Himalayas - Knowledge

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hold Nepal back from reaching sufficient status and thus stand out. There is no Climate Finance Plan and emissions and temperature rising rate ranking at critically insufficient. Nepal has many goals, however, that are on track with the Paris Agreement. The first of note being a goal of net-zero emissions by 2045. To reach this goal Nepal submitted two separate plans to account for whatever future they experience the first being WAM (with additional measures) and the second being WEM (with existing measures). WEM is based primarily on already existing policies and highlights the energy sector as the main target for CO2 reduction. The WAM scenario introduces a far more ambitious strategy for reducing emissions. In this scenario the focus is primarily on an intervention method and disruption of the energy sector reducing the use of fossil fuels and the incorporation of renewable energy sources. This pathway heavily relies on reducing emissions from energy sources while preserving the carbon-absorbing capacity of the LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) sector. Under this scenario, it is anticipated that net CO2 emissions will remain negative from 2020 to 2030, approach 'zero' between 2035 and 2045, and then revert to negative values by 2050. The goal of this scenario is to accelerate the journey toward achieving carbon neutrality before 2045. These policies along with many more have Nepal on track to stay beneath the 1.5 threshold set by the Paris Agreement.

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lack of safe drinking water. Illness is not the only danger to the communities as temperatures sky rocket. With the climate changing weather patterns are also changing and more extreme weather events are occurring putting local communities more at risk to physical harm and death during erratic weather events. Marginalized groups including children and women are experiencing more severe impacts from climate change and are often more exposed to disease and injury. Over the last couple years these health impacts have gotten increasingly worse and more common. Recent studies have shown that dengue fever has had a consistent pattern of epidemic in Nepal in the years 2010, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2022 with the largest in terms of severity occurring in 2022. 54,784 reported cases were recorded from all 77 districts in seven provinces. These diseases are simply in addition to other diseases that can be seen with the rise of global temperatures and air pollution. Many vulnerable groups are experiencing an increase in respiratory illness, cardiac illnesses, and asthma. The heat can lead to issues such as a strain on respiratory illnesses, heat stroke, and fever. There is also the increased risk of cancer. Many lower income communities such as the himalayan villages suffer from exposure to more pollution or in some cases exposure to toxic chemicals which has led to an increased rate of cancer in these communities as well as an increased risk of death.

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cooler, and changes in weather patterns even compared to early 2000s weather. Many local villagers have identified climate change simply through the availability of certain native plants decreasing or shifting seasons. The concept of climate change has now been aligned with the risk of natural disasters and has increased awareness in the local communities. These impacts of climate change have greatly affected agriculture in the area and has forced farmers to change crops and when they plant them. In response to this rather than push for policy change, citizens have begun to adapt to climate change. According to Dhungana, 91.94% of the respondents experienced drought as major climatic hazards then floods at 83.87%, landslides at 70.97%, and forest fires at 67.74%. In response to this citizens have begun adapting and adopting new practices. As a response to drought at the high altitudes, plantations are planting more protective trees, drought resistant plants, and have begun adopting irrigation practices drawing from nearby streams. In response to flooding, farmers have created more basins, dam construction, and small drainage canals.

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These impacts can have extreme negative effects on the villages living in the area especially as the temperatures rise at higher rates than many other places in the world (Alexander et al., 2014). There are more than 1.9 million people who are highly vulnerable due to climate change with an additional 10 million people at risk in Nepal. Nepal is among the top ten most vulnerable Global South countries due to climate change in the world, standing at number 4 as of 2010 according to the climate change risk atlas. According to NAPA (National Adaptation Program of Action) of Nepal, many threats including floods, droughts, and landslides are an imminent threat to the glacial lake area. With this in consideration, climate change policy and framework for LAPA (Local Adaptation Plans of Action) were prepared in 2011 primarily focusing on addressing climatic hazards.

1009: 2771:. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa. The Himalayan people's diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages, and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing. The shapes and materials of the people's homes reflect their practical needs and beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry. Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in, 2632:

fires with green branches and mud, construction of fire lines, and are raising awareness about the wildfires. Fire lines are lines of varying width built through the leaf litter of a forest floor down to the soil and minerals to prevent a spread of fire past the line. The main reason for these adaptations is to decrease the risk that climate change poses over these marginalized communities while taking advantage of the moment and allowing for a positive change towards a more sustainable or adaptable future. Major barriers to these adaptations include a lack of funds, a lack of knowledge, a lack of technology, a lack of time, and lack of mandatory policy.

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last 40–50 years. Local conditions play a large role in glacial retreat, however, and glacial loss can vary locally from a few m/yr to 61 m/yr. A marked acceleration in glacial mass loss has also been observed since 1975, from about 5–13 Gt/yr to 16–24 Gt/yr. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons. The global climate change will affect the water resources and livelihoods of the Greater Himalayan region.

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basin, and 50–70% in the Brahmaputra Basin, as the snowline elevation in these regions will rise by between 4.4 and 10.0 m/yr. There has been more extensive modelling of glacier trends: it is projected that one third of all glaciers in the extended HKH region will be lost by 2100 even if the warming is limited to 1.5 °C (with over half of that loss in the Eastern Himalaya region), while RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 are likely to lead to the losses of 50% and >67% of the region's glaciers over the same timeframe.

2330: 2109: 12982: 2614: 2553: 7448: 2033: 1729: 2226: 2135: 310: 11438: 7461: 7473: 1536:, and in the north, they joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft). While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 km (12 to 20 mi) in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 km (37 to 70 mi) long during the ice age. The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and 989: 297: 203: 2668: 2347: 245: 284: 110: 1953:. From north to south, the mountains cover more than eight degrees of latitude, spanning temperate to subtropical zones. The colder air of Central Asia is prevented from blowing down into South Asia by the physical configuration of the Himalayas. This causes the tropical zone to extend farther north in South Asia than anywhere else in the world. The evidence is unmistakable in the Brahmaputra valley as the warm air from the 2025:. Off-shore high-pressure systems in the Indian Ocean push the moist summer air inland toward the low-pressure system. When the moist air meets mountains, it rises and upon subsequent cooling, its moisture condenses and is released as rain, typically heavy rain. The wet summer monsoon winds cause precipitation in India and all along the layered southern slopes of the Himalayas. This forced lifting of air is called the 1816: 977: 271: 7485: 2646: 2582:

consists of yaks, oxen, horses, and goats. Snow leopards have killed about 2.6% of the local livestock per year in response to their shrinking habitat. The overall loss, about a quarter of the average income of local farmers, has had a major impact on the local economy. In retaliation, farmers have begun killing snow leopards, seeking to protect their livestock and their livelihoods.

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between India and Pakistan in 1972. China administers some 14,000 square miles (36,000 square km) in the Ladakh region and has claimed territory at the eastern end of the Himalayas within the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Those disputes accentuate the boundary problems faced by India and its neighbours in the Himalayan region.

2012:. Variability in monsoon rainfall, influenced by local Hadley circulation and tropical sea surface temperatures, is the main factor behind wet and dry years. This is not so much the rain of the summer months as the wind that carries the rain. Different rates of heating and cooling between the Central Asian continent and the 1599:, and a number of rivers cut through the range, particularly in the eastern part of the range. As a result, the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined, and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges. Himalayas' rivers drain into two large systems: 2627:

In recent years many citizens of these Himalayan communities have started to notice the extreme effects of climate change by experiencing nature itself. They have noticed a decrease in precipitation especially in lowland districts, fluctuating temperatures during months of the year that are typically

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Local communities are suffering from food scarcity and malnutrition as well as an increasing risk to diseases such as malaria and dengue fever as temperatures rise and allow these diseases to migrate further north. There is also an increasing risk of water borne illnesses accompanied by an increasing

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across the region as a result of climate change. For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Studies have measured an approximately 13% overall decrease in glacial coverage in the Himalayas over the

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Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depends on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such. Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern

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precipitation in the region will increase by 4–12% in the near future and by 4–25% in the long term. There has also been modelling of the changes in snow cover, but it is limited to the end of century under the RCP 8.5 scenario: it projects declines of 30–50% in the Indus Basin, 50–60% in the Ganges

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Though India, Nepal, and Bhutan have sovereignty over most of the Himalayas, Pakistan and China also occupy parts of them. In the Kashmir region, Pakistan has administrative control of some 32,400 square miles (83,900 square km) of the range lying north and west of the "line of control" established

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The response to landslides includes plantation grasses in previously barren areas, Gabion wall construction, avoiding livestock grazing in landslide-prone areas, and a prohibition on tillage in areas at risk of landslides. To fight the increased rate of forest fires, citizens have begun beating the

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Similar to the mountains, the communities living near the Himalayas are experiencing climate change and its negative impacts significantly more than other parts of the world. Some of the impacts that the communities are facing include erratic rainfall, flooding, rising temperatures, and landslides.

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The 2019 Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment concluded that between 1901 and 2014, the Hindu Kush Himalaya (or HKH) region had already experienced warming of 0.1 °C per decade, with the warming rate accelerating to 0.2 °C per decade over the past 50 years. Over the past 50 years, the frequency

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brings winter precipitation, especially in the west. Heavy rain arrives on the southwest monsoon in June and persists until September. The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides. It restricts tourism – the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the

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in the mountain. As the temperature is directly proportional to received radiation from the sun, the faces that receive more direct sunlight also have a greater heat buildup. In narrow valleys—lying between steep mountain faces—there can be dramatically different weather along their two

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Nepal is a part of the Paris agreement and thus is required to have a climate action plan and is being tracked by the Climate Action Tracker. According to the Climate Action Tracker, Nepal is "almost sufficient" on its track to reach the goals set by the Paris Agreement. There are two factors that

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The increasing temperatures are also leading to a decrease in territory for local wildlife. This trend has decreased the prey populations of at-risk predators, such as snow leopards. Seeking alternative food sources, snow leopards and other predators attack local farmers’ livestock. This livestock

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The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range.

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Under the high-warming RCP8.5 scenario where the annual emissions continue to increase for the rest of the century, the expected regional warming is 2.3–3.2 °C and 4.2–6.5 °C, respectively. Under all scenarios, winters will warm more than the summers, and the Tibetan Plateau, the central

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goal of 1.5 °C of global warming is not exceeded, warming in the HKH will be at least 0.3 °C higher, and at least 0.7 °C higher in the hotspots of northwest Himalaya and Karakoram. If the Paris Agreement goals are broken, then the region is expected to warm by 1.7–2.4 °C in the

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prevailing above each. In the winter, a high-pressure system forms and remains suspended above Central Asia, forcing air to flow in the southerly direction over the Himalayas. But in Central Asia, as there is no substantial source for water to be diffused as vapour, the winter winds blowing across

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As the physical features of mountains are irregular, with broken jagged contours, there can be wide variations in temperature over short distances. Temperature at a location on a mountain depends on the season of the year, the bearing of the sun with respect to the face on which the location lies,

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Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm (2.6 in) per year, and over the next 10 million years, it will travel about 1,500 km (930 mi)

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Kuhle, M. (2005). "The maximum Ice Age (Würmian, Last Ice Age, LGM) glaciation of the Himalaya – a glaciogeomorphological investigation of glacier trim-lines, ice thicknesses and lowest former ice margin positions in the Mt. Everest-Makalu-Cho Oyu massifs (Khumbu- and Khumbakarna Himal) including

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The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites. Different parts of the plants – root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark – are used as remedies for different ailments. For

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Glacier melt is projected to accelerate regional river flows until the amount of meltwater peaks around 2060, going into an irreversible decline afterwards. Since precipitation will continue to increase even as the glacier meltwater contribution declines, annual river flows are only expected to

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The vast size, huge altitude range, and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills, to cold and dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range. For much of the Himalayas—in the areas to the south of the high

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is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species,

2534:) have been discovered there in between 1998 and 2008, with an average of 35 new species finds every year. With Eastern Himalaya included, the entire Hindu Kush Himalaya region is home to an estimated 35,000+ species of plants and 200+ species of animals. 2154:

Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas. Temperatures fall by 0.2 to 1.2 °C for every 100 m (330 ft) rise in altitude. This gives rise to a variety of climates, from a nearly tropical climate in the foothills, to

1160:, which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged, with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly northeast, through the Indian State of 2362:

This diversity of altitude, rainfall, and soil conditions, combined with the very high snow line, supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure), combined with extreme cold, favor

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The immense scale of the Himalayas means that many summits can create their own weather, the temperature fluctuating from one summit to another, from one face to another, and all may be quite different from the weather in nearby plateaus or valleys.

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Temperate Himalayan wetlands provide important habitat and layover sites for migratory birds. Many mid and low altitude lakes remain poorly studied in terms of their hydrology and biodiversity, like Khecheopalri in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas.

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Dhungana, Nabin; Silwal, Nisha; Upadhaya, Suraj; Khadka, Chiranjeewee; Regmi, Sunil Kumar; Joshi, Dipesh; Adhikari, Samjhana (1 June 2020). "Rural coping and adaptation strategies for climate change by Himalayan communities in Nepal".

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of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 m (15,030 ft), has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting. The mountain lakes are known to geographers as

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warm days and nights had increased by 1.26 days and 2.54 nights per decade. There was also a corresponding decline of 0.5 cold days, 0.85 extreme cold days, 1 cold night, and 2.4 extreme cold nights per decade. The length of the

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on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall (3,900 mm or 150 in a year). Thus, although annual precipitation is generally higher in the east than in the west, local variations are often more important.

