Politics of Jersey

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Progressives won a landslide victory, giving a mandate for change. The franchise was extended to all British adults; previously voting rights in Jersey had only been accorded to men, and women over 30, according to property ownership. The largest reform was the 1948 States reform. Jurats were no longer States members, and were to be elected by an Electoral College. The reform also introduced a retirement age of 70 for Jurats. In all cases, the Bailiff would be the judge of the law, and the Jurats the "judge of fact". The Jurats' role in the States was taken on by 12 senators, four of whom would retire every three years. The Church also lost most of its representation in the States, with the role of Rector being abolished and the number of Deputies increased to 28. The first senatorial election was brief. Each Senator was elected for either nine, six or three years depending on where they came in the polling list.

1941:. Many ad-hoc lobby groups form in response to a single issue and then dissolve once the concerns have been dealt with. However, there are a number of pressure groups actively working to influence government decisions on a number of issues. For example, in 2012 the National Trust engaged in pressure campaign against development of the Plemont headland. The Trust was supported by the majority of the islands senior politicians, including the Chief Minister, but a proposition made in the States of Jersey for the States to compulsorily purchase the headland and sell it to the Trust was defeated in a vote on 13 December 2012. The outcome of the vote was 24 in favour of acquisition, 25 against, with one absent and one declaring an interest. 801:). These titles have different meanings and duties to those in England. Any oppression by a bailiff or a warden was to be resolved locally or failing that, by appeal to the King who appointed commissioners to report on disputes. In the late 1270s, Jersey was given its own Bailiff and from the 1290s, the duties of Bailiff and Warden were separated. The (Sub-)Warden became responsible for taxation and defence, while the Bailiff became responsible for justice. While probably originally a temporary arrangement by Otto de Grandison, this became permanent and the foundation for Jersey's modern separation of Crown and justice. It also lessened the Warden's authority relative to the Bailiff, who had much more interaction with the community. 1256: 1921:. Upon independence the island would need to develop its own capacity to entirely handle defensive and security affairs. It established that Jersey could seek membership of a defensive alliance (e.g. NATO); negotiate a defence agreement with a sovereign state (e.g. the UK) - San Marino, for example have a defence agreement with Italy that cost 700,000 USD in 2000/01 - or establish an independent defence force (in a similar manner to Antigua and Barbuda, which spends around £2.5 million). Furthermore, it is unlikely that any major European power would allow the island to be invaded, but the island could not feasibly protect itself from a major external threat without securing defensive agreements. 923:, both of which had powers to create legislation. An anti-Seigneurial sentiment - opposition to the feudal economic system - also contributed to the popular revolt. The spark for the riots was a corn shortage, in part caused by corruption in the ruling classes, led by the Lieutenant Bailiff Charles Lemprière, whose style of rule was authoritarian. On 28 September 1769, men from the northern parishes marched into town and rioted, including breaking into the Royal Court in a threatening manner. The States retreated to Elizabeth Castle and called on the Privy Council for help under false pretences. The Council sent five companies of Royal Scots, who discovered the islanders' grievances. 677:. Alongside the parish, the fief provided a basic framework for rural life; the system began with the Norman system and largely remained similar to it. In Jersey, the dues, services and rents owed by tenants were extensive and often onerous. Jersey peasants retained a degree of freedom lost elsewhere, probably due to the insignificance of the island in the Duchy. More is known of the origins of the fief than of the parishes and early documents show that Jersey was thoroughly feudalised (the majority of the residents were tenants holding land from Seigneurs). The fief of St Ouen, the most senior fief in Jersey's feudal structure, was by 1135 in the hands of the 746:(possibly containing four parishes each). Gorroic is an old spelling for Gorey, containing St Martin, St Saviour, Grouville and St Clement; Groceio could derive from de Gruchy, and contains St John, Trinity, St Lawrence and St Helier; and Crapoudoit, likely referring to the stream of St Peter's Valley, contains the remainder of the parishes in the West. By Norman times, the parish boundaries were firmly fixed and remain largely unchanged since. It was likely set in place due to the tithe system under Charlemagne, where each property must contribute to the church, so each property would have had to be established within a parish. 1925:

such as the UN and IMF; the Commonwealth and the WTO. At the time, independence would have brought an end to Jersey's relationship with the EU, which was mediated through the UK's accession treaty protocol 3. The report suggests a minimum requirement of the establishment of three overseas missions: London, New York and Brussels (the Government has an office in London and shares an office in Brussels already), to provide contact with major organisations such as the Commonwealth, UN and EU, as well as the UK, US and EU, and also to allow use of them for tourism and trade-related purposes.

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Crown appointees. During the century, Jersey's power structure shifted more and more from the Crown to the States, establishing Jersey as a near-independent state, however ultimate authority over the island shifted from the Crown to the British Parliament, aligning with the shift in the UK's politics towards a purely ceremonial monarchy. The Privy Council put pressure of the island to reform its institutions, in the belief these reforms should align the country with a more English model of government and law. In 1883,

778:, the King of France gave up claim to the Channel Islands. The claim was based upon his position as feudal overlord of the Duke of Normandy. The King of England gave up claim to mainland Normandy and therefore the Channel Islands were split from the rest of Normandy. The Channel Islands were never absorbed into the Kingdom of England and the island has had self-government since. In medieval times, the island was treated as a possession of the King by the English government, rather than part of the English state. 234: 347: 50: 1901:

the power of self-determination" and "that it is not Government policy to seek independence from the United Kingdom, but rather to ensure that Jersey is prepared if it were in the best interests of Islanders to do so". On the basis of the established principles the Council of Ministers decided to "ensure that Jersey is prepared for external change that may affect the Island's formal relationship with the United Kingdom and/or European Union".

