Tibet - Knowledge

1796: 4599: 2430: 5760: 1993: 2832: 2821: 5064: 4511: 5745: 5227: 2910: 3040: 5072: 2080: 6096: 427: 11156: 6110: 4793: 2578: 4756: 3055: 1020: 5989: 2139: 3175: 2624:, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called 5197: 5639: 2240: 4847:, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China's 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, 6058: 961: 5939: 2678: 5250: 5050: 3095: 4885: 466: 1845: 414: 3103: 453: 5012: 1336: 2353: 4856: 440: 597: 5726: 1892:, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries. 49: 2460: 5235: 5301:. A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted – although it is still limited. Monks returned to monasteries across Tibet and monastic education resumed even though the number of monks imposed is strictly limited. Before the 1950s, between 10 and 20% of males in Tibet were monks. 5820:, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a 2020: 129: 4914:. The deposit has an estimated value of $ 128 billion and may double Chinese reserves of zinc, copper, and lead. The Chinese government sees this as a way to alleviate the nation's dependence on foreign mineral imports for its growing economy. However, critics worry that mining these vast resources will harm Tibet's fragile ecosystem and undermine Tibetan culture. 3276:. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where the wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian 5808:

The most distinctive feature of Tibetan architecture is that many of the houses and monasteries are built on elevated, sunny sites facing the south, and are often made out of a mixture of rocks, wood, cement and earth. Little fuel is available for heat or lighting, so flat roofs are built to conserve

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to establish direct Manchu-Chinese rule and, in an imperial edict, deposed the Dalai Lama, who fled to British India. Zhao Erfeng defeated the Tibetan military conclusively and expelled the Dalai Lama's forces from the province. His actions were unpopular, and there was much animosity against him for

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often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling under Chinese rule; most of this area was eventually annexed into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of

5665:, then known as little Tibet. After 1959, a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include 2696:

As the Qing dynasty weakened, its authority over Tibet also gradually declined, and by the mid-19th century, its influence was minuscule. Qing authority over Tibet had become more symbolic than real by the late 19th century, although in the 1860s, the Tibetans still chose for reasons of their own to

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out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated

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still were infuriated by numerous arrests in the wake of the 2008 protests. But local Tibetans had not organized themselves. 'They are very angry at the Chinese government and the Chinese people,' Robin said. 'But they have no idea what to do. There is no leader. When a leader appears and somebody

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The Chinese government continued to pursue a strategy of forced assimilation and suppression of Tibetan Buddhism, as demonstrated by the laws designed to control the next reincarnation of the Dalai Lama and those of other Tibetan eminent lamas. Monks and nuns who refused to denounce the Dalai Lama

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lands, as well as in the highlands of Southeast Asia and the Sino-Tibetan frontier regions, linguists have generally concluded that there exists a Tibeto-Burman family of languages. More controversial is the theory that the Tibeto-Burman family is itself part of a larger language family, called

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Relação da Missão do Reino de Uçangue Cabeça dos do Potente, Escrita pello P. João Cabral da Comp. de Jesu. fol. 1, quoted from Wu, Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi, pp. 294–297; Wang Yonghong, "Luelun Tianzhujiao zai Xizang di Zaoqi Huodong", Xizang Yanjiu, 1989, No. 3, pp.

5968:, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order. 4851:

and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However, most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.

1795: 7299: 1256:, arbitrary arrests, and religious repression, with the Chinese government tightly controlling information and denying external scrutiny. While there are conflicting reports on the scale of human rights violations, including allegations of cultural genocide and the 5623:

has been illegal in China since 1949. But as of 2013, many Christian missionaries were reported to be active in Tibet with the tacit approval of Chinese authorities, who view the missionaries as a counterforce to Tibetan Buddhism or as a boon to the local economy.

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The zone has a planned area of 5.46 km (2.11 sq mi) and is divided into two zones. Zone A developed a land area of 2.51 km (0.97 sq mi) for construction purposes. It is a flat zone, and has the natural conditions for good drainage.

2944:'s government, affirming the People's Republic of China's sovereignty but granting the area autonomy. Subsequently, on his journey into exile, the 14th Dalai Lama completely repudiated the agreement, which he has repeated on many occasions. According to the 6370:. In one village, Tibetans burned their Chinese flags and hoisted the banned Tibetan Snow Lion flag instead. Authorities ... detained nine villagers ... One nomad ... said 'After I die ... my sons and grandsons will remember. They will hate the government.' 5445:

were astonished when fieldwork turned up several active Jonangpa monasteries, including the main monastery, Tsangwa, located in Zamtang County, Sichuan. Almost 40 monasteries, comprising about 5000 monks, have subsequently been found, including some in the

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From January 18–20, 2010, a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary

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At its height in the 780s to 790s, the Tibetan Empire reached its highest glory when it ruled and controlled a territory stretching from modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.

2061:, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to 4498:

live in the warmer forest zones. Tibetan antelopes, gazelles, and kiangs gaze on the grasslands of the Tibetan plateau. There are more than 500 bird species in Tibet. Because of the high altitude and harsh climate, there are few insects in Tibet.

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is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat

4973:. The plan called for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. 2794:. The British agreed not to annex or interfere in Tibet in return for an indemnity from the Chinese government, while China agreed not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. 6292:

Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognized by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943:

3021:. The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. It is governed by a People's Government, led by a chairman. In practice, however, the chairman is subordinate to the branch secretary of the 2651:

by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.

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chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular

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When in the 1930s and 1940s the regents displayed negligence in affairs, the Kuomintang Government of the Republic of China took advantage of this to expand its reach into the territory. On December 20, 1941, Kuomintang leader

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Lettera del P. Antonio de Andrade. Giovanni de Oliveira. Alano Dos Anjos al Provinciale di Goa, 29 Agosto, 1627, quoted from Wu, Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi, p. 196; Maclagan, The Jesuits and The Great Mogul, pp.

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Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal,

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in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to

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Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a

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with Britain, which recognized Chinese suzerainty over Tibet in return for a border settlement. China refused to sign the convention. Tibet continued to lack clear boundaries or international recognition of its status.

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temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the

1899:, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from 2382:

monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family

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to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time, the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.

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tradition. Tsongkhapa was renowned for both his scholasticism and his virtue. The Dalai Lama belongs to the Gelugpa school, and is regarded as the embodiment of the Bodhisattva of Compassion.

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Extensively using Italian and Portuguese archival materials, Wu's work gives a detailed account of Cacella's activities in Tsang. See Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi, esp. chapter 5.

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By refusing to sign it, however, the Chinese lost an opportunity to become the acknowledged suzerain of Tibet. The Tibetans were therefore free to make their own agreement with the British.

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Lettera del P. Alano Dos Anjos al Provinciale di Goa, 10 Novembre 1627, quoted from Wu Kunming, Zaoqi Chuanjiaoshi jin Zang Huodongshi (Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe, 1992), p. 163.

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The Dalai Lama had a strong following as many people from Tibet looked at him not just as their political leader, but as their spiritual leader. After the Dalai Lama's government fled to

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heat, and multiple windows are constructed to let in sunlight. Walls are usually sloped inwards at 10 degrees as a precaution against the frequent earthquakes in this mountainous area.

3025:(CCP). In 2010 it was reported that, as a matter of convention, the chairman had almost always been an ethnic Tibetan, while the party secretary had always been ethnically non-Tibetan. 7974: 6688:

Essay towards a Dictionary, Tibetan and English. Prepared, with assistance of Bandé Sangs-rgyas Phuntshogs ... by Alexander Csoma de Kőrös, etc., Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1834

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The proportion of the non-Tibetan population in Tibet is disputed. On the one hand, the Central Tibetan Administration of the Dalai Lama accuses China of actively swamping Tibet with

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and neighbouring regions) remained under Tibetan control from 750 to 794, when they turned on their Tibetan overlords and helped the Chinese inflict a serious defeat on the Tibetans.

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as a state-level development zone in 2001. It is located in the western suburbs of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It is 50 kilometres (31 miles) away from the

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Wang, Lixiong (2005). "Indirect Representation Versus a Democratic System Relative Advantages for Resolving the Tibet". In Sautman, Barry; Teufel Dryer, June (eds.).

5377:. This is an oral tradition which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most famous exponent was Milarepa, an 11th-century mystic. 4490:

adaptive alleles for the high-altitude environment. The forests of Tibet are home to black bears, red pandas, musk deer, barking deer, and squirrels. Monkeys such as

2551:. With Güshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the 5719:. Thangkas are Tibet's traditional cloth paintings. Rendered on cotton cloth with a thin rod at the top, they portray Buddhist deities or themes in color and detail. 4598: 6749:

Zhao, M; Kong, QP; Wang, HW; Peng, MS; Xie, XD; Wang, WZ; Jiayang, Duan JG; Cai, MC; Zhao, SN; Cidanpingcuo, Tu YQ; Wu, SF; Yao, YG; Bandelt, HJ; Zhang, YP (2009).

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to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father

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apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an

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Graham Sanderg, The Exploration of Tibet: History and Particulars (Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1973), pp. 23–26; Thomas Holdich, Tibet, The Mysterious (London:

6965: 8350: 2790:, publicly repudiated the treaty, while the British government, eager for friendly relations with China, negotiated a new treaty two years later known as the 11658: 11467: 7434: 7402: 2202:

CE, Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a

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Amante, C. and B.W. Eakins, 2009. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24.

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Wylie. p.104: 'To counterbalance the political power of the lama, Khubilai appointed civil administrators at the Sa-skya to supervise the mongol regency.'

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Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the

2131:) in late 763. However, the Tibetan occupation of Chang'an only lasted for fifteen days, after which they were defeated by Tang and its ally, the Turkic 1327:. With the growth of tourism in recent years, the service sector has become the largest sector in Tibet, accounting for 50.1% of the local GDP in 2020. 8848: 5273:, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in 2895:

noted in his diary that Tibet would be among the territories which he would demand as restitution for China following the conclusion of World War II.

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The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages'

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Frantz, Laurent; Meijaard, Erik; Gongora, Jaime; Haile, James; Groenen, Martien A.M.; Larson, Greger (February 15, 2016). "The Evolution of Suidae".

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immigrants from northern China, but there is a partial genetic continuity between the Paleolithic inhabitants and contemporary Tibetan populations.

11562: 10558: 8480: 8407: 8878: 6390: 6190: 11706: 8173: 2670:. A Qing-Tibetan army repelled the invaders but was in turn defeated when it chased the Sikhs into Ladakh. The war ended with the signing of the 2115:

Under the next few Tibetan kings, Buddhism became established as the state religion and Tibetan power increased even further over large areas of

5657:(Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. A Muslim Sufi 11597: 9582: 2347: 5083:

and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the

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The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Jan. 1960), pp. 96–125.

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The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and

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held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed

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had been forming a new unit for Tibetans who would be taken to Buddhist monks for religious blessings after completing their training.

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Kychanov, E.I. and Melnichenko, B.I. Istoriya Tibeta s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei . Moscow: Russian Acad. Sci. Publ., p.89-92

5333:. Successive Dalai Lamas ruled Tibet from the mid-17th to mid-20th centuries. This order was founded in the 14th to 15th centuries by 2866:. The ROC continued to view the former Qing territory as its own, including Tibet. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the 10533: 10117: 7371: 7019: 3280:

exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

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emerged in the 7th century. At its height in the 9th century, the Tibetan Empire extended far beyond the Tibetan Plateau, from the

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The music of Tibet reflects the cultural heritage of the trans-Himalayan region, centered in Tibet but also known wherever ethnic

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in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include

1229:, Tibet was occupied and annexed by the People's Republic of China. The Tibetan government was abolished after the failure of the 8543: 8291: 7642: 2762:, was launched. Although the expedition initially set out with the stated purpose of resolving border disputes between Tibet and 2259:, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a 1487: 2606:

was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called

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Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of

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Daniel Winkler (November 2008). "Yartsa Gunbu (Cordyceps sinensis) and the Fungal Commodification of Tibet's Rural Economy".

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since 1912. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,380 m (14,000 ft). Located in the

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National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1. Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar.

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The climate is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 46 cm (18 inches), due to the

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is Tibet's traditional capital and the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region. It contains two world heritage sites – the

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This article is about the historical ethno-cultural region of Tibet. For the current Chinese administrative division, see

11307: 10107: 8383: 7888: 7748: 6708: 6344: 5744: 5002: 4625:, which were the residences of the Dalai Lama. Lhasa contains a number of significant temples and monasteries, including 3200:. The Tibetan name for Mount Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as 2904: 1218: 11602: 11741: 10212: 10167: 9417: 8373: 7350: 2798: 2591: 2568: 1233:. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly 8428: 1992: 11620: 11512: 10239: 9742: 9728: 9720: 9705: 9555: 9540: 9486: 9471: 9449: 9403: 9389: 9381: 9366: 9358: 9336: 9310: 9294: 9277: 9260: 9229: 9212: 9181: 9161: 9145: 9130: 9087: 8795:

Sir Edward Maclagan, The Jesuits and The Great Mogul (London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd., 1932), pp. 344–345.

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In January 2007, the Chinese government issued a report outlining the discovery of a large mineral deposit under the

2987: 2971:, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans may have died and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the 2831: 2203: 1831:

among the major languages of Asia. Grouping these two together with other apparently related languages spoken in the

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The 14th Dalai Lama affirmed that Tibetans within the TAR have never paid taxes to the Central People's Government,

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Change, Conflict and Continuity among a Community of Nomadic Pastoralist: A Case Study from Western Tibet, 1950–1990

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when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the

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Forty percent of the rural cash income in the Tibet Autonomous Region is derived from the harvesting of the fungus

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Snow leopards are hunted for their fur and the eggs of black-necked cranes have been collected as a delicacy food.

