggle for
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Ishmael Reed, who is considered neither a movement apologist nor advocate, said: "I wasn't invited to participate because I was considered an integrationist" but he went on to explain the positive aspects of the Black Arts Movement and the black power movement:
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East, resigned. On 18 April, sugar workers went on strike, with rumblings of a general strike to follow. In response, on 21 April, Prime Minister Williams declared a State of Emergency, arresting 15 black power leaders. Some members of the Defence Force, led by
2479:'Black Power' means black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak their needs." Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton explain the term "black power" in their 1967 book
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is such an advocate and states that, "only black people can convey the revolutionary ideaâand it is a revolutionary ideaâthat black people are able to do things themselves." However, this is not to say that black power advocates promoted
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where these other social movements begin is often unclear. "It is pertinent to note that as the movement expanded the variables of gender, class, and only compounded issues of strategy and methodology in black protest thought."
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sang lyrics such as "I have one single desire, just like you / So move over, son, 'cause I'm comin' through" in their song "Message From a Black Man," they expressed the revolutionary sentiments of the black power movement.
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Stokely Carmichael saw the concept of "black power" as a means of solidarity between individuals within the movement. It was a replacement of the "Freedom Now!" slogan of Carmichael's contemporary, the non-violence leader
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criticized extremists on both sides of the racial divide, stating "we're not interested in black power and we are not interested in white power, but we are interested in American democratic power, with a small
2483:: "It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations."
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3655:. You could do your own thing, get into your own background, your own history, your own tradition and your own culture. I think the challenge is for cultural sovereignty and Black Arts struck a blow for that.
3126:"balanced and humane ethnocentrism." The impact of the black power movement in generating discussion about ethnic identity and black consciousness supported the appearance and expansion of academic fields of
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place for black freedom with no constraints by anti-communist, nor communist propaganda. The connection between black power in America and Africa is further shown by the expatriates in Ghana criticising the
2503:, and thus the two movements have sometimes been viewed as inherently antagonistic. Civil Rights leaders often proposed passive, non-violent tactics while the black power movement felt that, in the words of
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This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black
3103:'political' hinders appreciation of the movement's cultural manifestations and unnecessarily obscures black culture's role in promoting the psychological well being of the Afro-American people," states
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By 1966, most of SNCC's field staff, among them Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Ture), were becoming critical of the nonviolent approach to confronting racism and inequalityâarticulated and promoted by
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6023:, Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
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highlight that some observers and critics of the black power movement conflated "black power" with "black supremacy". They countered that black power advocates were not proposing a mirror-image of
3441:, which reduced civil liberties in a bid to restrict protest marches. After public opposition, led by Robinson and his newly formed Action Committee of Democratic Citizens, the bill was withdrawn.
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2531:âparticipated in both civil rights and black power activism. A growing number of scholars conceive of the civil rights and black power movements as one interconnected Black Freedom Movement.
3463:'s "Longitudinal Oral History of U.S. Race Relations" in 1986 stated: "I don't think it's 'Black is beautiful' anymore. It's 'I am beautiful and I'm black.' It's not the symbolic thing, the
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and assimilation. They rejected the notion of appealing to the public's conscience and religious creeds and took the tack articulated by another black activist more than a century before,
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as a primary objective. King was critical of the black power movement, stating in an August 1967 speech to the SCLC: "Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout '
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2511:, "a 'non-violent' approach to civil rights is an approach black people cannot afford and a luxury white people do not deserve." However, many groups and individualsâincluding
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The "black is beautiful" cultural movement aimed to dispel the notion that black people's natural features such as skin color, facial features and hair are inherently ugly.
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2587:, Chairman and Co-Founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was outspoken about this issue. His stance was that the oppression of black people was a result of
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In developing a powerful identity from the most elemental aspects of African-American folk life, the black power movement generated attention to the concept of "
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of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (and a leader of the 1963 Birmingham campaign), had worked closely with an armed defense group that was led by
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in January 1968, and became one of the main exponents of black power in Jamaica. When the Shearer government banned Rodney from re-entering the country, the
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write that "there is a definite, much-needed role that whites can play." They felt that whites could serve the movement by educating other white people.
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With his use of the term, Carmichael felt this movement was not just a movement for racial desegregation, but rather a movement to help end how American
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Numerous black power advocates were in favor of black self-determination due to the belief that black people must lead and run their own organizations.
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fore to aggressively challenge white hegemony. Increasing numbers of black youth, particularly, rejected their elders' moderate path of cooperation,
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in this period. In these ways the black power movement led to greater respect for and attention accorded to African Americans' history and culture.
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Throughout the Civil Rights Movement and black history, there has been tension between those wishing to minimize and maximize racial difference.
2782:; he became a simultaneous spokesman for the militant wing of the Civil Rights Movement and the non-separatist wing of the black power movement.
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6035:, Professor of African-American Studies, Scholar of African American history and frequent commentator on civil rights, race and democracy issues
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The National Black Political Convention, held March 10â12, 1972, was a significant milestone in black politics of the black power era. Held in
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While King never endorsed the slogan, and in fact opposed the black power movement, his rhetoric sometimes came close to it. In his 1967 book
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6029:: Archival site incorporating documents, maps, audio/visual materials related to CORE's work in black power and black economic development
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Although the concept remained imprecise and contested and the people who used the slogan ranged from business people who used it to push
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After Ghana's independence, black power reached the international stage, with visits from notable African American activists, such as
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3279:) and business elites were white. Large segments of the black majority population were unemployed or did not earn a living wage. The
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argued "Racism is racism and we must reject calls for racism whether they come from a throat that is white or one that is black."
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which resulted from them. Nina Simone mocked liberal nonviolence ("Go Limp"), and took a vengeful position toward white racists ("
2774:, Malcolm left that organization and engaged with the mainstream of the Civil Rights Movement. Malcolm was now open to voluntary
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3459:." The phrase is rooted in its historical context, yet the relationship to it has changed in contemporary times. A respondent in
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10118:
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5193:
Angelo, Anne-Marie (2009-01-01). "The Black Panthers in London, 1967-1972: A Diasporic Struggle Navigates the Black Atlantic".
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2573:, they were not at war with all whites, but rather with those (mostly white) individuals empowered by the injustices of the
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2828:!' â when nobody will shout 'Black Power!' â but everybody will talk about God's power and human power." In his 1967 book,
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1978:
1938:
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The Black Revolts: Racial Stratification in the U.S.A.: The Politics of Estate, Caste, and Class in the American Society
2398:
created "in our basement" the national Organization for Black Power, along "with former and then current members of the
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We Shall Overcome to We Shall Overrun: The Collapse of the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Revolt (1962â1968)
4954:
We Shall Overcome to We Shall Overrun: The Collapse of the Civil Rights Movement and the Black Power Revolt (1962â1968)
4568:
Tyson, Timothy B. (1998). "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle".
4158:
2821:
2763:
2342:. It is primarily, but not exclusively, used by black activists and other proponents of what the slogan entails in the
1993:
1973:
1527:
1392:
824:
5753:
5102:
4203:
2362:, cooperatives, farms, and media. However, the movement has been criticized for alienating itself from the mainstream
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and his government. Simultaneously, there was growing unrest among trade unionists, led by George Weekes of the
3350:
in Trinidad & Tobago was born out of a black power movement that gained strength between 1968 and 1970. The
11537:
11227:
10857:
10241:
10135:
10050:
9654:
6097:
5881:
5835:
5026:
Diss. University of New York at Albany, 1970. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1984, p. 394.
4961:
4738:
4488:
4361:
4313:
4258:, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Accessed 20 November 2006.
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541:
2977:, a white Australian sprinter, who also wore an OPHR badge to show his support for the two African Americans.
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11004:
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10089:
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9933:
9894:
9834:
9634:
9023:
9003:
8810:
8789:
8393:
8336:
8135:
6477:
6450:
6268:
6064:
5334:
4272:
3621:. Although not strictly involved with the Movement, other notable African-American writers such as novelists
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7853:
7373:
6897:
6698:
6605:
6494:
5454:"5. "We Called Ourselves Modern": Race Music and the Politics and Practice of Afro-Modernism at Midcentury"
3821:
3479:
3267:
A black power movement arose in Jamaica in the late 1960s. Though Jamaica had gained independence from the
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and those aligned with Carmichael, marked by their respective slogans, "Freedom Now" and "Black Power".
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in Mexico City. At the conclusion of the 200m race, at the medal ceremony, United States gold medalist
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1342:
1244:
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998:
883:
329:
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Goldstein, Brian D., "'The Search for New Forms': Black Power and the Making of the Postmodern City,"
3739:
and domination, instead they were working towards "an effective share in the total power of society".
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Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity. Reconfiguring American Political History
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2331:
2106:
1850:
1810:
1099:
442:
4078:
Hall, Simon (2020). "The NAACP, Black Power, and the African American Freedom Struggle, 1966â1969".
3597:. Several black-owned publishing houses and publications sprang from the BAM, including Madhubuti's
2714:
and its domination of the movement's strategy. Williams was supported by prominent leaders such as
11547:
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970:
851:
679:
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Charles Reagan Wilson and William Ferris (eds.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
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269:
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4708:
In addition to SNCC, the other "Big Five" organizations of the civil rights movement were the
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and SNCC were in favor of separatism for a time in the late 1960s, organizations such as the
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1407:
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Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism
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2441:) and Willie Ricks (later known as Mukasa Dada), both organizers and spokespersons for the
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619:
75:
34:
20:
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T&Tâs 1970 revolution: the rise of peopleâs politics and the Stateâs draconic response
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The cultivation of pride in the African-American race was often summarized in the phrase "
8:
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said in 1966, "We have to stop being ashamed of being black. A broad nose, thick lip and
3203:
2949:
One of the most well-known and unexpected demonstrations for black power occurred at the
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1003:
834:
339:
259:
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224:
65:
10336:
6020:
4639:"Nina Simone: The Antidote to the 'We Shall Overcome' Myth of the Civil Rights Movement"
2433:
The first popular use of the term "black power" as a political and racial slogan was by
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at this stage, whereas black power was not organized around any religious institution.
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An early manifestation of black power in popular culture was the performances given by
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Black power adherents believed in black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as
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1046:
735:
581:
536:
462:
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382:
70:
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9851:
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7463:
7408:
7193:
6357:
6352:
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6203:
6164:
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We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century
5853:
Fighting for US: Maulana Karenga, the US Organization, and Black Cultural Nationalism
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5483:
5469:
5415:
5403:
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5132:
5082:
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4734:
4733:. Bobo, K.; Randall, J.; and Max, S. (eds). Cabin John, Maryland: Seven Locks Press.
4689:
4609:
4552:
4532:
4503:
Van Horne, Winston A. (2007). "The Concept of Black Power: Its Continued Relevance".