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all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the

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Kuhle, M. (2011). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D. (eds.).

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have a snow line some 900 m (2,950 ft) lower. The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large

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itself forms the northern and western boundaries of the Himalayas. It begins in Tibet, at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers, and flows north-west through India into Pakistan before turning south-west to the

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and permanent snow and ice at higher elevations. Local climate is also affected by the topography: The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well-exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the

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Bolch, Tobias; Shea, Joseph M.; Liu, Shiyin; Azam, Farooq M.; Gao, Yang; Gruber, Stephan; Immerzeel, Walter W.; Kulkarni, Anil; Li, Huilin; Tahir, Adnan A.; Zhang, Guoqing; Zhang, Yinsheng (5 January 2019).

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Serenari, Christopher; Leung, Yu-Fai; Attarian, Aram; Franck, Chris (2012), "Understanding environmentally significant behavior among whitewater rafting and trekking guides in the Garhwal Himalaya, India",

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Kaushik, Saurabh; Rafiq, Mohammd; Joshi, P.K.; Singh, Tejpal (April 2020). "Examining the glacial lake dynamics in a warming climate and GLOF modelling in parts of Chandra basin, Himachal Pradesh, India".

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The mountainous areas of Hindu Kush range are mostly barren or, at the most, sparsely sprinkled with trees and stunted bushes. From about 1,300 to 2,300 m (4,300 to 7,500 ft), states Yarshater,

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Oli, Madan K.; Taylor, Iain R.; Rogers, M. Elizabeth (1 January 1994). "Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal".

2767:. The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or 1540:

of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 m (4,590–5,450 ft) lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C (12.6 to 14.9 °F) colder than it is today.

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Krishnan, Raghavan; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta; Ren, Guoyu; Rajbhandari, Rupak; Saeed, Sajjad; Sanjay, Jayanarayanan; Syed, Md. Abu.; Vellore, Ramesh; Xu, Ying; You, Qinglong; Ren, Yuyu (5 January 2019).

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margins. The side to the north with a mountain above facing south can have an extra month of the growing season. The mass of the mountain also influences the temperature, as it acts as a

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South Asia are dry. In the summer months, the Central Asian plateau heats up more than the ocean waters to its south. As a result, the air above it rises higher and higher, creating a

5599: 1744:. Some even refer to this region as the "Third Pole". The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km (2,900 cu mi), or 3600–4400 9415: 2100:. The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during the late winter and spring months. 1509:. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region 10367: 7292: 4089: 1863:, which is spread across the border between India and China, at the far western end of Tibet, is among the largest with a surface area of 700 km (270 sq mi). 6164:

Humbert-Droz, Blaise (2017), "Impacts of Tourism and Military Presence on Wetlands and Their Avifauna in the Himalayas", in Prins, Herbert H. T.; Namgail, Tsewang (eds.),

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Sakai, Harutaka; Sawada, Minoru; Takigami, Yutaka; Orihashi, Yuji; Danhara, Tohru; Iwano, Hideki; Kuwahara, Yoshihiro; Dong, Qi; Cai, Huawei; Li, Jianguo (December 2005).

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becoming less frequent while heavy precipitation became both more frequent and more intense. Finally, since 1970s glaciers have retreated everywhere in the region beside

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Himalayan Range, and the Karakoram will continue to warm more than the rest of the region. Climate change will also lead to the degradation of up to 81% of the region's

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are the only mountains over 7,000 m (4.3 mi) in this part of the Himalayas. Finally, the Himalayas reach their western end in the dramatic 8000 m peak of

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industrial development both inside and outside the region. The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally.

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The intensity of the southwest monsoon diminishes as it moves westward along the range, with as much as 2,030 mm (80 in) of rainfall in the monsoon season in

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The 6,000-kilometre-plus (3,700 mi) journey of the India landmass (Indian Plate) before its collision with Asia (Eurasian Plate) about 40 to 50 million

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massif on the border with India, the third-highest mountain in the world, the most easterly 8,000 m (26,000 ft) summit and the highest point of

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feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down, the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered

1065:. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections, both ecologically and orographically – the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the 2188:

and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding

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is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic

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The northern side of the Himalayas, also known as the Tibetan Himalaya, is dry, cold, and generally windswept, particularly in the west where it has a

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monsoon in April/May or after the monsoon in October/November (autumn). In Nepal and Sikkim, there are often considered to be five seasons: summer,

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Kuhle, M. (1987). "Subtropical mountain- and highland-glaciation as ice age triggers and the waning of the glacial periods in the Pleistocene".

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Apollo, M. (2017). "Chapter 9: The population of Himalayan regions – by the numbers: Past, present and future". In Efe, R.; Öztürk, M. (eds.).

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Garzanti, Eduardo; Limonta, Mara; Resentini, Alberto; Bandopadhyay, Pinaki C.; Najman, Yani; Andò, Sergio; Vezzoli, Giovanni (1 August 2013).

150: 10292: 9979: 5323: 10384: 9545: 7325: 2506:". The inner valleys of the Hindu Kush see little rain and have desert vegetation. On the other hand, Eastern Himalaya is home to multiple 2381:

is also found at high altitudes. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near-endemic herbivores include the

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if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 m (18,000 ft).

10845: 9943: 9442: 3851: 2070:, the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid-elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as 1949:

The physical factors determining the climate in any location in the Himalayas include latitude, altitude, and the relative motion of the

12746: 12605: 10630: 10389: 9938: 654:, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long. Its western anchor, 3554:"Geology of the summit limestone of Mount Qomolangma (Everest) and cooling history of the Yellow Band under the Qomolangma detachment" 13025: 10287: 9452: 3971: 12932: 9422: 3307: 2309:

generation would still have to adjust to greater interannual variability and lower pre-monsoon flows in all of the region's rivers.

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is home to some 600 million people; 53 million people live in the Himalayas. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of

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The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after

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Lee, Ethan; Carrivick, Jonathan L.; Quincey, Duncan J.; Cook, Simon J.; James, William H. M.; Brown, Lee E. (20 December 2021).

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Nyaupane, Gyan P.; Chhetri, Netra (2009), "Vulnerability to Climate Change of Nature-Based Tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas",

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O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (25 February 2020). "Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland".

5573: 12734: 12668: 10707: 10416: 10091: 9974: 9868: 9469: 9313: 9304: 7824: 6458: 6364: 6265: 6173: 6082: 6064: 6038: 6003: 5976: 5917: 5807: 5674: 5645: 5583: 5026: 4911: 4866: 4792: 4741: 4266: 4008: 3180: 2262:, where there has been an unexpected increase in snowfall. Glacier retreat had been followed by an increase in the number of 1008: 5703:"Ecological status and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India" 2740:(the personification of river Ganges). Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus are the temple complex in 1478:. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of unmetamorphosed marine 1302:, cuts through the range here. Further west, the Himalayas form much of the disputed Indian-administered union territory of 12729: 12693: 12632: 10719: 10450: 9202: 8820: 5753: 3636: 2275: 1795:

is among the highest in the world, at typically around 5,500 m (18,000 ft). In contrast, equatorial mountains in

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Scott, Christopher A.; Zhang, Fan; Mukherji, Aditi; Immerzeel, Walter; Mustafa, Daanish; Bharati, Luna (5 January 2019).

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region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the

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settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density

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drains the northern slopes of these mountains, before turning south and flowing to the range to the east of Makalu.

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models struggle to make specific projections due to the region's topography: the most certain finding is that the

2067: 1442:, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate (which has subsequently broken into the 13045: 13035: 12698: 12527: 12393: 12307: 12257: 10658: 10576: 10541: 10310: 10004: 8451: 8155: 8124: 7169: 7159: 7139: 3829:"Geochemistry of the Suspended Sediments of Circum-Himalayan Rivers and Weathering Budgets over the Last 50 Myrs" 3749:

information on late-glacial-, neoglacial-, and historical glacier stages, their snow-line depressions and ages".

3469: 2956: 6122: 6108:

Bleie, Tone (2003), "Pilgrim Tourism in the Central Himalayas: The Case of Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, Nepal",

2274:

near future (2036–2065) and by 2.2–3.3 °C (2066–2095) near the end of the century under the "intermediate"

2075: 1073:(the highest peak of the Karakoram range). To the east of Annapurna are the 8,000 m (5.0 mi) peaks of 666:. The range varies in width from 350 km (220 mi) in the west to 150 km (93 mi) in the east. 12642: 10635: 10360: 10282: 7079: 4773:"Unravelling Climate Change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid Warming in the Mountains and Increasing Extremes" 3801: 2424:

The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to

2193: 1830: 1287: 889:: हिमवान्) is a Hindu deity who is the personification of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Other epithets include 834: 12952: 12937: 11458: 10428: 9744: 9457: 8186: 8104: 8046: 6882: 6556: 2939: 1843: 1660: 823: 6182:

Lim, Francis Khek Ghee (2007), "Hotels as sites of power: tourism, status, and politics in Nepal Himalaya",

1183:

Going west from Dhaulagiri, Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains, but is home to

12985: 12637: 12267: 11994: 11699: 9227: 9222: 8932: 8846: 7974: 4998: 3553: 2005:

The Himalayan hydroclimate is crucial for South Asia, where annual summer monsoon floods impact millions.

1879: 1318:. The Himalayas form most of the south-west portion of the disputed Indian-administered union territory of 1283: 1049:

In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the 8,000 m (26,000 ft) peaks of

143: 7850: 5438:"Climate change and the Western Himalayan community: Exploring the local perspective through food choices" 1191:

rises in Tibet but cuts through the centre of the region. Further west, the border with India follows the

12124: 11441: 10053: 9217: 9068: 8704: 8370: 8352: 8136: 8131: 7868: 7465: 7311: 7219: 6936: 6496: 5988:

Stories from the Deep Earth: How Scientists Figured Out What Drives Tectonic Plates and Mountain Building

2839: 2234:

of warm days and nights had also increased by 1.2 days and 1.7 nights per decade, while the frequency of

1910: 1428: 1383:

The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted

6585: 5226:"Climate Change and its socio-cultural impact in the Himalayan region of Nepal – A Visual Documentation" 5195:"Climate Change and its socio-cultural impact in the Himalayan region of Nepal – A Visual Documentation" 12302: 12287: 11585: 11570: 11144: 10783: 9550: 8736: 8729: 8525: 8466: 8347: 8216: 8114: 7903: 7516: 7189: 7119: 6619: 3944: 3143: 2951: 2947: 2935: 2569: 2145: 2123: 2093:

in the east, compared to only 975 mm (38.4 in) during the same period in Shimla in the west.

1098: 5324:"Fact Sheet | Climate, Environmental, and Health Impacts of Fossil Fuels (2021) | White Papers | EESI" 3492: 1616:. It is fed by several major tributaries draining the southern slopes of the Himalayas, including the 12683: 12615: 12586: 12571: 12312: 12237: 10729: 10618: 10561: 9806: 9352: 9297: 7872: 7720: 7224: 6992: 3876: 3094: 1993:

or the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature from the winter minimum to the summer maximum.

31: 6451:

Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes

2097: 1211:, which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism, 13060: 12272: 12189: 11772: 11485: 10702: 10601: 10566: 10355: 9825: 9664: 8813: 8719: 8483: 7860: 7840: 7814: 7287: 7252: 6997: 2930: 2319: 2115: 1367: 709: 697: 17: 11450: 2054:

is the most characteristic feature of the climate and causes most of the precipitation, while the

1989:, in which more heat is absorbed and retained than the surroundings, and therefore influences the 12919: 12610: 12517: 12194: 11904: 11899: 10200: 10061: 9749: 9065: 8876: 8241: 8226: 8172: 8165: 8054: 8007: 7999: 7959: 7845: 7582: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7144: 7134: 7124: 7056: 7051: 7021: 6987: 3827:

Gaillardet, J.; Métivier, F.; Lemarchand, D.; Dupré, B.; Allègre, C.J.; Li, W.; Zhao, J. (2003).

3196:

Wadia, D. N. (1931). "The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny".

3099: 2920: 1870:

in Nepal, in the Annapurna massif, is one of the highest lakes in the world. Other lakes include

1126: 4891: 4846: 4772: 12896: 12703: 12297: 12100: 10826: 10816: 10697: 10685: 10645: 10551: 10401: 9574: 9555: 9535: 8476: 8196: 8191: 8059: 7214: 7209: 7154: 7129: 6982: 6946: 6744: 6399: 6168:, Foreword by H.H. The Dali Lama, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 343–358, 4525:"Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas" 4484:"Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas" 3828: 3493:"Sediment recycling at convergent plate margins (Indo-Burman Ranges and Andaman–Nicobar Ridge)" 2897:

in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered.

2414: 6529:, English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust, 1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai. 5174: 5156:

GoN a. "Climate Change Policy, 2011". Ministry of Environment, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.

