192:
140:
543:
157:(1770). The use of the latter transformed the nature of porter. The first porters were brewed from 100% brown malt. Now, brewers were able to accurately measure the yield of the malt they used, and noticed that brown malt, though cheaper than pale malt, only produced about two-thirds as much fermentable material. When the malt tax was increased to help pay for the Napoleonic War, brewers had an incentive to use less malt. Their solution was to use a proportion of pale malt and add colouring to obtain the expected hue. When a law was passed in 1816 allowing only malt and
29:
328:
2093:
426:
574:) and could only be sold in bottles. In terms of adjuncts, German Porter could contain up to 0.45 kg/hl of caramel colouring, as well as up to 100 g/hl of salt. TGL 7764 also prescribed the colour of beer labels: those for German Porter had to use carmine red to indicate the beer type. German Porter was also the only beer in the GDR in which
182:
After 1860, as the popularity of porter and the aged taste began to wane, porter was increasingly sold "mild". In the final decades of the century, many breweries discontinued their porter, but continued to brew one or two stouts. Those that persisted with porter, brewed it weaker and with less hops.
178:
Until about 1800, all London porter was matured in large vats, often holding several hundred barrels, for six to 18 months before being racked into smaller casks to be delivered to pubs. Ageing all porter was found to be unnecessary. A small quantity of highly aged beer (18 months or more) mixed with
87:
styles, was either performed by the publican or a dealer, with blends of Milds and Stales often sold to the public. Porter was one of the first beer styles to be aged at the brewery and dispatched in a condition fit to be drunk immediately. It was also a style that could be made on a large scale, and
365:
After the invention of malted barley roasted until black to impart a darker colour and distinct burnt taste to the beer in 1817, Irish brewers dropped the use of brown malt, using patent malt and pale malt only, while
English brewers continued using some brown malt, giving a difference in style
75:
Porter was first mentioned in 1721, as a development of the brown beer already being produced across London, and delivered to publicans to age and blend to their customers' tastes; the term had become common in print by the 1760s but was often not used by the brewers themselves before then. The
226:
there. They were considerably weaker than the pre-war versions (down from 1.055–1.060 to 1.040–1.042) and around the strength that porter had been in 1914. The drinking of porter, with its strength slot now occupied by single stout, steadily declined, and the last porter was produced in 1941.
127:
pushed its gravity down to around 1.055, where it remained for the rest of the 19th century. The popularity of the style prompted brewers to produce porters in a wide variety of strengths. These started with Single Stout Porter around 1.066, Double Stout Porter (such as
61:
was originally called "Extra
Superior Porter" and was not given the name "Extra Stout" until 1840. Today, the terms stout and porter are used by different breweries almost interchangeably to describe dark beers, and have more in common than in distinction.
362:'s poem "The Workman's Friend": "A pint of plain is your only man." By contrast, extra-strong porter was called "stout porter". The last Guinness Irish porter was produced in 1974, though the company launched a "revival" based upon a 1796 recipe in 2014.
179:
fresh or "mild" porter produced a flavour similar to that of aged beer. It was a cheaper method of producing porter, as it required less beer to be stored for long periods. The normal blend was around two parts young beer to one part old.
111:
According to Martyn
Cornell, "London-brewed Porter was the first beer to be widely exported, reaching Ireland by the 1730s, North America and the Baltic lands by the 1740s, Northern Europe by the 1760s, and India around the same time".
409:, and Porterine. Porterine was developed in America as a brewer's tool, added in the wort of lighter beers, to add colour and flavour to emulate that of a porter. Porterine is made from the slow cooking of
1054:
222:, this period was not technically considered wartime, but the country suffered similar resource scarcities and consequent rationing to the United Kingdom, thus this period was officially named
210:, allowing Irish brewers such as Guinness to continue to brew beers closer to pre-war strengths. English breweries continued to brew a range of bottled, and sometimes draught, stouts until the
76:
innovation is attributed to Ralph
Harwood, a brewer at the Bell Brewhouse in Shoreditch. The first delivery of porter was claimed to be to The Blue Last pub in Shoreditch.