4484:
4458:
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4357:
4330:"'I Don't Believe in Gradualism': Rosa Parks and the Black Power Movement in Detroit"
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4003:
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3320:
broke out. As a result of the Rodney affair, radical groups and publications such as
3210:'s Racial Adjustment Action Society (RAAS). However, this was more influenced by the
3206:. At that time, there was no black power organization in Britain, although there was
3179:
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3061:
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2566:
were not. Though the Panthers considered themselves to be at war with the prevailing
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1322:
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467:
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151:
121:
116:
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4159:
https://cooperationjackson.org/black-power-conference/2016/6/8/historical-background
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5202:
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4512:
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4204:
http://intercommunalworkshop.org/grace-lee-boggs-introduction-revolution-evolution/
4087:
3816:
3796:
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3491:
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3127:
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2778:
as a long-term goal, but he still supported armed self-defense, self-reliance, and
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1554:
1382:
1317:
1297:
1206:
486:
377:
209:
171:
161:
3697:
Politicians in high office also spoke out against black power: in 1966, President
2662:
The term "black power" was used in a different sense in the 1850s by black leader
11217:
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10817:
10002:
9829:
9739:
9734:
9665:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
9515:
9470:
9324:
9314:
9294:
9279:
9179:
9054:
9044:
8683:
8471:
8456:
8441:
8259:
7888:
7878:
7838:
7818:
7778:
7653:
7643:
7608:
7568:
7553:
7488:
7353:
7303:
7233:
7118:
7068:
7053:
7043:
7038:
7018:
7003:
6998:
6973:
6913:
6837:
6440:
6411:
6406:
6362:
6342:
6321:
6293:
5943:
5628:
5544:
5323:
5037:"Show me my Soul.": the evolution of the Black museum movement in postwar America
4860:
4383:
3736:
3707:
3638:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3539:, and deep-fried chicken continue to hold a place in contemporary culinary life.
3532:
3475:
3175:
3099:
3017:
primary focus of the Civil Rights Movement, developing numerous political action
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2759:
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136:
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2334:
and a name which is given to various associated ideologies which aim to achieve
11385:
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10968:
10877:
10847:
10827:
10822:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10781:
10761:
10746:
10726:
10691:
10652:
10606:
10439:
9844:
9807:
9797:
9557:
9552:
9494:
9329:
9259:
9189:
9184:
8688:
8612:
8510:
8491:
8080:
7928:
7913:
7843:
7793:
7758:
7743:
7728:
7688:
7668:
7658:
7613:
7598:
7578:
7348:
7318:
7308:
7278:
7268:
7178:
7148:
6948:
6574:
6526:
6416:
6083:
6074:
5537:
5453:
5316:
5281:
Remembering Basil Davis: The 1970 Trinidad and Tobago Revolutionâs first martyr
3972:
A View from the East: Black Cultural Nationalism and Education in New York City
3892:
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3791:
3574:
3562:
3558:
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3494:
was that black features were less attractive or desirable than white features.
3487:
3367:
3363:
3335:
3268:
3242:
3191:
3122:
3053:
2906:
2885:
During the March Against Fear, there was a division between those aligned with
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2743:
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1609:
1579:
1337:
1327:
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402:
176:
141:
11207:
5465:
5206:
4729:
Douglass, Frederick (1991). "Letter to an abolitionist associate (1857)". In
3009:
movement created, what sociologist Herbert H. Haines refers to as a "positive
2613:. In 1970, this contention fulfilled aims similar to those of the languishing
2358:
establishment of social institutions and a self-sufficient economy, including
11613:
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11197:
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11014:
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10912:
10887:
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8264:
8130:
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7433:
7423:
7383:
7368:
7258:
7248:
7208:
7158:
7033:
6958:
6928:
5809:
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America
5688:
5407:
5399:
5222:
Race, Class, and Political Symbols: Rastafari and Reggae in Jamaican Politics
5151:
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3626:
3566:
3422:
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programs, mobilized black voters, and improved racial pride and self-esteem.
2943:
2922:
2914:
2747:
2618:
2602:
2343:
2253:
2248:
417:
362:
5828:
New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965â1975
4023:
3334:, the Jamaica Labour Party was defeated by the People's National Party, and
3081:
3060:, and gay and lesbian rights. Central to these movements were the issues of
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10943:
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9359:
9344:
9299:
9274:
9254:
9164:
9134:
9129:
9099:
9049:
8901:
8587:
8446:
8426:
7948:
7903:
7898:
7858:
7693:
7673:
7628:
7563:
7498:
7483:
7398:
7388:
7343:
7293:
7283:
7273:
7243:
7238:
7228:
7213:
7173:
7108:
7088:
7083:
7063:
7058:
7048:
7008:
6963:
6933:
6316:
6070:
5384:"Free Jazz and the "New Thing"Aesthetics, Identity, and Texture, 1960â1966"
4713:
3920:
3691:
3622:
3570:
3554:
3426:
3393:
3317:
3284:
3276:
3272:
2989:
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2954:
2800:
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2339:
1737:
1549:
1277:
1140:
606:
591:
387:
372:
357:
126:
5079:
Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of United States Imperialism
3785:
3392:
band, Pinetoppers, presented "The Truth about Africa", with portrayals of
2695:! (Power!)", "Ngawethu! (The power is ours!)" from the late 1950s onward.
11237:
10973:
10716:
10611:
9729:
9714:
9562:
9364:
9319:
9304:
9069:
9064:
8911:
8466:
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8063:
8027:
7968:
7963:
7923:
7873:
7808:
7803:
7713:
7663:
7593:
7588:
7528:
7513:
7363:
7358:
7223:
7103:
7073:
7013:
6978:
6239:
5921:
3901:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
3553:
The Black Arts Movement or BAM, founded in Harlem by writer and activist
3460:
3172:, centrally focusing on the black nationalism and the anti-war movement.
3086:
3022:
2993:
2966:
2958:
2918:
2825:
2817:
2786:
2739:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2668:
2584:
1903:
1559:
1412:
1076:
407:
397:
156:
90:
6026:
5980:
4524:
11542:
11522:
11202:
11019:
11009:
10953:
10867:
10786:
10701:
9264:
9249:
9219:
9214:
8963:
8931:
8770:
8738:
8090:
7748:
7678:
7648:
7518:
7493:
7438:
7338:
6953:
6923:
4913:
4589:
4480:
Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton
3718:
3633:
can be considered to share some of its artistic and thematic concerns.
3582:
3520:
3397:
3302:
3230:
2715:
2512:
2438:
2434:
1008:
747:
566:
457:
447:
10559:
9600:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
6045:
Panther Party.com/ The official website of the New Black Panther Party
5994:
The black power movement: Rethinking the civil rights-black power era.
5916:"The black power movement, democracy, and America in the king years."
4877:
Black Power Ideologies: An Essay in African-American Political Thought
2386:. On May 1, 1965, a few months after the February 21 assassination of
11090:
9878:
9724:
9229:
9013:
8951:
8846:
8068:
7538:
7523:
3946:"Black-Owned Bookstores: Anchors of the Black Power Movement â AAIHS"
3586:
3528:
3238:
3211:
3207:
3156:
2755:
2676:
2387:
2353:
The basis of black power is various ideologies that aim at achieving
2233:
1574:
1307:
1086:
913:
586:
556:
531:
437:
412:
8525:
4806:
The Black Power Movement Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era
4581:
4218:
Bloody Lowndes: Civil Rights and Black Power in Alabama's Black Belt
3338:, who had expressed support for black power, became prime minister.
19:
This article is about the slogan black power. For the movement, see
10351:
10346:
9856:
7428:
5018:
5016:
3389:
3202:. As well as his address at the Congress, he also made a speech at
3148:
3018:
1619:
1544:
1537:
571:
561:
9615:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3921:"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement â The Basis of Black Power"
3130:, black studies, and African studies, and the founding of several
8968:
8017:
4731:
Organizing for Social Change: A Mandate For Activity In The 1990s
4605:
Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era
1707:
1013:
85:
5170:
5081:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 257â270.
5013:
4752:
Cradle of Freedom: Alabama and the Movement That Changed America
2499:. Such positions caused friction with leaders of the mainstream
9802:
8085:
6032:
5460:, University of California Press, pp. 96â130, 2019-12-31,
4770:"On the Lower Frequencies: Rethinking the Black Power Movement"
4638:
3430:
3417:
3195:
2472:
2378:
The earliest known usage of the term "black power" is found in
1614:
4188:
https://www.e-flux.com/journal/79/94671/introduction-to-boggs/
4157:"Historical Background," Black Power Conference, June 8, 2016
3842:"The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute"
3478:
was the first to coin the phrase "Black is Beautiful", in the
3142:
As the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence,
2973:) as the anthem played. Accompanying them was silver medalist
2899:
9614:
6820:
6006:
Carmichael, Stokely/ Hamilton, Charles V., and Ture, Kwame:
5985:
Joseph, Peniel E. "Historians and the Black Power movement."
3215:
2707:
2430:: "To demand these God-given rights is to seek black power."
1387:
4241:"Matthew Duncan': Black Power salute by John Dominis-1968."
3883:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 2.
3354:(NJAC) was formed out of the Guild of Undergraduates at the
9659:
5940:
Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity
4056:
Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity
3464:
2403:
1417:
5908:
Dark Days, Bright Nights: From Black Power to Barack Obama
4710:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
3688:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
3249:, set up following the Dialectics of Liberation Congress.
3039:
to the black power movement, noting its similarities. The
5051:"Black Diaspora Expatriates in Ghana Before Independence"
3408:
from Port of Spain to the San Juan cemetery. On 13 April
2706:, president of the Monroe, North Carolina chapter of the
6059:
5129:
Destroy This Temple: the voice of Black Power in Britain
4956:. Lanham, MA: University Press of America, 2009, p. 92.
2742:
led a riotous (and widely covered) demonstration at the
8270:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
8048:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
4654:
Address to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
3132:
museums devoted to African-American history and culture
50:
8294:
African American founding fathers of the United States
6647:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
6512:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
6044:
4854:"American Experience | Eyes on the Prize | Milestones"
6119:
5224:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
5975:
Joseph, Peniel E. "Rethinking the black power era."
5952:(University Press of America, 2009), ISBN 0761843531
5154:(11 November 1967). "Black Power Men Launch Credo".
3746:
3214:'s visit to Britain in 1964. Malcolm X also adopted
2426:
used the term on May 29, 1966, during an address at
8342:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
5899:
Neighborhood rebels: Black power at the local level
3999:
Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today
3839:
3225:was launched on 10 November 1967, published by the
2210:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
16:
Political and social movement, slogan, and ideology
6008:Black Power. The Politics of Liberation in America
5965:"The black power movement: A state of the field."
4681:
4053:
3362:(UWI), and under its leader Geddes Granger (later
5942:. (2nd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019)
4641:, History News Network (George Mason University).
4200:Revolution and Evolution in the Twentieth Century
3706:". At a NAACP rally the next day, Vice President
11611:
11578:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention
9650:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
6878:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
4624:James Baldwin, "A Negro Assays the Negro Mood"
3482:era. The movement asked that men and women stop
3025:community associations to remedy the situation.
9695:Black players in professional American football
9645:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
6868:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
6801:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
6692:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
5055:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana
4755:(University of Alabama Press, 2004), pp. 82â83.
4214:
3098:building a movement that will smash everything
2554:Not all black power advocates were in favor of
11425:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution
8347:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
4136:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3682:The black power slogan was also criticized by
3366:), along with Khafra Khambon, they challenged
2873:. As Alabama historian Frye Gaillard writes,
2789:at Carnegie Hall in March 1964, and the album
937:Education of freed people during the Civil War
11380:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom
10575:
8541:
8255:List of lynching victims in the United States
6593:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
6105:
5430:"Beyond the Chord, the Club, and the Critics"
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
4948:
4946:
4803:
4684:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
4446:
2905:Rights Movement. The statement was signed by
2831:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
2698:The modern American concept emerged from the
2308:
639:
9408:Historically black colleges and universities
5855:, New York: New York University Press, 2003.