3170: 3147: 2599: 1093:

river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China – the

12989: 12853: 12773: 12416: 12317: 11926: 10905: 10880: 10875: 10335: 9878: 9734: 9560: 9374: 8958: 8773: 8714: 8508: 8421: 8342: 8119: 8099: 7509: 7277: 7234: 7229: 7184: 7174: 7164: 7149: 7008: 6967: 6704: 6612: 6428: 5094: 4941: 3129: 2164:

of large mountains can be significant, for example, leading to near desert conditions in the

1688: 1412: 1408: 1396: 1169: 1031: 663: 585: 4564: 2759:

also lay a great deal of importance on the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where

1125:

region, popular for trekking, is found here on the south-western approaches to Everest. The

12863: 11839: 11557: 11021: 10821: 10778: 10680: 10571: 10340: 10157: 9290: 8724: 8699: 8332: 7779: 7705: 7700: 6780: 6330: 6292: 5938:, with Basanta Shrestha and Birendra Bajracharya, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 5520: 5449: 5358: 5056: 4723: 4651: 4536: 4495: 4386: 4180: 4125: 4037: 3843: 3714: 3565: 3504: 2741: 2398: 2017: 11257: 5908:

Wester, Philippus; Mishra, Arabinda; Mukherji, Aditi; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta, eds. (2019),

4167:

Rafiq, Mohammd; Romshoo, Shakil Ahmad; Mishra, Anoop Kumar; Jalal, Faizan (January 2019).

1195:

and provides a trade route into China, where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of

8: 12512: 12177: 12114: 12090: 11921: 11782: 11728: 11669: 11640: 11580: 11575: 11269: 11156: 11124: 10831: 10218: 9888: 9427: 8806: 8649: 8436: 7345: 7282: 7272: 7041: 7036: 7026: 6977: 6913: 6908: 6827: 6754: 6574: 5555: 5107: 3982: 3412: 2943: 2691:, Mount Ashtapada of the Himalayan mountain range is a sacred place where the first Jain 2418: 2378: 2185: 2055: 1553: 1506: 1404: 953: 569: 498: 354: 66: 6296: 5524: 5453: 5362: 5284: 5259: 5125:. University of Michigan, Michigan: IFRI Working Paper # W081-6. pp. (pp. 350–367). 5060: 4725:

The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People

4655: 4540: 4499: 4390: 4184: 4129: 4041: 3847: 3718: 3569: 3508: 13020: 12800: 12421: 12384: 12262: 11708: 11630: 11590: 11565: 11413: 11331: 11211: 11171: 11150: 11138: 11067: 11016: 10989: 10981: 10895: 10768: 10763: 10015: 9710: 9462: 9126: 8431: 8426: 8380: 8365: 8221: 8160: 8148: 8109: 7890: 7855: 7790: 7737: 7610: 7437: 7334: 7031: 7016: 6972: 6962: 6724: 6308: 6271: 6219: 6127: 6009: 5910:

The Hindu Kush Himalya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People

5862: 5729: 5702: 5663: 5604: 5536: 5470: 5437: 5297: 5082: 4990: 4917: 4872: 4798: 4747: 4675: 4402: 4204: 4149: 4066: 4025: 3926: 3730: 3589: 2467: 2447: 1977: 1596: 1351: 1062: 370: 5823: 3776: 2218: 1695:, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the 12881: 12500: 12327: 12292: 12153: 12148: 12129: 11938: 11765: 11525: 11425: 11420: 11403: 11393: 11370: 11343: 11338: 11286: 11263: 11161: 11004: 10811: 10806: 10773: 10724: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10175: 10165: 9858: 9715: 9181: 9014: 8694: 8568: 8548: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8087: 8069: 7986: 7819: 7806: 7785: 7770: 7747: 7727: 7472: 7432: 7376: 7046: 6842: 6679: 6511: 6503: 6484: 6469: 6454: 6436: 6411: 6389: 6374: 6360: 6338: 6312: 6275: 6261: 6235: 6195: 6169: 6166:

Bird Migration across the Himalayas Wetland Functioning amidst Mountains and Glaciers

6151: 6078: 6060: 6034: 6013: 5999: 5972: 5949: 5939: 5923: 5913: 5854: 5803: 5783:

Zurick, David; Julsun, Pacheco; Basanta, Raj Shrestha; Birendra, Bajracharya (2006).

5734: 5670: 5641: 5579: 5540: 5475: 5370: 5301: 5289: 5161: 5086: 5022: 4921: 4907: 4876: 4862: 4802: 4788: 4751: 4737: 4679: 4667: 4639: 4619: 4589: 4406: 4350: 4262: 4226: 4208: 4196: 4168: 4153: 4141: 4071: 4053: 4004: 3734: 3593: 3581: 3577: 3520: 3371: 3216: 3176: 3088: 3068: 3003: 2998: 2827: 2714: 2603: 2421:, with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas, respectively. 2026: 2009: 1950: 1459: 1161: 1039: 741: 589: 62: 6562: 6223: 6131: 5409: 5225: 5194: 4722:

Wester, Philippus; Mishra, Arabinda; Mukherji, Aditi; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta (2019).

4137: 3516: 3448: 2748:, also known as Shaligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called 2301:

diminish in the western basins where contribution from the monsoon is low: however,

12962: 12957: 12947: 12876: 12553: 12507: 12450: 12379: 12242: 12136: 12085: 12063: 11916: 11863: 11802: 11365: 11353: 11326: 11112: 11040: 11029: 10801: 10793: 10509: 10497: 10485: 10223: 10213: 10170: 9606: 9384: 9212: 9161: 9045: 8856: 8766: 8759: 8538: 8411: 8399: 8375: 8320: 8249: 8036: 7964: 7742: 7715: 7544: 7536: 7477: 7367: 6862: 6729: 6446: 6403: 6300: 6253: 6211: 6191: 6143: 6117: 6026: 5991: 5724: 5714: 5528: 5465: 5457: 5366: 5279: 5271: 5237: 5206: 5072: 5064: 5016: 4994: 4980: 4972: 4899: 4854: 4780: 4729: 4659: 4544: 4503: 4394: 4300: 4254: 4188: 4133: 4061: 4045: 3758: 3722: 3573: 3512: 2915: 2911: 2687:

There are many cultural and mythological aspects associated with the Himalayas. In

2574: 2441: 2409:. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, 2406: 1922: 1883: 1852: 1809: 1788: 1749: 1471: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1388: 1355: 1335: 1271: 1228: 1200: 1157: 1102: 1086: 855: 815: 779: 769: 749: 658:, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, 617: 525: 405: 383: 378: 6234:, Routledge Cultural Heritage and Tourism Series, London and New York: Routledge, 6232:

Tourism and Development in the Himalya: Social, Environmental, and Economic Forces

3465: 1501:

into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by

12848: 12349: 12337: 12322: 12277: 12227: 12167: 12109: 12070: 12058: 12051: 11960: 11777: 11760: 11735: 11408: 11398: 11321: 11279: 11216: 11201: 11193: 11176: 11166: 11087: 11047: 10998: 10758: 10750: 10690: 10465: 10345: 10208: 10190: 10033: 10023: 9853: 9754: 9659: 9636: 9611: 9369: 9261: 9207: 9166: 9141: 9136: 9104: 9040: 8948: 8927: 8891: 8709: 8578: 8558: 8515: 8385: 8337: 8292: 7981: 7371: 7244: 6714: 6569: 6522: 6304: 5258:

Rublee, Caitlin; Bhatta, Bishnu; Tiwari, Suresh; Pant, Suman (29 November 2023).

4822: 3392: 3361: 2890: 2737: 2617: 2430: 2394: 2390: 2270: 2255: 2196:

winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the

1918: 1848: 1692: 1532:

in the west. In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the

1392: 1291: 1240: 1224: 1094: 1035: 1023: 949: 727: 639: 502: 208: 82: 70: 4936: 4903: 4858: 4847:"Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region" 4784: 4305: 4288: 840: 829: 12993: 12942: 12841: 12805: 12785: 12768: 12708: 12472: 12364: 12342: 12332: 12184: 12162: 12046: 12041: 12026: 12021: 11948: 11894: 11846: 11817: 11723: 11713: 11348: 11316: 11291: 11250: 11221: 11206: 10233: 10185: 10028: 9698: 9671: 9616: 9257: 9248: 9171: 8901: 8832: 8782: 8664: 8618: 8573: 8553: 8503: 8456: 8441: 8357: 7695: 7672: 7592: 7577: 7358: 7262: 6790: 6775: 6719: 6674: 5696: 5461: 5047:

Gentle, Popular; Thwaites, Rik; Race, Digby; Alexander, Kim (November 2014). .

4398: 4049: 2982: 2981:

Sovereignty over the range is contested in several places, most notably in the

2677: 2475: 2425: 2382: 2336: 2329: 2240: 2176:

massifs and has annual precipitation of around 300 mm (12 in), while

2141: 1964: 1875: 1823: 1761: 1475: 1467: 1416: 1377: 1343: 1311: 1307: 1208: 1196: 731: 651: 593: 490: 347: 6257: 6215: 6030: 5995: 5953: 5532: 5068: 4733: 4663: 4192: 3762: 3691: 3538: 2613: 2552: 1663:

in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of

1537: 1000: 207:

Mount Everest and surrounding peaks as seen from the north-northwest over the

13014: 12967: 12836: 12828: 12795: 12532: 12482: 12374: 12369: 12359: 12209: 12172: 12080: 12075: 11977: 11882: 11388: 11301: 11245: 11181: 11082: 11062: 10228: 10038: 9863: 9688: 9676: 9631: 9626: 9266: 9243: 9131: 9081: 9076: 9055: 9004: 8963: 8922: 8628: 8593: 8461: 8028: 7921: 7916: 7732: 7677: 7662: 7447: 7413: 7408: 6903: 6877: 6699: 6689: 6684: 6669: 6664: 6656: 6252:, Environmental Science and Engineering, Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 5858: 5241: 5210: 5137: 4671: 4200: 4057: 3585: 3524: 3431: 3367: 3043: 2961: 2869: 2796: 2792: 2698: 2652: 2247: 2165: 2119: 1968: 1954: 1829:

In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of

1765: 1708: 1672: 1637: 1575: 1564: 1525: 1432: 1339: 1204: 1188: 1133: 1027: 971: 633: 613: 510: 216: 165: 152: 103: 6591: 6140:

Mobile Lifeworlds: An Ethnography of Tourism and Pilgrimage in the Himalayas

12871: 12810: 12790: 12780: 12490: 12462: 12217: 11955: 11889: 11858: 11807: 11679: 11608: 11545: 11535: 11052: 10941: 10526: 10433: 10238: 10043: 9911: 9703: 9641: 9621: 9176: 8968: 8787: 8669: 8603: 8563: 8279: 7765: 7757: 7687: 7385: 7380: 7354: 7257: 6852: 6847: 6759: 6582:

Journalistic project at the Pulitzer Centre for Crisis Reporting (archived)

5738: 5479: 5293: 4145: 4075: 3357: 3168: 2894: 2831: 2718: 2531: 2507: 2459: 2436: 2370: 2363: 2263: 2013: 1958: 1903: 1887: 1867: 1777: 1712: 1621: 1617: 1529: 1502: 1463: 1451: 1443: 1327: 1295: 1239:. The state is also home to the important pilgrimage destinations of Chota 1173: 1165: 1164:

as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of

1144:. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to 1078: 1016: 659: 655: 647: 621: 581: 27:

Mountain range in Asia, separating Indo-Gangetic plain from Tibetan Plateau

6604: 6147: 5719: 4956:

Miehe, Georg; Miehe, Sabine; Vogel, Jonas; Co, Sonam; Duo, La (May 2007).

4289:"Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas" 3016: 3008: 2225: 2108: 1728: 1085:, the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. East of the 12927: 12886: 12817: 12522: 12411: 12354: 12282: 12232: 12119: 12095: 11984: 11822: 11740: 11718: 11694: 11540: 11530: 11380: 11233: 11130: 10900: 10521: 10516: 10071: 9764: 9681: 9337: 9317: 8984: 8906: 8896: 8886: 8866: 8851: 8598: 8020: 7667: 7363: 7349: 6941: 6837: 6811: 6709: 6532: 6250:

Sustainable Tourism Development in the Himalya: Constraints and Prospects

4549: 4524: 4508: 4483: 2873:

tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an

2693: 2607: 2161: 2022: 1990: 1986: 1928: 1891: 1860: 1757: 1696: 1652: 1613: 1608: 1560: 1420: 1384: 1279: 1220: 1192: 866: 577: 549: 315: 86: 74: 7071: 5866: 5842: 3930: 3914: 2032: 12457: 12426: 12252: 12247: 11911: 11872: 11834: 11752: 11625: 11510: 11505: 11237: 11104: 11035: 10076: 9591: 9282: 8881: 8871: 8861: 8829: 8415: 8254: 8231: 7931: 7710: 7623: 7559: 7418: 7398: 7393: 7105: 6872: 6749: 6739: 6694: 6636: 4250:

Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security

3726: 3705: 2886: 2881: 2843: 2835: 2402: 2306: 2302: 2283: 2201: 2173: 2134: 2090: 1914: 1895: 1796: 1737: 1684: 1676: 1668: 1629: 1625: 1585: 1581: 1486: 1479: 1331: 1232: 1177: 1105:

with four of the world's six highest mountains, including the highest:

1050: 1012: 981: 643: 625: 597: 565: 359: 54: 5969:

Geology of the Himalayan Belt: Deformation, Metamorphism, Stratigraphy

5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5253: 5251: 5077: 4026:"Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age" 3637:"Devastating earthquakes are priming the Himalaya for a mega-disaster" 2724:

with their idols studded with precious stones over there and named it

12904: 12563: 12537: 12467: 12445: 12438: 12222: 11999: 11933: 11829: 11652: 11635: 11520: 11515: 11489: 11360: 11274: 11099: 11093: 11010: 10920: 10910: 10890: 10504: 10492: 10480: 10081: 9271: 9099: 8999: 8994: 8654: 8297: 8284: 7941: 7427: 7423: 7303: 6734: 5275: 4985: 4976: 4958:"Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet" 3673: 3169:

A.P. Dimri; B. Bookhagen; M. Stoffel; T. Yasunari (8 November 2019).