57:
and porter are intertwined. The name "stout", used for a dark beer, came about because strong porters were marketed as "stout porter", later being shortened to just stout.
566:, Porter was a beer type specified in the industry standard TGL 7764. According to this industry standard, East German Porter had an original gravity of 17.7 to 18.3
578:
could be used for fermentation. Unlike Baltic Porter, German Porter was top-fermented, often involving a mixed fermentation with
Brettanomyces yeast. Historically,
1058:
373:
in
Kildare produce highly regarded interpretations of the style. As with Guinness stout, many porters from Irish craft breweries are carbonated with nitrogen/CO
2123:
655:"The Picture of London", John Feltham, 1802, p. 26, states it "obtained the name porter" because it was "very suitable for porters and other working people".
413:, which concentrates the sugars in the substance. With this concentration comes the caramel-like colour and consistency of Porterine. With the advent of the
570:, an apparent attenuation of at least 64%, a carbon dioxide content of at least 0.42%, an isohumulone content of 35 to 50 mg/L (equivalent to 35 to 50
50:
Porter became the first beer style brewed around the world, being produced in
Ireland, North America, Sweden, and Russia by the end of the 18th century.
1409:
1392:
97:
255:
2118:
1308:
397:. After the introduction of lagers in the United States in the 1850s, breweries began brewing their porters with lager yeast rather than a
234:
started brewing a porter in 1972, and was bottled in 1974 that kickstarted the revival of the style which began in 1978, when the
Penrhos
115:
Early London porters were strong beers by modern standards. Early trials with the hydrometer in the 1770s recorded porter as having an
369:
Today, porter remains an important style in the burgeoning Irish craft-beer scene. A number of notable Irish craft breweries such as
1115:
183:
Between 1860 and 1914, the gravity dropped from 1.058 to 1.050 and the hopping rate from two to one pound per 36-gallon barrel.
1570:
1243:
1214:
968:
628:
43:
first brewed in London, England, in the early 18th century. The name is believed to have originated from its popularity with
571:
534:
Baltic Porter Day, started in Poland in 2016 by Marcin
Chmielarz, is celebrated annually on the third Saturday of January.
1028:
665:
441:
in the 19th century. Imperial stouts exported from
Britain in the 18th century were popular in the countries around the
358:
In Ireland, especially Dublin, the porter was known as "plain porter" or just "plain". This is the drink referred to in
1484:
1281:
417:
movement, many microbreweries produce porters and stouts with traditional methods, as well as the American techniques.
246:
London Porter winning gold and silver medals at the 1999, 2000 and 2002 International Beer and Cider Competitions, and
298:
on November 4, 1760, arguing for a rise in the price of beer. The letter was reprinted in various journals, including
1343:
1268:
1162:
1524:
251:
206:
in Britain, shortages of grain led to restrictions on the strength of beer. Less strict rules were applied in
191:
167:), they were left in a quandary. Their problem was solved by Wheeler's invention of the almost black (kilned)
1386:
2052:
586:
yeast has been associated with secondary fermentation in Porter and Stout to give it its typical flavour.
733:
300:
2138:
771:
1563:
594:
370:
2128:
136:
Porter at 1.095 and more. As the 19th century progressed, the porter suffix was gradually dropped.
1312:
1336:
Brewing porters and stouts : origins, history, and 60 recipes for brewing them at home today
1116:"Chocolate Stout – Limited Edition – Harpoon Brewery – Brewers of Harpoon IPA and UFO Hefeweizen"
445:, and were recreated locally using local ingredients and brewing traditions. Early versions were
242:, Yorkshire, began to brew a porter. Now, dozens of breweries in Britain are making porter, with
223:
20:
1235:
149:
The large London porter breweries pioneered many technological advances, such as the use of the
1094:
984:
705:
542:
239:
231:
139:
1202:
389:
Porter was being commercially brewed in the United States in the 18th century, especially in
316:
311:
Obadiah Poundage was also used as a pen-name by the author of a long-running diary column in
247:
1500:
454:
2133:
1993:
1697:
1556:
575:
559:
344:
58:
1206:
1195:
8:
1615:
1583:
348:
243:
308:, and has since been used by beer historians for the basis of information about porter.