5772:
4871:
4869:
4297:
3721:, formerly known as Stokely Carmichael, and
3076:
948:Historically black colleges and universities
6722:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
5131:, London: MacGibbon & Kee, p. 16,
4767:
4498:
4496:
3275:was black, many cabinet ministers (such as
2627:Hamptonian iterations of Rainbow Coalitions
932:Education during the slave period in the US
10582:
10568:
8548:
8534:
6771:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
6112:
6098:
5773:Ture, Kwame; Hamilton, Charles V. (1967).
5245:Black Power: State of Emergency Remembered
5179:
5048:
4943:
2315:
2301:
1255:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
646:
632:
9625:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
8327:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
5317:Some notes on the BLACK CULTURAL MOVEMENT
4866:
4787:"Advertisement by Civil Rights Leaders".
4502:
4398:Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement
3903:. New York: Basic Civitas Books, p. 262.
3727:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
2658:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
2632:Offshoots of black power include African
2445:(SNCC). On June 16, 1966, in a speech in
2443:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
711:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
11314:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America
8362:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
6402:University of Georgia desegregation riot
6041:âFocus on Carmichael's life and rhetoric
5168:
5150:
5039:. Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
4890:"From Black Power to Black Lives Matter"
4879:, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
4718:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
4493:
4483:. New York: Black Classic Press. p. 72.
4024:"Black Power TV | Duke University Press"
3341:
3109:
3080:
2984:
2820:, and other moderatesâand they rejected
2411:of Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM);
10589:
8276:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
8013:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
8008:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
5776:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
5538:The Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School
5381:
4984:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4763:
4761:
4651:King, Martin Luther (August 16, 1967).
4450:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
4447:Kwame, Ture; Hamilton, Charles (1967).
4419:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
4301:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
4298:Ture, Kwame; Hamilton, Charles (1967).
4245:, 7 November 2013. Web. 7 November 2013
4111:
4109:
3944:Davis, Joshua Clark (28 January 2017).
3732:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
3227:Universal Coloured People's Association
3035:Some have compared the modern movement
2702:in the early 1960s. Beginning in 1959,
2481:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
11612:
10524:Topics related to the African diaspora
9630:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
8190:African-American women in the movement
6642:White House Conference on Civil Rights
6473:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
5922:https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.4.1001
5693:""Black Power" and Coalition Politics"
5687:
5665:10.7208/chicago/9780226477039.001.0001
5219:
5192:
5126:
5076:
4720:, and the Congress on Racial Equality.
4182:Patrick King, "Introduction to Boggs"
3968:
3542:
3379:Transport and Industrial Workers Union
3287:banned black power literature such as
2597:, he states that "In our view it is a
10563:
10504:Landmark African-American legislation
8555:
8529:
6631:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
6093:
5876:. (Arkansas University Press, 2017).
5751:
5730:
5652:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
4567:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4401:. University of North Carolina Press.
4131:
4073:
4071:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4043:
3995:
3943:
3840:Stanford University (26 April 2017).
1453:Athletic associations and conferences
942:History of African-American education
275:League of Revolutionary Black Workers
9635:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
8399:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
6863:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
6811:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
6757:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
6234:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
6159:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
5754:"Excerpts from the Talk by Humphrey"
5733:"President Points to Racial Actions"
4830:
4758:
4679:
4650:
4422:. New York: Vintage Books. pp.
4415:
4106:
4077:
3326:began to emerge, and the opposition
2710:, openly questioned the ideology of
2475:had weakened black people. He said,
1376:Association for the Study of African
11086:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
9989:African-American Vernacular English
6806:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
6742:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
6412:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
5830:. The University of Chicago Press.
5714:"Baptists to Shun Dr. King Rally".
4275:. December 18, 2009. Archived from
4134:Living for Change: An Autobiography
3497:
3312:was appointed as a lecturer at the
3046:
2621:'s Resurrection City and his later
2400:Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM)
2190:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1691:African-American Vernacular English
1260:National Conference of Black Mayors
597:United States civil rights movement
280:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
13:
9907:U.S. cities with large populations
9610:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
8250:African-American churches attacked
6816:Montgomery Improvement Association
6791:Georgia Council on Human Relations
6776:Council of Federated Organizations
6747:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
6505:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
6463:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
6269:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
6173:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
6000:
5845:
5061:
4453:. New York: Random House. p.
4404:
4068:
4040:
2764:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2726:(the national NAACP chairman) and
2691:used the call-and-response chant "
1393:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
11651:
11625:African-American cultural history
11559:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song
11294:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
8780:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
8776:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
8583:African American founding fathers
8322:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
8195:Jews in the civil rights movement
6021:SNCC Digital Gateway: Black Power
6014:
5956:
5891:, (2016) 102#2, pp. 375â399.
5247:Trinidad Guardian, 16 April 2015.
4551:. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 318.
4354:Encyclopedia of Southern Culture,
4198:Grace Lee Boggs, Introduction to
3870:. Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman Pub.
3255:who identified themselves as the
3200:Dialectics of Liberation Congress
3000:after the 200 m race at the
2980:
2900:"Crisis and Commitment Statement"
2758:, national representative of the
2722:, and opposed by others, such as
2097:Places by plurality of population
763:Civil rights movement (1954â1968)
753:Civil rights movement (1865â1896)
706:Abolitionism in the United States
494:Black Power and the American Myth
320:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
11591:
11590:
11518:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
10542:
9660:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
8805:Nadir of American race relations
8516:Civil rights movement portal
8509:
8357:Freedom Riders National Monument
8099:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
6611:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
6570:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
6457:Second Emancipation Proclamation
6010:. New York: Vintage Books, 1967.
5800:
5271:Trinidad Express, 12 March 2020.
5024:Black Power: Political Ideology?
4092:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00174.x
3749:
3168:. Ghana became aligned with the
2971:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
2963:Olympic Project for Human Rights
2746:in order to protest against the
2601:between the massive proletarian
2495:, black self-determination, and
2272:
794:Black Belt in the American South
235:Black Revolutionary Assault Team
195:African People's Socialist Party
49:
11347:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther
11279:New Afrikan Black Panther Party
11066:Deacons for Defense and Justice
10782:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)
8666:Civil rights movement 1954â1968
8656:Civil rights movement 1865â1896
8384:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
8372:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
6848:National Council of Negro Women
6786:Deacons for Defense and Justice
6033:Website of Dr. Peniel E. Joseph
5826:Van DeBurg, William L. (1992).
5766:
5745:
5724:
5707:
5681:
5659:. University of Chicago Press.
5646:
5634:
5621:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5531:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5446:
5422:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5339:
5335:Jamaica Says Black Is Beautiful
5328:
5310:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5250:
5238:
5213:
5162:
5144:
5120:
5095:
5042:
5029:
5001:
4978:
4966:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4882:
4847:
4797:
4780:
4743:
4723:
4702:
4673:
4644:
4631:
4618:
4596:
4570:The Journal of American History
4561:
4539:
4471:
4440:
4389:
4366:
4342:
4322:
4291:
4261:
4248:
4235:
4208:
4192:
4176:
4163:
4151:
4125:
3780:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3352:National Joint Action Committee
2666:as an alternative name for the
1398:National Council of Negro Women
300:National Joint Action Committee
285:May 19th Communist Organization
11538:New Haven Black Panther trials
11374:In the Event Anyone Disappears
11228:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
9655:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
8661:Civil right movement 1896â1954
6264:Mansfield school desegregation
5930:Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour
5867:Black theology and black power
5103:"When Malcolm X came to Ghana"
5035:Burns, Andrea Alison. (2008).
4386:, City University of New York.
4016:
3989:
3962:
3937:
3913:
3886:
3873:
3866:Scott, James. Wilson. (1976).
3860:
3833:
3765:African independence movements
3375:Oilfields Workers' Trade Union
3290:The Autobiography of Malcolm X
3190:Black power got a foothold in
2195:Racism against Black Americans
1:
11630:African and Black nationalism
11289:New Panther Vanguard Movement
11264:Black Riders Liberation Party
9835:Cherokee freedmen controversy
8811:The Negro Motorist Green Book
8394:National Voting Rights Museum
8337:Civil Rights Movement Archive
8136:Lynching in the United States
8023:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
6478:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
6451:University of Chicago sit-ins
6218:Davis v. Prince Edward County
5996:(Taylor & Francis, 2006).
5779:. New York: Vintage. p.
5382:Coleman, Kwami (2021-07-01).
5257:'70: Remembering a Revolution
3975:. Syracuse University Press.
3827:
3561:; Don L. Lee, later known as
3360:University of the West Indies
3314:University of the West Indies
3043:openly promotes black power.
1403:National Pan-Hellenic Council
315:Revolutionary Action Movement
240:Black Riders Liberation Party
11269:Black Women's Defense League
11135:United Front Against Fascism
11020:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)
8389:National Civil Rights Museum
8245:March on Washington Movement
8230:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
6699:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
6069:â New Documentary Featuring
5656:A Power Stronger Than Itself
5057:(15): 131 – via JSTOR.
4680:King, Martin Luther (1967).
4377:"The Black Freedom Movement"
4122:, edited by Fred R. Shapiro.
4052:Ogbar, Jeffrey O.G. (2005).
3996:Klehr, Harvey (1988-01-01).
3822:Black Power in the Caribbean
3713:
3667:
3488:lighten or bleach their skin
3271:in 1962, and Prime Minister
3257:British Black Power Movement
2373:
2205:School segregation in the US
1743:Black American Sign Language
1717:Languages and other dialects
547:Black Power in the Caribbean
245:Black Women's Defense League
25:Black Power (disambiguation)
7:
11433:Judas and the Black Messiah
11117:Free Breakfast for Children
9705:Black players in ice hockey
9640:National Urban League (NUL)
9466:American Society of Muslims
8704:Selma to Montgomery marches
8624:Brown v. Board of Education
8033:"This Little Light of Mine"
6781:Dallas County Voters League
6727:Atlanta Negro Voters League
6490:Letter from Birmingham Jail
6197:Brown v. Board of Education
5977:Journal of Southern History
5967:Journal of American History
5889:Journal of American History
5825:
5806:
5640:
5615:
5603:
5591:
5579:
5567:
5555:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5369:
5357:
5345:
5304:
5007:
4972:
4937:
4925:
4916:. Movement for Black Lives.
4841:
4626:The New York Times Magazine
4602:Joseph, Peniel ed. (2013)
3742:
3677:Congress of Racial Equality
3198:in July 1967 to attend the
3152:the demise of black power.
3056:, environmental movements,
2486:
2457:, Stokely Carmichael said:
1032:African-American businesses
10:
11656:
11533:Murder of Betty Van Patter
11361:The Murder of Fred Hampton
11340:Interview with Bobby Seale
9862:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
9620:Nashville Student Movement
8631:Children of the plantation
8367:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
8235:Holt Street Baptist Church
8205:16th Street Baptist Church
7189:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
6833:Nashville Student Movement
6763:An Appeal for Human Rights
5918:American Historical Review
5807:Joseph, Peniel E. (2006).
5543:November 12, 1999, at the
5322:December 20, 2007, at the
5269:Black Power 50 years later
4875:McCartney, John T. (1992)
4657:. Stanford. Archived from
4221:. NYU Press. p. 187.
4002:. Transaction Publishers.