2879:

is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a

2875: 2811: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2511: 2410: 2352: 2251: 2189: 2169: 1871: 1800: 1792: 1753: 1745: 1533: 1494: 1482: 1372: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1184: 1176:

mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo, including

1152:

pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of

1082: 1054: 1043: 993: 988: 568:

ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the

561: 560:, and China. The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the 518: 325: 202: 58: 6077:(3rd ed.), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 4320: 3805: 3490: 2736:. The Himalayas are also considered to be the father of the goddess 12431: 12036: 11972: 11943: 11853: 11812: 11620: 11600: 11480: 10915: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10475: 10140: 9596: 9343: 9331: 9253: 9024: 8674: 8012: 7657: 7628: 7618: 7600: 7389: 7102: 5486: 5420: 5334: 5248: 4945:. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. 4638:

Romshoo, Shakil Ahmad; Rafiq, Mohammd; Rashid, Irfan (March 2018).

4258: 4248: 3677: 2800: 2788: 2772: 2760: 2667: 2346: 1804: 1773: 1769: 1490: 1315: 1244: 1216: 1149: 1090: 918: 894: 886: 874: 675: 609: 605: 557: 537: 363: 302: 5927: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 2676:

is a sacred mountain for Hindus located in the Himalayas north of

1659:, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the 12403: 12141: 12031: 11989: 11877: 11689: 11684: 11613: 11310: 11118: 10885: 10870: 10180: 10066: 9873: 9186: 8623: 8588: 8583: 8533: 8471: 8302: 8274: 8269: 8259: 7936: 7633: 7501: 7403: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 3826: 3172:

Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment

2780: 2776: 2733: 2729: 2717:, had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 2709: 2688: 2673: 2515: 2503: 2479: 2294: 2192:

regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the

2177: 2060: 2051: 1819: 1700: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1400: 1323: 1212: 1110: 1106: 1074: 1066: 870: 862: 553: 342: 234: 220: 4253:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 29 November 2012. 2452:

located at 4,900 m (16,080 ft) in Southeastern Tibet.

1815: 976: 12909: 12013: 11967: 11674: 11661: 10925: 10531: 9896: 9601: 9019: 8989: 8644: 8613: 8543: 8446: 7926: 7569: 6920: 6887: 6867: 6785: 6466:

The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation

2855: 2851: 2847: 2823: 2819: 2804: 2764: 2703: 2656: 2621: 2527: 2487: 2374: 2259: 2156: 2144:

during the monsoon season; the valley lies to the south of the

1981: 1781: 1741: 1704: 1656: 1648: 1633: 1347: 1319: 1275: 1256: 1248: 1153: 1141: 1122: 1118: 1114: 845: 629: 541: 250: 224: 212: 133: 78: 4770: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 1172:

river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the

1140:. The eastern side of Kangchenjunga is in the Indian state of 12760: 12655: 12199: 11497: 11481: 10930: 10135: 9901: 9118: 9114: 9091: 9009: 8798: 8264: 7969: 7532: 6857: 6795: 6408:

Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples

4766: 4764: 4762: 2815: 2784: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2386: 2290: 2229:

Observed glacier mass loss in the HKH since the 20th century.

2197: 1899: 1664: 1424: 1299: 1236: 1145: 1137: 1058: 601: 573: 545: 533: 529: 506: 494: 453: 289: 276: 263: 126: 115: 5907: 5802:(5th ed.). Odyssey Books and Guides. pp. 136–137. 5509: 5260:"Three Climate and Health Lessons from Nepal Ahead of COP28" 5123:

Climate adaptation, local institutions and rural livelihoods

5042: 5040: 5038: 4721: 4695:"Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau" 3970:

Shi, Yafeng; Xie, Zizhu; Zheng, Benxing; Li, Qichun (1978).

3670:

Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look

2645: 1334:

ranges, in the disputed Pakistani-administered territory of

773: 721: 592:, rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined 517:

exceeding elevations of 7,200 m (23,600 ft) above

30:

This article is about a mountain range. For other uses, see

11794: 9906: 9693: 8608: 6832: 6557:

The Digital Himalaya research project at Cambridge and Yale

6281: 6123:

10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0177:PTITCH]2.0.CO;2

6021:

Frisch, Wolfgang; Meschede, Martin; Blakey, Ronald (2011).

5782: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5046: 4889: 4413: 4169:"Modelling Chorabari Lake outburst flood, Kedarnath, India" 3972:"Distribution, Feature and Variations of Glaciers in China" 3551: 2523: 2519: 2483: 2289:

Future precipitation is projected to increase as well, but

2205: 2184:

The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the

1069:, is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and 801: 465: 459: 435: 429: 420: 330: 5843:"Lacunae in the Study of the History of Bhutan and Sikkim" 4759: 4001:

The Future of the World's Climate: A Modelling Perspective

2732:, the king of all mountains and the father of the goddess 2078:

with dry winters. Higher up, most of the Himalayas have a

8659: 5035: 3998: 3430:

Bishop, Barry C.; Chatterjee, Shiba P. (14 August 2023).

2455: 2369:

At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered

2037: 1180:, however, are also sometimes included in the Himalayas. 462: 444: 414: 6544:

Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Himalaya and Vicinity

6388:, 1990. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990. 6023:

Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building

5181: 4883: 4837: 4166: 4023: 1859:

The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes.

1595:

Despite their scale, the Himalayas do not form a major

1070: 6059:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 5257: 4717: 4715: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4114: 1691:, sometimes included in the Himalayas, drain into the 1046:

are generally considered separate from the Himalayas.

763: 757: 6352:, 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997. 5021:. The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. p. 312. 4225:. People's Daily Online. 24 July 2007. Archived from 2445:. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is 2008:

A critical influence on the Himalayan climate is the

1470:

into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the

474: 408: 6497:

Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya

6230:

Nyaupane, Gyan P.; Timothy, Dallen J., eds. (2022),

6020: 5436:

Das, Suraj; Mishra, Anindya Jayanta (1 March 2023).

5008: 3539:"Geologists Find: An Earth Plate Is Breaking in Two" 1132:

