191:; the term "guide" is often used interchangeably with "Sherpa" or "porter", but there are certain differences. Porters are expected to prepare the route before and/or while the main expedition climbs, climbing up beforehand with tents, food, water, and equipment (enough for themselves and for the main expedition), which they place in carefully located deposits on the mountain. This preparation can take months of work before the main expedition starts. Doing this involves numerous trips up and down the mountain, until the last and smallest supply deposit is planted shortly below the peak. When the route is prepared, either entirely or in stages ahead of the expedition, the main body follows. The last stage is often done without the porters, they remaining at the last camp, a quarter mile or below the summit, meaning only the main expedition is given the credit for mounting the summit. In many cases, since the porters are going ahead, they are forced to freeclimb, driving spikes and laying safety lines for the main expedition to use as they follow. Porters (such as Sherpas for example), are frequently local ethnic types, well adapted to living in the rarified atmosphere and accustomed to life in the mountains. Although they receive little glory, porters or Sherpas are often considered among the most skilled of mountaineers, and are generally treated with respect, since the success of the entire expedition is only possible through their work. They are also often called upon to stage rescue expeditions when a part of the party is endangered or there is an injury; when a rescue attempt is successful, several porters are usually called upon to transport the injured climber(s) back down the mountain so the expedition can continue. A well known incident where porters attempted to rescue numerous stranded climbers, and often died as a result, is the
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187:), are also an essential part of mountaineering: they are typically highly skilled professionals who specialize in the logistics of mountain climbing, not merely people paid to carry loads (although carrying is integral to the profession). Frequently, porters/Sherpas work for companies who hire them out to climbing groups, to serve both as porters and as
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The use of humans to transport cargo dates to the ancient world, prior to domesticating animals and development of the wheel. Historically it remained prevalent in areas where slavery was permitted, and exists today where modern forms of mechanical conveyance are impractical or impossible, such as in
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Over time, slavery diminished and technology advanced, but the role of porter for specialized transporting services remains strong in the 21st century. Examples include bellhops at hotels, redcaps at railway stations, skycaps at airports, and bearers on adventure trips engaged by foreign travelers.
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A porter's gear is typically simple but effective. In this example, the load goes into an oversized basket, or doko, which rests against the back. A strap runs underneath the doko and over the crown of the head, which bears most of the weight. Each porter in this region also carries a T-shaped
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Many great works of engineering were created solely by muscle power in the days before machinery or even wheelbarrows and wagons; massive workforces of workers and bearers would complete impressive earthworks by manually lugging the earth, stones, or bricks in baskets on their backs.
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The practice of railroad station porters wearing red-colored caps to distinguish them from blue-capped train personnel with other duties was begun on Labor Day of 1890 by an
African-American porter in order to stand out from the crowds at
305:, are also known for having survived a night at the highest open bivouac - 8,100 metres (26,600 ft) - on K2 in 1954. Fazal Ali, who was born in the Shimshal Valley in Pakistan North, is – according to the
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is synonymous with that profession. Their skill, knowledge of the mountains and local culture, and ability to perform at altitude make them indispensable for the highest
Himalayan expeditions.
246:
to carry persons, particularly
Europeans, as well as their luggage across the difficult mountain passes. Throughout the globe porters served, and in some areas continue to, as such
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311:– the only man ever to have scaled K2 (8611 m) three times, in 2014, 2017 and 2018, all without oxygen, but his achievements have gone largely unrecognised.
199:, inciting the entire Sherpa guide community to refuse to undertake any more ascents for the remainder of the year, making any further expeditions impossible.
147:, is a person who carries objects or cargo for others. The range of services conducted by porters is extensive, from shuttling luggage aboard a train (a
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151:) to bearing heavy burdens at altitude in inclement weather on multi-month mountaineering expeditions. They can carry items on their backs (
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738:. Trailer for a documentary on the Slovak mountain porter tradition, by Pavol Barabáš and K2 Studio. K2 Studio official Vimeo account.
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376:, ć©čŤ·). These men (and more rarely women) regularly resupply mountain huts and tourist chalets at high-altitude mountain ranges.
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in New York City. The tactic immediately caught on, over time adapted by other forms of porters for their specialties.
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was a
Pakistani mountaineer and porter known for being part of the team which managed the first successful ascent of
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In the early
Americas, where there were few native beasts of burden, all goods were carried by porters called
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Porters with provisions for the dinosaur excavations at
Tendaguru, near Lindi, Tanzania, between 1909 and 1912
607:"'The Revolution of the Ganhadores': Urban Labour, Ethnicity and the African Strike of 1857 in Bahia, Brazil"
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685:"Foreign climbers claim the glory, but Pakistani porters remain the unsung masters of the mountains"
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Mountain porters are also still in use in a handful of more developed countries, including
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in the ancient world, when labor was generally cheap and slavery widespread. The ancient
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Certain trade-specific terms are used for forms of porters in North
America, including
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Herinneringen aan Japan, 1850–1870: Foto's en
Fotoalbums in Nederlands Bezit
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Porters were very important to the local economies of many large cities in
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where motorized transport is impractical or unavailable, often alongside
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823:('s-Gravenhage : Staatsuitgeverij, 1987), pp. 106–107, repr.