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environment, with unfamiliar laws (in a foreign language they could not understand) and no recourse to access the local power to counter them. The reformers of English heritage mostly came from the middle classes, and sought to further their own rights, not necessarily those of the working class. These Englishmen formed a pressure group known as the Civil Assembly of St Helier. This group was effectively split into two, one organised around

2102: 2021: 908:, the Lieutenant Bailiff, in effective full control over the island. Lempière was a Parliamentarian, but by temperament was autocratic. His family had significant power with a number of high-ranking roles in the island and he issued ordinances and quashed protest through his court. Democratic representation was not present in the island's political system, with only wealthier men able to vote for 1048:

independence. Both parties united against the move and around 7000 islanders signing a petition. By 1854, the council had agreed to revoke the Orders, on the condition that the States passed most of the council's requirements. In 1856, further constitutional reform brought deputies into the States for the first time, with one deputy from each country parish and three from town.

1003:) were holding a meeting. They damaged the building and injured both the innkeeper and his wife. On election day in St Martin, the a number of Rose voters were attacked, after which most Rose men refrained from voting. Although the Rose candidate won overall, he faced a number of lawsuits over claims of voter fraud, so in the end the Laurel candidate George Bertram took office. 2953:, Article 355(5)(c) states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972". 869:

it declared that the "charge of military forces be wholly in the Governor, and the care of justice and civil affairs in the Bailiff." This secured for both the Bailiff and the States precedence over the Governor on justice and civil affairs, the constitutional precedent which limits the involvement of the Lieutenant-Governor in domestic affairs today.

766:) maintained his claim to the title as the rightful Duke of Normandy until 1259, the island's courts were originally established as Norman, not English territory (to use English law would de-legitimise the English Crown's claim to the ducal title), so are based upon traditional Norman laws and customs, such as the 1369:, appointed for a five-year term. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the United Kingdom government and carries out executive functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports. Since 2022, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has been Vice Admiral 1025:' hard-code English reformism and the other, a larger looser corpus of English reformists. The former was never representative of a significant proportion of the English community. One thing both shared however was a belief that the English systems were far superior to the historic Norman-based structures. 1031:

was an outspoken new resident - though with Jersey heritage - opposed to Jersey's self-government. He not only thought Jersey should be integrated into England fully, but disputed the right of the States to even make its own laws. He is noted as saying, 'the States have no more power to make laws for

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During the 19th century, the administration system, despite reform, still resembled a feudal system of governance. At the start of the century, Jersey had achieved a high degree of self-government through delegation of Crown powers to the States, though the Bailiff, Governor and Jurats were all still

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This dispute led to one of the most major turning points in Jersey's constitutional history, as the division of powers between the Governor and Bailiff were clearly demarcated. Though the Privy Council did not agree with Hérault's extreme position on the precedence of the Bailiff, on 18 February 1617

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in 1611. Peyton disputed this appointment, claiming it was the Governor's jurisdiction to appoint the Bailiff. Hérault asserted it was the King's jurisdiction to directly appoint the Bailiff. An Order in Council (dated 9 August 1615) sided with Hérault, which Hérault took to claim the Bailiff was the

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The question of Jersey's independence has been discussed from time to time in the States Assembly. In 1999, a member of the government said that 'Independence is an option open to the Island if the circumstances should justify this' but the government 'does not believe independence is appropriate in

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nor its predecessors; however it has been a dependency of the monarch of each of these states at their time of existence. The government in Westminster has played an important role in Jersey's lawmaking and political landscape. Since the island is linked with the monarch, not with the UK Parliament,

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In 1462, the occupying French Governor de Brézé issued ordinances outlining the role of the Bailiff and the Jurats. It may well be during this occupation that the island saw the establishment of the States. Comte Maulevrier, who had led the invasion of the island, ordered the holding of an Assize in

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declared that Jerseymen should 'hold and retain all privileges, liberties, immunities and customs granted by our forebares'. This began the tradition of successive monarchs devolving powers over the island to Islanders, giving them certain privileges and protecting the separation between the Channel

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was an outspoken new resident of the island. A retired colonel, Le Cras was opposed to Jersey's historic self-government and represented a group of people who not only thought Jersey should be fully integrated into England, but disputed the right of the States even to make its own laws. He is noted

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Since the 1950s, politics in Jersey has been dominated by independent representatives. Historically, the island had two parties: the conservative Roses (Charlots) and the progressive Laurels (Magots). Due to the 2022 electoral reform, Jersey may be moving towards a politics dominated by parties. As

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of the assembly have been established to examine (i) economic affairs, (ii) environment, (iii) corporate services, (iv) education and home affairs and (v) health, social security and housing. The real utility of the panels is said to be "that of independent critique which holds ministers to account

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and the UK government agreed an "International Identity Framework", setting out the modern relationship between the United Kingdom and Jersey. The United Kingdom now issues "Letters of Entrustment" to the Jersey government, which delegate power to Jersey to negotiate international agreements on its

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campaigned for either the incorporation of the island as a county of England or at least the abolition of the States. The other political party to emerge during this period was the Progressive Party, consisting of some present States members, who opposed the JDM. In the 1945 Deputies' election, the

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Most lords forfeited their insular land in favour of their French territory, but some remained, notably the de Carteret family of St Ouen. The old aristocracy gave way to a new one, with landowners drawn from royal officials, who soon came to think of themselves as islanders rather than Englishmen.