In the far east of Nepal, the Himalayas rise to the

456: 426: 6479:Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., 5797: 4818:"A third of Himalayan ice cap doomed, finds report" 4712: 4365: 4282: 4280: 4278: 3086: 2728:. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as 2707:. It is believed that after Rishabhanatha attained 2168:, which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the 1298:, the most easterly of the five tributaries of the 940:In western literature, some writers refer to it as 450: 447: 441: 423: 417: 411: 5662: 4637: 3912: 3777:"Himalayas - Rivers, Glaciers, Peaks | Britannica" 3221:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 143–159. 3087: 2405:is found sporadically across the range, as is the 2266:, some of which may be prone to dangerous floods. 1513:active, leading to earthquakes from time to time. 1168:, situated in Tibet, inside the great bend of the 1038:, which is the highest and central range; and the 6386:Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal 4955: 4815: 4090:"Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion" 3999:Henderson-Sellers, Ann; McGuffie, Kendal (2012). 3162: 3067:, University Press of Kentucky, p. 8,11,12, 2885:is used for skin ailments. Nearly a fifth of the 2063:, autumn, (or post-monsoon), winter, and spring. 1748:(10 kg) of fresh water. Its glaciers include the 861:The name of the range is sometimes also given as 662:, lies immediately west of the great bend of the 13012: 6546:. Denver, United States Geological Survey, 2013. 5638:Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas 4843: 4275: 3429: 3136: 1866:South of the main range, the lakes are smaller. 1454:, the existence of which has been determined by 1435:were also formed as a result of this collision. 1223:, the Himalayas are regionally divided into the 10422:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks 6350:Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change 6229: 6201: 6190:(3), Royal Anthropological Institute: 721–738, 5347: 5014: 3218:Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism 1274:, is noted for its hill stations, particularly 865:in older writings, including the Sanskrit epic 6510:. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (2001). 6425:, Gurgaon, Indian Documentation Service, 1981. 6319: 6184:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6116:(2), International Mountain Society: 177–184, 6057:The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects 4935:Hogan, C. Michael (2010). Monosson, E. (ed.). 4523:Kad, Pratik; Ha, Kyung-Ja (27 November 2023). 4482:Kad, Pratik; Ha, Kyung-Ja (27 November 2023). 3913:Kulkarni, Anil V.; Karyakarte, Yogesh (2014). 3208: 2510:hotspots, and 353 new species (242 plants, 16 1350:tract, extend into the Pakistani provinces of 702: 690: 678: 89:; and the two anchors of the range (in yellow) 11466: 10957: 9980:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests 9298: 8814: 7517: 7319: 7087: 6620: 6596: 5933: 5120: 4613: 4469: 4430: 3969: 3062: 1675:through the world's largest river delta, the 1338:. Some portion of the Himalayas, such as the 959: 809: 783: 10971: 6163: 5660: 5640:. Springer Briefs in Environmental Science. 4618:, University Press of Kentucky, p. 52, 4529:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4488:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 3662: 3660: 3658: 3356: 3080: 3048:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14 August 2023. 9944:Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests 8637: 6634: 6494:Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., 5966: 5636:Gupta, Pankaj; Sharma, Vijay Kumar (2014). 5635: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 4376: 4286: 2858:are also dotted with numerous monasteries. 2791:. A notable example of a religious site is 2538: 2246:There is less conclusive evidence of light 1290:in India. This area marks the start of the 922: 898: 735: 432: 11473: 11459: 10964: 10950: 9939:Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows 9305: 9291: 8821: 8807: 7524: 7510: 7326: 7312: 7094: 7080: 6627: 6613: 6054: 5847:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 3949:Fourth assessment report on climate change 3869: 3440: 3417:A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 1909:Some of the lakes present the danger of a 1787:Owing to the mountains' latitude near the 1286:, the centre of the Tibetan community and 944:. This was also previously transcribed as 795: 793: 713:'dwelling/house'). They are now known as " 7101: 6410:, New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. 6121: 6101: 5728: 5718: 5707:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5469: 5435: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5283: 5076: 4984: 4548: 4507: 4304: 4065: 3741: 3702: 3696: 3666: 3655: 2842:in Tibet, including the residence of the 1667:. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in 717:", usually shortened to "the Himalayas". 509:'s highest peaks, including the highest, 9312: 8959:Mahabharat Range (Lower Himalayan Range) 6483:. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1981. 6435:, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. 6055:Clift, Peter D.; Plumb, R. Alan (2008), 5791: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5308: 3937: 3915:"Observed changes in Himalayan Glaciers" 3446: 2814:sites are situated in the Himalayas, in 2612: 2598: 2568: 2551: 2454: 2243:has increased by 4.25 days per decade. 2224: 2031: 1963: 1906:, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim. 1847: 1814: 1727: 1371: 1022:The Himalayas consists of four parallel 1007: 999: 987: 975: 9970:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests 5934:Zurick, David; Pacheco, Julsun (2006), 5223: 5192: 5151: 5149: 5135: 4614:Zurick, David; Pocheco, Julsun (2006), 3466:"The Himalayas: Two continents collide" 3460: 3458: 3411: 3063:Zurick, David; Pocheco, Julsun (2006), 2564: 14: 13013: 7333: 6468:. London / New York, Routledge, 1989. 6137: 5990:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. 5985: 5751: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 4692: 3820: 3802:"Sunderbans the world's largest delta" 3794: 3214: 2122:; the region lies to the north of the 1520:, there was a connected ice stream of 552:. The sovereignty of the range in the 211:. Four eight-thousanders can be seen, 11454: 10945: 9286: 8802: 7505: 7307: 7075: 6608: 6595: 6586:Biological diversity in the Himalayas 6508:Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu 6107: 6072: 5840: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5377: 5321: 4934: 4816:Damian Carrington (4 February 2019). 4522: 4481: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3747: 3391: 3195: 2997: 1643:The other Himalayan rivers drain the 674:The name of the range hails from the 604:. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in 7484: 6247: 5571: 5199:Anthrovision. Vaneasa Online Journal 5146: 4699:University of Wisconsin–Madison News 4565:"Weather & Season Info of Nepal" 4223:"Glaciers melting at alarming speed" 3455: 3130:participating institution membership 2276:Representative Concentration Pathway 1980:of the mountain, i.e. the amount of 1603:The western rivers combine into the 1391:. According to the modern theory of 1156:. The highest mountain in Bhutan is 980:Map of the Himalayas (including the 9965:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests 6539:, Cambridge University Press, 1948. 6464:Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, 6181: 5683: 5665:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend 5561:. BMP No. 12, Fire Lines and Lanes. 3857:from the original on 9 October 2022 3541:. Columbia University. 7 July 1995. 3447:Pletcher, Kenneth (13 March 2009). 2594: 636:—are off-limits to climbers. 24: 9949:Himalayan subtropical pine forests 7531: 6563:Geology of the Himalayan mountains 6324: 5971:. Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier. 5936:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalayas 5880:"Himalayan Forests Disappearing". 5824:"Tibetan monks: A controlled life" 5800:Bhutan Himalayan Mountains Kingdom 5771: 5624: 4896:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 4892:"Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya" 4851:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 4777:The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment 3895: 3142: 2926:List of Himalayan peaks and passes 2659:, also known as the "Tiger's Nest" 968:List of Himalayan peaks and passes 138:8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft) 25: 13072: 10674:Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro 9975:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands 9780:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 9775:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 6550: 6248:Pati, Vishwambhar Prasad (2020), 6110:Mountain Research and Development 5785:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya 5752:Cantor, Kimberly (14 July 2016). 5697:Jahangeer A. Bhat; Munesh Kumar; 5608:. 11 January 2012. Archived from 5575:Faith & Philosophy of Jainism 5155: 4965:Mountain Research and Development 4616:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya 4379:Wetlands Ecology & Management 4344: 3877:"The Himalayas – Himalayas Facts" 3337:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3312:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3287:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3262:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3237:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 3065:Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya 2585: 2556:View of Ghandruk village in Nepal 2547: 2211: 1395:, its formation is a result of a 1270:The next Himalayan Indian state, 1231:Himalayas with the high peaks of 1187:, the largest lake in Nepal. The 13026:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas 12981: 12980: 12313:West South Central United States 11437: 11436: 10441:Monuments of National Importance 7483: 7471: 7460: 7459: 7446: 6359:, Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2019. 6337:, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. 6196:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00452.x 5912:, Springer Open, ICIMOD, HIMAP, 5754:"Paro, Bhutan: The Tiger's Nest" 5193:Devkota, Fidel (1 August 2013). 4118:Science of the Total Environment 3615:"Plate Tectonics -The Himalayas" 3578:10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00499.x 3175:. Springer Nature. p. 380. 3014: 'snow, frost' and 2867:example, a bark extract from an 2666: 2644: 2466:This section is an excerpt from 2345: 2328: 2217:This section is an excerpt from 2133: 2107: 2016:create large differences in the 2000: 1574: 1552: 1077:and across the border in Tibet, 556:region is disputed among India, 404: 308: 295: 282: 269: 256: 243: 201: 119: 108: 47: 12528:Latin America and the Caribbean 12394:Latin America and the Caribbean 10456:Tourist attractions in Dehradun 6481:The Himalaya, Aspects of Change 6453:. Yale University Press, 2008. 5873: 5834: 5816: 5745: 5654: 5592: 5565: 5553: 5547: 5217: 5129: 5114: 4949: 4928: 4809: 4686: 4631: 4607: 4582: 4557: 4516: 4475: 4338: 4327: 4313: 4293:Global Ecology and Conservation 4241: 4215: 4160: 4138:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136455 4108: 4082: 4017: 3992: 3963: 3769: 3684: 3629: 3607: 3545: 3531: 3517:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.008 3484: 3423: 3405: 3398:The Himmaleh was known to stoop 3385: 3363:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 3350: 3325: 3300: 3275: 3250: 3225: 2957:List of Ultras of the Himalayas 2822:, and in the Indian regions of 1957:bottlenecks and rushes up past 1636:rivers, the five rivers of the 1247:, the source of the holy river 1148:, Tibet, which passes over the 720:The mountains are known as the 612:. The summits of several— 53:The arc of the Himalayas (also 10713:Institutes of higher education 8828: 6418:and New Delhi: Bookwise, 1987. 6285:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6138:Howard, Christopher A (2016), 5121:Agrawal, A; Perrin, N (2008). 4003:. Elsevier. pp. 199–201. 3836:Geophysical Research Abstracts 3189: 3123:dwelling, abode) + -an suffix) 3056: 3036: 2988: 2975: 2080:subtropical highland climate ( 1944: 850: 838: 827: 13: 1: 9745:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 9453:Provincial Armed Constabulary 6883:Protected areas in Tamil Nadu 6423:Bibliography of the Himalayas 5669:. National Geographic Books. 3148:"Himalayas (mountains, Asia)" 3029: 2478:forests are predominant with 2377:or Himalayan blue sheep. The 2068:Köppen climate classification 1844:List of Alpine lakes in India 1089:lies the valley of the Bhote/ 1081:. To the south of these lies 190:2,400 km (1,500 mi) 11995:Middle East and North Africa 11700:Middle East and North Africa 10380:Parliamentary constituencies 10316:Community Development Blocks 9812:Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh 8933:Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge 7975:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal 7825:Back to the Village campaign 7796:Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923 7293:North Himalayan Normal Fault 6580:South Asia's Troubled Waters 6305:10.1080/09669582.2011.638383 6091: 6075:Mountain Weather and Climate 6048: 5986:Davies, Geoffrey F. (2022). 5960: 5798:Pommaret, Francoise (2006). 5371:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90547-9 4693:Devitt, Terry (3 May 2001). 3804:. gits4u.com. Archived from 3198:Record Geol. Survey of India 2861: 2635: 2468:Hindu Kush § Flora and fauna 2397:. The critically endangered 1880:Shey Phoksundo National Park 1543: 1278:, the summer capital of the 1004:Aerial view of the Himalayas 572:. Some of the world's major 524:The Himalayas abut or cross 505:. The range has some of the 7: 9448:Fire and Emergency Services 8902:Sunkoshi or Matsang Tsangpo 8353:South Asian Free Trade Area 6937:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 6527:Wanderings in the Himalayas 6320:Mountaineering and Trekking 5967:Chakrabarti, B. K. (2016). 5787:. Lexington: U of Kentucky. 5661:Dallapiccola, Anna (2002). 5513:Journal of Mountain Science 4904:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8 4859:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7 4785:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 4644:Journal of Mountain Science 4347:"Highest Lake in the World" 4306:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 4173:Journal of Mountain Science 3045:Himalayas (mountains, Asia) 3017: 3009: 2904: 2286:by the end of the century. 2219:Hindu Kush § Climate change 2126:(visible in the background) 1911:glacial lake outburst flood 1723: 1429:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1314:with the town and lakes of 774: 722: 703: 691: 679: 10: 13077: 12288:Northeastern United States 11145:Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains 9069:Autonomous Region of China 8467:Nepal Academy of Fine Arts 6096: 5901: 5896: 5462:10.1007/s13280-022-01810-3 4590:"Climate of the Himalayas" 4399:10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7 4321:"Photograph of Tsho Rolpa" 4050:10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8 3451:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3436:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3150:. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2936:List of mountains in India 2465: 2317: 2313: 2216: 1939: 1841: 1647:. Its main rivers are the 1365: 1361: 1306:where lie the mountainous 1255:, the source of the river 1203:from this lies the sacred 1099:China National Highway 318 965: 960:Geography and key features 29: 12976: 12918: 12895: 12862: 12826: 12759: 12653: 12561: 12552: 12481: 12402: 12208: 12012: 11793: 11751: 11660: 11651: 11599: 11556: 11496: 11434: 11379: 11300: 11232: 11192: 11061: 10988: 10979: 10844: 10792: 10749: 10740: 10730:Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman 10644: 10589: 10540: 10464: 10446:State Protected Monuments 10409: 10400: 10328: 10303: 10270: 10259: 10199: 10156: 10149: 10128: 10121: 10090: 10052: 10014: 10003: 9996: 9957: 9931: 9924: 9887: 9846: 9837: 9824: 9797: 9763: 9733: 9724: 9650: 9582: 9573: 9528: 9495: 9485:Provincial Forest Service 9480:Provincial Police Service 9470:Public Service Commission 9393: 9360: 9351: 9324: 9236: 9195: 9154: 9113: 9090: 9064: 9054: 9033: 8977: 8941: 8915: 8839: 8753: 8687: 8524: 8407: 8398: 8328: 8319: 8240: 8207: 8095: 8086: 8045: 7998: 7952: 7902: 7898: 7889: 7833: 7804: 7756: 7686: 7646: 7609: 7591: 7568: 7552: 7543: 7455: 7444: 7341: 7243: 7112: 7006: 6955: 6929: 6896: 6820: 6804: 6768: 6643: 6602: 6597:Links to related articles 6373:, the IMAX movie (1998). 