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in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the

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Humans inhabited the Tibetan Plateau at least 21,000 years ago. This population was largely replaced around 3,000

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school. The Jonang school was widely thought to have become extinct in the late 17th century at the hands of the

5430: 5397: 4467: 2851: 2662:, a culturally Tibetan region that was an independent kingdom at the time. Seven years later, a Sikh army led by 2065:, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence. 80: 7576: 5681:. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the 11751: 11688: 11663: 11549: 11302: 10587: 10553: 10362: 9965: 8454: 7471: 6035:, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. 5528: 5463: 5038: 4487: 2964: 2960: 2870:

governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in

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Tibetanness under Threat? Neo-Integrationism, Minority Education and Career Strategies in Qinghai, P.R. China

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is the indigenous religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of

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China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet.

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Cornelius Wessels, Early Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia, 1603–1721 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1924), pp. 80–85.

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Brunnert, H. S. and Hagelstrom, V. V. _Present Day Political Organization of China_, Shanghai, 1912. p. 467.

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are a type of songs that feature glottal vibrations and high pitches. There are also epic bards who sing of

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Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives.

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Tibet has been called the "Water Tower" of Asia, and China is investing heavily in water projects in Tibet.

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China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet

6143: 5171: 4510: 3161: 2952: 2265:("great administrator"), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The 1837: 4808:. Due to limited arable land, the primary occupation of the Tibetan Plateau is raising livestock, such as 4529:) in the northeast, which is administratively part of the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan. Kham ( 3002:

campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to

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sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.

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of Mongolia (who is considered to be an incarnation of Taranatha) as the leader of the Jonang tradition.

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in the southeast. It then divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (

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Journey Across Tibet: A Young Woman's 1,900-mile (3,060 km) Trek Across the Rooftop of the World.

8165: 5601:, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people." Beginning in the 20th century, in 11884: 11874: 11592: 11477: 11367: 10695: 10629: 10482: 10473: 10357: 10347: 10147: 9970: 9923: 9795: 7221: 6751:"Mitochondrial genome evidence reveals successful Late Paleolithic settlement on the Tibetan Plateau" 4922: 4607: 3121: 736: 9594: 8458: 2399:

which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the

11497: 11332: 10819: 10332: 10038: 10008: 9980: 8114: 7328: 5949:

Tibet has various festivals, many for worshipping the Buddha, that take place throughout the year.

5499: 4918: 2998:

monasteries started protesting for independence. The government halted reforms and started an anti-

2914: 2909: 2230: 11442: 2850:(1911–1912) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new 2293:

structure" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince

11530: 10986: 10545: 10398: 10393: 9913: 9817:

released by the Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China June 22

9075: 8849:"When Christianity and Lamaism Met: The Changing Fortunes of Early Western Missionaries in Tibet" 8823:

Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet, and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa

7541: 7372:"The 17-Point Agreement" The full story as revealed by the Tibetans and Chinese who were involved 6621: 5426: 5179: 4900: 4873: 4805: 4518: 3086:), a term usually translated by Chinese media as "the Western section", meaning "Western China". 3022: 3018: 2983: 2839: 2708: 2109: 2104:, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640, he married 1711: 1119: 262: 31: 11417: 9663: 9513: 9302:

The High Road to China: George Bogle, the Panchen Lama and the First British Expedition to Tibet

8138: 7263: 3039: 2842:, early 20th century. Their hereditary occupation included disposal of corpses and leather work. 2782:

with the Tibetans, which guaranteed the British great economic influence but ensured the region

11879: 11789: 11683: 11535: 11432: 11377: 10317: 10276: 9324: 9248: 8559: 7992: 5983: 5961: 5943: 5610: 5458:, Sichuan and Tibet. One of the primary supporters of the Jonang lineage in exile has been the 5413:

1182–1251 CE was the great-grandson of Khon Konchog Gyalpo. This school emphasizes scholarship.

5226: 5071: 3112:

Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list.

2956: 2859: 2736: 2719:. His efforts, while largely unsuccessful, established permanent contact between Tibet and the 2681: 2320:'s revolt against the Mongols. Following the uprising, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen founded the 2269:

lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the

1726: 1680:

has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term

17: 9814: 8755: 6366:

helps out they will all join.' We ... heard tale after tale of civil disobedience in outlying

5776: 5725: 2079: 11859: 11630: 11492: 11437: 11182: 10980: 10836: 10831: 10808: 10575: 10254: 10227: 10187: 10142: 10095: 10075: 10018: 9858: 6835: 6687: 6630:

Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa

6413: 6138: 5471: 5034: 3955: 3165: 3153: 3071: 3003: 2815: 2783: 2766:, it quickly turned into a military invasion. The British expeditionary force, consisting of 2663: 2572: 2274: 2234: 1939: 1812: 1308: 1284: 1257: 1249: 1234: 1230: 920: 35: 6068: 5532: 4881:); contributing at least 1.8 billion yuan, (US$ 225 million) to the region's GDP. 11726: 11612: 11582: 11545: 11462: 10580: 10312: 10217: 9990: 8261: 8223: 8000: 7572: 6762: 5586: 5505: 5286: 5075:

Tibetan Women Help Line supported initiative 'October is Domestic Violence Awareness Month'

4418: 2775: 2213: 1304: 1300: 9058: 5531:

arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father

2948:, the Chinese used the Dalai Lama to gain control of the military's training and actions. 2539:

prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from

1743: 1737: 1078:

and spanning about 2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi). It is the homeland of the

8: 11869: 11372: 10791: 10624: 10322: 10264: 10033: 8567: 8034: 7945: 7905: 7838: 6507: 5821: 5653:, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: 5462:

of the Gelugpa lineage. The Jonang tradition has recently officially registered with the

5290: 3007: 2972: 2855: 2767: 2723:. However, in the 19th century, tensions between foreign powers and Tibet increased. The 2704: 2391:(West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the 2333: 2321: 2188: 2042: 1876:

and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly

1517: 1276: 9045:

Chiley Chudza (2007). "A Brief Introduction of Tibet Seasonal Festival Folklore - CNKI"

8825:, pp. 295–302. Clements R. Markham. (1876). Reprint Cosmo Publications, New Delhi. 1989. 8227: 7716: 6766: 5520:

order. Desideri, who reached Lhasa in 1716, encountered Armenian and Russian merchants.

4769:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1482: 1470: 11864: 11731: 11525: 11457: 11422: 11387: 10967: 10932: 10749: 10719: 10565: 10434: 10377: 10177: 10172: 10157: 9171: 8484: 8239: 6793: 6750: 6564: 6313: 5643: 5298: 4917:

On January 15, 2009, China announced the construction of Tibet's first expressway, the

4792: 4549:) in the far west) covered the central and western portion of Tibet Autonomous Region. 3034: 2968: 2716: 2621: 2577: 2306: 2239: 2149: 1987: 1935: 1928: 1895:

Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on

1881: 1348: 793: 785: 535: 8540: 8283: 6922:

Marks, Thomas A. (1978). "Nanchao and Tibet in South-western China and Central Asia."

5873:, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of 5812:

Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the

5373:, traces its history back to the Indian master Niguma, sister of Kagyu lineage holder 4675: 1339:

Map of the approximate extent of the three provinces, Ü-Tsang, Amdo, and Kham, of the

812: 11587: 11382: 11164: 10942: 10729: 10724: 10307: 10197: 10182: 9836: 9774: 9738: 9724: 9716: 9701: 9655: 9645: 9618: 9567: 9551: 9536: 9503: 9482: 9467: 9445: 9431: 9423: 9399: 9385: 9377: 9362: 9354: 9332: 9306: 9290: 9273: 9256: 9239: 9225: 9208: 9194: 9177: 9157: 9141: 9126: 9102: 9097: 9083: 8767: 8716: 8582: 8518: 8122: 8095: 7949: 7917: 7909: 7546: 7516: 7342: 7332: 7289: 7233: 7165: 6939: 6841: 6798: 6780: 6714: 6421: 5933: 5816:

is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the

5564: 5409:, founded by Khon Konchog Gyalpo, a disciple of the great translator Drokmi Lotsawa. 5239: 5210: 4687: 4412: 3903: 3856: 3808: 3264:. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China. 3157: 2991: 2926: 2867: 2847: 2671: 2643: 2375: 2172: 2167:. By 750, the Tibetans had lost almost all of their central Asian possessions to the 2105: 1924: 1896: 1734: 1525: 1296: 1264: 1202: 1154:, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft) above sea level. 853: 720: 712: 519: 61: 9748: 8243: 6217: 2024: 1260:, widespread suppression of Tibetan culture and dissent continues to be documented. 11771: 11668: 11572: 11567: 11472: 11402: 11248: 11238: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11022: 10922: 10873: 10856: 10739: 10673: 10513: 10342: 10244: 10222: 9893: 9186: 9118: 9092: 9054: 8231: 7901: 7388: 7225: 6788: 6770: 6625: 6133: 6011:

of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called

5988: 5965: 5866: 5855: 5781:

Tibetan architecture contains Chinese and Indian influences, and reflects a deeply

5700: 5674: 5467: 5422: 5221: 5104: 4896: 4787: 3213: 2883: 2639: 2524: 2371: 2356: 2138: 2132: 1958: 1920: 1900: 1889: 1828: 1820: 1804: 1790: 1765: 1605: 1508: 1393: 1384: 1354: 1268: 1245: 1226: 1041: 1036: 992: 968: 897: 647: 612: 539: 9008: 7618: 5552:, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626. 5174:

in order to alter Tibet's demographic makeup. On the other hand, according to the

11267: 11253: 11194: 10937: 10927: 10824: 10463: 10458: 10444: 10207: 10070: 10058: 9952: 9939: 9755: 9632: 9217: 9150: 9015: 8762: 8699: 8547: 8411: 8201: 7978: 7969: 7625: 7605: 7598: 6969: 6694: 6657: 6545:Étienne de la Vaissière, "The Triple System of Orography in Ptolemy's Xinjiang", 6109: 5977: 5851: 5606: 5459: 5278: 5191: 5088: 4986: 4911: 4735: 4581: 3253: 3241: 3237: 3125: 3054: 3043: 2941: 2892: 2779: 2771: 2701: 2595: 2556: 2548: 2519:(1617–1682) is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the 2481: 2418: 2180: 2083:

Map of the Tibetan Empire at its greatest extent between the 780s and the 790s CE

1979: 1885: 1757: 1749: 1707: 1677: 1366: 1312: 1280: 1075: 826: 698: 527: 11765: 9125:(1989), first Indian edition (1993) Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, 8695:"China raises new militias of Tibetan youth, deploys 1st batch in Chumbi Valley" 4711: 1458: 1181:) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in 11849: 11782: 11502: 11407: 11277: 11123: 11111: 11038: 10993: 10973: 10899: 10841: 9957: 9809: 9265: 8844: 8641: 8378: 7694: 7485: 7435:"Notes for DCI briefing of Senate Foreign Relations Committee on 28 April 1959" 6367: 6362: 6191:"Altitude sickness may hinder ethnic integration in the world's highest places" 5843: 5837: 5708: 5650: 5638: 5633: 5556: 5434: 5196: 5132: 5080: 4864: 4809: 4671: 4630: 4491: 3066:. Historically, some European sources also considered parts of Tibet to lie in 2995: 2922: 2759: 2755: 2740: 2724: 2516: 2495: 2379: 2088: 2074: 2062: 2054: 2031: 1916: 1827:

From the perspective of historical linguistics, Tibetan most closely resembles

1521: 1513: 1418: 1340: 1292: 1158: 1079: 1028: 934: 874: 867: 850: 682: 8235: 7486:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – China : Tibetans" 7346: 5711:

in various forms from bronze Buddhist statues and shrines, to highly colorful

5509: 3956:

China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Center

11843: 11635: 11360: 11297: 11228: 11199: 10947: 10415: 9659: 9167: 8783: 7913: 7550: 7403:"1.Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet, 2. Chinese Communist Program for Tibet" 7383: 6891:, ed. Alex McKay, Vol. 1, London 2003, p. 159 (and list of kings p. 166-167). 6784: 6425: 5960:(barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The 5813: 5620: 5594: 5579: 5410: 5390: 5370: 5366: 5334: 5282: 5016: 4966: 4813: 4618: 3687: 3249: 3189: 3174: 3149: 3129: 3113: 2879: 2720: 2689: 2667: 2581: 2367: 2298: 2266: 2058: 2045:

as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of

2012: 1996: 1808: 1666: 1568: 1425:('Tibet') was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian-Greek works 1151: 1095: 1087: 729: 531: 6775: 6243:

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

5178:

ethnic Tibetans comprise 90% of a total population of 3 million in the

3949:

Source 1: China Meteorological Administration, all-time extreme temperature

2540: 1600: 1374: 11350: 11282: 11262: 10905: 10861: 10851: 10803: 10798: 10781: 10429: 10100: 9236:

History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China

8510: 7921: 7665:"Circle of Blue, 8 May 2008 China, Tibet, and the strategic power of water" 7322: 6900:

Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). 'The First Tibetan Empire' in:

6802: 6620:

was used in the context of the first British mission to this country under

6101: 6031:

is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak

6028: 5878: 5670: 5658: 5513: 5451: 5447: 5406: 5326: 5160: 5148: 5136: 5096: 5084: 4950: 4926: 4486:

expanded from its origin in southeast Asia into the Plateau, acquiring and

3233: 3225: 3209: 3178: 3133: 3067: 2744: 2587: 2466: 2316:

Yuan control over the region ended with the Ming overthrow of the Yuan and

2252: 2244: 2168: 2120: 2116: 2049:

in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the

1912: 1206: 1099: 1091: 1083: 802: 654: 7229: 6174:

Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development and Society in a Disputed Region

2324:, and sought to reduce Yuan influences over Tibetan culture and politics. 2191:(755), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence resumed. 2163:, who tried to re-open the direct communications between Central Asia and 2119:, while major inroads were made into Chinese territory, even reaching the 1840:, and that through it Tibetan and Burmese are distant cousins of Chinese. 11345: 11233: 11177: 11172: 11140: 11135: 10886: 10881: 9691:

The Status of Tibet: History, Rights, and Prospects in International Law.