896:
853:
765:
105:
93:
512:
292:
was the pen-name of a London brewer of the 18th century who published a letter in the
1867:
1802:
1610:
1480:
1365:
1339:
1264:
1259:
1239:
1210:
1158:
1119:
964:
845:
624:
339:
did not start brewing until 1787, he had phased out all other types of beer from his
195:
120:
1660:
497:
453:, so are technically lagers. Baltic porters typically have a minimum gravity of 18°
2067:
2047:
1877:
1792:
871:
837:
516:
450:
446:
359:
340:
294:
215:
211:
116:
44:
1702:
1872:
1665:
1396:
958:
618:
528:
520:
501:
449:
until the late 19th century, when many breweries began to brew their porter with
336:
278:
274:
219:
203:
124:
1006:
28:
2057:
1787:
1677:
1477:
The Beer Bucket List: Over 150 essential beer experiences from around the world
792:
493:
474:
398:
163:
133:
1539:
593:
resumed production of an old recipe. It was followed by other brewers such as
2112:
2077:
2035:
1727:
1682:
1655:
1625:
1032:
849:
761:
669:
583:
438:
414:
2092:
434:
1897:
555:
504:
394:
327:
235:
175:, though most London brewers continued to use some brown malt for flavour.
101:
1072:
2097:
2030:
2000:
1988:
1971:
1966:
1927:
1837:
1734:
1620:
1190:
567:
551:
390:
352:
172:
168:
150:
1427:
2005:
1983:
1956:
1922:
1827:
1817:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1692:
1640:
1635:
1579:
857:
825:
442:
410:
207:
154:
40:
1444:
1029:"'Station Porter' steams in to be voted Best Winter Beer in the Land!"
171:
in 1817. It was now possible to brew porter from 95% pale malt and 5%
1961:
1934:
1917:
1904:
1887:
1859:
1739:
1645:
1630:
1605:
1548:
590:
470:
89:
1822:
841:
457:
and a high alcohol content, even over 10% ABV. They are produced in
273:, and chocolate. Specialised porter brews continue the tradition of
2072:
2042:
1978:
1949:
1939:
1717:
1707:
508:
406:
402:
381:
carbonation remains more common for canned and bottled variations.
129:
1410:"Protz: Back to black: Baltic porter is heading for pole position"
938:
Whitbread brewing records held at the London Metropolitan Archives
261:
Many breweries brew porters in wide varieties, including pumpkin,
2062:
1832:
1712:
1600:
579:
527:
with "imperial stout" and Wiibroe's Baltic porter (now brewed by
524:
486:
482:
462:
458:
266:
425:
1892:
1882:
1812:
1807:
1764:
1670:
1650:
706:"Picking Apart The Minute Differences Between Porter And Stout"
478:
466:
79:
Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young, as
2010:
1944:
1842:
1779:
1754:
1744:
262:
54:
1459:
1797:
1687:
270:
158:
1592:
563:
335:
Porter was first brewed in Ireland in 1776, and although
597:
and Bergquell Brewery who brew an 8% abv Baltic porter.
401:
one. In addition, these American porters often included
214:
and beyond. During the Second World War, because of the
161:
to be used in the production of beer (a sort of British
897:"Porter History - In Collaboration With Martyn Cornell"
355:
followed suit and abandoned ales in favour of porter.
1309:"American Porters: Marching to Revolutionary Drummers"
734:"Porter vs Stout | A history of these entwined styles"
1334:
Foster, Terry (2014). "Flavored Porters and Stouts".
1229:
950:
646:; Cornell, Martyn; The History Press UK, 2010, p. 54.