3725:, both activists with the
3546:
3448:
3262:
3237:. He was also active with
3185:
2655:
2651:
2625:, the latter a counter to
1570:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1245:Congressional Black Caucus
1212:African Diaspora Religions
999:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
330:Symbionese Liberation Army
18:
11586:
11510:
11451:
11306:
11246:
11150:
11143:
11104:
11053:
11028:
10992:
10936:
10810:
10674:
10661:
10620:
10599:
10532:
10499:Index of related articles
10377:
10292:
10016:
9949:
9887:
9787:
9748:
9680:
9673:
9588:
9508:
9500:Doctrine of Father Divine
9446:
9388:
9037:
8892:
8884:Women's suffrage movement
8837:Reconstruction Amendments
8644:Voting Rights Act of 1965
8563:
8505:
8407:
8309:
8123:
8056:
7998:
7977:
7864:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
7834:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
6906:
6898:Women's Political Council
6893:Wednesdays in Mississippi
6888:United Auto Workers (UAW)
6873:Southern Regional Council
6843:Northern Student Movement
6752:Committee for Freedom Now
6712:
6659:Memphis sanitation strike
6625:Voting Rights Act of 1965
6547:
6368:Savannah Protest Movement
6330:
6188:
6149:Journey of Reconciliation
6141:
6128:
5920:114.4 (2009): 1001â1016.
5653:Lewis, George E. (2008).
5466:10.1525/9780520938434-007
5259:AAIHS, 30 September 2016.
5207:10.1215/01636545-2008-030
4382:December 4, 2014, at the
4350:"Black Freedom Movement".
4348:Carson, Clayborne (1989)
4132:Boggs, Grace Lee (1998).
3770:Black Power (New Zealand)
3729:and authors of the book,
3490:. The prevailing idea in
3444:
3117:protest in September 2016
3077:African-American identity
2998:raised fist on the podium
2932:
2894:Where Do We Go From Here?
2799:" and her adaptation of "
2689:African National Congress
2077:US states and territories
1378:American Life and History
1100:Lift Every Voice and Sing
809:Treatment of the enslaved
11320:Black Panthers: A Report
11158:American Indian Movement
10923:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor
10549:United States portal
9984:African-American English
9413:Inventors and scientists
9105:George Washington Carver
8709:Chicago Freedom Movement
6732:Atlanta Student Movement
6681:Civil Rights Act of 1968
6606:1964â1965 Scripto strike
6587:Civil Rights Act of 1964
6485:1963 Birmingham campaign
6378:Civil Rights Act of 1960
6302:Civil Rights Act of 1957
6060:A History of Harlem CORE
5400:10.1525/jm.2021.38.3.261
5295:Wired868, 23 April 2016.
5169:Jakobsen, Jakob (2012),
5049:Boadi-Siaw, S.Y (2013).
4985:Stephen, Curtis (2006).
4608:. Routledge. pp. 55â61.
4517:10.1177/0021934706290079
4505:Journal of Black Studies
4395:Ransby, Barbara (2003)
4304:. Random House. p.
4215:Jeffries, Hasan (2010).
3879:Ogbar, J. O. G. (2005).
3607:Energy Black South Press
3484:straightening their hair
3247:Antiuniversity of London
3194:when Carmichael came to
3137:
3041:Movement for Black Lives
2605:and the small, minority
2577:and responsible for its
2449:, after the shooting of
2279:United States portal
1686:African-American English
1197:African-American Muslims
758:Jim Crow era (1896â1954)
33:This article is part of
11395:All Power to the People
11284:New Black Panther Party
11274:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
11178:Black Panthers (Israel)
10858:Marshall "Eddie" Conway
10752:Elbert "Big Man" Howard
10472:African-American firsts
9521:Back-to-Africa movement
9490:Black Hebrew Israelites
9270:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
8818:Partus sequitur ventrem
8284:Voter Education Project
8038:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
7699:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
7134:Josephine Dobbs Clement
6560:Chester school protests
6555:Twenty-fourth Amendment
6517:Detroit Walk to Freedom
6259:Tallahassee bus boycott
6180:Baton Rouge bus boycott
6066:The Black Power Mixtape
5992:Joseph, Peniel E., ed.
5987:OAH Magazine of History
5283:Wired868, 8 April 2016.
4545:Mandela, Nelson (1994)
4116:Yale Book of Quotations
3437:he also introduced the
3330:gained support. In the
3328:People's National Party
3253:Black people in Britain
3089:in black power salute,
2424:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2413:Baltimore Afro-American
2200:Reparations for slavery
1288:Back-to-Africa movement
1187:Black Hebrew Israelites
1065:African-American beauty
552:Black Power in Montreal
423:Martin Luther King, Jr.
305:New Black Panther Party
270:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
11409:A Huey P. Newton Story
11193:George Jackson Brigade
11183:British Black Panthers
11163:Black Guerrilla Family
10747:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt
10440:Spingarn Medal winners
9929:States and territories
9700:Black NFL quarterbacks
9200:Martin Luther King Jr.
8732:Dred Scott v. Sandford
8671:Montgomery bus boycott
8497:Movement photographers
7739:Bernice Johnson Reagon
7459:Martin Luther King Sr.
7454:Martin Luther King Jr.
7024:William Holmes Borders
6796:Highlander Folk School
6686:Poor People's Campaign
6539:St. Augustine movement
6389:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
6312:Katz Drug Store sit-in
6283:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
6245:Montgomery bus boycott
6039:Stokely-Carmichael.com
5979:75.3 (2009): 707-716.
5969:96.3 (2009): 751â776.
5752:Staff (July 7, 1966).
5731:Staff (July 6, 1966).
5220:Waters, Anita (1985).
5195:Radical History Review
5175:, London: Antihistory.
5172:The Counter University
5077:Gaines, Kevin (2000).
4254:"Stokely Carmichael",
4186:, 79 (February 2017):
3969:Konadu, Kwasi (2009).
3802:Republic of New Africa
3684:Martin Luther King Jr.
3657:
3609:, and the periodicals
3348:Black Power Revolution
3162:Kennedy administration
3118:
3094:
3005:
2965:badges and showed the
2887:Martin Luther King Jr.
2862:
2841:
2814:Martin Luther King Jr.
2728:Martin Luther King Jr.
2615:Poor People's Campaign
2469:Martin Luther King Jr.
2464:
2447:Greenwood, Mississippi
2360:black-owned bookstores
1670:Dialects and languages
830:Second Great Migration
506:The Diary of Malcolm X
310:Republic of New Afrika
265:George Jackson Brigade
250:British Black Panthers
230:Black Radical Congress
205:Black Guerrilla Family
81:Black Power Revolution
23:. For other uses, see
11484:Revolutionary Suicide
11259:Black Panther Militia
11168:Black Liberation Army
11105:Programs and projects
10949:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin
10918:Russell Maroon Shoatz
9750:Athletic associations
9685:Negro league baseball
9456:African-American Jews
9175:Ketanji Brown Jackson
9140:Henry Highland Garnet
8999:Negro National Anthem
8749:George Floyd protests
8714:Postâcivil rights era
8332:Civil Rights Memorial
8220:Bethel Baptist Church
7869:Charles Kenzie Steele
7314:Audrey Faye Hendricks
7219:Myrlie Evers-Williams
7199:Patricia Stephens Due
7169:Abraham Lincoln Davis
7104:Colia Lafayette Clark
6858:Operation Breadbasket
6853:National Urban League
6600:Katzenbach v. McClung
6468:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
6121:Civil rights movement
5938:Ogbar, Jeffrey O. G.
5388:Journal of Musicology
5022:McCormack, Donald J.
4477:Seale, Bobby (1996).
4120:Yale University Press
3897:Henry Louis Gates Jr.
3848:. Stanford University
3648:
3377:, Clive Nunez of the
3342:Trinidad & Tobago
3223:Black Power Manifesto
3113:
3105:William L. Van Deburg
3084:
3066:structural inequality
2988:
2871:Colonel Stone Johnson
2857:
2836:
2770:'s domination of the
2700:Civil Rights Movement
2589:economic exploitation
2501:Civil Rights Movement
2459:
2366:, and its support of
2364:civil rights movement
2082:US metropolitan areas
1909:List of neighborhoods
1523:Alabama Creole people
1513:African-American Jews
1445:Negro league baseball
1408:National Urban League
1360:Civic/economic groups
1192:African-American Jews
1082:African-American hair
944:, after the Civil War
773:Postâcivil rights era
513:Revolutionary Suicide
220:Black Panther Militia
215:Black Liberation Army
11573:Black power movement
11548:RiceâPoindexter case
11500:Black Against Empire
11354:Finally Got the News
11307:Films and television
9957:Afro-Seminole Creole
9483:Azusa Street Revival
9355:Booker T. Washington
8879:Underground Railroad
8744:Free people of color
8598:Atlantic slave trade
8377:other King memorials
8352:Freedom Rides Museum
8289:1960s counterculture
8240:Edmund Pettus Bridge
7919:Walter Francis White
7824:Alexander D. Shimkin
6338:New Year's Day March
6307:Ministers' Manifesto
6154:Executive Order 9981
5948:Williams, Hettie V.
5869:(Orbis Books, 2018).
5811:. Holt and Company.
5627:Salaam, Kalamu ya.
5127:Egbuna, Obi (1971),
4952:Williams, Hettie V.
4768:Saul, Scott (2006).
4548:Long Walk to Freedom
4416:Ture, Kwame (1967).
4269:"Stokely Carmichael"
3757:United States portal
3414:Member of Parliament
3388:In February 1970, a
3281:Jamaica Labour Party
3235:Black Power or Death
3170:Black power movement
3164:and paralleling the
3100:Western civilization
3011:radical flank effect
3002:1968 Summer Olympics
2957:and bronze medalist
2951:1968 Summer Olympics
2925:, Amos T. Hall, and
2422:New York politician
2239:Criminal stereotypes
2014:District of Columbia
1731:Afro-Seminole Creole
1173:Non-Christian groups
768:Black power movement
732:during the Civil War
701:Atlantic slave trade
76:Black power movement
21:Black power movement
11598:Black Panther Party
11233:White Panther Party
11213:Polynesian Panthers
10964:Robert Hillary King
10883:Denise Oliver-Velez
10592:Black Panther Party
10352:Trinidad and Tobago
9967:Black American Sign
9794:By African descent
9788:Ethnic subdivisions
9775:Southwestern (SWAC)
9690:Baseball color line
9605:Black Panther Party
9509:Political movements
9426:in computer science
9085:Carol Moseley Braun
8874:Tulsa race massacre
8867:Treatment of slaves
8699:March on Washington
8694:Birmingham movement
8115:Mary McLeod Bethune
8076:Sermon on the Mount
8043:"We Shall Overcome"
7624:William Lewis Moore
7404:Frank Minis Johnson
7379:Richie Jean Jackson
7334:Donald L. Hollowell
7139:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
6944:Gwendolyn Armstrong
6939:William G. Anderson
6919:Victoria Gray Adams
6883:The Freedom Singers
6737:Black Panther Party
6522:March on Washington
6435:Garner v. Louisiana
6396:Boynton v. Virginia
5629:Black Arts Movement
4793:. October 14, 1966.
4328:Theoharis, Jeanne.