6115: 6020: 6012: 6008: 5938: 5913: 5874: 5825: 5786: 5694: 5614: 5536: 5517: 5358: 5249: 5156: 5124: 5120: 5108: 4962: 4946: 4888: 4848: 4699: 4679: 4655: 4622: 4537:, southern Qinghai, and the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. 3273: 3221: 3185: 3137: 2802: 2728: 2677: 2655: 2613: 2400: 2310: 2160: 2124: 2000: 1288: 1162: 1103: 843: 509: 501: 352: 69: 9548:

Virtual Tibet: Searching for Shangri-La from the Himalayas to Hollywood.

8629:

A History of Modern Tibet: Volume 2 The Calm before the Storm, 1951–1955

6057: 5617:

of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.

5365:, the Tsalpa Kagyu, the Barom Kagyu, and Pagtru Kagyu. The once-obscure 5049: 3094: 2697:

emphasize the empire's symbolic authority and make it seem substantial.

1082:. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as the 11795: 11392: 11355: 11189: 10998: 10786: 10592: 10083: 9947: 9329:

Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa.

9282: 6872: 6294: 6148: 6036: 5917: 5817: 5751: 5682: 5666: 5442: 5330: 5112: 5092: 4958: 4954: 4942: 4938: 4663: 4482: 3245: 3197: 3184:

The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from the vicinities of Lake

3047: 2999: 2979: 2688:, Hebei, built between 1767 and 1771. The temple was modeled after the 2500: 2487: 2142: 1983: 1674: 1433: 1324: 1248:. Human rights groups have accused the Chinese government of abuses of 1107: 65: 10508: 9761:

Wylie, Turrell V. "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted",

6452:"China: Tibetan Detainees at Serious Risk of Torture and Mistreatment" 5794: 5549: 4884: 4538: 2774:

fleeing to the countryside. Afterwards, the leader of the expedition,

2388: 1630: 1178: 630: 11711: 11292: 11155: 11101: 11080: 10754: 10468: 10303:

29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)

10298:

13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)

10048: 9173:

Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Secret Exploration of Tibet

9123:

A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State

9098:

A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State

8645: 7568: 7324:

China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

6245:"What is the highest point on Earth as measured from Earth's center?" 5887: 5662: 5590: 5479:

have been expelled from their monasteries, imprisoned, and tortured.

5270: 5164: 5152: 5020: 4934: 4840: 4651: 4573: 4514: 4495: 3229: 3063: 2732: 2384: 2337: 2261: 2184: 2053:

religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the

2035: 1945:

The first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book was written by

1147: 1114:

in 1951, the entire plateau has been under the administration of the

1071: 750: 9049:[A Brief Introduction of Tibet Seasonal Festival Folklore]. 8536: 8534: 7252:

Wang Jiawei, "The Historical Status of China's Tibet", 2000, p. 150.

5466:

in exile to be recognized as the fifth living Buddhist tradition of

5079:

Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic

2475: 1844: 1815:

family, although the boundaries between 'Tibetan' and certain other

1225:. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the 11130: 10424: 10003: 9374:

Demystifying Tibet: unlocking the secrets of the land of the snows.

8405:"China to achieve leapfrog development, lasting stability in Tibet" 8260:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. July 1, 2005. Archived from 7774: 6485: 6298: 5870: 5862: 5782: 5274: 5266: 5029: 4707: 4703: 4667: 4636: 3257: 2835: 2712: 2638:

For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792, the Qing

2396: 2128: 2101: 1877: 1832: 1816: 1730: 1442: 1186: 978: 771: 668: 567: 562: 523: 489: 471: 10328:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)

7106:"What was Tibet's status during China's Qing dynasty (1644–1912)?" 6547:

Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrif in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams

4533:) in the southeast encompasses parts of western Sichuan, northern 3196:

and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of

3102: 2491: 2411: 2159:

In 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened by the campaign of general

1335: 11776: 11287: 11243: 11206: 10892: 10846: 10761: 10053: 9850: 9758:

by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, February 22, 2007

9496:

Sino-Tibetan Dialogue in the Post-Mao Era: Lessons and Prospectsv

8531: 7466:

Rossabi, Morris (2005). "An Overview of Sino-Tibetan Relations".

7262:

Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963),

6883:, ed. Alex McKay, Vol. 1, London 2003, p. 147; Richardson, Hugh: 6649:

34, edited by R. Sellheim. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Archived from the

6414:"China Adds to Security Forces in Tibet Amid Calls for a Boycott" 5905: 5895: 5883: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5654: 5572: 5568: 5524: 5455: 5381: 5362: 5357:. In turn, the Dagpo Kagyu consists of four major sub-sects: the 5354: 5338: 5254: 5243: 5128: 4904: 4727: 4640: 4626: 4603: 3277: 3261: 2875: 2685: 2617: 2536: 2444: 2392: 2352: 2341: 2290: 2207: 2176: 2164: 2008: 2004: 1908: 1438: 1253: 1135: 1123: 879: 809: 572: 394: Other areas historically within the Tibetan cultural sphere 8756:

Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas

5850:, Nepal and further abroad. First and foremost Tibetan music is 5421:

Its origins in Tibet can be traced to early 12th century master

5011: 4855: 4552:

Tibetan cultural influences extend to the neighboring states of

4525:

Cultural Tibet consists of several regions. These include Amdo (

2982:

visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and

2975:—destroying the vast majority of historic Tibetan architecture. 2019: 11145: 10771: 10420: 10063: 9825:

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries Digital Collections

8658:"USCIRF 2020 Annual Report on International Religious Freedoms" 8374:"China Says 'Sabotage' by Dalai Lama Supporters Set Back Tibet" 7539:

Bank, David; Leyden, Peter (January 1990). "As Tibet Goes...".

6643:

Stephan V. Beyer 'The Classical Tibetan Language' (book review)

6032: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5956: 5901: 5847: 5802: 5736: 5678: 5560: 5545: 5504:

The first Christians documented to have reached Tibet were the

5417: 5374: 5100: 4925:

in southwestern Lhasa. The project will cost 1.55 billion

4836: 4739: 4731: 4719: 4715: 4695: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4534: 3287:

Climate data for Lhasa (1986−2015 normals, extremes 1951−2022)

3217: 3145: 3141: 2871: 2806:

his mistreatment of civilians and disregard for local culture.

2763: 2659: 2626: 2555:. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the 2544: 2532: 2327: 2294: 2153: 1904: 1868:. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), 1865: 1857: 1497: 1316: 1222: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1139: 1131: 1057: 557: 505: 419: 309: 128: 119: 9410:

China, Minority Exclusion, Marginalization and Rising Tensions

9138:

The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama

9031:

Crossley-Holland, Peter. (1976). "The Ritual Music of Tibet."

8060: 6938:. H. E. Richardson. Royal Asiatic Society (1985), pp. 106–43. 5262: 5234: 3062:

All of modern China, including Tibet, is considered a part of

2050: 939: 925: 858: 596: 11118: 11106: 11096: 10957: 10776: 10766: 8597:"Tibet's Buddhist Monks Endure to Rebuild a Part of the Past" 7103: 6129:

List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet

5950: 5921: 5790: 5541: 5438: 5369:, which was famously represented by the 20th-century teacher 5345: 5313: 5144: 5140: 5116: 4860: 4829: 4817: 4683: 4659: 4644: 4614: 4569: 3193: 3117: 2787: 2647: 2608: 2528: 2520: 2459: 2363: 1861: 1729:

generally agree that "Tibet" names in European languages are

1209:

in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of the

1127: 834: 817: 552: 497: 493: 458: 445: 432: 305: 219: 11049: 9835: 9133:

Pagination is identical to University of California edition.

8343:"Valuable mineral deposits found along Tibet railroad route" 5699:

Tibetan representations of art are intrinsically bound with

3128:(mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the 1217:

in 1913, although this was not recognised by the subsequent

10503: 10498: 9998: 9222:

The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnations

8665:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

8562:

Pictures from a Tibetan People's Liberation Army's officer

7691:"The Water Tower Function of the Tibetan Autonomous Region" 6956: 6954: 6952: 6024: 5798: 4971:

Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

4639:

is the second largest city in the Tibet AR, west of Lhasa.

2792:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

2603: 2599: 2046: 1873: 1869: 1849: 1237:

within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces.

1194: 1190: 1007: 7885: 2297:

gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored

2285:

had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

1369:', although it originally meant the central region around 1138:

provinces. Tibet is also constitutionally claimed by the

10734: 8979:"Going undercover, the evangelists taking Jesus to Tibet" 6561:"An Etymological Dictionary of Common Chinese Characters" 6016: 4844: 4825: 4821: 4797: 4723: 4545:) (Ü in the center, Tsang in the center-west, and Ngari ( 3168:, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world. 1592: 1320: 1272: 998: 790: 776: 762: 601:"Tibet" in the Tibetan (top) and Chinese (bottom) scripts 9829: 9442:

Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre 1904–1947.

8918:

Maclagan, The Jesuits and The Great Mogul, pp. 349–352;

8316:. Deutsche Presse Agentur. June 30, 2006. Archived from 7717:"China to spend record amount on Tibetan water projects" 6949: 5535:

and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of

3124:

on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the

2878:(parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the 1776: 1769: 1524:

language spoken during that period, as reconstructed by

9846:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 916–928. 9351:

The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide.

4594:

List of populated places in the Tibet Autonomous Region

2366:

school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of

2087:

The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of

1421:. Some scholars believe the first written reference to 10353:

Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)

10338:

Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)

9464:

Sorrow Mountain: The Journey of a Tibetan Warrior Nun.

9255:

Second Edition, Revised and Updated (1984) Shambhala.

8753:

Françoise Pommaret, Françoise Pommaret-Imaeda (2003).

6837:

The Treasury of Good Sayings: A Tibetan History of Bon

6361:

Robin described the region as a cauldron of tension.

6178:...the whole of Tibet, sometimes called Greater Tibet. 5789:, along with two dragons, can be seen on nearly every 5304:

Tibetan Buddhism has five main traditions (the suffix

2913:

A poster saying "Thank you India. 50 years in Exile."

2612:

to Lhasa. In 1750, the Ambans and the majority of the

1198:

Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.

34:. For the country that existed from 1912 to 1951, see 9205:

The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama

8837: 8481:"Tibet's population tops 3 million; 90% are Tibetans" 7265:

Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh

6242: 5916:

style, which is performed at rituals and ceremonies.

5437:, who forcibly annexed the Jonang monasteries to his 5037:

as the national flag. It continues to be used by the

3081: 3058:

Himalayas, on the southern rim of the Tibetan plateau

2277:. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the 1915:

south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its

1112:

annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

1102:

and, since the 20th century, considerable numbers of

717: 703: 687: 673: 659: 9564:

History of Tibet: Nationalism and Self-determination

9481:

T'oung Pao Monographies, Brill Academic Publishers,

7261: 6277:, 1994: "What is Tibet? – Fact and Fancy", pp. 76–87 6091: 5389:. This is the oldest, the original order founded by 2508:

being the Mongolian translation of the Tibetan name

1010: 1004: 995: 9412:, London, Minority Rights Group International, 2007 7565:"Leadership shake-up in China's Tibet: state media" 7268:, Praeger, pp. 77–78 – via archive.org, 2041:The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the 1221:. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of 1001: 741: 351: Indian-controlled, parts claimed by China as 8828: 8425:"Lhasa Economic & Technology Development Zone" 8314:"Dalai Lama Urges 'Wait And See' On Tibet Railway" 7488:. Minority Rights Group International. July 2008. 5571:sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the 3192:. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both 1574:Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include: 1512:, describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King 1452:The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is 9533:Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies. 9035:. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4, Autumn 1976, pp. 47–53. 7879: 7863:. India Meteorological Department. Archived from 7327:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of 6904:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2 6301:and the right to enter into diplomatic relations. 5912:. Another form of popular music is the classical 5828:, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama. 4983:Lhasa Economic and Technological Development Zone 4650:Other cities and towns in cultural Tibet include 2476:Rise of Ganden Phodrang and Buddhist Gelug school 1343:(8th century) overlaid on a map of modern borders 1287:. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the 11841: 11563:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 9493:Rabgey, Tashi; Sharlho, Tseten Wangchuk (2004). 8976: 8721:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7130:The Cambridge History of China, vol. 10, p. 407. 6840:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. pp. 66ff. 6748: 3050:. Tibet is often called the "roof of the world". 2986:. At the end of the decade, however, before the 2666:invaded western Tibet from Ladakh, starting the 11707:Association of East Asian Research Universities 8692: 8631:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 7667:. Circleofblue.org. May 8, 2008. Archived from 5548:and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the 5512:at Shira Ordo, where they debated in 1256 with 5425:, but became much wider known with the help of 3120:, is, at 8,848.86 metres (29,032 ft), the 2770:, quickly invaded and captured Lhasa, with the 1927:, and which is derived from the ancient Indian 9749:Tibet wasn't always ours, says Chinese scholar 9638:The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics 9593:. Washington: East-West Center. Archived from 9455:Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin (1968). 8213: 7513:Freedom of religion and belief: a world report 6824:Helmut Hoffman in McKay 2003 vol. 1, pp. 45–68 5289:and some other parts of China. During China's 4907:was opened in 2006, but it was controversial. 2758:was extending its power into Tibet as part of 2498:, a high lama of the Gelugpa school, the name 2348:Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty 1189:, or nearby locations. The eastern regions of 11659:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting 11065: 10270:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China 9866: 9492: 9051:Journal of Tibet University (Chinese Version) 9044: 8703:. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022 8337: 8335: 7281: 7218:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 7147: 7145: 5482:It was reported in June 2021 that amidst the 4587: 3075: 2882:. In 1914, the Tibetan government signed the 2602:came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern 2171:. However, after Gao Xianzhi's defeat by the 1543: 1529: 1501: 1491: 1475: 1118:. Tibet is divided administratively into the 617: 7861:"Leh Climatological Table Period: 1951–1980" 7831:"Leh Climatological Table Period: 1951–1980" 7211: 7209: 5230:Monkhood in Tibet, Xigatse area, August 2005 2441:la Chine, la Tartarie Chinoise, et le Thibet 2328:Phagmodrupa, Rinpungpa and Tsangpa dynasties 2275:under the administration of the Yuan dynasty 8875:"BBC News Country Profiles Timeline: Tibet" 7288:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 112. 6585: 4921:, a 37.9 km (23.5 mi) stretch of 2786:. The Qing imperial resident, known as the 11072: 11058: 9873: 9859: 9713:Yak Butter Blues: A Tibetan Trek of Faith. 8843: 8332: 7719:. English.people.com.cn. August 16, 2011. 7538: 7510: 7160:Mayhew, Bradley and Michael Kohn. (2005). 7142: 7012: 6985: 6003:, and dough made from barley flour—called 2780:Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet 2715:to investigate prospects of trade for the 2301:, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. 1942:is now being promoted across the country. 595: 11558:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 9830:The Tibetan & Himalayan Library (THL) 9615:bChina's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation 8943:"Yunnan Province of China Government Web" 8626: 8031:"Tibet Environmental Watch – Development" 7939: 7206: 6792: 6774: 5904:dance music is especially popular in the 4613:There are over 800 settlements in Tibet. 3074:. In China, Tibet is regarded as part of 2978:In 1980, General Secretary and reformist 9631: 9457:Tibet: Its History, Religion and People. 7767: 7246: 6926:. Vol. 3, No. 4. Winter 1978, pp. 13–16. 6632:. New Delhi: Manjushri Publishing House. 6588:"Tubote, Tibet, and the Power of Naming" 5987: 5937: 5877:or in celebration of various festivals. 5637: 5441:school, declaring them heretical. Thus, 5248: 5233: 5225: 5195: 5070: 5062: 5048: 5010: 4883: 4854: 4791: 4597: 4509: 3173: 3101: 3093: 3053: 3038: 2908: 2830: 2819: 2676: 2576: 2351: 2238: 2137: 2078: 2018: 1991: 1965:History of European exploration in Tibet 1843: 1794: 1334: 1330: 9736:The Historical Status of China's Tibet. 9689:Van Walt van Praag, Michael C. (1987). 9617:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9462:Pachen, Ani; Donnely, Adelaide (2000). 9140:(1997) University of California Press. 9101:(1989) University of California Press. 7775:"Extreme Temperatures Around the World" 7534: 7532: 7468:Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers 7465: 7215: 7175: 6818: 6744: 6742: 5854:, reflecting the profound influence of 5007:Demographics of Tibet Autonomous Region 3089: 2898: 1819:languages can be unclear. According to 979:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 11842: 11578:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research 10027:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 9805:British photographs of Tibet 1920–1950 8977:Kaiman, Jonathan (February 21, 2013). 8851:. Pacificrim.usfca.edu. Archived from 8594: 8145:from the original on December 26, 2017 7723:from the original on December 27, 2011 7619:National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA 7611: 7599:National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA 7320: 7020:The Historical Status of China's Tibet 6936:A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions 6833: 6827: 6558: 6552: 6351:from the original on December 28, 2011 6215: 6193:. Princeton University. July 1, 2013. 6023:, often dried, or cooked into a spicy 5886:school, and the romantic music of the 3013:The central region of Tibet is now an 2674:between the Chinese and Sikh empires. 2257:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 1449:of the Indian geographical tradition. 792: 719: 171: Greater Tibet as claimed by the 11053: 10108:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule 9854: 9612: 9580: 9561: 9059:10.16249/j.cnki.1005-5738.2007.02.006 8509: 8443: 8386:from the original on October 14, 2007 8258:"China opens world's highest railway" 8176:from the original on January 11, 2014 8163: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7591: 7504: 7492:from the original on November 1, 2014 7164:, p. 32. Lonely Planet Publications. 6854:from the original on December 3, 2022 6809: 6559:Baxter, William H. (March 30, 2001). 5964:follows it in the first month of the 3046:and surrounding areas above 1600 m – 1604: 1411:THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription 1392: 1070:, is a region in the western part of 1040: 304: Chinese-controlled, claimed by 10235:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 9768: 9396:The Autobiography of a Tibetan Monk. 9353:Routledge & Kegan Paul. London, 8989:from the original on August 26, 2013 8922:ed., An Account of Tibet, pp. 13–17. 8607:from the original on April 14, 2023. 8560:Tibet During the Cultural Revolution 8371: 8294:from the original on August 23, 2006 8166:"How Xi Can Solve The Tibet Problem" 8139:"Tibet's economy depends on Beijing" 7906:10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111155 7853: 7529: 7511:Boyle, Kevin; Sheen, Juliet (2003). 6739: 6706: 6411: 6171: 6052: 5999:The most important crop in Tibet is 5924:, who is a hero to ethnic Tibetans. 5793:in Tibet. The design of the Tibetan 5765:A ceremonial priest's yak bone apron 5297:were ransacked and destroyed by the 5253:Buddhist monks practicing debate in 4804:The Tibetan economy is dominated by 4800:is an integral part of Tibetan life. 4749: 2826:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 2370:, and the founding of the important 1150:, the highest elevation in Tibet is 42: 9821:Historical maps and images of Tibet 9082:(1987) Princeton University Press. 8881:from the original on March 11, 2009 8674:from the original on August 3, 2020 8595:Gargan, Edward A. (June 14, 1987). 8011:from the original on March 20, 2012 7990: 7889:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7823: 7811:from the original on March 29, 2022 7749:China Meteorological Administration 7735: 7104:Stas Bekman: stas (at) stason.org. 6727:from the original on April 14, 2023 6598:from the original on March 28, 2016 6518:from the original on March 20, 2022 6393:from the original on April 22, 2011 6342: 6197:from the original on March 18, 2021 5908:bars of the urban center of Tibet, 5777:Tibetan culture § Architecture 5603:Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 5599:Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 5429:, a monk originally trained in the 5308:is comparable to "er" in English): 4976: 4863:constitute about 40% of the ethnic 2921:Emerging with control over most of 2809: 2449:Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville 2108:, the niece of the Chinese emperor 1799:Ethnolinguistic map of Tibet (1967) 1761: 1753: 1441:, 2nd century CE), itself from the 1213:(Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently 981: instead of Tibetan characters. 24: 10213:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 10168:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 9880: 9763:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9693:Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 9585:China's Policy on Tibetan Autonomy 9418:The Hotel on the Roof of the World 9317: 9289:(1972) Stanford University Press. 9272:(1999) Columbia University Press. 8353:from the original on July 24, 2016 8284:"China completes railway to Tibet" 7928: 7781:from the original on June 22, 2013 7575:. January 15, 2010. Archived from 7353:from the original on April 2, 2023 7302:from the original on June 10, 2016 7112:from the original on April 7, 2008 6877:Extract from "The Yar Lun Dynasty" 6458:from the original on March 7, 2023 6432:from the original on June 16, 2017 6412:Wong, Edward (February 18, 2009). 6336: 6324:from the original on July 16, 2018 6216:Wittke, J.H. (February 24, 2010). 5337:, based on the foundations of the 4580:in addition to designated Tibetan 4556:, Nepal, regions of India such as 2797:In 1910, the Qing government sent 2569:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 47: 25: 11906: 10250:Protests and uprisings since 1950 10240:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 9789: 8693:Rezaul H Laskar (June 22, 2021). 8164:Brown, Kerry (January 11, 2014). 6885:The Origin of the Tibetan Kingdom 6710:Faith & Philosophy of Jainism 6314:"Q&A: China and the Tibetans" 6255:from the original on May 28, 2016 6224:from the original on May 23, 2019 5801:to squarish, four-sided walls in 5797:can vary, from roundish walls in 5067:An elderly Tibetan woman in Lhasa 4981:The State Council approved Tibet 3968:Climate data for Leh (1951–1980) 2988:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 2754:, spurred in part by a fear that 2535:sects and the secular ruler, the 2068: 2007:, is considered to have attained 1803:Linguists generally classify the 1706:more clearly includes the entire 1544: 1530: 1502: 1492: 11742:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute 11154: 10358:70,000 Character Petition (1962) 10348:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) 9765:(Volume 37, Number 1, June 1977) 9644:. Washington: East-West Center. 9502:. Washington: East-West Center. 9238:(2004) Oxford University Press. 9038: 9025: 9001: 8970: 8961: 8935: 8925: 8912: 8903: 8893: 8867: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8789: 8776: 8747: 8738: 8729: 8686: 8650: 8635: 8620: 8611: 8588: 8573: 8553: 8541:Tibetan monks: A controlled life 8503: 8473: 8451:"Population Transfer Programmes" 8427:. RightSite.asia. Archived from 8372:Peng, James (January 16, 2009). 7693:. Futurewater.nl. Archived from 6834:Karmay, Samten Gyaltsen (2005). 6383:"Regions and territories: Tibet" 6218:"Geology of the Tibetan Plateau" 6108: 6094: 6056: 5758: 5743: 5724: 5484:2020–2022 China–India skirmishes 4754: 2799:a military expedition of its own 2594:when they expelled the invading 2458: 2428: 2410: 2305:, Sakya Pandita's nephew became 2221:from Bengal took place in 1206. 1973: 1938:of Tibet were standardized, and 1725:dates back to the 18th century. 1403:Tournadre Phonetic Transcription 991: 959: 464: 451: 438: 425: 412: 127: 10639: 10333:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 9566:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 9270:The Dragon In The Land Of Snows 9224:(2001) Clear Light Publishers. 