6335:Footloose in the Himalaya 6258:10.1007/978-3-030-58854-0 6216:10.1080/14616680802643359 6031:10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2 5996:10.1007/978-3-030-91359-5 5578:. Gyan Publishing House. 5572:Jain, Arun Kumar (2009). 5533:10.1007/s11629-019-5616-3 5069:10.1007/s11069-014-1218-0 4734:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1 4664:10.1007/s11629-017-4566-x 4470:Zurick & Pacheco 2006 4431:Zurick & Pacheco 2006 4193:10.1007/s11629-018-4972-8 3763:10.1007/s10708-005-2338-6 3095:Oxford English Dictionary 3022: 'dwelling, abode'), 2076:Humid subtropical climate 1687:and the peaks beyond the 1497:from this ancient ocean. 1026:from south to north: the 810: 794: 784: 764: 762:) or 'The Land of Snow' ( 758: 736: 708: 696: 684: 369: 353: 341: 336: 324: 233: 199: 194: 186: 181: 142: 132: 99: 94: 46: 41: 32:Himalaya (disambiguation) 13031:Mountain ranges of China 12769:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 11773:Transantarctic Mountains 10973:Mountain ranges of China 9520:Leader of the Opposition 9475:Provincial Civil Service 7288:South Tibetan Detachment 7253:Geology of the Himalayas 7113:Notable Himalayan quakes 6500:, Almora, GBPIHED, 2006. 6348:Berreman, Gerald Duane, 6025:. Heidelberg: Springer. 5414:climateactiontracker.org 5242:10.4000/anthrovision.589 5211:10.4000/anthrovision.589 5015:Ehsan Yarshater (2003). 3945:"the Himalayan Glaciers" 3617:. The Geological Society 2968: 2931:List of Himalayan topics 2838:. There were over 6,000 2799:is said to have founded 2539:Climate-related concerns 2320:Ecology of the Himalayas 2044: 1837: 1645:Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin 1368:Geology of the Himalayas 616:(from the Indian side), 493:in Asia, separating the 13056:Physiographic divisions 13051:Landforms of South Asia 13041:Geography of South Asia 12518:Caribbean South America 10368:Assembly constituencies 9750:North-Western Provinces 9443:Disaster Response Force 8916:Dams, barrages, bridges 8125:Chief of the Army Staff 7583:Maya (mother of Buddha) 6542:Turner, Bethan, et al. 6406:, Olschak, Blanche C., 6357:Tales from the Himalaya 6142:, New York: Routledge, 6073:Barry, Roger E (2008), 5351:Biological Conservation 5224:Devkota, Fidel (2013). 4594:Encyclopedia Britannica 4287:O'Neill, A. R. (2019). 3979:World Glacier Inventory 3100:Oxford University Press 2921:Indian Himalayan Region 2606:in the Indian state of 1732:South Annapurna Glacier 1718:circum-Himalayan rivers 1683:The northern slopes of 1507:Himalaya southern front 1219:, Sufism and Bonpo. In 689:'abode of snow'), from 669: 13046:Landforms of East Asia 13036:Geography of East Asia 12298:Southern United States 12101:Scandinavian Peninsula 10720:Awards and decorations 10708:School Education Board 10293:Municipal Corporations 9602:Khasa Janapada kingdom 8452:International rankings 6947:Atolls of the Maldives 6745:Chittagong Hill Tracts 6102:Pilgrimage and Tourism 5556:"Fire Lines and Lanes" 2624: 2610: 2578: 2557: 2462: 2269:In the future, if the 2230: 2041: 1972: 1856: 1826: 1733: 1380: 1101:. Further east is the 1019: 1005: 997: 996:range of the Himalayas 985: 740:), Hinvāl (हिंवाळ) in 715:the Himalaya Mountains 521:lie in the Himalayas. 12774:Antarctic Convergence 12318:Western United States 10373:Former constituencies 10351:2016 political crisis 10336:Coolie-Begar movement 8942:Geographical features 8137:Provincial assemblies 7834:Multi-party democracy 7278:Main Himalayan Thrust 6588:Encyclopedia of Earth 6575:Birth of the Himalaya 6449:and Weaver, Stewart, 6148:10.4324/9781315622026 5841:Mehra, P. L. (1960). 5720:10.1186/1746-4269-9-1 4942:Encyclopedia of Earth 3680:BV. pp. 943–965. 3497:Earth-Science Reviews 2616: 2602: 2572: 2555: 2458: 2228: 2035: 1967: 1851: 1818: 1731: 1661:Yarlung Tsangpo River 1413:Indo-Australian Plate 1409:Main Himalayan Thrust 1397:continental collision 1375: 1259:, and the temples at 1032:Lower Himalayan Range 1011: 1003: 991: 979: 664:Yarlung Tsangpo River 648:Indian tectonic plate 11840:Greater Central Asia 11022:Tarbagatai Mountains 10614:Association football 10607:Women's cricket team 9807:Rampur Tiraha firing 9503:Legislative Assembly 9411:Council of Ministers 9341:(summer); judicial: 8978:Important localities 8232:Rural Municipalities 8187:Council of Ministers 8105:Constituent Assembly 7780:Treaty of Thapathali 7701:Prithvi Narayan Shah 7140:1833 Kathmandu–Bihar 6568:16 June 2010 at the 5882:Earth Island Journal 5600:"To heaven and back" 5139:Climate Risk Dataset 5018:Encyclopædia Iranica 4898:. pp. 257–299. 4853:. pp. 209–255. 4550:10.1029/2023JD038759 4509:10.1029/2023JD038759 3413:Thoreau, Henry David 2876:Andrachne cordifolia 2565:Agricultural impacts 2018:atmospheric pressure 1917:glacier lake in the 1322:. The twin peaks of 12986:Continents of Earth 12513:Brazilian Highlands 11922:Indian subcontinent 11783:Antarctic Peninsula 11581:Southern Hemisphere 11576:Northern Hemisphere 11270:Zhongtiao Mountains 11157:Gaoligong Mountains 11125:Bayan Har Mountains 10619:Men's football team 10417:World Heritage Site 10385:Rajya Sabha members 7346:Atmospheric science 7283:Main Central Thrust 7273:Main Frontal Thrust 6828:Indo-Gangetic plain 6537:Mount Everest, 1938 6297:2012JSusT..20..757S 6204:Tourism Geographies 5525:2020JMouS..17.1462D 5454:2023Ambio..52..534D 5363:1994BCons..68...63O 5061:2014NatHa..74..815G 4656:2018JMouS..15..563R 4541:2023JGRD..12838759K 4500:2023JGRD..12838759K 4391:2020WetEM..28..375O 4185:2019JMouS..16...64R 4130:2020ScTEn.71436455K 4042:2021NatSR..1124284L 3848:2003EAEJA....13617G 3719:1987GeoJo..14..393M 3570:2005IsArc..14..297S 3509:2013ESRv..123..113G 3098:(Online ed.). 2999:[ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ] 2419:Kashmir gray langur 2415:Gee's golden langur 2379:Himalayan musk deer 2186:Indian subcontinent 2098:cold desert climate 2056:western disturbance 1671:and drain into the 1405:convergent boundary 1288:government in exile 1061:, separated by the 954:Henry David Thoreau 835:traditional Chinese 570:Indo-Gangetic Plain 499:Indian subcontinent 162: / 67:Indo-Gangetic Plain 12801:Great Barrier Reef 12422:Mainland Australia 12130:Apennine Peninsula 11591:Western Hemisphere 11566:Eastern Hemisphere 11442:Landforms of China 11414:Yuecheng Mountains 11332:Jingshan Mountains 11212:Changbai Mountains 11172:Qionglai Mountains 11151:Hengduan Mountains 11139:Tanggula Mountains 11017:Borohoro Mountains 10982:Geography of China 10602:Men's cricket team 10557:Govind Pashu Vihar 10341:Statehood movement 10288:Urban Local Bodies 9711:Anglo-Nepalese War 9592:Uttarakuru kingdom 9203:Friendship Highway 9172:Nepal Bhasa/Newari 9127:Darbhanga division 8705:Capital punishment 8371:Telecommunications 7987:Siliguri Corridor 7867:2015 earthquake - 7438:Quaternary science 7335:Physical geography 7180:1988 Myanmar-India 6755:Gandhamardan Hills 6725:Sulaiman Mountains 6421:Gupta, Raj Kumar, 6384:Fisher, James F., 6355:Edmundson, Henry, 5701:(2 January 2013). 5699:Rainer W. Bussmann 5605:The Times of India 4779:. pp. 57–97. 4229:on 11 October 2017 4030:Scientific Reports 3933:– via JSTOR. 3883:. 11 February 2011 3850:. Abstract 13617. 3781:www.britannica.com 3727:10.1007/BF02602717 3449:"Kumaun Himalayas" 3333:"WIL Cologne Scan" 3308:"BEN Cologne Scan" 3283:"WIL Cologne Scan" 2882:Callicarpa arborea 2812:Vajrayana Buddhist 2625: 2611: 2579: 2558: 2463: 2448:Juniperus tibetica 2401:subspecies of the 2231: 2042: 1973: 1876:She-Phoksundo Lake 1874:in western Nepal, 1857: 1827: 1734: 1597:continental divide 1559:Confluence of the 1381: 1352:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1063:Kali Gandaki Gorge 1042:on the north. The 1030:on the south; the 1020: 1006: 998: 986: 824:simplified Chinese 806:Himaloy Parvatmala 701:'frost/cold') and 287: 113: 95:Highest point 13008: 13007: 13002: 13001: 12882:Mediterranean Rim 12755: 12754: 12694:Mediterranean Sea 12548: 12547: 12501:Amazon Rainforest 12328:Canadian Prairies 12293:Pacific Northwest 12154:Iberian Peninsula 11939:Arabian Peninsula 11766:Antarctic Plateau 11526:Three/Four Worlds 11448: 11447: 11426:Western Mountains 11421:Longmen Mountains 11404:Nanling Mountains 11394:Daliang Mountains 11371:Xuefeng Mountains 11344:Jiuling Mountains 11339:Luoxiao Mountains 11287:Yandang Mountains 11264:Taihang Mountains 11258:Lüliang Mountains 11162:Yunling Mountains 11005:Dzungarian Alatau 10939: 10938: 10840: 10839: 10784:Udham Singh Nagar 10725:Uttarakhand Ratna 10669:Char Dham Railway 10664:Char Dham Highway 10585: 10584: 10577:Valley of Flowers 10390:Lok Sabha members 10324: 10323: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10117: 10116: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9920: 9919: 9859:Garhwal Himalayas 9820: 9819: 9793: 9792: 9716:Treaty of Sugauli 9569: 9568: 9463:Police Department 9458:Forest Department 9280: 9279: 9155:Languages/ people 9150: 9149: 8796: 8795: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8737:Human trafficking 8683: 8682: 8394: 8393: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8144:Political parties 8115:Foreign relations 8082: 8081: 8078: 8077: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7786:Lamjang and Kaski 7771:Jung Bahadur Rana 7748:Treaty of Sugauli 7642: 7641: 7499: 7498: 7433:Landscape ecology 7377:Coastal geography 7301: 7300: 7069: 7068: 6843:Indus River Delta 6504:Swami Sundaranand 6459:978-0-300-11501-7 6447:Isserman, Maurice 6433:Ascent of Everest 6404:Gruschke, Andreas 6365:978-9937-9330-3-2 6267:978-3-030-58853-3 6175:978-1-107-11471-5 6084:978-0-521-86295-0 6066:978-0-521-84799-5 6040:978-3-540-76503-5 6005:978-3-030-91358-8 5978:978-0-12-802021-0 5919:978-3-319-92287-4 5809:978-962-217-810-6 5676:978-0-500-51088-9 5647:978-81-322-1925-5 5585:978-81-7835-723-2 5169:Missing or empty 5028:978-0-933273-76-4 4913:978-3-319-92287-4 4868:978-3-319-92287-4 4794:978-3-319-92287-4 4743:978-3-319-92288-1 4472:, pp. 50–51. 4353:on 18 August 2012 4268:978-0-309-26098-5 4010:978-0-12-386917-3 3988:on 24 April 2013. 3808:on 3 January 2015 3643:. 17 January 2019 3258:"MW Cologne Scan" 3233:"MW Cologne Scan" 3182:978-3-030-29684-1 3128:(Subscription or 2828:Arunachal Pradesh 2604:Garhwal Himalayas 2140:A village in the 2027:orographic effect 2010:Southwest Monsoon 1951:Southwest monsoon 1460:continental crust 1456:sedimentary rocks 1310:and the renowned 1304:Jammu and Kashmir 1162:Arunachal Pradesh 1040:Tibetan Himalayas 932:lord of mountains 811:হিমালয় পর্বতমালা 392: 391: 166:27.983°N 86.917°E 63:eight-thousanders 16:(Redirected from 13068: 12984: 12983: 12963:Global Southwest 12958:Global Southeast 12948:Global Northwest 12943:Global Northeast 12933:Global Heartland 12877:Indian Ocean Rim 12559: 12558: 12451:Island Melanesia 12142:Balkan Peninsula 11917:Himalayan states 11864:Russian Far East 11658: 11657: 11586:Water Hemisphere 11475: 11468: 11461: 11452: 11451: 11440: 11439: 11366:Wuling Mountains 11354:Wugong Mountains 11327:Wudang Mountains 11113:Kunlun Mountains 11053:Liupan Mountains 11041:Qilian Mountains 11030:Kunlun Mountains 10966: 10959: 10952: 10943: 10942: 10747: 10746: 10510:Kedarnath Temple 10498:Badrinath Temple 10486:Yamunotri Temple 10407: 10406: 10268: 10267: 10154: 10153: 10126: 10125: 10109:Scheduled Tribes 10104:Scheduled Castes 10096:Scheduled Tribes 10092:Scheduled Castes 10012: 10011: 10001: 10000: 9929: 9928: 9844: 9843: 9835: 9834: 9785:United Provinces 9731: 9730: 9607:Himalaya kingdom 9580: 9579: 9358: 9357: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9284: 9283: 9213:Mahendra Highway 9162:Standard Tibetan 9062: 9061: 9058:districts/ areas 9046:2008 Bihar flood 8823: 8816: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8635: 8634: 8522: 8521: 8405: 8404: 8361: 8326: 8325: 8288: 8205: 8204: 8180: 8093: 8092: 8032: 8024: 8016: 7990: 7989:(Chicken's Neck) 7965:Kathmandu Valley 7900: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7851:2005 coup d'état 7820:Panchayat system 7743:Balbhadra Kunwar 7716:Kingdom of Nepal 7684: 7683: 7566: 7565: 7550: 7549: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7487: 7486: 7475: 7463: 7462: 7450: 7368:Paleoclimatology 7328: 7321: 7314: 7305: 7304: 7220:April 2015 Nepal 7170:1950 Assam–Tibet 7096: 7089: 7082: 7073: 7072: 6863:Coromandel Coast 6730:Toba Kakar Range 6659: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6593: 6592: 6400:Gansser, Augusto 6315: 6278: 6244: 6226: 6198: 6178: 6160: 6134: 6125: 6087: 6069: 6044: 6017: 5982: 5956: 5930: 5890: 5889: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5830:. 20 March 2008. 5820: 5814: 5813: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5732: 5722: 5694: 5681: 5680: 5668: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5633: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5519:(6): 1462–1474. 5507: 5484: 5483: 5473: 5433: 5418: 5417: 5406: 5375: 5374: 5345: 5332: 5331: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5287: 5276:10.31478/202311f 5264:NAM Perspectives 5255: 5246: 5245: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5080: 5044: 5033: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4997:. Archived from 4988: 4977:10.1659/mrd.0792 4962: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4768: 4757: 4755: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4569:Classic Himalaya 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4434: 4428: 4411: 4410: 4374: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4349:. Archived from 4342: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4284: 4273: 4272: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3981:. Archived from 3976: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3910: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3833: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3757:(3–4): 193–650. 3745: 3739: 3738: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3664: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3393:Dickinson, Emily 3389: 3383: 3382:Entry: "Himavan" 3381: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3111:Etymology: < 3108: 3106: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3040: 3023: 3020: 3012: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2979: 2916:Western Himalaya 2670: 2648: 2595:Local adaptation 2577:village in Nepal 2407:Asian black bear 2349: 2332: 2146:Annapurna massif 2137: 2124:Annapurna massif 2111: 2040:in the Himalayas 1923:Dolakha District 1884:Gurudongmar Lake 1853:Gurudongmar Lake 1810:perennial rivers 1791:, the permanent 1789:Tropic of Cancer 1584:river valley in 1578: 1567:in the Himalayas 1556: 1528:in the east and 1516:During the last 1448:Australian Plate 1440:Upper Cretaceous 1389:metamorphic rock 1336:Gilgit-Baltistan 1272:Himachal Pradesh 1201:Lake Manasarovar 1158:Gangkhar Puensum 1103:Mahalangur Himal 1087:Kathmandu Valley 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 852: 851:Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài 843: 832: 822:Mountain Range ( 813: 812: 799: 798: 797: 796:سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ 792:Mountain Range ( 787: 786: 777: 772:, also known as 767: 766: 761: 760: 739: 738: 725: 716: 712: 706: 700: 694: 688: 682: 618:Gangkhar Puensum 485: 481: 477: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 438: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 314: 312: 311: 301: 299: 298: 288: 286: 285: 275: 273: 272: 262: 260: 259: 249: 247: 246: 205: 177: 176: 174: 173: 172: 167: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 125: 123: 122: 114: 112: 111: 51: 39: 38: 21: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13061:Tibetan Plateau 13011: 13010: 13009: 13004: 13003: 12998: 12972: 12914: 12891: 12858: 12822: 12751: 12740:South China Sea 12649: 12592:Central America 12544: 12477: 12398: 12350:Northern Mexico 12338:Northern Canada 12323:Atlantic Canada 12278:Mountain states 12204: 12059:European Russia 12052:Southern Russia 12008: 11961:Iranian Plateau 11789: 11778:West Antarctica 11761:East Antarctica 11747: 11647: 11595: 11571:Land Hemisphere 11552: 11492: 11479: 11449: 11444: 11430: 11409:Jiuyi Mountains 11399:Dalou Mountains 11375: 11322:Dabie Mountains 11296: 11280:Tianmu Mountain 11228: 11217:Wanda Mountains 11202:Greater Khingan 11188: 11177:Daxue Mountains 11167:Ailao Mountains 11088:Pamir Mountains 11065: 11057: 11048:Helan Mountains 10999:Altai Mountains 10984: 10975: 10970: 10940: 10935: 10847: 10836: 10788: 10736: 10691:Kumaoni cuisine 10647: 10640: 10631:Olympic Stadium 10626:Cricket Stadium 10581: 10543: 10536: 10467: 10460: 10396: 10361:Local elections 10346:Chipko movement 10320: 10299: 10262: 10243: 10195: 10145: 10113: 10095: 10093: 10086: 10048: 10006: 9984: 9953: 9916: 9883: 9854:Great Himalayas 9839: 9829: 9827: 9816: 9799: 9789: 9766: 9759: 9755:Agra Presidency 9736: 9726: 9720: 9677:Katyuri dynasty 9660:Garhwal Kingdom 9652: 9646: 9637:Kuninda Kingdom 9612:Parvata kingdom 9597:Paurava kingdom 9584: 9565: 9524: 9491: 9423:Chief Secretary 9389: 9347: 9329:: legislative: 9320: 9311: 9281: 9276: 9232: 9208:Araniko Highway 9191: 9146: 9142:Munger division 9137:Purnia division 9109: 9105:Sagarmatha Zone 9086: 9050: 9041:Floods in Bihar 9029: 8985:Nyalam/ Tsongdu 8973: 8949:Tibetan Plateau 8937: 8928:Kosi embankment 8911: 8835: 8827: 8797: 8792: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8741: 8679: 8633: 8579:Maghe Sankranti 8520: 8484:Public holidays 8447:Gurkhas/Gorkhas 8390: 8359: 8307: 8286: 8236: 8203: 8178: 8074: 8065:Protected areas 8041: 8030: 8022: 8014: 7994: 7988: 7982:Tibetan Plateau 7960:Cities of Nepal 7948: 7877: 7861:Jana Andolan II 7829: 7815:1951 revolution 7800: 7752: 7738:Anglo-Nepal War 7688:Early Shah rule 7682: 7650: 7648: 7638: 7611:Lichchhavi rule 7605: 7587: 7570:Shakya Republic 7564: 7539: 7530: 7500: 7495: 7451: 7442: 7372:Palaeogeography 7337: 7332: 7302: 7297: 7245:Plate tectonics 7239: 7190:1991 Uttarkashi 7120:1505 Lo Mustang 7108: 7100: 7070: 7065: 7002: 6951: 6925: 6892: 6816: 6800: 6764: 6715:Anaimalai Hills 6655: 6639: 6633: 6598: 6570:Wayback Machine 6553: 6523:Tapovan Maharaj 6327: 6325:Further reading 6322: 6268: 6242: 6176: 6158: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6085: 6067: 6051: 6041: 6006: 5979: 5963: 5946: 5920: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5888:(4): 7–8. 