4279:on December 8, 2020
3723:Charles V. Hamilton
3549:Black Arts Movement
3543:Black Arts Movement
3166:March on Washington
2797:Mississippi Goddamn
2564:Black Panther Party
2549:Charles V. Hamilton
2509:Charles V. Hamilton
1635:Sierra Leone Creole
1596:Specific ancestries
1481:Southwestern (SWAC)
1004:Black History Month
835:New Great Migration
789:Agriculture history
340:Weather Underground
260:Five-Percent Nation
255:Conscious Community
225:Black Panther Party
66:Black Arts Movement
11368:Teach Our Children
11254:Assata's Daughters
11096:Robert F. Williams
11036:Stokely Carmichael
10903:George W. Sams Jr.
10843:Veronza Bowers Jr.
10732:Barbara Easley-Cox
10682:JoNina Abron-Ervin
10450:US representatives
10445:US cabinet members
10337:Dominican Republic
9924:Metropolitan areas
9765:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
9590:Civic and economic
9568:Self-determination
9389:Education, science
9310:Fred Shuttlesworth
9290:A. Philip Randolph
9195:Coretta Scott King
9120:Frederick Douglass
8947:Harlem Renaissance
8852:Separate but equal
8842:Reconstruction era
8830:Plessy v. Ferguson
8721:Cornerstone Speech
8635:Civil Rights Acts
8618:Black Lives Matter
8593:American Civil War
8432:Michael Eric Dyson
8317:In popular culture
8200:Fifth Circuit Four
8184:Loving v. Virginia
8177:Hernandez v. Texas
8156:Buchanan v. Warley
8148:Separate but equal
8142:Plessy v. Ferguson
8105:Frederick Douglass
7939:Robert F. Williams
7849:Kelly Miller Smith
7829:Fred Shuttlesworth
7754:Frederick D. Reese
7734:George Raymond Jr.
7724:A. Philip Randolph
7704:Fay Bellamy Powell
7619:Queen Mother Moore
7504:Z. Alexander Looby
7449:Coretta Scott King
7394:Barbara Rose Johns
7374:Jimmie Lee Jackson
7299:William E. Harbour
7079:Stokely Carmichael
6994:Randolph Blackwell
6664:King assassination
6653:Loving v. Virginia
6637:March Against Fear
6617:How Long, Not Long
6495:Children's Crusade
6446:Cambridge movement
6383:Ax Handle Saturday
6348:Greensboro sit-ins
6275:Give Us the Ballot
6079:Stokely Carmichael
5989:22.3 (2008): 8â15.
5872:Frazier, Nishani.
5759:The New York Times
5738:The New York Times
5717:The New York Times
4914:Black Power Rising
4863:PBS, 5 April 2009.
4859:2017-01-09 at the
4804:Joseph, Peniel E.
4790:The New York Times
4028:www.dukeupress.edu
3517:Stokely Carmichael
3486:and attempting to
3457:black is beautiful
3451:Black is beautiful
3402:Tubal Uriah Butler
3308:Guyanese academic
3299:Stokely Carmichael
3297:and Trinidad-born
3245:and others in the
3119:
3115:Black Lives Matter
3095:
3091:Ferguson, Missouri
3058:affirmative action
3037:Black Lives Matter
3006:
2927:Hobson R. Reynolds
2911:A. Philip Randolph
2867:Fred Shuttlesworth
2853:Frederick Douglass
2846:racial integration
2776:racial integration
2766:, and wearying of
2664:Frederick Douglass
2560:Stokely Carmichael
2545:Stokely Carmichael
2541:racial segregation
2536:Stokely Carmichael
2529:Fay Bellamy Powell
2517:Robert F. Williams
2505:Stokely Carmichael
2455:March Against Fear
2435:Stokely Carmichael
2355:self-determination
2336:self-determination
1644:Sexual orientation
1518:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1471:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
1106:Self-determination
1070:Black is beautiful
736:Reconstruction era
582:Red Power movement
537:Black Lives Matter
463:Stokely Carmichael
453:Robert F. Williams
433:Malik Zulu Shabazz
383:Fay Bellamy Powell
200:Assata's Daughters
71:Black is beautiful
11635:Politics and race
11607:
11606:
11302:
11301:
11223:The Pink Panthers
11130:Rainbow Coalition
11123:The Black Panther
11112:Ten-Point Program
11049:
11048:
10838:Dhoruba bin Wahad
10777:Joan Tarika Lewis
10697:William Lee Brent
10557:
10556:
10385:African Americans
10257:DallasâFort Worth
9852:Black Southerners
9783:
9782:
9235:Thurgood Marshall
9205:Bernard Lafayette
8800:Million Man March
8557:African Americans
8523:
8522:
8300:Eyes on the Prize
8215:A.G. Gaston Motel
8210:Kelly Ingram Park
8170:Sweatt v. Painter
7854:Mary Louise Smith
7814:Cleveland Sellers
7799:Michael Schwerner
7764:Gloria Richardson
7544:Thurgood Marshall
7464:Bernard Lafayette
7194:John Wesley Dobbs
6708:
6707:
6427:Birmingham attack
6407:Rock Hill sit-ins
6358:Sibley Commission
6353:Nashville sit-ins
6225:Gebhart v. Belton
6211:Briggs v. Elliott
6204:Bolling v. Sharpe
6165:Sweatt v. Painter
6081:âvideo report by
5963:Joseph, Peniel E.
5927:Joseph, Peniel E.
5914:Joseph, Peniel E.
5905:Joseph, Peniel E.
5901:(Springer, 2010).
5895:Joseph, Peniel E.
5790:978-0-679-74313-2
5674:978-0-226-47696-4
4987:"Life of A Party"
4815:978-0-203-95492-8
4776:. pp. 94â95.
4661:on March 11, 2015
4256:King Encyclopedia
4243:The Chateau Theme
4171:Living for Change
4009:978-1-4128-2343-2
3982:978-0-8156-5101-7
3812:White nationalism
3699:Lyndon B. Johnson
3599:Third World Press
3410:A. N. R. Robinson
3293:and the works of
3180:black nationalism
3144:President Nkrumah
3062:identity politics
2780:black nationalism
2704:Robert F. Willams
2642:black nationalism
2568:white supremacist
2525:Gloria Richardson
2493:black nationalism
2428:Howard University
2325:
2324:
2262:
2261:
2160:
2159:
1934:Dallas-Fort Worth
1751:
1750:
1661:
1660:
1605:Americo-Liberians
1488:
1487:
1426:
1425:
1351:
1350:
1220:
1219:
1164:Womanist theology
1114:
1113:
1056:Symbols and ideas
842:
841:
721:Antebellum period
716:Revolutionary War
671:African Americans
656:
655:
577:Political hip hop
500:Ten-Point Program
468:Wadsworth Jarrell
393:Gloria Richardson
152:Black nationalism
122:Africana womanism
117:African socialism
11647:
11640:1950s neologisms
11599:
11594:
11593:
11553:Robert Templeton
11528:Intercommunalism
11511:Related articles
11492:A Taste of Power
11417:Night Catches Us
11173:Black Liberators
11148:
11147:
11071:W. E. B. Du Bois
10928:James Dixon York
10811:East Coast based
10675:West Coast based
10672:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10638:Kathleen Cleaver
10633:Eldridge Cleaver
10593:
10584:
10577:
10570:
10561:
10560:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10509:Lynching victims
10008:Louisiana Creole
9979:American English
9867:Louisiana Creole
9840:Choctaw freedmen
9678:
9677:
9215:Huddie Ledbetter
9155:Fannie Lou Hamer
9125:W. E. B. Du Bois
9115:Claudette Colvin
9110:Shirley Chisholm
8927:Family structure
8795:Military history
8677:Browder v. Gayle
8550:
8543:
8536:
8527:
8526:
8514:
8513:
8477:Charles M. Payne
8462:Steven F. Lawson
8452:David Halberstam
8422:Clayborne Carson
8163:Hocutt v. Wilson
8110:W. E. B. Du Bois
7959:Sammy Younge Jr.
7944:Q. V. Williamson
7909:Wyatt Tee Walker
7774:Bernice Robinson
7719:Lincoln Ragsdale
7709:Rodney N. Powell
7604:Douglas E. Moore
7479:Sanford R. Leigh
7414:J. Charles Jones
7289:Fannie Lou Hamer
7204:Joseph Ellwanger
7164:Jonathan Daniels
7154:Claudette Colvin
7144:Annie Lee Cooper
7129:Kathleen Cleaver
7124:Eldridge Cleaver
7099:Shirley Chisholm
6989:Gloria Blackwell
6580:workers' murders
6527:"I Have a Dream"
6422:Anniston bombing
6373:Greenville Eight
6288:Little Rock Nine
6251:Browder v. Gayle
6139:
6138:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6091:
6090:
5841:
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4778:
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4756:
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4706:
4700:
4699:
4688:. Beacon Press.
4687:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4648:
4642:
4637:Ruth Feldstein,
4635:
4629:
4628:, March 12, 1961
4622:
4616:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4565:
4559:
4543:
4537:
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4500:
4491:
4475:
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4468:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4413:
4402:
4393:
4387:
4373:Premilla Nadasen
4370:
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4288:
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4284:
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3853:
3837:
3817:White separatism
3797:Protests of 1968
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3705:
3631:Gwendolyn Brooks
3595:Etheridge Knight
3498:Arts and culture
3492:American culture
3470:
3439:Public Order Act
3295:Eldridge Cleaver
3204:Speakers' Corner
3128:American studies
3093:, 15 August 2014
3047:Other minorities
2939:black capitalism
2634:internationalism
2556:black separatism
2497:black separatism
2478:
2437:(later known as
2368:black separatism
2332:political slogan
2317:
2310:
2303:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2224:media depictions
2173:
2172:
2068:Population count
1764:
1763:
1698:Liberian English
1677:English dialects
1674:
1673:
1630:SamanĂĄ Americans
1555:Creoles of color
1501:
1500:
1439:
1438:
1383:Black conductors
1364:
1363:
1233:
1232:
1207:Louisiana Voodoo
1129:
1128:
874:Family structure
857:
856:
804:Military history
799:Business history
730:military history
685:
684:
658:
657:
648:
641:
634:
542:Black Power gang
487:A Taste of Power
378:Eldridge Cleaver
210:Black Liberators
172:Intercommunalism
162:Black separatism
132:Anti-Americanism
53:
30:
29:
11655:
11654:
11650:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11645:
11644:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11603:
11597:
11582:
11506:
11476:Blood in My Eye
11447:
11298:
11242:
11218:Red Guard Party
11144:Inspired groups
11139:
11100:
11045:
11041:Connie Matthews
11024:
10988:
10932:
10833:Kuwasi Balagoon
10818:Mumia Abu-Jamal
10806:
10664:
10662:
10657:
10616:
10595:
10591:
10588:
10558:
10553:
10543:
10541:
10528:
10494:Historic places
10487:US state firsts
10373:
10288:
10012:
9945:
9917:2010 majorities
9912:2000 majorities
9883:
9830:Black Seminoles
9779:
9770:Southern (SIAC)
9753:
9752:and conferences
9751:
9744:
9740:Serena Williams
9735:Jackie Robinson
9669:
9593:
9591:
9584:
9504:
9471:Nation of Islam
9442:
9390:
9384:
9325:Sojourner Truth
9315:Clarence Thomas
9280:Gabriel Prosser
9180:Michael Jackson
9055:Crispus Attucks
9045:Ralph Abernathy
9033:
8989:Musical theater
8888:
8754:Great Migration
8726:COVID-19 impact
8684:Sit-in movement
8559:
8554:
8524:
8519:
8508:
8501:
8482:Thomas E. Ricks
8472:Diane McWhorter
8457:Vincent Harding
8442:Adam Fairclough
8409:
8403:
8305:
8260:Freedom Schools
8119:
8052:
8000:
7994:
7985:Omaha, Nebraska
7973:
7889:Hartman Turnbow
7879:Dorothy Tillman
7839:Glenn E. Smiley
7819:Charles Sherrod
7779:Jo Ann Robinson
7654:Charles Neblett
7644:Elijah Muhammad
7609:Harriette Moore
7569:Floyd McKissick
7554:Franklin McCain
7489:Stanley Levison
7354:T. R. M. Howard
7304:Vincent Harding
7234:Walter Fauntroy
7119:Xernona Clayton
7069:John H. Calhoun
7054:Aurelia Browder
7044:Stanley Branche
7039:Raylawni Branch
7019:Joseph E. Boone
7004:Ezell Blair Jr.