8735:Kapstein 2006, pp. 31, 71, 113. 8417: 8398: 8365: 8306: 8276: 8250: 8207: 8188: 8157: 8131: 8104: 8084: 8075: 8049: 8023: 7984: 7962: 7942:Enchantment of the World: Tibet 7835:India Meteorological Department 7793: 7744:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） 7709: 7683: 7657: 7631: 7557: 7478: 7459: 7427: 7395: 7377: 7374:Archived on September 28, 2011. 7365: 7314: 7285:The Search for the Panchen Lama 7275: 7255: 7184: 7154: 7133: 7124: 7097: 7088: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7034: 7025: 7003: 6994: 6976: 6929: 6916: 6907: 6894: 6866: 6700: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6635: 6610: 6579: 6539: 6530: 6512:State Ethnic Affairs Commission 6500: 6470: 6444: 6405: 6345:"Tibet's only hope lies within" 6124:Index of Tibet-related articles 6015:. Meat dishes are likely to be 5770: 5493: 5470:. The 14th Dalai Lama assigned 5329:and whose temporal head is the 5277:, parts of northern India, the 5003:History of Tibet (1950–present) 4996: 4584:in adjacent Chinese provinces. 4468:India Meteorological Department 2905:History of Tibet (1950–present) 2684:, a Buddhist temple complex in 2644:a large Chinese army into Tibet 2620:living in Lhasa were killed in 2590:rule in Tibet began with their 2562: 2451:, based on earlier Jesuit maps. 2447:, and Tibet") on a 1734 map by 2313:, founder of the Yuan dynasty. 2224: 1911:in the east, and from north of 1860:and is also spoken in parts of 880: 859: 835: 818: 791: 777: 763: 742: 11689:EAFF E-1 Football Championship 11664:East Asian Football Federation 10588:Patron and priest relationship 10554:Central Tibetan Administration 10363:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy 9815:White Paper on Tibetan Culture 9459:Reprint: Penguin Books (1987). 8455:Central Tibetan Administration 7472:University of Washington Press 6902:China's Ancient Tea Horse Road 6375: 6306: 6280: 6267: 6236: 6209: 6183: 6165: 5688: 5325:, whose spiritual head is the 4647:are also amongst the largest. 2864:a treaty of mutual recognition 2784:remained under Chinese control 2592:1720 expedition to the country 1694: 1689: 1685: 1661: 1656: 1645: 1640: 1621: 1616: 1587: 1582: 1464: 1457: 1428:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1062: 1053: 940: 926: 718: 704: 688: 674: 660: 618: 173:Central Tibetan Administration 13: 1: 11855:Former countries in East Asia 11737:Journal of East Asian Studies 11674:East Asian Judo Championships 11521:East Asia Climate Partnership 11079: 10953:Historical and cultural sites 10318:Convention of Calcutta (1890) 9800:Columbia University Libraries 9193:(2006) Blackwell Publishing. 8627:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2007). 8487:. May 4, 2011. Archived from 8141:. NPR News. August 26, 2002. 6154: 5861:Tibetan music often involves 5054: 5043:Tibetan independence movement 4602:Looking across the square at 4297:Average rainfall mm (inches) 3116:, located on the border with 2095:CE), who united parts of the 1698:) for modern use in place of 1279:similar to Tibetan Buddhism, 1242:Tibetan independence movement 1219:Chinese Republican government 27:Ethno-cultural region in Asia 11760:Horses in East Asian warfare 11303:other ethnic groups in China 10293:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 9796:Tibetan Resources on the Web 9020:Government of Tibet in exile 8057:"China TIBET Tourism Bureau" 7545:. Vol. 15, no. 1. 6159: 6144:Chinese Settlements in Tibet 5927: 3162:Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon 3028: 2743:were both doing likewise in 2527:, after defeating the rival 1934:Starting in 2001, the local 1864:and northern India, such as 1781:), literally 'The Heights'. 7: 10313:Treaty of Thapathali (1856) 10203:British expedition to Tibet 10193:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) 10163:Battle of the Salween River 9155:The Making of Modern Tibet. 9014:September 10, 2006, at the 8550:. BBC News. March 20, 2008. 8515:A Short History of Buddhism 8195:In pictures: Tibetan nomads 7948:. pp. 19–20, 62, 143. 6973:, p. 139. Psychology Press. 6087: 5846:groups are found in India, 5215: 5204: 5039:Tibetan government-in-exile 4476: 4157:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4087:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3760:Average precipitation days 3546:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3406:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3082: 2965:Central People's Government 2936:in 1950 and negotiated the 2752:British expedition to Tibet 2630:, but elevated the role of 2318:Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen 2015:in Tibet in Jain tradition. 1784: 1744: 1738: 1688:; traditional Chinese: 1486:). This name first appears 10: 11911: 11814:Needham Research Institute 11722:East Asia Image Collection 11717:East Asian Economic Review 11152: 10686:Postage and postal history 10138:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 9587:– EWC Working Papers No. 2 9344:Tibet: Past & Present. 9068: 8967:Kapstein 2006, pp. 31, 206 8744:Stein 1972, pp. 36, 77–78. 8546:February 18, 2009, at the 8414:news.xinhuanet.com/english 7807:. OGIMET. March 28, 2022. 7604:February 10, 2011, at the 7392:Harper San Francisco, 1991 6343:Lee, Peter (May 7, 2011). 6176:. Routledge. p. 114. 6049:Traditional games of Tibet 6046: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5931: 5835: 5774: 5692: 5661:preached to the people of 5631: 5497: 5219: 5208: 5189: 5185: 5000: 4785: 4745: 4591: 4588:Cities, towns and villages 4505: 4465: 3967: 3953: 3948: 3286: 3267: 3032: 3004:human rights in the region 2931:People's Republic of China 2902: 2813: 2566: 2479: 2345: 2331: 2228: 2072: 1977: 1969:Foreign relations of Tibet 1962: 1956: 1952: 1852:attending a horse festival 1788: 1373:, now known in Tibetan as 1346: 1271:; other religions include 1244:is principally led by the 1116:People's Republic of China 81:the image placement policy 60:may require adjustment of 29: 11804: 11750: 11697: 11649: 11611: 11593:Human rights in East Asia 11544: 11511: 11478:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 11323: 11163: 11087: 11016: 10872: 10715: 10708: 10681: 10672: 10638: 10541: 10532: 10491: 10389: 10385: 10376: 10285: 10148:Mongol invasions of Tibet 10128: 9932: 9901: 9892: 9613:Smith, Warren W. (2008). 9581:Smith, Warren W. (2004). 9562:Smith, Warren W. (1996). 9531:Samuel, Geoffrey (1993). 9422:Chichester: Summersdale. 9053:(in Chinese) (2): 26–32. 8410:January 27, 2010, at the 8236:10.1007/s12231-008-9038-3 8033:. Tew.org. Archived from 7222:Stanford University Press 6713:. Gyan Publishing House. 6707:Jain, Arun Kumar (2009). 6508:"2020年西藏自治区国民经济和社会发展统计公报" 6042: 6039:is a very popular drink. 5995:with Momo – Tibetan Style 5516:(1204/6-83), head of the 5321:, also known casually as 5041:and by supporters of the 4923:controlled-access highway 4835:The main crops grown are 4763:This section needs to be 4410: 4366: 4296: 4226: 4156: 4086: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3901: 3854: 3806: 3759: 3685: 3615: 3545: 3475: 3405: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3076: 2961:rival government-in-exile 2940:with the newly enthroned 2938:Seventeen Point Agreement 2868:regents who succeeded him 2465:Tibet in 1892 during the 2206:which stands outside the 2183:(751) and the subsequent 1684:(simplified Chinese: 1481: 1469: 1215:declared its independence 1032: 951: 933: 919: 914: 910: 902: 896: 891: 873: 866: 849: 842: 825: 808: 801: 784: 770: 756: 749: 735: 728: 711: 697: 681: 667: 653: 646: 641: 637: 625: 611: 606: 594: 590: 585: 545: 515: 485: 480: 404: 126: 117: 107: 10546:Tibet Autonomous Region 10308:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 10260:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 9711:Wilson, Brandon (2004). 9684:Robert Thurman on Tibet. 9682:Thurman, Robert (2002). 9546:Schell, Orville (2000). 9477:Petech, Luciano (1997). 9346:Oxford: Clarendon Press. 9046: 8617:Laird 2006, pp. 351, 352 8580:The last of the Tibetans 8092:Intrugues and Devoutness 7993:"Globalization To Tibet" 7977:January 1, 2016, at the 7743: 7628:. doi:10.7289/V5C8276M . 7329:Harvard University Press 7009:Laird 2006, pp. 142–143. 7000:Norbu, Dawa (2001) p. 57 6755:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 6592:Tibetan Political Review 5831: 5627: 5555:In 1661 another Jesuit, 5500:Catholic Church in Tibet 5488:People's Liberation Army 5089:disputed area with India 4929:(US$ 227 million). 4919:Lhasa Airport Expressway 4706:(Dartsedo); in Qinghai, 2776:Sir Francis Younghusband 2439:("Kingdom of Tibet") in 2231:Mongol conquest of Tibet 2057:, and the Yarlung king, 1947:Alexander Csoma de Kőrös 1764:), itself deriving from 216:Tibetan autonomous areas 111: 83:for further information. 11679:East Asian martial arts 11626:Archaeological cultures 10653:TAR People's Government 10613:Serfs' Emancipation Day 10153:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 9843:Encyclopædia Britannica 9731:. (second edition 2005) 9466:Kodansha America, Inc. 9415:Le Sueur, Alec (2013). 9408:Human Rights in China: 9394:Gyatso, Palden (1997). 9076:Beckwith, Christopher I 9022:, January/February 1994 8761:March 28, 2017, at the 7940:Heinrichs, Ann (1996). 7608:. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS 6968:April 14, 2023, at the 6815:Norbu 1989, pp. 127–128 6776:10.1073/pnas.0907844106 6693:March 26, 2023, at the 6656:March 26, 2023, at the 6641:Behr, Wolfgang, 1994. " 5685:ethnic group of China. 5427:Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen 5180:Tibet Autonomous Region 4901:Tibet Autonomous Region 4874:Ophiocordyceps sinensis 4806:subsistence agriculture 3188:in Western Tibet, near 3070:. Tibet is west of the 3023:Chinese Communist Party 3019:Tibet Autonomous Region 2984:economic liberalization 2824:Edmund Geer during the 1777: 1770: 1712:Tibet Autonomous Region 1710:rather than simply the 1120:Tibet Autonomous Region 1074:, covering much of the 263:Tibet Autonomous Region 32:Tibet Autonomous Region 11806:Science and technology 11790:The Book of Five Rings 11684:East Asian Youth Games 10323:Treaty of Lhasa (1904) 10277:Special Frontier Force 9696:Wilby, Sorrel (1988). 9430:. Oakland: RDR Books. 9420:– Five Years in Tibet. 9376:Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. 9349:Dowman, Keith (1988). 9342:Bell, Charles (1924). 9305:(2006) Bloomsbury UK. 9176:(1983) J. P. Tarcher. 8766:. BRILL. p. 159. 8457:. 2003. Archived from 8200:July 19, 2018, at the 8115:Donnet, Pierre-Antoine 8081:Grunfeld 1996, p. 224. 7801:"55591: Lhasa (China)" 7624:June 26, 2015, at the 7282:Isabel Hilton (2001). 7216:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 7139:Teltscher 2006, pg. 57 7085:Goldstein 1997, pg. 22 7076:Goldstein 1989, pg. 44 7058:Goldstein 1997, pg. 20 7049:Goldstein 1997, pg. 19 7040:Goldstein 1997, pg. 18 6913:Beckwith 1987, pg. 146 6536:Beckwith (1987), pg. 7 6273:Goldstein, Melvyn, C., 6065:This section is empty. 5996: 5984:List of Tibetan dishes 5962:Monlam Prayer Festival 5946: 5944:Monlam Prayer Festival 5646: 5611:Alfred James Broomhall 5258: 5246: 5231: 5201: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5046: 4892: 4868: 4801: 4610: 4522: 3181: 3109: 3099: 3059: 3051: 2957:1959 Tibetan Rebellion 2918: 2843: 2828: 2737:Emirate of Afghanistan 2693: 2682:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 2584: 2359: 2248: 2145: 2084: 2027: 2016: 1853: 1842: 1800: 1702:, on the grounds that 1476: 1344: 1235:autonomous prefectures 967:This article contains 486: • Ethnicity 58:This article's images 52: 11089:Countries and regions 10696:Qinghai–Tibet railway 10691:Qinghai-Tibet Highway 10658:TAR People's Congress 10630:India–Tibet relations 10603:Independence movement 10255:1959 Tibetan uprising 10143:Battle of Dafei River 9991:Era of Fragmentation 9810:The Language of Tibet 9769:Zenz, Adrian (2014). 9754:May 17, 2007, at the 9686:DVD. ASIN B00005Y722. 9398:Grove Press. NY, NY. 9372:Feigon, Lee. (1998). 9331:London: John Murray. 9253:Tibet and its History 9136:Goldstein, Melvyn C. 9112:registration required 8094:", Brampton, p. 134, 7321:Mitter, Rana (2020). 7230:10.1515/9781503638822 7151:Smith 1996, pp. 154–6 6678:Kapstein 2006, p. 22. 6669:Kapstein 2006, pg. 19 6389:. December 11, 2010. 6249:oceanservice.noaa.gov 6139:Sinicization of Tibet 5991: 5941: 5641: 5559:, crossed Tibet from 5472:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu 5293:, nearly all Tibet's 5252: 5237: 5229: 5200:Tibetan cultural zone 5199: 5074: 5066: 5052: 5019:, also known as the " 5014: 4887: 4858: 4795: 4601: 4592:Further information: 4513: 3177: 3166:Yarlung Tsangpo River 3154:Yarlung Tsangpo River 3107:Yarlung Tsangpo River 3105: 3098:View over Lhasa, 1993 3097: 3057: 3042: 2912: 2858:. In 1913, Tibet and 2834: 2823: 2680: 2664:General Zorawar Singh 2646:to push the invading 2580: 2573:Tibet under Qing rule 2355: 2346:Further information: 2303:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 2242: 2235:Tibet under Yuan rule 2141: 2110:Taizong of Tang China 2082: 2022: 1995: 1963:Further information: 1940:Tibetan Sign Language 1919:which it shares with 1847: 1825: 1813:Sino-Tibetan language 1798: 1506:in the 10th century ( 1488:in Chinese characters 1431:(1st century CE) and 1397:) is transcribed as: 1365:), means 'Tibet' or ' 1357:name for their land, 1338: 1331:Names and etymologies 1313:Staple foods in Tibet 1258:Sinicization of Tibet 1250:human rights in Tibet 1231:1959 Tibetan uprising 516: • Language 51: 11829:Traditional medicine 11727:East Asia Law Review 11583:East Asian Community 11273:Indigenous Taiwanese 11004:Traditional medicine 10218:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 10039:Relations with Ming 10009:Relations with Song 9981:Relations with Tang 9919:European exploration 9734:Wang Jiawei (2000). 9700:Contemporary Books. 9440:McKay, Alex (1997). 9287:Tibetan Civilization 9207:(2006) Grove Press. 8877:. November 5, 2009. 8349:. January 25, 2007. 8290:. October 15, 2005. 8001:Tibet Justice Center 7841:on February 25, 2018 7573:Agence France-Presse 7202:on October 30, 2012. 6991:Rossabi 1983, p. 194 6963:China's Tibet Policy 6889:The History of Tibet 6881:The History of Tibet 6660:on October 16, 2015. 