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In October 2012, the Council of Ministers issued a "Common policy for external relations" that set out a number of principles for the conduct of external relations in accordance with existing undertakings and agreements. This document noted that Jersey "is a self-governing, democratic country with

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The Tax Justice Network criticises the political system for its absence of judicial independence (due to 'close relations between the legal and financial services' and 'the intimate relations between legal professionals who grew up together'); lack of second chamber in its parliament (for scrutiny

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Jersey's political system has often been criticised over the centuries, both within and outside the island. The 'Jersey Way' is a term used in critiques to describe a political culture that is claimed to enforce conformity, ignore perversion of the course of justice and suppress political dissent.

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may expressly apply to the Island as regards matters of self-government, or whether this historic power is now in abeyance, is a matter of legal debate. The States of Jersey Law 2005 established that no United Kingdom Act or Order in Council may apply to the Bailiwick without being referred to the

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Many locals blamed this push for reform on the island's new immigrants, who were unaccustomed to the island's distinct political and legal systems (although a major part of the mainstream reformer movement was in fact made of Jerseymen). Many English who had moved to the island discovered an alien

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Consideration would need to be given to the questions of the internal organisation of Jersey's constitution, as well as citizenship and passports. The report assumes the Queen would continue to be the Head of State, appointing a Governor-General on the advice of the British Government. The report

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Independence would require the establishment of a Foreign Affairs Department within the Government of Jersey, or other similar steps. At present, the island's international affairs are formally governed by the UK Government. The report recommended the island join 'essential' global organisations,

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The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split administrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system, of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy. The law was conducted

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was presented to the States by the Council of Ministers in June 2008. The report made a number of recommendations about Jersey independence, including the benefits and costs of independence and the social and cultural consequences. The island would need to be recognised as a sovereign state on a

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During the 1980s, the question was raised of Jersey making an annual contribution towards the United Kingdom's costs of defence and international representation undertaken on behalf of Jersey. In 1987, the States of Jersey made an interim payment of £8 million while the matter was discussed. The

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In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken

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that de Carteret was absent and not well accustomed to the law and culture of the island. Charles attempted to oppose this by blocking sittings of the Jurats in court, claiming they could not sit since they were related to the plaintiff or defendant (which they most often were since everyone in

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The protestors demands include reductions in price of wheat and the abolition of certain, or all, Seigneurial privileges. In reaction, the Crown issued the Code of 1771, which attempted to separate the island's judiciary and legislature. After the petitions of Le Geyt, the English authorities

1044:, however HM Government instead promised a Royal Commission. The Commission advised the abolition of the Royal Court run by the Jurats and the replacement of it with three Crown-appointed judges and the introduction of a paid police force. Le Cras left the island to live in England in 1850. 1047:

In 1852, the island experienced somewhat of a constitutional crisis when the Privy Council issued three Orders in Council: establishing a police court, a petty debts court and a paid police force for St Helier. This sparked controversy locally, with claims that the move threatened Jersey's

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recounted an Englishman's comment that only one thing was needed to make Jersey perfect, and that was "a full participation in the benefits of English law". However, the Lieutenant Governor at the time stated that the absence of English law was what had brought Jerseymen such prosperity.

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The link between the island and the monarchy, rather than through Parliament, has led to an effectively independent political development on the island. In medieval times, the island was treated as a possession of the King by the English government, rather than part of the English state.

1703:; however HM Government instead promised a Royal Commission. The Commission advised the abolition of the Royal Court run by the Jurats and its replacement by three Crown-appointed judges, and the introduction of a paid police force. Le Cras left the island to live in England in 1850. 665:

In around 933, Duke William I (William Longsword), seized Jersey, which until then had been politically linked to Brittany, and it is likely that the pre-Norman form of government and way of life was replaced at this point. The island adopted the Norman law system, still the basis of

1885:, with terms of reference 'to conduct a review and evaluation of the potential advantages and disadvantages for Jersey in seeking independence from the United Kingdom or other incremental change in the constitutional relationship, while retaining the Queen as Head of State'. 1123:

the competency of Parliament to legislate for the island without the States' consent is disputed. The Crown retains residual responsibility for the "good government" of the island, and the UK Government has a "non-interventionist policy" for supervising the Bailiwick.

681:. They held extensive lands in Carteret as well, but these were lost by them after King John's loss of Normandy, so they decided to settle on the island. Between the 12th and 20th centuries, there were an estimated 245 fiefs in Jersey, though not all simultaneously. 927:

instructed that peace and reform should be brought to the island. Bentinck became Lieutenant Governor and introduced important reforms. The Royal Court was no longer a lawmaking body and all legislative power was vested in the States. With the fixing in 1771 of the

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recommended the need for a codified constitution, which should contain a basic human rights statement. The current States Assembly could be replaced by a States Parliament, which would need to replace the checks and balances provided by the Privy Council.