6999:Unita Blackwell
6974:Harry Belafonte
6914:Ralph Abernathy
6902:
6838:Nation of Islam
6714:
6704:
6543:
6500:Birmingham riot
6441:Albany Movement
6363:Atlanta sit-ins
6343:Sit-in movement
6326:
6322:Biloxi wade-ins
6294:Cooper v. Aaron
6184:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6050:Hubert Harrison
6017:
6003:
6001:Primary sources
5959:
5848:
5846:Further reading
5838:
5819:
5803:
5798:
5791:
5771:
5767:
5750:
5746:
5729:
5725:
5720:. July 7, 1966.
5713:
5712:
5708:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5651:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5545:Wayback Machine
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5486:
5476:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5329:
5324:Wayback Machine
5315:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5218:
5214:
5191:
5180:
5167:
5163:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5125:
5121:
5112:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5075:
5062:
5047:
5043:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4867:
4861:Wayback Machine
4852:
4848:
4840:
4831:
4816:
4802:
4798:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4766:
4759:
4749:Frye Gaillard,
4748:
4744:
4728:
4724:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4649:
4645:
4636:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4601:
4597:
4582:10.2307/2567750
4566:
4562:
4544:
4540:
4501:
4494:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4414:
4405:
4394:
4390:
4384:Wayback Machine
4371:
4367:
4347:
4343:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4130:
4126:
4114:
4107:
4076:
4069:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4010:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3893:Appiah, Anthony
3891:
3887:
3878:
3874:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3737:white supremacy
3716:
3708:Hubert Humphrey
3703:
3670:
3639:the Temptations
3618:Yardbird Reader
3603:Broadside Press
3591:Ahmos Zu-Bolton
3579:Sterling Plumpp
3551:
3545:
3500:
3476:John Sweat Rock
3468:
3453:
3447:
3344:
3265:
3188:
3176:Julian Mayfield
3140:
3087:raises his fist
3079:
3049:
2983:
2935:
2902:
2834:, King stated:
2772:Nation of Islam
2768:Elijah Muhammad
2760:Nation of Islam
2752:Patrice Lumumba
2660:
2654:
2646:black supremacy
2611:black supremacy
2571:power structure
2489:
2476:
2392:Grace Lee Boggs
2376:
2348:black Americans
2321:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2214:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2101:
2063:
2039:Omaha, Nebraska
2004:Historic places
1998:
1890:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1712:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1639:
1591:
1533:Black Seminoles
1498:
1497:Sub-communities
1490:
1489:
1476:Southern (SIAC)
1436:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1377:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1264:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1202:Nation of Islam
1168:
1145:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1051:
1018:
985:
957:
918:
894:Musical theater
854:
844:
843:
825:Great Migration
682:
652:
612:
611:
527:
519:
518:
481:
473:
472:
428:Maulana Karenga
368:Donald DeFreeze
353:
345:
344:
335:US Organization
295:Nation of Islam
190:
182:
181:
167:Black supremacy
137:Black anarchism
112:
104:
103:
61:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11653:
11643:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11601:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11563:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11514:
11512:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11504:
11496:
11488:
11480:
11472:
11468:Seize the Time
11464:
11455:
11453:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11437:
11429:
11421:
11413:
11405:
11399:
11391:
11383:
11377:
11371:
11365:
11357:
11351:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11327:Black Panthers
11323:
11317:
11310:
11308:
11304:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11250:
11248:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11188:Dalit Panthers
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11154:
11152:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11119:
11114:
11108:
11106:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11057:
11055:
11051:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11044:
11043:
11038:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11005:William O'Neal
11002:
10996:
10994:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10986:
10984:Albert Woodfox
10981:
10979:Herman Wallace
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10940:
10938:
10937:Southern based
10934:
10933:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10878:Lonnie McLucas
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10853:W. Paul Coates
10850:
10848:Safiya Bukhari
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10828:Ashanti Alston
10825:
10823:Sundiata Acoli
10820:
10814:
10812:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10802:Michael Zinzun
10799:
10797:Robert Trivers
10794:
10792:Geronimo Pratt
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10772:George Jackson
10769:
10764:
10762:Ericka Huggins
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10727:B. Kwaku Duren
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10692:Charles Barron
10689:
10684:
10678:
10676:
10669:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10655:
10653:David Hilliard
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10624:
10622:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10607:Huey P. Newton
10603:
10601:
10597:
10596:
10587:
10586:
10579:
10572:
10564:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10551:
10539:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10460:Visual artists
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10420:Mathematicians
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10369:
10361:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10326:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10298:
10296:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10244:
10239:
10237:South Carolina
10234:
10229:
10228:
10227:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10207:North Carolina
10204:
10203:
10202:
10192:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10175:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10160:
10159:
10158:
10152:Massachusetts
10150:
10149:
10148:
10138:
10133:
10132:
10131:
10121:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10104:
10099:
10098:
10097:
10087:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10053:
10048:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10031:
10026:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9994:social context
9991:
9981:
9971:
9970:
9969:
9959:
9953:
9951:
9947:
9946:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9936:
9926:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9891:
9889:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9875:
9874:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9845:Creek Freedmen
9842:
9837:
9832:
9822:
9820:Alabama Creole
9817:
9816:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9791:
9789:
9785:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9760:Central (CIAA)
9756:
9754:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9743:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9681:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9596:
9594:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9577:
9576:
9575:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9553:Pan-Africanism
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9534:
9533:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9497:
9495:Black theology
9492:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9458:
9452:
9450:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9436:in STEM fields
9433:
9428:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9394:
9392:
9391:and technology
9386:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9330:Harriet Tubman
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9260:Michelle Obama
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9190:Barbara Jordan
9187:
9185:Harriet Jacobs
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9075:Amelia Boynton
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9041:
9039:
9038:Notable people
9035:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8974:LGBT community
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8898:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8826:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8773:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8689:Freedom Riders
8686:
8681:
8673:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8633:
8628:
8620:
8615:
8613:Black genocide
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8569:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8553:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8530:
8521:
8520:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8492:Akinyele Umoja
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8413:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8081:Mahatma Gandhi
8078:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8004:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7990:South Carolina
7987:
7981:
7979:
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7974:
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7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7929:Hosea Williams
7926:
7921:
7916:
7914:Hollis Watkins
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7844:A. Maceo Smith
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7794:Bernie Sanders
7791:
7786:
7784:Angela Russell
7781:
7776:
7771:
7769:David Richmond
7766:
7761:
7759:Walter Reuther
7756:
7751:
7746:
7744:Cordell Reagon
7741:
7736:
7731:
7729:George Raymond
7726:
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7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7689:Charles Person
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7659:Huey P. Newton
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7614:Harry T. Moore
7611:
7606:
7601:
7599:Cecil B. Moore
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7579:James Meredith
7576:
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7409:Clarence Jones
7406:
7401:
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7386:
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7356:
7351:
7349:Zilphia Horton
7346:
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7319:Lola Hendricks
7316:
7311:
7309:Dorothy Height
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
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7281:
7279:Lawrence Guyot
7276:
7271:
7269:Jack Greenberg
7266:
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7256:
7254:Andrew Goodman
7251:
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7179:Joseph DeLaine
7176:
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7149:Dorothy Cotton
7146:
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7101:
7096:
7094:J. L. Chestnut
7091:
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6627:
6622:
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6608:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6575:Freedom Summer
6572:
6567:
6565:Bloody Tuesday
6562:
6557:
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6094:
6088:
6087:
6084:Democracy Now!
6075:Huey P. Newton
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6016:
6015:External links
6013:
6012:
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5999:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5973:
5958:
5957:Historiography
5955:
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5953:
5946:
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5924:
5911:
5910:(Basic, 2010).
5902:
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5689:Rustin, Bayard
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5394:(3): 261â295.
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5201:(103): 17â35.
5178:
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5152:Marshall, Rita
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4576:(2): 540â570.
4560:
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4511:(3): 365â389.