6626:Markham, Clements R. 5703:and commonly depict 5587:China Inland Mission 5287:Republic of Kalmykia 4572:, Northern Pakistan 4519:Gongbo'gyamda County 4017:Record high °C (°F) 3336:Record high °C (°F) 3090:Mountains and rivers 2955:, India, during the 2899:From 1950 to present 2768:mostly Indian troops 2729:territories in India 2658:invaded and annexed 2214:Era of Fragmentation 1727:Historical linguists 1496:in the 7th century ( 1301:Tibetan architecture 1110:settlers. Since the 77:the picture tutorial 11254:Khalkha in Mongolia 10648:Regional Government 10625:CIA Tibetan program 10608:Serfdom controversy 10492:Traditional regions 10343:Simla Accord (1914) 10265:2008 Tibetan unrest 10089:List of Qing ambans 10034:Phagmodrupa dynasty 9773:. Global Oriental. 9187:Kapstein, Matthew T 9119:Goldstein, Melvyn C 9093:Goldstein, Melvyn C 8568:Library of Congress 8228:2008EcBot..62..291W 7755:on October 16, 2013 7579:on January 18, 2010 7447:on January 23, 2017 7415:on January 23, 2017 7022:", 2000, pp. 162–6. 6767:2009PNAS..10621230Z 6761:(50): 21230–21235. 6320:. August 15, 2011. 6290:", 1969, saying: ' 5822:World Heritage Site 5291:Cultural Revolution 5176:2010 Chinese census 5133:Monguor (Tu people) 5027:), was used by the 4730:, and in Pakistan, 4367:Average rainy days 4227:Record low °C (°F) 3616:Record low °C (°F) 3476:Daily mean °C (°F) 3072:Central China plain 3008:2008 Tibetan unrest 2973:Cultural Revolution 2959:, it established a 2334:Phagmodrupa dynasty 2322:Phagmodrupa dynasty 2189:An Lushan Rebellion 2043:Zhang Zhung culture 1936:deaf sign languages 1518:Emperor Yang of Sui 1277:indigenous religion 1122:, and parts of the 11895:Proposed countries 11890:Historical regions 11732:East Asian studies 11428:Hip-and-gable roof 11423:Chinese characters 10962:(ceremonial scarf) 10933:Dzong architecture 10750:Imperial Preceptor 10620:Sovereignty debate 10566:Etymology of Tibet 10178:Lhasa riot of 1750 10173:Jinchuan campaigns 10158:Battle of Dartsedo 10076:Qing dynasty rule 10019:Yuan dynasty rule 9993:(9th–13th century) 9679:– (online version) 9669:on August 19, 2008 9600:on August 19, 2008 9249:Richardson, Hugh E 9009:'Muslims of Tibet' 8920:Filippo De Filippi 8834:Stein 1972, p. 85. 8601:The New York Times 8485:Xinhua News Agency 8063:on August 31, 2009 7181:Shakya 1999, pg. 5 6454:. March 19, 2008. 6418:The New York Times 6347:. The Asia Times. 5997: 5947: 5647: 5644:Lhasa Great Mosque 5533:António de Andrade 5464:Tibetan Government 5259: 5247: 5232: 5202: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5047: 5025:gangs seng dar cha 4893: 4879:Cordyceps sinensis 4869: 4802: 4611: 4523: 3274:rain shadow effect 3182: 3110: 3100: 3060: 3052: 3035:Geography of Tibet 3017:within China, the 2969:Great Leap Forward 2963:. Afterwards, the 2919: 2844: 2829: 2727:was expanding its 2717:East India Company 2694: 2585: 2360: 2307:Imperial Preceptor 2249: 2150:Kingdom of Nanzhao 2146: 2085: 2028: 2017: 1988:Pre-Imperial Tibet 1854: 1848:Tibetan family in 1801: 1349:Etymology of Tibet 1345: 1042:[pʰøːʔ˨˧˩] 53: 11837: 11836: 11588:Four Asian Tigers 11047: 11046: 11012: 11011: 10704: 10703: 10668: 10667: 10571:Foreign relations 10528: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10372: 10371: 10228:Qinghai–Tibet War 10198:Sikkim expedition 10188:Dogra–Tibetan War 10183:Sino-Nepalese War 10118:political leaders 10096:Post-Qing to 1950 10049:Rinpungpa dynasty 9960:(7th–9th century) 9780:978-90-04-25796-2 9715:Pilgrim's Tales. 9651:978-1-932728-13-2 9624:978-0-7425-3989-1 9573:978-0-8133-3155-3 9509:978-1-932728-22-4 9436:978-1-57143-101-1 9428:978-1-84024-199-0 9384:. 1996 hardback, 9299:Teltscher, Kate. 9244:978-0-19-517426-7 9199:978-0-631-22574-4 9107:978-0-520-06140-8 9033:The Tibet Journal 8949:on March 12, 2009 8585:. March 26, 2008. 8583:Los Angeles Times 8524:978-1-85168-066-5 8119:Tibet mort ou vif 7697:on April 25, 2012 7522:978-0-415-15977-7 7338:978-0-674-98426-4 7295:978-0-393-32167-8 6924:The Tibet Journal 6847:978-81-208-2943-5 6720:978-81-7835-723-2 6645:." Pp. 558–59 in 6586:Elliot Sperling. 6567:on April 11, 2011 6286:Clark, Gregory, " 6085: 6084: 5934:Tibetan festivals 5707:or variations of 5565:Ippolito Desideri 5240:Phugtal Monastery 5211:Religion in Tibet 5053:Tibetan Lamanis, 4969:, all members of 4784: 4783: 4473: 4472: 4413:relative humidity 3961: 3960: 3904:possible sunshine 3809:relative humidity 3158:Brahmaputra River 3015:autonomous region 2927:Chinese Civil War 2856:independent Tibet 2852:Republic of China 2848:Xinhai Revolution 2816:Tibet (1912–1951) 2778:, negotiated the 2672:Treaty of Chushul 2443:("China, Chinese 2437:Royaume de Thibet 2106:Princess Wencheng 1897:Classical Tibetan 1717:The English word 1526:William H. Baxter 1394:[pʰøʔ˨˧˨] 1387:pronunciation of 1265:religion in Tibet 1203:Xinhai Revolution 1140:Republic of China 975:rendering support 955: 954: 947: 946: 887: 886: 758:Yale Romanization 648:Standard Mandarin 581: 580: 520:Tibetic languages 218:as designated by 98: 97: 36:Tibet (1912–1951) 16:(Redirected from 11902: 11885:Cultural regions 11875:Regions of China 11772:Miyamoto Musashi 11669:East Asian Games 11641:Former countries 11573:East Asia Summit 11403:Chinese knotting 11158: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11051: 11050: 11032: 11025: 10963: 10740:Tibetan Buddhism 10713: 10712: 10679: 10678: 10549: 10539: 10538: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10245:Battle of Chamdo 10223:Sino-Tibetan War 10079: 10042: 10022: 10012: 9994: 9984: 9971:List of emperors 9961: 9943: 9924:Historical money 9899: 9898: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9839: 9784: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9668: 9662:. Archived from 9643: 9633:Sperling, Elliot 9628: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9599: 9592: 9577: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9519:on July 16, 2007 9518: 9512:. Archived from 9501: 9444:London: Curzon. 9115: 9063: 9062: 9042: 9036: 9029: 9023: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8974: 8968: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8945:. Archived from 8939: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8916: 8910: 8907: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8855:on June 26, 2010 8841: 8835: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8787: 8780: 8774: 8751: 8745: 8742: 8736: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8720: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8673: 8662: 8654: 8648: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8624: 8618: 8615: 8609: 8608: 8592: 8586: 8577: 8571: 8557: 8551: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8461:on July 30, 2010 8447: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8421: 8415: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8211: 8205: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8172:. The Diplomat. 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8135: 8129: 8121:", 1994, p104 , 8108: 8102: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8059:. Archived from 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8010: 7997: 7991:Tsering, Tashi. 7988: 7982: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7946:Children's Press 7937: 7926: 7925: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7867:on July 21, 2011 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7837:. Archived from 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7751:. Archived from 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7645:on April 1, 2009 7641:. Archived from 7635: 7629: 7615: 7609: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7446: 7440:. Archived from 7439: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7414: 7408:. Archived from 7407: 7399: 7393: 7389:Freedom in Exile 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7259: 7253: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7220:. Stanford, CA: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7198:. Archived from 7188: 7182: 7179: 7173: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7140: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7023: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6974: 6958: 6947: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6905: 6898: 6892: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6831: 6825: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6796: 6778: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6704: 6698: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6661: 6639: 6633: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6563:. Archived from 6556: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6484:. Archived from 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6358: 6356: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6310: 6304: 6297:, combined with 6288:In fear of China 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6169: 6134:Outline of Tibet 6118: 6113: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6080: 6077: 6067:You can help by 6060: 6053: 5966:Tibetan calendar 5858:on the culture. 5856:Tibetan Buddhism 5762: 5747: 5728: 5701:Tibetan Buddhism 5659:Syed Ali Hamdani 5468:Tibetan Buddhism 5423:Yumo Mikyo Dorje 5405:, headed by the 5387:The Ancient Ones 5222:Tibetan Buddhism 5059: 5056: 4977:Development zone 4905:Qinghai Province 4897:Qingzang railway 4788:Economy of Tibet 4779: 4776: 4770: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4582:autonomous areas 4422: 3965: 3964: 3763: 3284: 3283: 3214:Lake Manasarovar 3208:. These include 3122:highest mountain 3085: 3079: 3078: 2884:Simla Convention 2810:Post-Qing period 2640:Qianlong Emperor 2525:Tibetan Buddhism 2462: 2432: 2414: 2357:Gyantse Fortress 2219:Islamic invasion 2201: 2133:Uyghur Khaganate 2094: 1959:History of Tibet 1901:Gilgit Baltistan 1821:Matthew Kapstein 1811:language of the 1805:Tibetan language 1791:Standard Tibetan 1780: 1773: 1763: 1755: 1747: 1741: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1663: 1658: 1647: 1642: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1606:[wyʔ˨˧˨] 1589: 1584: 1560: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1509:Old Book of Tang 1505: 1504: 1495: 1494: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1396: 1385:Standard Tibetan 1382: 1364: 1269:Tibetan Buddhism 1246:Tibetan diaspora 1227:Battle of Chamdo 1169:in the west, to 1064: 1055: 1044: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 969:Tibetan alphabet 963: 962: 943: 942: 929: 928: 912: 911: 906: 905: 883: 882: 862: 861: 838: 837: 821: 820: 797: 796: 795: 780: 779: 766: 765: 745: 744: 724: 723: 722: 707: 706: 693: 692: 691: 677: 676: 663: 662: 639: 638: 621: 620: 599: 583: 582: 470: 468: 467: 457: 455: 454: 444: 442: 441: 431: 429: 428: 418: 416: 415: 396: 395: 393: 389: 387: 383: 381: 377: 375: 371: 369: 365: 363: 356: 355: 350: 346: 344: 340: 338: 334: 332: 328: 326: 322: 320: 313: 312: 303: 299: 297: 293: 291: 287: 285: 281: 279: 275: 273: 266: 265: 260: 256: 254: 250: 248: 244: 242: 238: 236: 232: 230: 223: 222: 213: 209: 207: 203: 201: 197: 195: 191: 189: 185: 183: 176: 175: 170: 166: 164: 160: 158: 154: 152: 148: 146: 142: 140: 131: 105: 104: 93: 90: 84: 50: 43: 21: 11910: 11909: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11800: 11746: 11693: 11645: 11607: 11603:Stock exchanges 11540: 11507: 11319: 11159: 11150: 11083: 11078: 11048: 11043: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11008: 10961: 10868: 10700: 10664: 10634: 10547: 10520: 10487: 10464:Tibetan Plateau 10459:Rongbuk Glacier 10445:Yarlung Tsangpo 10368: 10281: 10208:Batang uprising 10130: 10124: 10077: 10071:Khoshut Khanate 10059:Ganden Phodrang 10054:Tsangpa dynasty 10040: 10020: 10010: 9992: 9982: 9959: 9953:Yarlung dynasty 9941: 9928: 9888: 9879: 9834: 9792: 9787: 9781: 9756:Wayback Machine 9672: 9670: 9666: 9652: 9641: 9625: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9574: 9522: 9520: 9516: 9510: 9499: 9320: 9318:Further reading 9315: 9266:Shakya, Tsering 9218:Mullin, Glenn H 9203:Laird, Thomas. 9109: 9071: 9066: 9048: 9043: 9039: 9030: 9026: 9016:Wayback Machine 9006: 9002: 8992: 8990: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8786:, 1906), p. 70. 8781: 8777: 8763:Wayback Machine 8752: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8714: 8713: 8706: 8704: 8700:Hindustan Times 8691: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8640: 8636: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8612: 8593: 8589: 8578: 8574: 8558: 8554: 8548:Wayback Machine 8539: 8532: 8525: 8508: 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Fraser 5523:Roman Catholic 5502: 5496: 5460:14th Dalai Lama 5279:Buryat Republic 5224: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5194: 5192:Tibetan culture 5188: 5057: 5009: 4999: 4987:Gonggar Airport 4979: 4912:Tibetan Plateau 4891:market in Lhasa 4790: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4596: 4590: 4521:, eastern Tibet 4508: 4492:rhesus macaques 4479: 4474: 4416: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 3962: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3270: 3254:Lake Rakshastal 3242:Lake Puma Yumco 3238:Lumajangdong Co 3126:Tibetan Plateau 3092: 3044:Tibetan Plateau 3037: 3031: 2990:, monks in the 2942:14th Dalai Lama 2907: 2901: 2893:Chiang Kai-Shek 2818: 2812: 2711:, travelled to 2575: 2567:Main articles: 2565: 2557:Ganden Phodrang 2549:Khoshut Khanate 2484: 2482:Ganden Phodrang 2478: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2435:Tibet in 1734. 2433: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2419:Khoshut Khanate 2415: 2350: 2344: 2332:Main articles: 2330: 2237: 2229:Main articles: 2227: 2199: 2181:Battle of Talas 2092: 2077: 2071: 1990: 1980:Neolithic Tibet 1978:Main articles: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1955: 1903:in the west to 1793: 1787: 1708:Tibetan plateau 1678:Elliot Sperling 1625:, cf. Tibetan: 1562:representing a 1558: 1551: 1548:was pronounced 1537: 1534:was pronounced 1380: 1367:Tibetan Plateau 1362: 1351: 1333: 1299:of the region. 