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Jersey than I have'. In 1840, he won a court case challenging the States' ability to naturalise people as citizens. The Privy Council determined that the long-standing precedent of the States doing so had been invalidated since Jersey had been ruled under

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Previously, both executive and legislative powers were vested in a single body: the States of Jersey. A committee system managed government affairs and policy, with committees formed of States members. A report of a review committee chaired by Sir

1064:, many islanders called for the reform and modernisation of the States: a poll by the JEP showed that only 88 of the 1,784 surveyed thought Rectors should stay in the States, and a vast majority wanted the legislature and judiciary separated. The 1896:

has called for changes to the Channel Islands' relationship with the United Kingdom government, arguing that 'at the very least, we should be ready for independence if we are placed in a position where that course was the only sensible option'.

762:, successive English monarchs have then granted to Jersey by charter its certain privileges, likely to ensure the island's continued loyalty, accounting for its advantageous position at the boundary of the European continent. As John (and later 1159:

Since 2000, Jersey's "external personality" has developed, as recognised in the preamble to the States of Jersey Law 2005 which refers to "an increasing need for Jersey to participate in matters of international affairs". In 2007, the

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power of veto. Although formally organised party politics plays no role in the States of Jersey assembly, members often vote together in two main blocs: a minority of members, holding broadly progressive views and critical of the

1107:. This peculiar political position has often benefited the islanders. Until the 19th century, the island was generally exempt from the harsher parts of Westminster legislation, while being included in favourable policies, such as 824:

the island. Maulevrier confirmed the place of existing institutions, however created the requirement for Jurats to be chosen by Bailiffs, Jurats, Rectors and Constables. The earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524.

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The threats to Jersey's autonomy continued. In the 1860s, there was raised a threat of an intervention in the island's government by the British Parliament itself, in order to impose change on the island's structures.

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recaptured Normandy for England in 1106. The island was then part of the English King's realm (though still part of Normandy and France). Around 1142, it is recorded that Jersey was under the control of the

770:. Legislative power was vested in 12 jurats, the twelve "senior men" of the island. Along with the Bailiff, they would form the Royal Court, which determined all civil and criminal causes (except treason). 904:

Jersey was somehow related to one another). By 1750, the Bailiffship had de facto become a hereditary position in the de Carteret family. Absences of the de Carterets and all other high-ranking posts left

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real head of government and the Governor was simply a military officer. To back his claims, he also cited that in the Norman administrative tradition, the Bailiffs had "no one above them except the Duke".

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The Chief Minister is elected from among the elected members of the States. Ministers are then proposed both by the Chief Minister and any other elected member, the final decision being made by the

1388:, Deputy Bailiff, Attorney General and Solicitor General. In practice, the process of appointment involves a panel in Jersey which selects a preferred candidate whose name is communicated to the UK 943:"no Laws or Ordinances whatsoever, which may be made provisionally or in view of being afterwards asserted to by His Majesty in Council, shall be passed but by the whole Assembly of the States of " 4022: 1958: 1914:

country by country basis. The report concluded that 'Jersey is equipped to face the challenges of independence' but 'whether those steps should be taken is not within the remit of this paper'.

3406: 5253: 5248: 3558: 976:(supporters of the Lieutenant Baliff Charles Lempière). Dumaresq is quoted as saying "we shall make these Seigneurs bite the dust". In 1776, he was elected as Connétable for St Peter. 589: 5258: 4027: 3649: 812:. After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with the frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice. 3501: 1687:

as saying, 'The States have no more power to make laws for Jersey than I have'. In 1840 he won a court case challenging the States' power to naturalise people as citizens. The

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stated that "In international law the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the Islands' international relations" and "also responsible for the defence of the Islands".

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on a majority basis. It has been some time since parties contested elections at this level, other than for the position of Connétable, who uniquely has a role in both the

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who called for democratic reforms (that the States should be democratically elected Deputies and should have vested in them executive power). His supporters were known as

5620: 3885: 2069: 1988: 1978: 5177: 1973: 3150: 5172: 3187: 2079: 5243: 4012: 1983: 915: A revolt, known as the Corn Riots or the Jersey Revolution, occurred in 1769. They were centred around the balance of power between the island's parliament, 785:), a position largely occupied with the defence of the island. From 1415 until the second half of the 15th century, the islands were governed by a Lord (or Lady). 3307: 1866:

on the Constitution and the complete lack of consultation surrounding it. The Home Secretary later stated that there was no intention to change the relationship.

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criticised this system of government, finding it incapable of developing high-level strategy, efficient policy coordination or effective political leadership.

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purposes); no political parties; no formalised government and opposition and the lack of a wide range of independent news sources, or research capabilities.

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and Jersey is a self-governing possession of the Crown. The present monarch, whose traditional title in the Channel Islands is the Duke of Normandy, is King

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introduced a number of reforms to the government's administrative structure. Moving away from a system whereby each minister heads a single department, the

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The overall direction of government as agreed by the Council of Ministers is published periodically as a "strategic plan", the current one being the

621:. Jersey can be best described as "neither a colony nor a conquest, but a peculiar and immediate dependency of the Crown." The island is part of the 4393: 4037: 2064: 909: 5364: 2950: 1675:

The Tax Justice Network states that the Jersey Way allows for the island's political system to be abused by financial services sector companies.

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was appointed as Assistant Chief Minister with responsibility for UK and International Relations (in effect, Jersey's first Foreign Minister).