2006. 5879: 5878: 5874: 5839: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5796: 5792: 5781: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5758:Huffington Post 5750: 5746: 5695: 5684: 5677: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5634: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5508: 5487: 5434: 5421: 5408: 5407: 5378: 5346: 5335: 5320: 5309: 5256: 5249: 5222: 5218: 5191: 5182: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5134: 5130: 5119: 5115: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5049:Natural Hazards 5045: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5004:on 6 June 2013. 5001: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4933: 4929: 4914: 4888: 4884: 4869: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4823:TheGuardian.com 4814: 4810: 4795: 4769: 4760: 4744: 4720: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4691: 4687: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4521: 4517: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4437: 4429: 4414: 4375: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4285: 4276: 4269: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4165: 4161: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3919:Current Science 3911: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3746: 3742: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3665: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3550: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3445: 3441: 3428: 3424: 3410: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3213: 3209: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3115:(Sanskrit < 3104: 3102: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3061: 3057: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3026: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2907: 2864: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2649: 2638: 2618:Likir Monastery 2597: 2588: 2567: 2550: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2471: 2431:Hydrangea hirta 2395:Himalayan goral 2391:Himalayan serow 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2278:4.5 (RCP4.5). 2271:Paris Agreement 2222: 2214: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2138: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2112: 2050:mountains, the 2047: 2003: 1947: 1942: 1919:Rowaling Valley 1846: 1840: 1831:glacier retreat 1726: 1693:Irrawaddy River 1593: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1557: 1546: 1393:plate tectonics 1370: 1364: 1292:Punjab Himalaya 1170:Yarlang Tsangpo 1095:Araniko Highway 1036:Great Himalayas 1024:mountain ranges 974: 962: 950:Emily Dickinson 934: 931: 928: 925: 910: 907: 904: 901: 714: 672: 632:in the Tibetan 503:Tibetan Plateau 483: 479: 475: 440: 407: 403: 388: 320: 309: 307: 296: 294: 283: 281: 270: 268: 257: 255: 244: 242: 229: 228: 223:(8,201 m), and 209:Tibetan Plateau 170: 168: 164: 161: 156: 153: 151: 149: 148: 120: 118: 109: 107: 90: 83:Yarlung Tsangpo 71:Tibetan plateau 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13074: 13064: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13006: 13005: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12994:Physical Earth 12977: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12924: 12922: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12901: 12899: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12868: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12833: 12831: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12806:Mariana Trench 12803: 12793: 12788: 12786:Atlantic Ocean 12783: 12778: 12777: 12776: 12765: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12747:Southern Ocean 12744: 12743: 12742: 12737: 12735:East China Sea 12727: 12726: 12725: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12669:Atlantic Ocean 12666: 12660: 12658: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12574: 12568: 12566: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12487: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12475: 12473:Remote Oceania 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12443: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12408: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12343:Western Canada 12340: 12335: 12333:Eastern Canada 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12146: 12145: 12144: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12122: 12117: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12047:South Caucasus 12044: 12042:North Caucasus 12034: 12024: 12018: 12016: 12010: 12009: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12004: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11953: 11952: 11951: 11949:South Caucasus 11941: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11902: 11892: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11870: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11827: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11818:Aralkum Desert 11815: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11775: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11757: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11716: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11672: 11666: 11664: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11609:Africa-Eurasia 11605: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11562: 11560: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11502: 11500: 11494: 11493: 11478: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11446: 11445: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11385: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11349:Mufu Mountains 11346: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11319: 11317:Daba Mountains 11314: 11306: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11292:Wuyi Mountains 11289: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11260: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11251:Lang Mountains 11242: 11240: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11222:Qian Mountains 11219: 11209: 11207:Lesser Khingan 11204: 11198: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11147: 11142: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11128: 11121: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11085: 11080: 11072: 11070: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11038: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11007: 11002: 10994: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10969: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10946: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10852: 10850: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10755: 10753: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10700: 10695: 10694: 10693: 10683: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10652: 10650: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10636:Sports College 10633: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10604: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10548: 10546: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10478: 10472: 10470: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10429:Ramsar Wetland 10426: 10425: 10424: 10413: 10411: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10285: 10280: 10274: 10272: 10265: 10261:Administrative 10257: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10205: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10100: 10098: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10058: 10056: 10054:Tibeto-Burmans 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10009: 9998: 9994: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9893: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9869:Mountain peaks 9866: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9841: 9832: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9771: 9769: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9741: 9739: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9699:Gorkha Kingdom 9696: 9691: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9672:Kumaon Kingdom 9669: 9668: 9667: 9665:Panwar dynasty 9656: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9617:Kirata kingdom 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9408: 9406:Chief Minister 9403: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9366: 9364: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9327:State capitals 9325: 9322: 9321: 9310: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9287: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9251: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9082:Tingri County 9079: 9073: 9071: 9059: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8826: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8619:Chasok Tangnam 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8574:Buddha Jayanti 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8554:Dipankha Yatra 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8530: 8528: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8227:Municipalities 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8173:Prime Minister 8170: 8169: 8168: 8166:Vice President 8158: 8156:Heads of state 8153: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8055:Climate change 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7908: 7906: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7848: 7846:Royal massacre 7843: 7841:Jana Andolan I 7837: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7805:Post-Rana and 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7728:Sino-Nepal War 7725: 7724: 7723: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Gorkha Kingdom 7692: 7690: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7673:Chaubisi Rajya 7670: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7615: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7597: 7595: 7593:Kirata kingdom 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7578:Gautama Buddha 7574: 7572: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7383: 7374: 7361: 7359:Phytogeography 7352: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7308: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7263:Eurasian Plate 7260: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7225:May 2015 Nepal 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7099: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6791:Mysore Plateau 6788: 6786:Ladakh Plateau 6783: 6778: 6776:Deccan Plateau 6772: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6720:Cardamom Hills 6717: 6712: 6707: 6705:Himachal Range 6702: 6700:Shivalik Hills 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6675:Aravalli Range 6672: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6572: 6560: 6552: 6551:External links 6549: 6548: 6547: 6540: 6530: 6519: 6501: 6492: 6477: 6462: 6444: 6426: 6419: 6397: 6382: 6368: 6353: 6346: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6291:(5): 757–772, 6279: 6266: 6245: 6240: 6227: 6199: 6186:, New Series, 6179: 6174: 6161: 6156: 6135: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6070: 6065: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6018: 6004: 5983: 5977: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5944: 5931: 5918: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5872: 5833: 5815: 5808: 5790: 5770: 5744: 5682: 5675: 5653: 5646: 5623: 5612:on 7 July 2012 5591: 5584: 5564: 5546: 5485: 5448:(3): 534–545. 5419: 5376: 5333: 5322:Berstrand, s. 5307: 5247: 5216: 5180: 5145: 5128: 5113: 5055:(2): 815–836. 5034: 5027: 5007: 4971:(2): 169–173. 4948: 4937:"Extremophile" 4927: 4912: 4882: 4867: 4836: 4808: 4793: 4758: 4742: 4711: 4685: 4650:(3): 563–576. 4630: 4624: 4606: 4581: 4556: 4515: 4474: 4435: 4412: 4385:(2): 375–388. 4364: 4337: 4326: 4312: 4299:(e00715): 19. 4274: 4267: 4259:10.17226/13449 4240: 4214: 4159: 4107: 4081: 4016: 4009: 3991: 3962: 3936: 3925:(2): 237–244. 3894: 3868: 3819: 3793: 3768: 3740: 3713:(4): 393–421. 3695: 3683: 3654: 3628: 3606: 3564:(4): 297–310. 3558:The Island Arc 3544: 3530: 3483: 3454: 3439: 3422: 3404: 3384: 3376: 3349: 3324: 3299: 3274: 3249: 3224: 3207: 3188: 3181: 3161: 3135: 3079: 3073: 3055: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3024: 2987: 2983:Kashmir region 2973: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2863: 2860: 2678:Kashmir Valley 2672: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2586:Policy changes 2584: 2566: 2563: 2549: 2548:Health impacts 2546: 2540: 2537: 2476:sclerophyllous 2472: 2464: 2426:climate change 2383:Himalayan tahr 2351: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2337:Himalayan tahr 2334: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318:Main article: 2315: 2312: 2258:, and western 2241:growing season 2223: 2215: 2213: 2212:Climate change 2210: 2142:Pokhara Valley 2139: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2046: 2043: 2002: 1999: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1839: 1836: 1824:Khumbu Glacier 1725: 1722: 1681: 1680: 1641: 1580: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1476:oceanic trench 1464:thrust faulted 1417:Eurasian Plate 1411:) between the 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1344:Margalla Hills 1312:Kashmir Valley 1209:Kailash Ranges 1199:. Just across 1197:Gurla Mandhata 961: 958: 952:'s poetry and 921:: पर्वतेश्वर, 734:(both written 671: 668: 652:Eurasian Plate 594:drainage basin 491:mountain range 390: 389: 387: 386: 381: 375: 373: 367: 366: 357: 351: 350: 348:Alpine orogeny 345: 339: 338: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 319: 318: 305: 292: 279: 266: 253: 239: 237: 231: 230: 206: 200: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 179: 178: 171:27.983; 86.917 146: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 61:) showing the 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13073: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13018: 13016: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12979: 12978: 12975: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12921: 12917: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12861: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12830: 12825: 12819: 12816: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12796:Pacific Ocean 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12748: 12745: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12730:Pacific Ocean 12728: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12684:Caribbean Sea 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12652: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12631: 