872:"The Oxford Companion to Beer Definition of porter"
32:
A glass of porter, showing characteristic dark body
1194:
1363:
692:Guinness's Brewery in the Irish Economy 1759–1876
331:Dark Arts Porter showing characteristic dark body
2110:
554:from 1853 until 1990, when production ceased in
1031:. Camra.org.uk. 17 January 2008. Archived from
956:
808:
612:
610:
429:Żywiec Porter, Poland – a typical Baltic porter
496:, with the country's oldest being produced by
377:blends when served on draught. However, all-CO
186:
70:
2124:Food and drink introduced in the 18th century
1564:
1506:. Deutsche Demokratische Republik. March 1980
760:
132:) at 1.072, Triple Stout Porter at 1.078 and
1282:"Guinness brings Dublin Porter back to life"
1189:
1175:Poundage, Obadiah (December 2006). "Diary".
607:
1571:
1557:
1306:
977:
284:
947:"The Brewer" by William Loftus, 1863 p.50
823:
767:The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830
1858:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1223:
1174:
889:
703:
541:
424:
326:
258:'s Station Porter winning gold in 2008.
190:
138:
27:
1232:1,001 Beers You Must Try Before You Die
987:. Zythophile.wordpress.com. 22 May 2012
616:
2119:18th-century establishments in England
2111:
1578:
1474:
1333:
1183:
1144:. David and Charles, pp. 112–115.
934:
932:
930:
1552:
1352:
1073:"Four Peaks Brewery – Tempe, Arizona"
492:Baltic porter is a specialty of many
238:introduced a porter. A little later,
123:(ABV). Increased taxation during the
985:"Endangered beers | Zythophile"
756:
754:
728:
726:
1311:. BrewingTechniques. Archived from
1095:"Chilli plum porter – Waen Brewery"
927:
507:has been brewing Baltic porters in
366:between English and Irish porters.
88:the London porter brewers, such as
13:
14:
2150:
1428:"Cellar Series — Põhjala Brewery"
1118:. Harpoon Brewery. Archived from
785:
751:
723:
589:In 1998, the Hoepfner brewery of
511:since the 1860s, while Estonia's
489:, Sweden, and the United States.
198:Porter labels, Pennsylvania, 1960
2091:
1462:Wiibroe Porter (Imperial Stout).
1364:Klemp, K. Florian (March 2008).
957:Cornell, Martyn (2 March 2020).
813:. The History Press. p. 53.
704:Johnston, Zach (28 March 2018).
690:Lynch, Patrick and John Vaizey.
617:Cornell, Martyn (2 March 2020).
537:
420:
384:
315:, the monthly newsletter of the
1533:
1518:
1493:
1468:
1453:
1438:
1420:
1402:
1380:
1327:
1300:
1274:
1252:
1197:300 Beers to Try Before You Die
1168:
1147:
1134:
1108:
1087:
1065:
1047:
1021:
999:
963:. Springer Nature. p. 21.
941:
914:
864:
817:
802:
546:Bottle cap of a Hoepfner porter
252:Champion Winter Beer of Britain
2006:Steam beer / California Common
1234:. London (UK): Octopus Books (
1230:Tierney-Jones, Adrian (2010).
1075:. Fourpeaks.com. 27 April 2004
697:
684:
658:
649:
637:
623:. Springer Nature. p. 7.
515:is a newcomer specialising in
433:Baltic porter is a version of
1:
922:A History of Beer and Brewing
600:
2053:Beer and breweries by region
797:The Oxford Companion to Beer
7:
1445:> Danske Ølentusiaster.
830:The Economic History Review
799:. Ed. Garrett Oliver. 2012.
254:silver medal in 2007, with
187:The 20th and 21st centuries
71:The 18th and 19th centuries
10:
2155:
1338:. New York, NY: Skyhorse.
824:Macdonagh, Oliver (1964).
772:Cambridge University Press
531:) is known by both names.
322:
65:
18:
2086:
2023:
1913:
1851:
1778:
1591:
1540:Bergquell Brauerei Löbau.
1157:, Eric Dobby Publishing,
595:Neuzeller Kloster Brewery
281:barrels is not uncommon.
108:, and financial success.