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the present circumstances and does not see the circumstances arising in the foreseeable future when it would be appropriate'. In 2000, Senator

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The administration of the island was handled by an insular government. The King appointed a Warden (later "Capitain" or "Governor", now the

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is the civic head. Both are appointed by the Crown. Here the holders of the offices in 2011 are seen processing alongside on Liberation Day

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Decisions in the States are taken by majority vote of the elected members present and voting. The States of Jersey Law 2005 removed the

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The late 18th century was the first time political parties in some form came into existence on the island. Jean Dumaresq was an early

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since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London.

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Proposals for Jersey independence have subsequently been discussed at an international conference held in Jersey, organised by the

1508: 1061: 1590: 4084: 3969: 3589: 2510: 4450: 4893: 3877: 2701: 1796:. All have access to the sea, and they are mostly named after the saints to whom their ancient parish churches are dedicated. 728:

According to the Rolls of the Norman Exchequer, in 1180 Jersey was divided for administrative purposes into three ministeria:

569: 4440: 3878:"Jersey Law - Jersey Law Review - October 1999 - The Cry For Constitutional Reform- A Perspective From The Office Of Bailiff" 3427: 2832: 2597: 2307: 852:. Peyton struggled with the Bailiff over converting the island from the dominant Calvinist religion to Anglicanism. In 1615, 225: 4888: 5605: 4559: 1389: 1185: 3183: 2109: 2028: 1691:

determined that the long-standing precedent of the States doing so had been invalidated since Jersey had been ruled under

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of the Progressive Party became the first woman ever elected to the States. Other notable successful candidates included

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it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly, and the lawmaking powers of the Royal Court were removed (

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and other ministers (all elected directly by the States). The council is the leading decision-making body of the wider

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The States of Jersey Law 2005 introduced a ministerial system of government. Executive powers are now vested in the

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stated HM Government would examine the relationships with the Channel Islands. Jersey opposed its inclusion in the

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The United Kingdom is responsible for Jersey's international relations as an aspect of the island's status as a

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The role of the jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the

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of February 2022, there are four political parties in Jersey, which hold around a third of the States:

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period was a divisive period politically for the island. In 1821, there was an election for Jurat. The

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This saw the firm establishment of the feudal system in Jersey, with fiefs headed by Seigneurs. In the

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economic policies. Over time, there have been calls for reforms to Jersey's constitution, such as the

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outcome of debates within the island was that the contribution should take the form of maintaining a

722: 469: 5573: 5048: 6019: 5981: 5634: 5200: 5058: 4969: 4931: 4903: 4680: 4435: 4420: 4383: 4235: 4220: 3333: 3123: 2815: 2290: 1712: 1692: 1539: 1208: 1161: 1033: 900: 700:; however, he continued to rule his French possessions, including Jersey, as a separate entity, as 697: 502: 410: 325: 310: 257: 180: 5939: 5655: 5215: 4839: 4512: 4256: 3938: 2742: 2715: 2056:

The following groups are, at least, partially funded by government. Appointments are made by the

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called for a referendum on independence, a proposal which failed to win any significant support.

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focuses on more efficient governmental organisation. As of 2022, the government departments are:

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According to constitutional convention United Kingdom legislation may be extended to Jersey by

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versus a majority of members, of conservative ideology, who support the Council of Ministers.

1073:

topped the poll and was elected for nine years. On 8 December 1945 in the Deputies' election,

883:

During the late 17th century, the Governors and Bailiffs were generally absent - the Governor

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assembly. There are also five non-elected, non-voting members appointed by the Crown (the

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in their capacity as a member of the assembly in domains not concerning Council policy.

313:

and other Ministers), which is the decision-making body of the island's government, the

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Revolution of 1769: Appendix to the report to the States, reproduced by the Island Wiki

2716:

Revolution of 1769: Appendix to the report to the States, reproduced by the Island Wiki

2652: 1793: 1786: 1769: 1465: 1174: 995:) attacked the Inn in their village where Rose men (the progressive descendants of the 896: 717: 693: 678: 659: 610: 497: 329: 276: 246: 170: 1406: 5974: 5929: 5854: 5824: 5559: 5552: 5315: 5078: 4964: 4762: 4705: 4664: 4638: 4537: 4492: 4301: 4205: 4047: 3987: 3866: 3550: 3542: 3465: 3457: 3254: 2998: 2828: 2680: 2603: 2593: 2544: 2514: 2448: 2414: 2303: 2169: 1855: 1745: 1480: 1423: 1200: 1138: 1082: 887:

never visited the island at all during his time in office and after the death of Sir

857: 363: 286: 118: 5513: 5432: 5187: 5129: 4823: 4780: 4621: 4616: 4475: 4400: 4142: 4132: 1893: 1882: 1878: 1863: 1847: 1752: 1579: 1504: 1473: 1377: 1145: 689: 479: 1468:, other posts vary in length from one to three years, and elections are held at a 1461:(or "constables") occur at fixed four-yearly intervals, in May every fourth year. 5566: 5331: 5268: 5144: 5121: 5012: 4757: 4735: 4631: 4594: 4589: 4517: 4445: 4215: 4162: 3942: 3930: 3717: 3529: 3449: 2978: 2057: 1968: 1814: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1683: 1682:

Criticism of the political system is no modern development. In the 19th century,

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force of elected, unpaid civilians who exercise police and prosecution powers.

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and translated into action by a series of business plans for each department.

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of 1771 laid down for the first time in one place the extant laws of Jersey.