1076:Tibetan Plateau 1019: 1018: 994: 990: 984: 983: 982: 973:Without proper 964: 960: 903: 699:Tongyong Pinyin 689: 626:Literal meaning 602: 577: 476: 465: 463: 452: 450: 439: 437: 426: 424: 413: 411: 400: 399: 391: 390: 385: 384: 379: 378: 373: 372: 367: 366: 361: 360: 359: 348: 347: 342: 341: 336: 335: 330: 329: 324: 323: 318: 317: 316: 301: 300: 295: 294: 289: 288: 283: 282: 277: 276: 271: 270: 269: 258: 257: 252: 251: 246: 245: 240: 239: 234: 233: 228: 227: 226: 211: 210: 205: 204: 199: 198: 193: 192: 187: 186: 181: 180: 179: 168: 167: 162: 161: 156: 155: 150: 149: 144: 143: 138: 137: 136: 122: 113: 110: 103: 94: 88: 85: 74: 62:image placement 54: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11908: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11810: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11786: 11783:The Art of War 11779: 11774: 11769: 11762: 11756: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11655: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11617: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11554: 11552: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11517: 11515: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11505: 11503:Chinese zodiac 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11408:Chinese dragon 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11368:Blepharoplasty 11365: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11251: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11192: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11175: 11169: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11093: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11077: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11054: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11034: 11033: 11026: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10977: 10965: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10911:wall paintings 10908: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10842:Tibetan people 10839: 10837:Social classes 10834: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10794: 10784: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10737: 10727: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10682: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10650: 10644: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10551: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10506: 10501: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10474:Nature Reserve 10461: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10418: 10408: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10390: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10134: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10113:PRC annexation 10105: 10104: 10103: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10086: 10073: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10006: 10001: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9914:List of rulers 9911: 9905: 9903: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9878: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9832: 9827: 9818: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9791: 9790:External links 9788: 9786: 9785: 9779: 9766: 9759: 9746: 9732: 9709: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9650: 9629: 9623: 9610: 9578: 9572: 9559: 9544: 9529: 9508: 9490: 9475: 9460: 9453: 9438: 9413: 9406: 9392: 9370: 9347: 9340: 9325:Allen, Charles 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9297: 9280: 9263: 9246: 9234:Powers, John. 9232: 9215: 9201: 9184: 9168:Hopkirk, Peter 9165: 9148: 9134: 9116: 9090: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9037: 9024: 9000: 8969: 8960: 8934: 8924: 8911: 8902: 8892: 8866: 8845:Hsiao-ting Lin 8836: 8827: 8815: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8775: 8746: 8737: 8728: 8685: 8667:. April 2020. 8649: 8642:Avalokitesvara 8634: 8619: 8610: 8587: 8572: 8570:(May 5, 2010). 8552: 8530: 8523: 8502: 8472: 8442: 8416: 8397: 8379:Bloomberg News 8364: 8347:New York Times 8331: 8305: 8275: 8249: 8222:(3): 291–305. 8206: 8187: 8156: 8130: 8103: 8083: 8074: 8048: 8022: 7983: 7961: 7954: 7927: 7898:Annual Reviews 7878: 7852: 7822: 7792: 7766: 7747:(in Chinese). 7734: 7708: 7682: 7656: 7630: 7610: 7590: 7556: 7528: 7521: 7503: 7477: 7474:. p. 197. 7458: 7426: 7394: 7376: 7364: 7337: 7331:. p. 45. 7313: 7294: 7274: 7254: 7245: 7238: 7205: 7183: 7174: 7153: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7108:. Stason.org. 7096: 7087: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7018:Wang Jiawei, " 7011: 7002: 6993: 6984: 6975: 6948: 6928: 6915: 6906: 6893: 6865: 6846: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6738: 6719: 6699: 6680: 6671: 6662: 6634: 6609: 6578: 6551: 6538: 6529: 6499: 6488:on May 9, 2017 6469: 6443: 6404: 6374: 6335: 6305: 6279: 6266: 6235: 6208: 6182: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6105: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6063: 6061: 6044: 6041: 5976:Main article: 5973: 5970: 5932:Main article: 5929: 5926: 5838:Music of Tibet 5836:Main article: 5833: 5830: 5787:Buddhist wheel 5785:approach. The 5775:Main article: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5730: 5723: 5715:paintings and 5693:Main article: 5690: 5687: 5634:Islam in Tibet 5632:Main article: 5629: 5626: 5557:Johann Grueber 5495: 5492: 5476: 5475: 5435:5th Dalai Lama 5414: 5394: 5378: 5361:, headed by a 5342: 5242:in south-east 5220:Main article: 5217: 5214: 5209:Main article: 5206: 5203: 5190:Main article: 5187: 5184: 5035:state of Tibet 4998: 4995: 4978: 4975: 4786:Main article: 4782: 4781: 4762: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4702:; in Sichuan, 4631:Ramoche Temple 4589: 4586: 4507: 4504: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3857:sunshine hours 3852: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3269: 3266: 3091: 3088: 3033:Main article: 3030: 3027: 2923:mainland China 2903:Main article: 2900: 2897: 2814:Main article: 2811: 2808: 2760:the Great Game 2741:Russian Empire 2725:British Empire 2564: 2561: 2547:leader of the 2517:5th Dalai Lama 2480:Main article: 2477: 2474: 2464: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2434: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2329: 2326: 2255:, through the 2226: 2223: 2089:Songtsen Gampo 2075:Tibetan Empire 2073:Main article: 2070: 2069:Tibetan Empire 2067: 2063:Songtsen Gampo 2055:Yarlung valley 2025:Songtsen Gampo 1975: 1972: 1957:Main article: 1954: 1951: 1789:Main article: 1786: 1783: 1692:; pinyin: 1671: 1670: 1659:; pinyin: 1655:(Chinese: 1650: 1643:; pinyin: 1639:(Chinese: 1634: 1619:; pinyin: 1615:(Chinese: 1610: 1585:; pinyin: 1581:(Chinese: 1522:Middle Chinese 1514:Namri Songtsen 1456:(Chinese: 1419:Tibetan pinyin 1347:Main article: 1341:Tibetan Empire 1332: 1329: 1201:Following the 1159:Tibetan Empire 1080:Tibetan people 977:, you may see 965: 958: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 944: 937: 935:Tibetan Pinyin 931: 930: 923: 917: 916: 915:Transcriptions 908: 907: 900: 894: 893: 889: 888: 885: 884: 877: 875:Middle Chinese 871: 870: 868:Middle Chinese 864: 863: 856: 847: 846: 840: 839: 832: 823: 822: 815: 806: 805: 799: 798: 788: 782: 781: 774: 768: 767: 760: 754: 753: 751:Yue: Cantonese 747: 746: 739: 733: 732: 726: 725: 715: 709: 708: 701: 695: 694: 685: 679: 678: 671: 665: 664: 657: 651: 650: 644: 643: 642:Transcriptions 635: 634: 627: 623: 622: 615: 609: 608: 604: 603: 600: 592: 591: 588: 587: 579: 578: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 547: 543: 542: 517: 513: 512: 487: 483: 482: 478: 477: 475: 474: 461: 448: 435: 422: 408: 406: 402: 401: 398: 397: 357: 314: 267: 224: 177: 133: 132: 124: 123: 118: 115: 114: 108: 101: 96: 95: 57: 55: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11907: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11880:Western China 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11749: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11338:Architecture‎ 11336: 11334: 11333:Age reckoning 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11165:Ethnic groups 11162: 11157: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11075: 11070: 11068: 11063: 11061: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11015: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10127: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9869: 9864: 9862: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9845: 9844: 9838: 9837:"Tibet" 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823:presented by 9822: 9819: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9743:7-80113-304-8 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9729:0-9770536-7-9 9726: 9722: 9721:0-9770536-6-0 9718: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9706:0-8092-4608-2 9703: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9611: 9596: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9557: 9556:0-8050-4381-0 9553: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9541:1-56098-231-4 9538: 9534: 9530: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9498: 9497: 9491: 9488: 9487:90-04-03442-0 9484: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9472:1-56836-294-3 9469: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9450:0-7007-0627-5 9447: 9443: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9419: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9404:0-8021-3574-9 9401: 9397: 9393: 9391: 9390:1-56663-089-4 9387: 9383: 9382:1-56663-196-3 9379: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9367:0-14-019118-6 9364: 9360: 9359:0-7102-1370-0 9356: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9337:0-7195-5427-6 9334: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9312: 9311:0-7475-8484-2 9308: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9296: 9295:0-8047-0901-7 9292: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9278:0-231-11814-7 9275: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9261:0-87773-376-7 9258: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9231: 9230:1-57416-092-3 9227: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9213:0-8021-1827-5 9210: 9206: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9182:0-87477-257-5 9179: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9162:1-56324-713-5 9159: 9156: 9152: 9151:Grunfeld, Tom 9149: 9147: 9146:0-520-21951-1 9143: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9131:81-215-0582-8 9128: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:0-691-02469-3 9085: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9041: 9034: 9028: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9007:Masood Butt, 9004: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8964: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8928: 8921: 8915: 8906: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8810: 8801: 8792: 8785: 8784:Alston Rivers 8779: 8773: 8772:90-04-12866-2 8769: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8724: 8718: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8689: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8630: 8623: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8581: 8576: 8569: 8565: 8564:Archived copy 8561: 8556: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8511:Conze, Edward 8506: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8446: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8401: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8368: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8191: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8127:957-13-1040-9 8124: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8100:1-896745-95-4 8097: 8093: 8087: 8078: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8007: 8004:. p. 9. 8003: 8002: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7955:0-516-20155-7 7951: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7882: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7614: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7535: 7533: 7524: 7518: 7515:. Routledge. 7514: 7507: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7443: 7436: 7430: 7411: 7404: 7398: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7278: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7258: 7249: 7241: 7239:9781503638815 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7210: 7201: 7197: 7196:ww38.ltwa.net 7193: 7187: 7178: 7171: 7170:1-74059-523-8 7167: 7163: 7157: 7148: 7146: 7136: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7091: 7082: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6979: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6945: 6944:0-947593-00-4 6941: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6919: 6910: 6903: 6897: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6743: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6684: 6675: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6631: 6628:, ed. 1971. 