920:Hornsey, Ian S. (2003).
876:Craft Beer & Brewing
809:Cornell, Martyn (2010).
301:The Gentleman's Magazine
1525:Braukultur-franken.de.
1414:morningadvertiser.co.uk
1370:All About Beer Magazine
826:"The Origins of Porter"
811:Amber, Gold & Black
668:. CAMRA. Archived from
644:Amber, Gold & Black
437:that originated in the
285:Obadiah Poundage letter
119:(OG) of 1.071 and 6.6%
21:Porter (disambiguation)
1527:Porter in Deutschland.
1447:Oversigt over øltyper.
1395:6 October 2019 at the
1140:Corran, H. S. (1975).
791:Dornbusch, Horst, and
547:
430:
332:
232:Anchor Brewing Company
218:'s official policy of
199:
146:
33:
1475:Dredge, Mark (2018).
1203:Campaign for Real Ale
1153:Protz, Roger (1995).
960:The Geography of Beer
620:The Geography of Beer
550:Porter was brewed in
545:
523:the word "porter" is
428:
330:
317:Campaign for Real Ale
194:
153:(about 1760) and the
145:Guinness Porter, 1840
142:
31:
1698:Kentucky common beer
1389:Sinebrychoff Porter.
1315:on 28 September 2011
1236:Lagardère Publishing
1142:A history of brewing
1035:on 27 September 2011
901:Anspach & Hobday
576:Dekkera bruxellensis
345:Beamish and Crawford
59:Guinness Extra Stout
19:For other uses, see
1616:Australian pale ale
1366:"Big Baltic Porter"
1122:on 18 February 2018
1479:. UK: Dog n Bone.
1288:. 9 September 2014
1201:. St Albans (UK):
1009:. Fullers-ales.com
1007:"Fuller's Brewery"
666:"Porter and Stout"
548:
431:
333:
200:
147:
106:economies of scale
83:; any ageing into
34:
16:Dark style of beer
2139:Brewing in London
2106:
2105:
2019:
2018:
1868:American wild ale
1803:Dortmunder Export
1611:American pale ale
1387:Sinebrychoff.fi.
1263:, Flann O'Brien,
1260:At Swim-Two-Birds
1245:978-1-84403-682-0
1216:978-1-85249-273-1
1055:"Wickwar Brewing"
970:978-3-030-41654-6
630:978-3-030-41654-6
451:cool fermentation
277:, and the use of
275:ageing in barrels
143:Advertisement for
121:alcohol by volume
2146:
2096:
2095:
2068:Low-alcohol beer
2048:Barrel-aged beer
1878:Flanders red ale
1856:
1855:
1793:Australian lager
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1307:Jankowski, Ben.
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1238:). p. 700.
1227:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1165:, pp. 38–39
1151:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
981:
975:
974:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
925:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
868:
862:
861:
821:
815:
814:
806:
800:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
758:
749:
748:
746:
744:
738:www.beerwulf.com
730:
721:
720:
718:
716:
701:
695:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
672:on 11 April 2009
662:
656:
653:
647:
641:
635:
634:
614:
494:Polish breweries
349:Murphy's Brewery
341:Guinness Brewery
295:London Chronicle
290:Obadiah Poundage
216:Irish Free State
212:Second World War
117:original gravity
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2129:Beer in England
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:Beer portal
2090:
2082:
2015:
1909:
1873:Berliner Weisse
1847:
1774:
1587:
1577:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1432:pohjalabeer.com
1426:
1425:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1397:Wayback Machine
1385:
1381:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:on 22 May 2009.