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4341:
4335:2014-12-11 at
4321:
4314:
4290:
4260:
4247:
4234:
4227:
4207:
4191:
4184:e-flux Journal
4175:
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4150:
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4124:
4105:
4067:
4039:
4015:
4008:
3988:
3981:
3961:
3936:
3925:www.crmvet.org
3912:
3885:
3872:
3859:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Reverse racism
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Melanin theory
3789:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3741:
3715:
3712:
3669:
3666:
3605:, Zu-Bolton's
3575:Dudley Randall
3563:Haki Madhubuti
3559:Nikki Giovanni
3547:Main article:
3544:
3541:
3537:collard greens
3499:
3496:
3449:Main article:
3446:
3443:
3368:Prime Minister
3364:Makandal Daaga
3358:campus of the
3343:
3340:
3336:Michael Manley
3283:government of
3269:British Empire
3264:
3261:
3243:Calvin Hernton
3187:
3184:
3139:
3136:
3123:W.E.B. Du Bois
3078:
3075:
3070:women's rights
3054:black feminism
3048:
3045:
2982:
2981:Black politics
2979:
2934:
2931:
2907:Dorothy Height
2901:
2898:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2805:Ruth Feldstein
2803:"). Historian
2744:United Nations
2685:Nelson Mandela
2653:
2650:
2638:pan-Africanism
2599:class struggle
2594:Seize the Time
2591:. In his book
2488:
2485:
2451:James Meredith
2417:William Worthy
2407:together with
2380:Richard Wright
2375:
2372:
2323:
2322:
2320:
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2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Black genocide
2181:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2167:
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2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
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2119:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2103:
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2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:US communities
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:South Carolina
2046:
2044:North Carolina
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2007:
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2000:
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1997:
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1991:
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1911:
1906:
1900:
1897:
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1888:
1883:
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1873:
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1866:South Carolina
1863:
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1846:North Carolina
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1703:SamanĂĄ English
1700:
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1679:
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1653:LGBT community
1649:
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1610:Creek Freedmen
1607:
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1580:Carmel Indians
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1328:Pan-Africanism
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1159:Black theology
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1024:
1023:Economic class
1020:
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995:
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962:Academic study
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455:
450:
445:
443:Muhammad Ahmad
440:
435:
430:
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415:
410:
405:
403:Huey P. Newton
400:
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177:Pan-Africanism
174:
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144:
142:Black feminism
139:
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110:
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88:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11652:
11641:
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11615:
11600:
11589:
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11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11568:
11567:Panther Power
11564:
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11551:
11549:
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11443:
11442:
11441:The Big Cigar
11438:
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11224:
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11211:
11209:
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11199:
11198:Gray Panthers
11196:
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11118:
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11113:
11110:
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11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11081:Harry Haywood
11079:
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11067:
11064:
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11056:
11052:
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11039:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11027:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11015:Marion Stamps
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10993:Chicago based
10991:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
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10947:
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10942:
10941:
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10935:
10929:
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10924:
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10916:
10914:
10913:Assata Shakur
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10888:Larry Pinkney
10886:
10884:
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10879:
10876:
10874:
10873:Warren Kimbro
10871:
10869:
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10813:
10809:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10722:Emory Douglas
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10707:Bunchy Carter
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10673:
10670:
10667:
10660:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10585:
10580:
10578:
10573:
10571:
10566:
10565:
10562:
10550:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10531:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10519:Neighborhoods
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10482:Sports firsts
10480:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10470:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10304:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10295:
10291:
10285:
10284:West Virginia
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10226:
10223:
10222:
10221:Pennsylvania
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10200:New York City
10198:
10197:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10184:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10044:San Francisco
10042:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10017:By state/city
10015:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9972:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9963:
9962:American Sign
9960:
9958:
9955:
9954:
9952:
9948:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9909:
9908:
9905:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9895:Neighborhoods
9893:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9877:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9825:Black Indians
9823:
9821:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9786:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9755:
9747:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9672:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9587:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9403:Black schools
9401:
9399:
9398:Black studies
9396:
9395:
9393:
9387:
9381:
9380:Whitney Young
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9370:Oprah Winfrey
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9340:Denmark Vesey
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9285:Joseph Rainey
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9240:Toni Morrison
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9225:Joseph Lowery
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9170:Jesse Jackson
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9160:Kamala Harris
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9145:Marcus Garvey
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9095:Blanche Bruce
9093:
9091:
9090:Edward Brooke
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9080:James Bradley
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9060:James Baldwin
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9036:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9004:Neighborhoods
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8891:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8857:Silent Parade
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8785:Jim Crow laws
8783:
8781:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8608:Black cowboys
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8546:
8544:
8539:
8537:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8504:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8487:Timothy Tyson
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8417:Taylor Branch
8415:
8414:
8412:
8406:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8265:Freedom songs
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8131:Jim Crow laws
8129:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8028:"Oh, Freedom"
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7954:Whitney Young
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7934:Kale Williams
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7894:Albert Turner
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7884:A. P. Tureaud
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7789:Bayard Rustin
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7639:William Moyer
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7574:Joseph McNeil
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7559:Charles McDew
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7549:Benjamin Mays
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7534:Vivian Malone
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7509:Joseph Lowery
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7434:Clyde Kennard
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7424:Vernon Jordan
7422:
7420:
7419:Matthew Jones
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7384:T. J. Jemison
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:Jesse Jackson
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7259:Robert Graetz
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:Golden Frinks
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7209:Charles Evers
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:Vernon Dahmer
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7114:Septima Clark
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7034:Bruce Boynton
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:James Baldwin
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6929:Mathew Ahmann
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6826:Youth Council
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
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6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
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6759:
6758:
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6738:
6735:
6733:
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6717:
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6701:
6700:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6689:
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6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6577:
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6568:
6566:
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6515:
6513:
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6506:
6503:
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6493:
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6483:
6479:
6476:
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6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6417:Freedom Rides
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6386:
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6170:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:Prior to 1954
6140:
6137:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6092:
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6068:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6027:Harambee City
6025:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6009:
6005:
6004:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5974:
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5960:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5928:
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5919:
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5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5865:Cone, James.
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5851:Brown, Scot,
5850:
5849:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5818:9780805083354
5814:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5801:Cited sources
5792:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5748:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5718:
5710:
5702:
5698:
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5690:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5666:
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5657:
5649:
5642:
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5605:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5581:
5576:
5569:
5564:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5475:9780520938434
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5435:
5434:walkerart.org
5431:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
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5347:
5342:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5294:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5270:
5265:
5258:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5231:0-88738-632-6
5227:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5138:9780261632301
5134:
5130:
5123:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5090:
5088:9781558492189
5084:
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4969:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4895:
4894:Wearemany.org
4891:
4885:
4878:
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4862:
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4695:9780807005712
4691:
4686:
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4676:
4660:
4656:
4655:
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4621:
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4614:9781136773402
4611:
4607:
4606:
4599:
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4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4558:
4557:0-316-87496-5
4554:
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4549:
4542:
4534:
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4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
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4506:
4499:
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4481:
4474:
4466:
4464:0-679-74313-8
4460:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4433:0-679-74313-8
4429:
4425:
4421:
4420:
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4399:
4392:
4385:
4381:
4378:
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4369:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4337:archive.today
4334:
4331:
4325:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4294:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4257:
4251:
4244:
4238:
4230:
4228:9780814743065
4224:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4145:
4143:0-8166-2954-4
4139:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:The Historian
4074:
4072:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3965:
3951:
3950:www.aaihs.org
3947:
3940:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3909:9780195170559
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3846:Kinginstitute
3843:
3836:
3832:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
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3724:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:Bayard Rustin
3665:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:Toni Morrison
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:Sonia Sanchez
3564:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:Raffique Shah
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3383:Basdeo Panday
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:Eric Williams
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3356:St. Augustine
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:1972 election
3329:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:Walter Rodney
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
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3150:
3145:
3135:
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3129:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3030:Gary, Indiana
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2944:black studies
2940:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:Whitney Young
2920:
2916:
2915:Bayard Rustin
2912:
2908:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2855:, who wrote:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2822:desegregation
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:assassination
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:Jesse Jackson
2617:, as well as
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:working class
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:'s 1954 book
2381:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:United States
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2254:Minstrel show
2252:
2250:
2249:Magical Negro
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
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2211:
2208:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
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2188:
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2180:
2179:
2175:
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2166:
2165:
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2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2098:
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2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2059:West Virginia
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:San Francisco
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:New York City
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
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1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
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1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
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1894:
1893:
1887:
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1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1854:
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1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
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1829:
1827:
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1809:
1807:
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1802:
1799:
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1715:
1709:
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1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Nova Scotians
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:Black Indians
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:HBCU (HBCUAC)
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1367:Organizations
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1236:Organizations
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
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1015:
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997:
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982:
979:
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974:
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968:
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949:
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938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
927:
926:
922:
921:
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910:
907:
905:
904:Neighborhoods
902:
900:
897:
895:
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890:
887:
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880:
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867:
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836:
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831:
828:
826:
823:
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795:
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724:
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664:
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621:
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583:
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558:
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550:
548:
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456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:Marcus Garvey
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Assata Shakur
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
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308:
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228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:Organizations
186:
185:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
147:Black leftism
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
108:
107:
100:
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
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72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
11557:
11498:
11490:
11482:
11474:
11466:
11458:
11439:
11431:
11423:
11415:
11407:
11402:Public Enemy
11401:
11393:
11386:
11379:
11373:
11367:
11359:
11353:
11345:
11339:
11333:
11325:
11319:
11313:
11151:Contemporary
11122:
11076:Frantz Fanon
11060:
10959:James Forman
10944:H. Rap Brown
10908:Afeni Shakur
10898:Nile Rodgers
10893:Alex Rackley
10863:Jamal Joseph
10767:Bobby Hutton
10757:John Huggins
10742:Reggie Forte
10712:Mark Comfort
10687:Richard Aoki
10648:Fred Hampton
10628:Elaine Brown
10435:Sportspeople
10405:Billionaires
10322:Sierra Leone
10225:Philadelphia
10061:Jacksonville
9888:Demographics
9720:Jack Johnson
9710:Muhammad Ali
9543:Conservatism
9525:
9478:Black church
9375:Andrew Young
9360:Ida B. Wells
9350:David Walker
9345:C. T. Vivian
9300:Paul Robeson
9295:Hiram Revels
9275:Colin Powell
9255:Barack Obama
9210:James Lawson
9165:Jimi Hendrix
9135:James Farmer
9130:Medgar Evers
9100:Ralph Bunche
9050:Maya Angelou
9024:Middle class
8902:Afrofuturism
8828:
8816:
8809:
8730:
8675:
8622:
8588:Afrocentrism
8578:Abolitionism
8507:
8447:David Garrow
8427:John Dittmer
8298:
8225:Brown Chapel
8182:
8175:
8168:
8161:
8154:
8140:
8097:
7949:Andrew Young
7904:A. T. Walden
7899:C. T. Vivian
7859:Maxine Smith
7694:Homer Plessy
7674:James Orange
7629:Irene Morgan
7584:William Ming
7564:Ralph McGill
7499:Viola Liuzzo
7484:Jim Letherer
7469:James Lawson
7399:Vernon Johns
7389:Esau Jenkins
7344:Myles Horton
7294:Fred Hampton
7284:Prathia Hall
7274:Dick Gregory
7244:Marie Foster
7239:James Forman
7229:James Farmer
7214:Medgar Evers
7174:Angela Davis
7109:Ramsey Clark
7089:James Chaney
7084:Johnnie Carr
7064:Ralph Bunche
7059:H. Rap Brown
7049:Ruby Bridges
7009:Joanne Bland
6984:Claude Black
6964:Marion Barry
6934:Muhammad Ali
6761:
6697:
6690:
6651:
6629:
6598:
6591:
6433:
6394:
6387:
6317:Kissing Case
6292:
6249:
6232:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6171:
6163:
6082:
6071:Angela Davis
6065:
6055:Ben Fletcher
6007:
5993:
5986:
5976:
5966:
5949:
5939:
5929:
5917:
5907:
5898:
5888:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5827:
5808:
5775:
5768:
5757:
5747:
5736:
5726:
5715:
5709:
5696:
5683:
5655:
5648:
5636:
5623:
5611:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5563:
5551:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5487:, retrieved
5457:
5448:
5437:. Retrieved
5433:
5424:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5341:
5330:
5312:
5300:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5221:
5215:
5198:
5194:
5171:
5164:
5155:
5146:
5128:
5122:
5111:. Retrieved
5109:. 2020-02-22
5106:
5097:
5078:
5054:
5044:
5036:
5031:
5023:
5003:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4968:
4953:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4893:
4884:
4876:
4849:
4805:
4799:
4788:
4782:
4773:
4751:
4745:
4730:
4725:
4714:Urban League
4704:
4683:
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4659:the original
4653:
4646:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4604:
4598:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4546:
4541:
4508:
4504:
4478:
4473:
4449:
4442:
4418:
4397:
4391:
4368:
4353:
4344:
4324:
4300:
4293:
4281:. Retrieved
4277:the original
4263:
4255:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4217:
4210:
4199:
4194:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4165:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4115:
4086:(1): 49â82.
4083:
4079:
4055:
4031:. Retrieved
4027:
4018:
3998:
3991:
3971:
3964:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:
3939:
3928:. Retrieved
3924:
3915:
3900:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3845:
3835:
3784:
3730:
3717:
3696:
3692:Urban League
3681:
3671:
3662:
3660:orthodoxy."