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The Cry for Constitutional Reform – A perspective from the Office of Bailiff

1937:

Jersey, as a polity predominated by independents has always had a number of

233: 4581: 4569: 4122: 3444: 1496: 1247:(Militia), deploys individuals on operations in support of British Forces. 884: 3399:"Jersey (Constitution) - Friday 7 February 1969 - Hansard - UK Parliament" 3023: 1165:

own behalf and sign treaties in Jersey's own name rather than through the

5418: 4785: 4740: 4564: 3758: 1881:

established the Constitutional Review Group in July 2005, chaired by Sir

1851: 1578:. However, ministers retain the right to present their own policy to the 1288: 1276: 1074: 849: 368: 280: 153: 76: 49: 5342: 4710: 29: 5531: 4951: 4137: 3534: 1781: 1415: 1370: 1350: 953: 878: 96: 3769: 754:

It is said, in tradition, that the island's autonomy derives from the

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Morris, P.E. "The new systems of government in the Channel Islands".

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unit in Jersey. The Jersey Field Squadron (Militia), attached to the

614: 380: 356: 4507: 3923: 3334:"Code of Conduct and Practice for Ministers and Assistant Ministers" 3021: 2862: 474: 264:. The head of the civil administration and judiciary is the Bailiff 5439: 4486: 4089: 3829: 840:

To this day, the tradition that the Bailiff wears red robes remains

673:

A key part of the early administrative structure of Jersey was the

651: 3947: 3118: 2814: 2289: 1718: 891:, no bailiff was appointed for five years. The eventual successor 831: 293:

power is vested in the States of Jersey, which is composed of the

5580: 5538: 3729: 2968: 1392:

for approval before a formal recommendation is made to the King.

1792:

Jersey is divided into twelve administrative districts known as

1196:

governed by Protocol 3 to the UK's Treaty of Accession in 1972.

5425: 3978: 3807: 2922:"BBC News – Senator Freddie Cohen gets external relations role" 1850:

in a debate on Jersey's constitution in 1969. According to Sir

1153: 701: 346: 242: 3273: 962:("maggots", initially an insult from his opponents, which the 815:

In 1341, in recognition of islanders' efforts during the war,

5446: 3181: 2197:"Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity" 2004: 5642:

First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

2868:

Report of the Royal Commission on the Constitution 1963–1973

1500:

and constructively engages with policy which is deficient".

873:

Jersey Revolution: division of the legislature and judiciary

5621:

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey

2221:

Le Bailli, J. (1860) Jersey Chamber of Commerce, quoted in

895:

faced large opposition, especially from his own tenants in

674: 655: 1699:

to push for a Parliamentary Committee to enquire into the

1283:

As a Crown dependency, the head of state of Jersey is the

1040:

to push for a Parliamentary Committee to enquire into the

2445:

Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands

1081:(whose father had recently been returned as Senator) and 912:, with those men filling the roles with their relatives. 3682:"Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group" 3935: 1507:

at the request of the Island's government. Whether an

1148:. It is now normal practice for the UK to consult the 968:

reclaimed as their own term) and his opponents as the

947: 1904: 987:

Laurelites (conservatives, the eventual name for the

848:

became the Governor in 1603 after the death of Queen

3331: 3298: 3022:

Royal Household at Buckingham Palace (4 June 2018).

2589:

A concise history of Jersey : a new perspective

2285: 2283: 2199:(Press release). States of Jersey. 7 February 2019. 3711:

Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society

3610:P Bailhache, 'One or two steps from sovereignty' 3582:"Independence debate rears head in Channel Islands" 3493:"Jersey institutions reject calls for independence" 2808: 2704:. Jersey Law (jerseylaw.je). Retrieved 3 June 2022. 2566:

Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ

1954:

Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society

1454:, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General). 1169:. This development was "strongly supported" by the 749: 237:

A diagram representing Jersey's political structure

3491: 1949:The following groups are funded by their members. 3525:"Jersey may split from UK to save low-tax status" 2280: 6096: 2484:The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey 2344:The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey 2226:The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey 1192:. It did, however, have a relationship with the 279:. The current monarch and head of state is King 3642: 3007:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2985:. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 2972:. House of Lords. 7 July 2009. col. WA148. 2951:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 1263:is the representative of head of state and the 832:Division of powers between Governor and Bailiff 5553:Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2513:. Voisin & Co. 18 May 1999. Archived from 1560:. These plans are debated and approved by the 860:by the King, having been promised the role by 5683: 5358: 3963: 3489: 3253:. (Autumn). London: Sweet and Maxwell: 430. 3244: 3242: 3240: 1695:since 1771. In 1846, he persuaded the MP for 1231:and is based closely on the United Kingdom's 1036:since 1771. In 1846, he persuaded the MP for 716:gained the English Crown. William Rufus' son 590: 3865:, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) 3271: 3028:The official website of the British Monarchy 2679:, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) 1932: 1603:Children, Young People, Education and Skills 1279:, colloquially known as the Duke of Normandy 1152:and seek their consent before entering into 997: 989: 970: 963: 957: 796: 790: 741: 735: 729: 658:into four provinces, Jersey was part of the 2874: 2761: 1223:. The Human Rights (Jersey) Law 2000 makes 820:Islands and the rest of their royal realm. 5690: 5676: 5479:Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey 5365: 5351: 3970: 3956: 3237: 2870:. Cmnd 5460. London, United Kingdom: HMSO. 2511:"A Short Constitutional History of Jersey" 1917:At present the island is protected by the 1877:The Policy and Resources Committee of the 1615:Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance 1126: 725:, who administered Normandy for the Duke. 597: 583: 5372: 4063:Channel Islands Occupation Society (CIOS) 3875: 3332:Council of Ministers (10 February 2015). 3084:"Jersey's new Deputy Bailiff is sworn in" 2563: 1184:Jersey was neither a Member State nor an 4857: 2799: 2480: 2442: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2340: 2222: 1585:In recent years, former Chief Executive 1405: 1270: 1254: 835: 645: 232: 3207: 3205: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 1609:Infrastructure, Housing and Environment 758:, however this is disputed. Until King 6097: 5697: 4451:List of members of the States Assembly 4189: 3650:"COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS" 3490:O'Connell, Joanne (7 September 2011). 3301:"Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022" 3003:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2749:from the original on 23 September 2021 2722:from the original on 23 September 2021 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2534: 2532: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2408: 2246: 899:. A group of jurats complained to the 305:). Elected States members appoint the 5671: 5346: 4856: 4008:German occupation during World War II 3951: 3579: 3561:from the original on 12 November 2012 3522: 3437: 3363: 3361: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2585: 2538: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2336: 2334: 2203:from the original on 10 February 2019 2089:Jersey Development Company (formerly 1959:Institute of Directors, Jersey branch 1820: 5606:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 4560:Jersey Financial Services Commission 3876:Bailhache, Philip (3 October 2011). 3840:from the original on 22 January 2019 3225:from the original on 26 October 2021 3202: 3064:from the original on 17 October 2020 2864:Royal Commission on the Constitution 2734: 2689: 2632:from the original on 22 January 2021 2363: 2254:"Interpretation Act 1978 SCHEDULE 1" 2096: 2015: 1846:The separation issue came up in the 1831: 1799:Each parish is further divided into 1628: 1558:Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022 1509:Act of the United Kingdom Parliament 3977: 3830:"Home - Jersey Development Company" 3616:"One or two steps from sovereignty" 3182:Office of the Lieutenant Governor. 3163:from the original on 12 August 2011 3094:from the original on 7 January 2021 2932:from the original on 2 October 2018 2919: 2901:from the original on 14 August 2021 2740: 2713: 2614: 2572: 2529: 2461: 1706: 1647:(centre-right, party of government) 1245:Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers 1213:European Convention on Human Rights 948:Party politics: Magots and Charlots 613:, Jersey is sovereign territory of 13: 3888:from the original on 13 March 2019 3740:from the original on 21 April 2019 3626:from the original on 18 April 2024 3504:from the original on 24 March 2012 3409:from the original on 22 April 2023 3358: 3248: 3131:from the original on 20 April 2024 3106: 2816:House of Commons Justice Committee 2793: 2781:from the original on 18 April 2024 2707: 2650: 2491:from the original on 28 March 2021 2427: 2351:from the original on 28 March 2021 2331: 2291:House of Commons Justice Committee 2268:from the original on 27 March 2023 2233:from the original on 28 March 2021 2091:Jersey Waterfront Enterprise Board 1944: 1905:Constitutional Review Group report 1378:government or parliament of Jersey 1171:House of Commons Justice Committee 1156:obligations affecting the island. 