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
983:
982:
978:
971:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
928:
919:
915:
905:
903:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
870:
869:
865:
842:10.2307/2592855
822:
818:
807:
803:
790:
786:
776:
774:
759:
752:
742:
740:
732:
731:
724:
714:
712:
702:
698:
689:
685:
675:
673:
664:
663:
659:
654:
650:
642:
638:
631:
615:
608:
603:
540:
423:
405:such as maize,
387:
380:
376:
371:Trouble Brewing
337:Arthur Guinness
325:
287:
256:Wickwar Brewery
204:First World War
189:
144:
125:Napoleonic Wars
73:
68:
53:The history of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Beer sommelier
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:American lager
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:India pale ale
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Bière de Garde
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1517:
1492:
1486:978-1911026273
1485:
1467:
1452:
1437:
1419:
1401:
1379:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1299:
1273:
1251:
1244:
1222:
1215:
1182:
1177:What's Brewing
1167:
1146:
1133:
1107:
1086:
1064:
1046:
1020:
998:
976:
969:
949:
940:
926:
913:
888:
863:
836:(3): 530–535.
816:
801:
793:Garrett Oliver
784:
750:
722:
696:
694:, pp. 150–151.
683:
657:
648:
636:
629:
605:
604:
602:
599:
539:
536:
475:Czech Republic
447:warm fermented
435:imperial stout
422:
419:
399:top-fermenting
386:
383:
378:
374:
324:
321:
313:What's Brewing
286:
283:
240:Timothy Taylor
188:
185:
164:Reinheitsgebot
134:Imperial Stout
72:
69:
67:
64:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2151:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:Seasonal beer
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:Baltic porter
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Irish red ale
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:Farmhouse ale
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1345:9781629145112
1341:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1287:
1286:Protz on Beer
1283:
1277:
1270:
1269:1-56478-181-X
1266:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1205:Ltd. p.
1204:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1179:. p. 16.
1178:
1171:
1164:
1163:1-85882-041-3
1160:
1156:
1155:The Ale Trail
1150:
1143:
1137:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1096:
1090:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1008:
1002:
986:
980:
972:
966:
962:
961:
953:
944:
935:
933:
931:
923:
917:
902:
898:
892:
877:
873:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
812:
805:
798:
794:
788:
773:
769:
768:
763:
762:Peter Mathias
757:
755:
739:
735:
729:
727:
711:
707:
700:
693:
687:
671:
667:
661:
652:
645:
640:
632:
626:
622:
621:
613:
611:
606:
598:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:Brettanomyces
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:reunification
557:
553:
544:
538:German porter
535:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Baltic region
436:
427:
421:Baltic porter
418:
416:
415:craft brewing
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:United States
382:
372:
367:
363:
361:
360:Flann O'Brien
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
329:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
306:The Gazetteer
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
225:
224:the Emergency
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
193:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
141:
137:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
77:
63:
60:
56:
51:
48:
46:
42:
41:style of beer
38:
30:
26:
22:
1852:Other styles
1722:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1495:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1460:Wiibroe.dk.
1455:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1399:(in Finnish)
1388:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1335:
1329:
1319:13 September
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
1258:
1254:
1231:
1225:
1196:
1191:Protz, Roger
1185:
1176:
1170:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1067:
1059:the original
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1001:
989:. Retrieved
979:
959:
952:
943:
921:
916:
904:. Retrieved
900:
891:
879:. Retrieved
875:
866:
833:
829:
819:
810:
804:
796:
795:. "Porter."
787:
775:. Retrieved
766:
741:. Retrieved
737:
713:. Retrieved
709:
699:
691:
686:
674:. Retrieved
670:the original
660:
651:
643:
639:
619:
588:
556:East Germany
549:
533:
519:porters. In
505:Sinebrychoff
491:
432:
395:Pennsylvania
388:
368:
364:
357:
334:
312:
310:
305:
299:
293:
289:
288:
260:
236:microbrewery
229:
201:
181:
177:
162:
148:
114:
110:
84:
80:
78:
74:
52:
49:
36:
35:
25:
2134:Beer styles
2031:Abbey beers
2001:Spruce beer
1989:Smoked beer
1967:Millet beer
1928:Banana beer
1838:Schwarzbier
1735:Pumpkin ale
1621:Barley wine
1580:Beer styles
1542:(in German)
1530:(in German)
1465:(in Danish)
1450:(in Danish)
777:21 February
517:barrel-aged
477:, Germany,
391:New England
250:'s Supreme
202:During the
173:patent malt
169:patent malt
151:thermometer
104:, achieved
2113:Categories
1984:Small beer
1957:Light beer
1923:Fruit beer
1828:Pale lager
1818:Kellerbier
1770:Wheat beer
1760:Strong ale
1750:Scotch ale
1693:Grodziskie
1641:Copper ale
1636:Burton ale
1510:19 January
1501:"TGL-7764"
991:9 November
881:27 October
743:27 October
715:21 January
601:References
525:synonymous
481:, Russia,
443:Baltic Sea
411:corn syrup
351:, both in
220:neutrality
155:hydrometer
1994:Rauchbier
1962:Malt beer
1935:Hard soda
1918:Corn beer
1905:Oud bruin
1888:Framboise
1860:Sour beer
1740:Quadrupel
1646:Cream ale
1631:Brown ale
1606:Amber ale
924:, p. 436.