6627: 6624:in 1774. See 6623: 6619: 6613: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6487: 6483: 6482:ReligionFacts 6479: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6106: 6103: 6092: 6079: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814:Potala Palace 5810: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5625: 5622: 5621:Proselytising 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5583:James Cameron 5581: 5578:In 1877, the 5576: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5550:Tsang kingdom 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5443:Tibetologists 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5411:Sakya Pandita 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391:Padmasambhava 5388: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5371:Kalu Rinpoche 5368: 5367:Shangpa Kagyu 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5335:Je Tsongkhapa 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5319:Way of Virtue 5316: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5285:, and in the 5284: 5283:Tuva Republic 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5212: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5137:Menba (Monpa) 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5065: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5017:Flag of Tibet 5013: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967:Zhou Yongkang 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4778: 4766: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4619:Potala Palace 4616: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4015: 3971: 3966: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855:Mean monthly 3853: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3688:precipitation 3684: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250:Como Chamling 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190:Mount Kailash 3187: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3114:Mount Everest 3108: 3104: 3096: 3087: 3084: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934:annexed Tibet 2932: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2880:Yangtze River 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2840:outcast group 2837: 2833: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:Western world 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2690:Potala Palace 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668:Sino-Sikh War 2665: 2661: 2657: 2654:In 1834, the 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2582:Potala Palace 2579: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2494:Mongols gave 2493: 2489: 2483: 2468: 2461: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2420: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:Je Tsongkhapa 2365: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:Sakya Pandita 2296: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2187:known as the 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2097:Yarlung River 2090: 2081: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059:Drigum Tsenpo 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2013:Mount Kailash 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Rishabhanatha 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974:Early history 1970: 1966: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1929:Brāhmī script 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:Tibeto-Burman 1806: 1797: 1792: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1541: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1499: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1342: 1337: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263:The dominant 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1152:Mount Everest 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Lhoba peoples 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068:Greater Tibet 1065: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1037:Lhasa dialect 1030: 1022: 1015: 988: 980: 976: 972: 970: 950: 938: 936: 932: 924: 922: 918: 913: 909: 901: 899: 895: 890: 878: 876: 872: 869: 865: 857: 855: 852: 848: 845: 841: 833: 831: 828: 824: 816: 814: 811: 807: 804: 800: 794: 789: 787: 783: 775: 773: 769: 761: 759: 755: 752: 748: 740: 738: 734: 731: 727: 721: 716: 714: 710: 702: 700: 696: 686: 684: 680: 672: 670: 666: 658: 656: 652: 649: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 616: 614: 610: 605: 598: 593: 589: 584: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 548: 544: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 518: 514: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488: 484: 479: 473: 462: 460: 449: 447: 436: 434: 423: 421: 410: 409: 407: 403: 358: 354: 315: 311: 307: 268: 264: 225: 221: 217: 178: 174: 135: 134: 130: 125: 121: 116: 106: 100: 92: 82: 78: 73: 71: 67: 63: 56: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11860:Central Asia 11788: 11781: 11766:Bansenshūkai 11764: 11531:Rainy season 11308:unrecognized 10979: 10972: 10958: 10906:sand mandala 10898: 10891: 10832:Sinicization 10804:Panchen Lama 10799:Lhamo La-tso 10782:Ganden Tripa 10576:Human rights 10450:Grand Canyon 10430:Namcha Barwa 10423: / 10101:Tibetan Army 9999:Guge kingdom 9881: 9841: 9770: 9762: 9735: 9712: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9671:. Retrieved 9664:the original 9637: 9614: 9602:. Retrieved 9595:the original 9586: 9583: 9563: 9550:Henry Holt. 9547: 9535:Smithsonian 9532: 9521:. Retrieved 9514:the original 9495: 9478: 9463: 9456: 9441: 9416: 9409: 9395: 9373: 9361:. New York, 9350: 9343: 9328: 9300: 9286: 9269: 9252: 9235: 9221: 9204: 9191:The Tibetans 9190: 9172: 9154: 9137: 9122: 9096: 9079: 9050: 9040: 9032: 9027: 9003: 8993:February 21, 8991:. Retrieved 8983:The Guardian 8982: 8972: 8963: 8953:February 15, 8951:. Retrieved 8947:the original 8937: 8927: 8914: 8905: 8895: 8883:. Retrieved 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8853:the original 8839: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8778: 8754: 8749: 8740: 8731: 8705:. Retrieved 8698: 8688: 8676:. Retrieved 8652: 8637: 8628: 8622: 8613: 8600: 8590: 8575: 8555: 8517:. Oneworld. 8514: 8505: 8493:. Retrieved 8489:the original 8475: 8463:. Retrieved 8459:the original 8445: 8435:December 31, 8433:. Retrieved 8429:the original 8419: 8400: 8388:. Retrieved 8377: 8367: 8355:. 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Retrieved 7410:the original 7397: 7387: 7379: 7367: 7355:. Retrieved 7323: 7316: 7304:. Retrieved 7284: 7277: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7217: 7200:the original 7195: 7186: 7177: 7161: 7156: 7135: 7126: 7114:. Retrieved 7099: 7090: 7081: 7072: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7027: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6961: 6960:Dawa Norbu. 6935: 6931: 6923: 6918: 6909: 6901: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6856:. Retrieved 6836: 6829: 6820: 6811: 6758: 6754: 6729:. Retrieved 6709: 6702: 6683: 6674: 6665: 6646: 6637: 6629: 6622:George Bogle 6617: 6612: 6600:. Retrieved 6591: 6581: 6569:. Retrieved 6565:the original 6554: 6546: 6541: 6532: 6520:. Retrieved 6511: 6502: 6490:. Retrieved 6486:the original 6481: 6472: 6460:. Retrieved 6446: 6434:. Retrieved 6417: 6407: 6395:. Retrieved 6386: 6377: 6360: 6353:. Retrieved 6338: 6326:. Retrieved 6317: 6308: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6274: 6269: 6259:November 12, 6257:. Retrieved 6248: 6238: 6226:. Retrieved 6211: 6199:. Retrieved 6185: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6102:China portal 6076:January 2024 6073: 6069:adding to it 6064: 6029:Mustard seed 5998: 5955: 5948: 5900: 5875:sacred texts 5860: 5841: 5811: 5807: 5780: 5771:Architecture 5735:painting in 5698: 5648: 5619: 5589:walked from 5577: 5554: 5522: 5514:Karma Pakshi 5503: 5494:Christianity 5481: 5477: 5448:Amdo Tibetan 5416: 5407:Sakya Trizin 5402: 5396: 5386: 5380: 5351:Oral Lineage 5350: 5344: 5327:Ganden Tripa 5322: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5303: 5260: 5169: 5085:Tibetan flag 5078: 5033:independent 5028: 5024: 4997:Demographics 4991: 4980: 4951:Li Changchun 4931: 4916: 4909: 4899:linking the 4894: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4849:Tibetan rugs 4834: 4803: 4796:The Tibetan 4775:October 2021 4772: 4764: 4718:; in India, 4649: 4635: 4612: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4501: 4481: 4480: 3690:mm (inches) 3271: 3234:Lhamo La-tso 3226:Yamdrok Lake 3210:Qinghai Lake 3205: 3201: 3183: 3179:Yamdrok Lake 3170: 3164:, along the 3134:Yellow River 3111: 3068:Central Asia 3061: 3012: 2977: 2950: 2920: 2889: 2845: 2796: 2749: 2745:Central Asia 2735:, while the 2709:George Bogle 2699: 2695: 2653: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2607: 2588:Qing dynasty 2586: 2563:Qing dynasty 2552: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496:Sonam Gyatso 2485: 2467:Qing dynasty 2440: 2436: 2361: 2315: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2260: 2253:Yuan dynasty 2250: 2245:Yuan dynasty 2225:Yuan dynasty 2212: 2204:stone pillar 2197: 2193: 2158: 2147: 2117:Central Asia 2114: 2086: 2040: 2029: 1999:, the first 1944: 1933: 1913:Qinghai Lake 1894: 1855: 1838:Sino-Tibetan 1826: 1802: 1768: 1762:טובּה, טובּת 1722: 1718: 1716: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1681: 1675:Tibetologist 1672: 1660: 1652: 1644: 1636: 1626: 1620: 1612: 1596: 1586: 1578: 1573: 1563: 1557: 1549: 1535: 1507: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1406: 1398: 1388: 1375: 1358: 1352: 1315:are roasted 1311:influences. 1285:Christianity 1262: 1252:, including 1239: 1207:Qing dynasty 1205:against the 1200: 1156: 1067: 1061: 1045: 986: 985: 966: 892:Tibetan name 803:Southern Min 737:Romanization 655:Hanyu Pinyin 607:Chinese name 481:Demographics 99: 86: 59: 40: 11621:Archaeology 11513:Environment 11378:Calligraphy 11222:in Sakhalin 11178:Han Chinese 11141:South Korea 11136:North Korea 10916:wall murals 10820:Catholicism 10404:Environment 10078:(1720–1912) 10041:(1368–1644) 10021:(1270–1350) 9942:(Neolithic) 9940:Prehistory 8495:December 4, 8390:February 7, 8180:January 10, 7357:October 15, 6873:Haarh, Erik 6858:December 3, 6731:October 18, 6116:Asia portal 6019:, goat, or 6009:staple food 5826:Norbulingka 5695:Tibetan art 5689:Tibetan art 5615:Isobel Kuhn 5518:Karma Kagyu 5510:Möngke Khan 5382:Nyingma(pa) 5359:Karma Kagyu 5295:monasteries 5121:Lisu people 5058: 1905 4963:He Guoqiang 4947:Jia Qinglin 4889:Tromzikhang 4867:population. 4623:Norbulingka 4543:dBus gTsang 3222:Pangong Tso 3186:Mapam Yumco 3138:Indus River 2803:Zhao Erfeng 2750:In 1904, a 2700:In 1774, a 2656:Sikh Empire 2614:Han Chinese 2553:Lhasa state 2421:, 1642–1717 2401:Karma Kagyu 2395:dynasty of 2387:, based in 2311:Kublai Khan 2251:The Mongol 2243:The Mongol 2161:Gao Xianzhi 2123:'s capital 2001:Tirthankara 1775:(plural of 1754:طيبة، توبات 1627:dbus-gtsang 1163:Tarim Basin 1104:Han Chinese 844:Eastern Min 546:Main cities 510:Han Chinese 353:South Tibet 308:as part of 75:Please see 11870:Inner Asia 11844:Categories 11796:Yi Sun-sin 11631:Bronze Age 11568:Capitalism 11493:Typography 11488:Television 11458:Philosophy 11443:Mādhyamaka 11438:Literature 11393:Sinosphere 11313:historical 10999:Tibetology 10968:Literature 10787:Dalai Lama 10640:Government 10598:Tibet Area 10593:Golden Urn 10559:Parliament 10084:Lifan Yuan 10011:(960–1279) 9948:Zhangzhung 9933:Chronology 9673:August 14, 9604:August 14, 9523:August 14, 9047:西藏岁时节日民俗概述 8678:August 28, 8357:January 6, 7805:ogimet.com 7727:August 26, 7701:August 26, 7639:"plateaus" 7567:. 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5257:Monastery 5165:Yi people 5153:Nu people 5105:Dongxiang 5021:Snow Lion 4935:Hu Jintao 4859:Pastoral 4841:buckwheat 4839:, wheat, 4710:(Yushu), 4652:Shiquanhe 4578:Balti-yul 4574:Baltistan 4547:mNga' ris 4515:Basum Tso 3230:Siling Co 3064:East Asia 3029:Geography 2733:Himalayas 2731:into the 2512:"Ocean". 2486:In 1578, 2385:Rinpungpa 2338:Rinpungpa 2283:dpon-chen 2279:dpon-chen 2271:dpon-chen 2262:dpon-chen 2247:, c. 1294 2185:civil war 2036:Neolithic 1949:in 1834. 1882:Sikkimese 1833:Himalayan 1817:Himalayan 1731:loanwords 1673:American 1595:Tibetan: 1500:) and as 1303:reflects 1297:festivals 1148:Himalayas 1072:East Asia 881:Sei-dzang 860:Să̤-câung 836:Sai-tsăng 764:Sāi-johng 743:Sî-tshông 690:Hsi-tsang 629:"Western 536:Mongolian 89:June 2022 11819:Printing 11752:Military 11636:Iron Age 11550:Politics 11498:Yogācāra 11483:Surnames 11463:Religion 11373:Buddhism 11351:Japanese 11278:Tibetans 11249:in China 11239:Mongolic 11217:in Japan 11212:in China 11195:Japanese 11131:Mongolia 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6387:BBC News 6363:Tibetans 6349:Archived 6322:Archived 6318:BBC News 6299:autonomy 6253:Archived 6222:Archived 6201:March 6, 6195:Archived 6088:See also 6007:—is the 5871:Sanskrit 5863:chanting 5824:, as is 5795:Chörtens 5783:Buddhist 5717:mandalas 5275:Mongolia 5267:Mahayana 5216:Buddhism 5205:Religion 5172:migrants 5081:Tibetans 5030:de facto 4736:Kharmang 4708:Jyekundo 4704:Kangding 4668:Nyingchi 4637:Shigatse 4606:temple, 4477:Wildlife 4466:Source: 4411:Average 4292:(−18.9) 4287:(−14.1) 4237:(−15.5) 4232:(−18.9) 3902:Percent 3897:3,003.8 3807:Average 3755:(18.06) 3686:Average 3258:Dagze Co 3152:and the 2860:Mongolia 2836:Rogyapas 2739:and the 2713:Shigatse 2705:nobleman 2702:Scottish 2648:Nepalese 2596:Dzungars 2397:Shigatse 2291:diarchic 2127:(modern 2125:Chang'an 2102:Bhrikuti 2091:(604–650 1925:Dzongkha 1878:Dzongkha 1785:Language 1662:Tánggǔtè 1653:Tanggute 1622:wūsīzàng 1613:Wusizang 1443:Sanskrit 1187:Shigatse 819:Se-chōng 772:Jyutping 669:Bopomofo 568:Kangding 563:Shigatse 540:Mandarin 524:Dzongkha 490:Tibetans 472:Pakistan 11777:Sun Tzu 11613:History 11546:Economy 11526:Monsoon 11468:Scripts 11418:Gardens 11388:Cuisine 11346:Chinese 11325:Culture 11288:Uyghurs 11244:Mongols 11207:Koreans 11023:Outline 10987:writers 10928:Cuisine 10893:thangka 10874:Culture 10847:Changpa 10762:Nyingma 10709:Society 10674:Economy 10509:Ü-Tsang 10483:Valleys 10441:Rivers 10416:Kailash 9976:Lönchen 9958:Empire 9894:History 9069:Sources 8566:at the 8324:July 4, 8298:July 4, 8268:July 1, 8224:Bibcode 7649:May 16, 6794:2795552 6763:Bibcode 6492:May 17, 6436:May 17, 6368:hamlets 6355:May 10, 6328:May 17, 5972:Cuisine 5906:karaoke 5896:Kagyupa 5892:Sakyapa 5884:Gelugpa 5867:Tibetan 5844:Tibetan 5733:thangka 5713:thangka 5705:deities 5655:Kashmir 5651:Muslims 5573:Gelugpa 5569:Karmapa 5525:Jesuits 5456:Qinghai 5363:Karmapa 5355:Gampopa 5339:Kadampa 5255:Drepung 5244:Zanskar 5186:Culture 5129:Mongols 5023:flag" ( 4865:Tibetan 4765:updated 4746:Economy 4728:Gangtok 4654:(Gar), 4641:Gyantse 4627:Jokhang 4604:Jokhang 4539:Ü-Tsang 4506:Regions 4496:langurs 4362:(4.15) 4357:(0.18) 4352:(0.14) 4347:(0.30) 4342:(0.35) 4337:(0.61) 4332:(0.60) 4327:(0.14) 4322:(0.35) 4317:(0.36) 4312:(0.43) 4307:(0.32) 4302:(0.37) 4277:(16.7) 4272:(24.1) 4267:(34.7) 4262:(33.1) 4257:(30.0) 4252:(24.1) 4242:(−2.9) 4222:(29.7) 4217:(10.8) 4212:(19.9) 4207:(30.2) 4202:(42.4) 4197:(50.0) 4192:(50.9) 4187:(45.3) 4182:(37.8) 4177:(30.0) 4172:(21.4) 4167:(12.2) 4152:(55.0) 4147:(36.1) 4142:(46.2) 4137:(58.3) 4132:(71.1) 4127:(77.5) 4122:(77.0) 4117:(71.2) 4112:(61.2) 4107:(54.1) 4102:(43.7) 4097:(34.7) 4092:(28.4) 4082:(94.6) 4077:(55.0) 4072:(68.0) 4067:(78.1) 4062:(87.1) 4057:(93.6) 4052:(93.2) 4047:(94.6) 4042:(84.0) 4037:(75.0) 4032:(66.9) 4027:(55.0) 4022:(46.9) 3750:(0.01) 3745:(0.04) 3740:(0.35) 3735:(2.63) 3730:(5.26) 3725:(5.10) 3720:(2.99) 3715:(1.12) 3710:(0.34) 3705:(0.11) 3700:(0.07) 3695:(0.04) 3671:(11.8) 3666:(19.0) 3661:(32.5) 3656:(37.9) 3651:(40.1) 3646:(35.6) 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