12627: 12626:by population 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12600: 12599:South America 12597: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12582:North America 12580: 12579: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12533:Southern Cone 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12508:Andean States 12506: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12483:South America 12480: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12401: 12395: 12392: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12210:North America 12207: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12173:Low Countries 12171: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12149:South-western 12147: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12137:South-eastern 12135: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12125:South-central 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12115:Mediterranean 12113: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12081:British Isles 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12011: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11978:Levantine Sea 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11670:Mediterranean 11668: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11555: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11476: 11471: 11469: 11464: 11462: 11457: 11456: 11453: 11443: 11433: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11389:Cang Mountain 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11247: 11246:Yin Mountains 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11183: 11182:Min Mountains 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11083:Transhimalaya 11081: 11079: 11078: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11064: 11063:Qinghai-Tibet 11060: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10978: 10974: 10967: 10962: 10960: 10955: 10953: 10948: 10947: 10944: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10843: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10827:Tehri Garhwal 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10817:Pauri Garhwal 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10588: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10463: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10258: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10201:Tibeto-Burman 10198: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10120: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9864:Sivalik Hills 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9823: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9796: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9732: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9694:Raika Kingdom 9692: 9690: 9689:Khasa Kingdom 9687: 9683: 9682:Chand dynasty 9680: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9632:Kushan Empire 9630: 9628: 9627:Maurya Empire 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9541:Chief Justice 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9308: 9303: 9301: 9296: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132:Kosi division 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9077:Nyalam County 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9005:Namche Bazaar 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8964:Sivalik Hills 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923:Koshi Barrage 8921: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8817: 8812: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8801: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8594:Gyalpo Lhosar 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8477:Ethnic groups 8475: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:Nepal Academy 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8198: 8197:Chief Justice 8195: 8194: 8193: 8192:Supreme Court 8190: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8060:Deforestation 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8027: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7917:Mount Everest 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7733:Bhimsen Thapa 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7678:Newa kingdoms 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7663:Khasa kingdom 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7645: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7492: 7491: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7449: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7414:Geostatistics 7412: 7410: 7409:Geomorphology 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7324: 7322: 7317: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6904:Coastal India 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878:Rann of Kutch 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6690:Satpura Range 6688: 6686: 6685:Vindhya Range 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670:Eastern Ghats 6668: 6666: 6665:Western Ghats 6663: 6658: 6657:Mount Everest 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6635:Geography of 6630: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6533:Tilman, H. W. 6531: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6516:81-901326-0-1 6513: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6490: 6489:0-19-561254-X 6486: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474:0-415-01157-4 6471: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6441:0-89886-361-9 6438: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6416:0-8160-1994-0 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6394:0-520-06941-2 6391: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6379:0-7888-1493-1 6376: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6343:81-7824-052-1 6340: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6243: 6241:9780367466275 6237: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6210:(1): 95–119, 6209: 6205: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6157:9780367877989 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5945:9780813123882 5941: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5657: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 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4417: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4352: 4348: 4345:Drews, Carl. 4341: 4335: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4096:. 4 June 2007 4095: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3882: 3881:Nature on PBS 3878: 3872: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3690:glacier maps 3687: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3616: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 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2798: 2797:Padmasambhava 2794: 2793:Paro Taktsang 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742:Pashupatinath 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2699:Rishabhanatha 2696: 2695: 2690: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2562: 2554: 2545: 2533: 2532:invertebrates 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2439:, apple, and 2438: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2348: 2338: 2331: 2321: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2264:glacial lakes 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248:precipitation 2244: 2242: 2237: 2227: 2220: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Upper Mustang 2163: 2158: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2125: 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1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1433:Bay of Bengal 1430: 1426: 1423:highlands in 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:Kaghan Valley 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:Mount Kailash 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:Karnali River 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:Kangchenjunga 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:Sivalik Hills 1025: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 995: 990: 983: 978: 973: 972:Himalayan Rim 969: 964: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 920: 916: 915:Parvateshwara 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South 12938:Global North 12872:Atlantic Rim 12811:Ring of Fire 12791:Indian Ocean 12781:Arctic Ocean 12723:Persian Gulf 12718:Indian Ocean 12699:Adriatic Sea 12664:Arctic Ocean 12496:Amazon Basin 12491:Amazon Plain 12463:Near Oceania 12268:Mid-Atlantic 12218:Aridoamerica 12178:Northwestern 12091:Northwestern 12064:Southeastern 11956:Greater Iran 11895:Southeastern 11890:Pacific Asia 11859:Pacific Asia 11847:Northeastern 11803:Asia–Pacific 11546:Fourth World 11536:Second World 11309: 11262: 11149: 11137: 11123: 11111: 11092: 11076: 11075: 11068:Southwestern 11028: 11009: 10997: 10990:Northwestern 10527:Panch Prayag 10434:Asan Barrage 9997:Demographics 9912:Ganges Basin 9798:Contemporary 9704:Shah dynasty 9642:Gupta Empire 9622:Nanda Empire 9342: 9336: 9330: 9237:Other basins 8969:Chatra Gorge 8953: 8847:Arun/Bum-chu 8774:Bibliography 8715:Human rights 8638:Celebrations 8604:Sonam Lhosar 8564:Yomari Punhi 8509:Christianity 8422:Demographics 8343:Child labour 8100:Constitution 7922:Kanchenjunga 7911: 7766:Kot massacre 7488: 7476: 7464: 7386:Soil science 7381:Oceanography 7355:Biogeography 7268:Oldham Fault 7258:Indian Plate 7205:2008 Damxung 7200:2005 Kashmir 7195:1999 Chamoli 7145:1885 Kashmir 7135:1803 Garhwal 7125:1555 Kashmir 7057:Southeastern 7052:Southwestern 7032:Northeastern 7022:Northwestern 6853:Ganges Delta 6848:Ganges Basin 6838:Indus Valley 6781:Chota Nagpur 6760:Lushai Hills 6650: 6543: 6536: 6526: 6507: 6495: 6480: 6465: 6450: 6432: 6422: 6407: 6385: 6370: 6356: 6349: 6334: 6331:Aitken, Bill 6288: 6284: 6249: 6231: 6207: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6165: 6139: 6113: 6109: 6074: 6056: 6022: 5987: 5968: 5935: 5909: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5827: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5784: 5761:. 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Retrieved 3093: 3082: 3064: 3058: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3015: 3007: 2990: 2977: 2899: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2810:A number of 2809: 2768: 2754: 2725: 2719: 2708: 2702: 2692: 2686: 2630: 2626: 2589: 2580: 2559: 2542: 2508:biodiversity 2460:Snow leopard 2446: 2440: 2437:rhododendron 2429: 2423: 2371:snow leopard 2368: 2364:extremophile 2360: 2288: 2280: 2268: 2245: 2235: 2232: 2183: 2153: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2071: 2065: 2048: 2014:Indian Ocean 2007: 2004: 1995: 1974: 1959:Namcha Barwa 1948: 1934: 1927: 1908: 1904:Lake Tsongmo 1898:district of 1888:North Sikkim 1868:Tilicho Lake 1865: 1858: 1828: 1786: 1735: 1717: 1713:Yellow River 1682: 1644: 1604: 1594: 1530:Nanga Parbat 1515: 1499: 1485:with fossil 1462:, they were 1452:Tethys Ocean 1444:Indian Plate 1437: 1382: 1328:Nanga Parbat 1308:Jammu region 1296:Sutlej river 1269: 1182: 1174:Kangri Garpo 1166:Namche Barwa 1131: 1079:Shishapangma 1048: 1021: 1017:Annapurna II 1015:valley with 963: 945: 942:the Himalaya 941: 939: 914: 908:king of snow 890: 882: 878: 860: 849: 819: 805: 789: 782:(written as 753: 745: 719: 673: 660:Namcha Barwa 656:Nanga Parbat 638: 622:Machapuchare 523: 513:. More than 399: 395: 393: 371:Type of rock 36: 12968:Global West 12928:Global East 12887:Pacific Rim 12829:waterbodies 12818:World Ocean 12643:New Zealand 12523:The Guianas 12412:Australasia 12355:West Indies 12283:New England 12263:Great Lakes 12233:Mesoamerica 12120:Middle East 12096:Scandinavia 11985:Middle East 11823:Caspian Sea 11729:Great Lakes 11709:Sub-Saharan 11695:Middle East 11558:Hemispheres 11541:Third World 11531:First World 11484:'s primary 11131:Amne Machin 10901:Pithoragarh 10822:Rudraprayag 10779:Pithoragarh 10562:Jim Corbett 10522:Panch Kedar 10517:Sapta Badri 10016:Indo-Aryans 9800:Uttarakhand 9727:Uttarakhand 9551:Bar Council 9496:Legislature 9438:Departments 9338:Bhararisain 9318:Uttarakhand 8700:Witch-hunts 8655:Bratabandha 8599:Tamu Lhosar 8333:Agriculture 8047:Environment 7776:Tibetan War 7706:Unification 7668:Baise Rajya 7364:Climatology 7350:Meteorology 7215:2011 Sikkim 7210:2009 Bhutan 7155:1905 Kangra 7130:1714 Bhutan 7106:earthquakes 6998:Afghanistan 6942:Lakshadweep 6812:Thar Desert 6710:Khasi Hills 5853:: 190–201. 4535:(22). AGU. 4494:(22). AGU. 4357:14 November 3503:: 113–132. 3089:"Himalayan" 3002:; from 2891:angiosperms 2887:gymnosperms 2840:monasteries 2769:mahasiddhas 2763:started in 2726:Sinhnishdha 2720:tirthankara 2713:, his son, 2701:, attained 2694:tirthankara 2655:Monastery, 2608:Uttarakhand 2435:especially 2366:organisms. 2162:rain shadow 2116:cold desert 2023:thermal low 1991:heat budget 1987:heat island 1945:Temperature 1892:Gokyo Lakes 1861:Pangong Tso 1758:Uttarakhand 1697:Andaman Sea 1653:Brahmaputra 1614:Arabian Sea 1605:Indus Basin 1561:Indus River 1511:seismically 1438:During the 1421:Arakan Yoma 1385:sedimentary 1280:British Raj 1241:Chaar Dhaam 1221:Uttarakhand 1193:Sarda River 956:'s essays. 881:or Himavan 867:Mahabharata 748:(हिमाल) in 590:Brahmaputra 550:Afghanistan 384:sedimentary 379:Metamorphic 355:Age of rock 316:Afghanistan 219:(8,848 m), 215:(8,462 m), 169: / 144:Coordinates 87:Brahmaputra 13015:Categories 12709:Ionian Sea 12704:Aegean Sea 12674:Baltic Sea 12606:Antarctica 12458:Micronesia 12427:New Guinea 12385:Portuguese 12308:West Coast 12258:East Coast 12253:Bible Belt 12248:Appalachia 11927:Subregions 11835:Inner Asia 11753:Antarctica 11653:Continents 11626:Antarctica 11601:Landmasses 11511:Down Under 11506:Arab World 11490:subregions 11105:Yengisogat 11036:Altyn-Tagh 10832:Uttarkashi 10655:Transport 10567:Nanda Devi 10219:Chaudangsi 10158:Indo-Aryan 9925:Ecoregions 9838:Geological 9556:Lok Adalat 9536:High Court 9353:Government 9335:(winter); 8872:Imja Khola 8862:Dudh Koshi 8857:Bhotekoshi 8437:Literature 8360:(currency) 8285:Kathmandu 8255:Biratnagar 8132:Parliament 8037:West Rapti 8015:(Ghaghara) 7932:Dhaulagiri 7711:Kalu Pande 7624:Amshuverma 7560:Bhadrabahu 7419:Glaciology 7399:Geobiology 7394:Edaphology 7235:2023 Nepal 7230:2021 Assam 7185:1988 Nepal 7175:1980 Nepal 7165:1947 Assam 7160:1934 Bihar 7150:1897 Assam 6988:Bangladesh 6956:By country 6914:West Coast 6909:East Coast 6873:Sundarbans 6750:Naga Hills 6740:Hindu Kush 6695:Garo Hills 6637:South Asia 6559:(archived) 6429:Hunt, John 5954:1102237054 5928:2018954855 5171:|url= 5104:|url= 5078:1885/66271 4829:20 October 4704:1 November 4334:Tsho Rolpa 4124:: 136455. 3955:22 January 3887:21 January 3861:4 November 3842:: 13,617. 3751:GeoJournal 3706:GeoJournal 3132:required.) 3030:References 2844:Dalai Lama 2836:Darjeeling 2826:, Sikkim, 2750:shaligrams 2512:amphibians 2442:box myrtle 2411:red pandas 2403:brown bear 2393:, and the 2307:hydropower 2303:irrigation 2284:permafrost 2254:, eastern 2202:Taklamakan 2174:Dhaulagiri 2118:region of 2091:Darjeeling 2066:Using the 1915:Tsho Rolpa 1896:Solukhumbu 1882:of Nepal, 1842:See also: 1797:New Guinea 1764:glaciers ( 1738:Antarctica 1685:Gyala Peri 1677:Sunderbans 1669:Bangladesh 1655:, and the 1586:Solukhumbu 1582:Imja Khola 1505:along the 1487:trilobites 1480:Ordovician 1403:along the 1332:Hindu Kush 1284:Dharamsala 1233:Nanda Devi 1178:Gyala Peri 1127:Arun river 1051:Dhaulagiri 1013:Marsyangdi 982:Hindu Kush 966:See also: 897:: हिमराज, 818:, and the 650:under the 644:subduction 626:Nanda Devi 598:South Asia 584:, and the 566:Hindu Kush 360:Cretaceous 227:(8,516 m). 182:Dimensions 65:(in red); 59:Karakorams 55:Hindu Kush 13021:Himalayas 12905:Antarctic 12689:Irish Sea 12679:Black Sea 12638:Australia 12587:Caribbean 12564:continent 12538:Patagonia 12468:Polynesia 12446:Melanesia 12439:Zealandia 12417:Australia 12303:Southwest 12223:Caribbean 12000:Near East 11641:submerged 11636:Zealandia 11631:Australia 11521:Old World 11516:New World 11361:Huangshan 11275:Mount Tai 11194:Northeast 11100:Argu Tagh 11094:Karakoram 11077:Himalayas 11011:Tian Shan 10921:Mussoorie 10911:New Tehri 10891:Rishikesh 10769:Champawat 10764:Bageshwar 10742:Districts 10703:Education 10505:Kedarnath 10493:Badrinath 10481:Yamunotri 10410:Monuments 10356:Elections 10278:Districts 10263:divisions 10122:Languages 10082:Banrawats 10034:Jaunsaris 10024:Garhwalis 9932:Highlands 9847:Mountains 9826:Geography 9561:Lokayukta 9529:Judiciary 9394:Executive 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