3658:
3649:
3644:
3635:
3623:Ishmael Reed
3616:
3610:
3571:Maya Angelou
3555:Amiri Baraka
3552:
3526:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3473:
3467:, power sign
3454:
3438:
3435:
3427:Rex Lassalle
3406:
3394:Fidel Castro
3387:
3345:
3321:
3318:Rodney Riots
3307:
3288:
3285:Hugh Shearer
3277:Edward Seaga
3273:Hugh Shearer
3266:
3251:
3234:
3222:
3220:
3189:
3174:
3154:
3141:
3120:
3096:
3050:
3034:
3027:
3015:
3007:
2996:showing the
2990:Tommie Smith
2975:Peter Norman
2955:Tommie Smith
2948:
2936:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2863:
2858:
2850:abolitionist
2842:
2837:
2829:
2810:
2801:Pirate Jenny
2791:
2784:
2732:Maya Angelou
2720:James Forman
2697:
2681:South Africa
2674:
2667:
2661:
2631:
2623:Rainbow/PUSH
2607:ruling class
2592:
2583:
2579:reproduction
2553:
2533:
2521:Maya Angelou
2490:
2480:
2465:
2460:
2432:
2421:
2412:
2409:Max Stanford
2383:
2377:
2352:
2340:black people
2327:
2326:
2152:Sierra Leone
1984:Philadelphia
1954:Jacksonville
1550:Brass Ankles
1303:Conservatism
1292:
1278:Afrocentrism
1250:Joint Center
1141:Black church
1132:Institutions
1047:Billionaires
1037:Middle class
990:Celebrations
953:Fraternities
607:Youth rights
592:The Troubles
511:
504:
492:
485:
388:Fred Hampton
373:Elaine Brown
358:Angela Davis
127:Afrocentrism
42:
11620:Black Power
11460:Soul on Ice
11238:Young Lords
11208:NgÄ Tamatoa
11125:(newspaper)
11061:Black power
10974:Malik Rahim
10969:Pete O'Neal
10717:Aaron Dixon
10612:Bobby Seale
10455:US senators
10425:Republicans
10410:Journalists
10267:San Antonio
10232:Puerto Rico
10173:Mississippi
10066:Tallahassee
10039:Los Angeles
9730:Jesse Owens
9715:Arthur Ashe
9573:Nationalism
9563:Raised fist
9526:Black power
9431:in medicine
9365:Roy Wilkins
9320:Emmett Till
9305:Al Sharpton
9070:Julian Bond
9065:James Bevel
9029:Upper class
9019:Stereotypes
8912:Black mecca
8824:Plantations
8603:Black Codes
8467:Doug McAdam
8437:Chuck Fager
8064:Nonviolence
7969:James Zwerg
7964:Bob Zellner
7924:Roy Wilkins
7874:Hank Thomas
7809:Pete Seeger
7804:Bobby Seale
7669:Jack O'Dell
7664:Edgar Nixon
7594:Amzie Moore
7589:Jack Minnis
7529:Mae Mallory
7514:Clara Luper
7474:Bernard Lee
7364:Cecil Ivory
7359:Ruby Hurley
7329:Oliver Hill
7324:Aaron Henry
7224:Chuck Fager
7184:Dave Dennis
7074:Guy Carawan
7014:Julian Bond
6979:James Bevel
6969:Daisy Bates
6240:Emmett Till
6123:(1954â1968)
5858:Bush, Rod.
5631:. aalbc.com
4997:(5): 30â37.
4899:October 25,
4283:January 24,
4273:History.com
4060:. pp.
3461:Bob Blauner
3023:grass roots
2994:John Carlos
2967:raised fist
2959:John Carlos
2919:Roy Wilkins
2826:White Power
2818:Roy Wilkins
2787:Nina Simone
2740:Mae Mallory
2736:Leroi Jones
2724:Roy Wilkins
2712:nonviolence
2669:Slave Power
2585:Bobby Seale
2453:during the
2396:James Boggs
2384:Black Power
2328:Black power
2220:Stereotypes
2147:Nova Scotia
2029:Mississippi
1989:San Antonio
1969:Los Angeles
1904:Black mecca
1831:Mississippi
1738:Negro Dutch
1560:Dominickers
1504:Multiethnic
1413:TransAfrica
1323:Nationalism
1293:Black power
1077:Black pride
1042:Upper class
741:Politicians
602:White power
408:John Africa
398:Hakim Jamal
157:Black pride
91:Raised fist
43:Black power
11614:Categories
11543:Panther 21
11523:COINTELPRO
11247:Subsequent
11203:I Wor Kuen
11054:Influences
11010:Bobby Rush
11000:Mark Clark
10954:Mark Essex
10868:Chaka Khan
10787:Pat Parker
10702:Ed Bullins
10643:Donald Cox
10621:Leadership
10400:Astronauts
10190:New Jersey
10034:California
9538:Capitalism
9335:Nat Turner
9265:Rosa Parks
9250:Diane Nash
9220:John Lewis
9009:Newspapers
8979:Literature
8964:Juneteenth
8917:Businesses
8771:Exodusters
8739:Free Negro
8410:historians
8091:Satyagraha
8057:Influences
7749:James Reeb
7684:James Peck
7679:Rosa Parks
7649:Diane Nash
7519:Danny Lyon
7494:John Lewis
7439:A. D. King
7339:James Hood
6954:Ella Baker
6924:Zev Aelony
5882:1682260186
5837:0226847152
5697:Commentary
5641:Van DeBurg
5616:Van DeBurg
5604:Van DeBurg
5592:Van DeBurg
5580:Van DeBurg
5568:Van DeBurg
5526:Van DeBurg
5514:Van DeBurg
5502:Van DeBurg
5489:2023-05-08
5458:Race Music
5439:2023-05-08
5370:Van DeBurg
5358:Van DeBurg
5346:Van DeBurg
5305:Van DeBurg
5113:2023-05-18
5008:Van DeBurg
4962:0761843531
4842:Van DeBurg
4739:0932020933
4489:093312130X
4362:0807818232
4315:0679743138
4033:2017-03-11
3955:2017-03-11
3930:2019-06-05
3828:References
3719:Kwame Ture
3653:assimilate
3583:Larry Neal
3521:nappy hair
3398:Kwame Ture
3303:Kwame Ture
3231:Obi Egbuna
3085:Protester
2792:In Concert
2716:Ella Baker
2656:See also:
2513:Rosa Parks
2439:Kwame Ture
1786:California
1760:Population
1333:Patriotism
1318:Liberalism
1298:Capitalism
1269:Ideologies
1150:Theologies
1009:Juneteenth
981:Literature
909:Newspapers
817:Migrations
748:Juneteenth
567:Hutu Power
458:Rosa Parks
448:Obi Egbuna
111:Ideologies
93:events of
11596:Category|
11091:Malcolm X
10737:Kent Ford
10514:Monuments
10390:Activists
10242:Tennessee
10162:Michigan
10146:Baltimore
10136:Louisiana
10129:Lexington
10112:Davenport
10051:Cleveland
9950:Languages
9879:Melungeon
9857:Blaxicans
9725:Joe Louis
9580:Socialism
9516:Anarchism
9245:Bob Moses
9230:Malcolm X
9150:Fred Gray
9014:Soul food
8952:New Negro
8937:Folktales
8847:Redlining
8069:Padayatra
8018:"Kumbaya"
7978:By region
7634:Bob Moses
7539:Bob Mants
7524:Malcolm X
7444:C.B. King
7264:Fred Gray
6907:Activists
6548:1964â1968
6331:1960â1963
6189:1954â1959
5643:, p. 308.
5618:, p. 212.
5606:, p. 213.
5594:, p. 208.
5582:, p. 280.
5570:, p. 249.
5558:, p. 256.
5528:, p. 204.
5516:, p. 194.
5504:, p. 201.
5484:241276154
5416:238815685
5408:0277-9269
5372:, p. 197.
5360:, p. 195.
5348:, p. 192.
5307:, p. 307.
5156:The Times
5010:, p. 304.
4940:, p. 294.
4928:, p. xiv.
4844:, p. 306.
4824:962028552
4665:March 24,
4533:220392929
4148:, p. 136.
4100:143800915
3786:NĂ©gritude
3714:Responses
3668:Criticism
3629:and poet
3587:Ted Joans
3529:soul food
3346:The 1970
3239:CLR James
3212:Malcolm X
3208:Michael X
3157:Malcolm X
2865:activist
2756:Malcolm X
2730:In 1961,
2677:Apartheid
2575:structure
2415:reporter
2388:Malcolm X
2374:Etymology
2244:Hollywood
2234:Blackface
2169:Prejudice
2087:US cities
1964:Lexington
1939:Davenport
1919:Baltimore
1895:US cities
1871:Tennessee
1821:Louisiana
1767:US states
1575:Melungeon
1545:Blaxicans
1343:Socialism
1308:Garveyism
1283:Anarchism
1087:Good hair
914:Soul food
884:Folktales
587:Socialism
557:Communism
532:Anarchism
438:Michael X
413:Malcolm X
11569:" (2000)
10600:Founders
10537:Category
10328:America
10294:Diaspora
10279:Virginia
10212:Oklahoma
10195:New York
10178:Nebraska
10141:Maryland
10124:Kentucky
10090:Illinois
10029:Arkansas
9934:Illinois
9872:of color
9558:Populism
9531:Movement
9448:Religion
8790:Lynching
8573:Timeline
7999:Movement
7429:Tom Kahn
6713:Activist
6133:timeline
6077:, &
5691:(1965).
5541:Archived
5320:Archived
5107:GhanaWeb
4975:, p. 92.
4857:Archived
4774:Harper's
4525:40034781
4380:Archived
4333:Archived
4118:(2006),
3899:(1999).
3852:April 3,
3743:See also
3612:Callaloo
3431:mutinied
3390:Carnival
3301:, later
3149:Cold War
3019:caucuses
2558:. While
2487:Variants
2284:Category
2107:Diaspora
2034:Missouri
1959:Kentucky
1886:Virginia
1856:Oklahoma
1841:New York
1836:Nebraska
1826:Maryland
1801:Illinois
1781:Arkansas
1620:Merikins
1565:Freedmen
1538:Mascogos
1338:Populism
1229:Politics
1124:Religion
1094:Stepping
860:Lifeways
696:Timeline
663:a series
661:Part of
620:Category
572:New Left
562:Feminism
35:a series
11387:Panther
10665:Members
10465:Writers
10430:Singers
10415:Jurists
10363:Europe
10317:Liberia
10262:Houston
10166:Detroit
10102:Indiana
10095:Chicago
10078:Atlanta
10073:Georgia
10056:Florida
10024:Alabama
9974:English
9548:Leftism
9418:Museums
8969:Kwanzaa
8894:Culture
8862:Slavery
8565:History
8124:Related
7714:Al Raby
6669:funeral
6532:Big Six
5934:excerpt
5932:(2007)
4590:2567750
4173:, ibid.
4169:Boggs,
3480:slavery
3263:Jamaica
3192:Britain
3186:Britain
2693:Amandla
2652:History
2142:Liberia
2024:Georgia
2019:Florida
1949:Houston
1944:Detroit
1929:Chicago
1914:Atlanta
1806:Indiana
1796:Georgia
1791:Florida
1776:Alabama
1708:Tutnese
1587:Redbone
1313:Leftism
1014:Kwanzaa
971:Studies
923:Schools
852:Culture
781:Aspects
726:Slavery
688:Periods
680:History
526:Related
86:Kwanzaa
60:History
11562:(1971)
11503:(2013)
11495:(1992)
11487:(1973)
11479:(1972)
11471:(1970)
11463:(1968)
11444:(2024)
11436:(2021)
11428:(2015)
11420:(2010)
11412:(2001)
11404:(1999)
11398:(1996)
11390:(1995)
11382:(1992)
11376:(1974)
11370:(1973)
11364:(1971)
11356:(1970)
11350:(1969)
11342:(1969)
11336:(1969)
11334:Mayday
11330:(1968)
11322:(1968)
11316:(1968)
11029:Others
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