850:0013-0117
591:Karlsruhe
562:. In the
529:Carlsberg
502:Finland's
500:in 1881.
471:Lithuania
343:by 1799.
196:Neuweiler
90:Whitbread
2073:Real ale
2043:Adjuncts
2036:Trappist
2024:See also
1979:Rye beer
1950:Podpiwek
1940:Ice beer
1718:Pale ale
1708:Mild ale
1666:Grisette
1393:Archived
1193:(2010).
1100:1 August
764:(1959).
509:Helsinki
407:molasses
403:adjuncts
244:Fuller's
130:Guinness
2063:Brewery
1833:Pilsner
1713:Old ale
1601:Altbier
1292:7 April
1126:5 April
1079:5 April
1039:5 April
1013:5 April
858:2592855
676:5 April
580:Dekkera
552:Germany
521:Denmark
513:Põhjala
487:Denmark
483:Ukraine
463:Estonia
459:Finland
323:Ireland
279:bourbon
267:vanilla
208:Ireland
98:Parsons
66:History
45:porters
1893:Gueuze
1883:Lambic
1823:Märzen
1813:Helles
1808:Dunkel
1765:Tripel
1723:Porter
1703:Kölsch
1671:Saison
1651:Dubbel
1626:Bitter
1483:
1342:
1267:
1242:
1213:
1161:
967:
906:3 June
856:
848:
710:Uproxx
627:
558:after
498:Żywiec
479:Poland
473:, the
467:Latvia
102:Thrale
94:Truman
37:Porter
2011:Tella
1945:Kvass
1898:Kriek
1843:Zoigl
1780:Lager
1755:Stout
1745:Sahti
1504:(PDF)
854:JSTOR
455:plato
263:honey
248:CAMRA
85:Stale
81:Milds
55:stout
39:is a
1972:Pito
1798:Bock
1688:Gose
1584:list
1512:2022
1481:ISBN
1376:(1).
1340:ISBN
1321:2021
1294:2020
1265:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1128:2010
1102:2012
1081:2010
1041:2010
1015:2010
993:2012
965:ISBN
908:2024
883:2021
846:ISSN
779:2024
745:2021
717:2020
678:2010
625:ISBN
393:and
353:Cork
347:and
304:and
271:plum
230:The
159:hops
100:and
1593:Ale
1207:137
838:doi
572:IBU
564:GDR
2115::
1430:.
1412:.
1374:29
1372:.
1368:.
1354:^
1284:.
1209:.
929:^
899:.
874:.
852:.
844:.
834:16
832:.
828:.
770:.
753:^
736:.
725:^
708:.
609:^
568:°P
485:,
469:,
465:,
461:,
319:.
269:,
265:,
96:,
92:,
47:.
1586:)
1582:(
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
1514:.
1489:.
1434:.
1416:.
1348:.
1323:.
1296:.
1271:.
1248:.
1219:.
1130:.
1104:.
1083:.
1043:.
1017:.
995:.
973:.
910:.
885:.
860:.
840::
781:.
747:.
719:.
680:.
633:.
582:/
379:2
375:2
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
_-_Allentown_PA.jpg)