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Human adaptability and flexibility led to the early use of humans for
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242:. In colonial times, some areas of the Andes employed porters called
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walking stick called a tokma to take some of the strain off the back.
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with an
Italian expedition. He, along with the Italian mountaineer
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Japanese mountain chalet porter Masato
Hagiwara in action
724:. The Slovak Spectator. Spectator.sme.sk. 30 June 2008.
712:. The Slovak Spectator. Spectator.sme.sk. 30 June 2008.
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The contributions of porters can often go overlooked.
227:, for example, enslaved women to shift wool and flax.
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mountainous terrain, or thick jungle or forest cover.
388:(hotel porter), redcap (railway station porter), and
482:
Porter carrying luggage over a pedestrian bridge in
185:the ethnic group most Himalayan porters come from
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319:Porters are still paid to shift burdens in many
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16:Person who carries objects or cargo for others
827:New York Public Library, s.v. "Beato, Felice"
285:Contribution to mountain climbing expeditions
722:Article with news on Slovak mountain porters
452:Porters at a ford on the Sakawa River, near
759:
592:The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology
261:during the 1800s, where they were known as
159:. The word "porter" derives from the Latin
682:
709:Slovak mountain porters are a dying breed
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
619:(2). Translated by H. Sabrina Gledhill.
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43:This article includes a list of general
250:, particularly in crowded urban areas.
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843:Personal care and service occupations
195:. Sixteen Sherpas were killed in the
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219:gear. Porters were commonly used as
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553:(Ghanaian term for a female porter)
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13:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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750:. YouTube.com. 28 September 2018.
659:"Bonatti e il K2, la vera storia"
612:Journal of Latin American Studies
104:" from the personal notations of
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308:Guinness Book of World Records
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605:Reis, João José (May 1997).
353:railway stations are called
119:porter carrying wood in the
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775:University of Chicago Press
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179:Porters, frequently called
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621:Cambridge University Press
281:in the country's history.
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683:hermesauto (2018-11-04).
629:10.1017/S0022216X9700477X
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531:Mountain and porters in
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183:in the Himalayas (after
25:Carrier (disambiguation)
557:Human-powered transport
64:more precise citations.
21:Porter (disambiguation)
516:resting after work in
398:Grand Central Terminal
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848:Transport occupations
829:, cited 21 June 2006.
663:nationalgeographic.it
321:third-world countries
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735:Sloboda pod nákladom
19:For other uses, see
342:porters that their
338:are so renowned as
106:Ernest Henry Wilson
467:Nepali porters on
392:(airport porter).
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784:978-0-226-16234-8
765:Cayton, Horace R.
689:The Straits Times
499:Mount Kilimanjaro
469:Annapurna Circuit
96:"Men laden with '
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221:beasts of burden
193:2008 K2 disaster
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417:A porter in
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366:horskĂ˝ nosiÄŤ
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325:pack animals
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295:Nanga Parbat
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238:language of
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623:: 355–393.
349:Porters at
265:. In 1857,
240:Mesoamerica
175:Expeditions
62:introducing
837:Categories
694:2020-03-12
578:References
497:Porter on
421:wearing a
334:people of
299:K2 in 1954
291:Amir Mehdi
267:ganhadores
263:ganhadores
45:references
512:Ghanaian
248:littermen
225:Sumerians
98:Brick Tea
807:24 March
767:(1970).
668:24 April
645:55955013
594:, p. 363
572:Tumpline
540:See also
362:Slovakia
344:ethnonym
244:silleros
232:Tlamemes
153:backpack
121:Himalaya
70:May 2009
853:Walking
567:Portage
551:Kayayei
514:kayayei
454:Odawara
386:bellhop
355:coolies
236:Nahuatl
234:in the
203:History
181:Sherpas
161:portare
123:, near
108:in 1908
58:improve
803:. 1950
781:
643:
637:158398
635:
484:Venice
440:porter
404:Photos
390:skycap
368:) and
351:Indian
332:Sherpa
259:Brazil
145:bearer
141:porter
117:Sherpa
102:Thibet
100:' for
47:, but
641:S2CID
633:JSTOR
533:Nepal
518:Accra
423:dǒulì
419:China
374:bokka
370:Japan
336:Nepal
315:Today
155:) or
809:2013
779:ISBN
670:2017
330:The
23:and
625:doi
436:An
269:in
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139:A
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372:(
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27:.
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