1118:Jersey has never been part of the 1055: 320:Other powers are exercised by the 14: 6116: 5628:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 3917: 3662:from the original on 23 July 2013 3369:"Portrait of a tax haven: Jersey" 3346:from the original on 30 July 2019 3280:from the original on 26 July 2011 3190:from the original on 30 July 2019 3184:"Role of the Lieutenant-Governor" 3034:from the original on 11 July 2021 1568:Cabinet collective responsibility 1410:The States building in St. Helier 5465:Government of the United Kingdom 3911:Constitutional History of Jersey 3780:from the original on 14 May 2018 3620:Jersey & Guernsey Law Review 3438:Kelso, Paul (1 September 2000). 3379:from the original on 18 May 2021 2622:"History of the States Assembly" 2262:Government of the United Kingdom 2100: 2019: 1838:Devolution in the United Kingdom 1717: 1173:in its March 2010 report on the 1006: 750:Establishment of self-government 345: 48: 4394:Customs and Immigration Service 3856: 3822: 3792: 3762: 3752: 3722: 3704: 3674: 3604: 3573: 3516: 3483: 3431: 3421: 3391: 3325: 3292: 3265: 3175: 3143: 3076: 3046: 3015: 2969:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2956: 2944: 2913: 2856: 2670: 2644: 2557: 2503: 1088: 789:through 12 jurats, constables ( 660:province headquartered at Lyons 3898:Jersey Legal Information Board 3636:Jersey Legal Information Board 3612:Jersey and Guernsey Law Review 3523:Waugh, Paul (28 August 2000). 3218:Jersey Legal Information Board 2894:Jersey Legal Information Board 2774:Jersey Legal Information Board 2653:"Constitution - theislandwiki" 2541:History of the Channel Islands 2447:. Great Britain: Robert Hale. 2215: 2189: 2161:Jersey Legal Information Board 2151: 2085:Jersey Legal Information Board 1890:Jersey and Guernsey Law Review 1395: 1203:, Jersey – as a territory the 1: 3299:Council of Ministers (2018). 2144: 1827:List of politicians in Jersey 1606:Health and Community Services 1597:Office of the Chief Executive 1576:Code of Conduct for Ministers 1367:Lieutenant Governor of Jersey 783:Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey 3863:Balleine's History of Jersey 2677:Balleine's History of Jersey 2487:(Thesis). S.l.: typescript. 2411:Balleine's History of Jersey 2347:(Thesis). S.l.: typescript. 2229:(Thesis). S.l.: typescript. 1669: 1651:Jersey Liberal Conservatives 1515: 1434:members (37 Deputies and 12 1250: 1133:External relations of Jersey 712:became Duke of Normandy and 7: 3213:"States of Jersey Law 2005" 2889:"States of Jersey Law 2005" 2409:Syvret, Marguerite (2011). 2132: 1854:, Member of Parliament for 1635:Political parties in Jersey 1600:Customer and Local Services 1457:Elections for Deputies and 10: 6121: 5649:First Minister of Scotland 5500:Northern Ireland Executive 4555:Jersey Electricity Company 3905:The Constitution of Jersey 3734:Jersey Chamber of Commerce 2700:Bailhache, Philip (n.d.). 2564:Stapleton, Thomas (1840). 2481:Kelleher, John D. (1991). 2341:Kelleher, John D. (1991). 2223:Kelleher, John D. (1991). 2051: 1964:Jersey Chamber of Commerce 1892:. The former Bailiff, Sir 1835: 1824: 1710: 1632: 1519: 1399: 1177:. In January 2011 Senator 1130: 1092: 1066:Jersey Democratic Movement 876: 756:Constitutions of King John 640: 295:Assembly of States members 6076: 6028: 5990: 5705: 5598:Representatives of states 5597: 5523: 5456: 5389: 5380: 5309: 5267: 5224: 5186: 5143: 5120: 5077: 5039: 5011: 4983: 4950: 4912: 4894:de Haut du Mont au Prêtre 4869: 4852: 4810: 4771: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4545: 4536: 4466: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4292: 4283: 4249: 4241:Highlands College, Jersey 4198: 4180: 4098: 3995: 3986: 3622:(October 2009 ed.). 3586:international-adviser.com 2070:Community Relations Trust 2011:National Trust for Jersey 1979:Jersey Rights Association 1933:Political pressure groups 1716: 1574:is a feature of the 2015 1483:'s casting vote and the 1476:and in local government. 1219:acceded to the treaty in 617:, but is not part of the 221: 213: 203: 196: 186: 176: 169: 159: 148: 138: 131: 124: 110: 102: 92: 82: 75: 59: 47: 20: 5635:Chief Minister of Jersey 5254:de la Petite Longueville 5249:de la Grande Longueville 4889:de Bas du Mont au Prêtre 4436:Procureur du Bien Public 4267:St Michael's Preparatory 4221:Jersey College for Girls 3929:22 November 2016 at the 3770:"Save Jersey's Heritage" 3440:"Land of milk and money" 3124:Government House, Jersey 2443:Lempière, Raoul (1976). 1974:Jersey Youth Reform Team 1713:Parish Assembly (Jersey) 1612:Justice and Home Affairs 1591:One Government structure 1211:– has been bound by the 1162:Chief Minister of Jersey 258:representative democracy 67:parliamentary democratic 5656:First Minister of Wales 5173:Cueillette de Vinchelez 4257:Beaulieu Convent School 3941:3 December 2017 at the 3774:Savejerseysheritage.org 2977:26 October 2016 at the 2920:BBC (14 January 2011). 2800:Phillips, Mary (2001). 2080:Jersey Consumer Council 1295:Present office holders 1127:International relations 262:constitutional monarchy 70:constitutional monarchy 5748:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5486:Isle of Man Government 5277:de la Ville-à-l'Évêque 5178:Cueillette de Léoville 4791:ITV Channel Television 4316:Places in the islands 4158:Jersey Eastern Railway 4148:La Corbière Lighthouse 4106:La Cotte de St Brelade 4080:Coastal fortifications 3274:"The Scrutiny Website" 1989:Save Jersey's Heritage 1624:Chief Operating Office 1618:Treasury and Exchequer 1411: 1280: 1268: 1207:is responsible for in 1105:Treaty of Paris (1259) 1101:unwritten constitution 1095:Constitution of Jersey 998: 990: 971: 964: 958: 945: 841: 797: 791: 776:Treaty of Paris (1259) 768:Coutumier de Normandie 742: 736: 730: 328:in each of the twelve 238: 54:Coat of arms of Jersey 5472:Government of Ireland 5383:Good Friday Agreement 5374:British–Irish Council 5168:Cueillette de Millais 5163:Cueillette de Grantez 4696:Durrell Wildlife Park 3913:, F. de L. Bois, 1972 3716:9 August 2007 at the 3686:Statesassembly.gov.je 3403:hansard.parliament.uk 3058:statesassembly.gov.je 2741:Dun, Michael (2012). 2714:Dun, Michael (2012). 2657:www.theislandwiki.org 2626:statesassembly.gov.je 2592:. Societe Jersiaise. 2586:Platt, Colin (2009). 2413:. The History Press. 1911:Second Interim Report 1813:. Each parish has an 1570:among members of the 1485:Lieutenant Governor's 1422:and scrutinising the 1409: 1274: 1258: 1233:Human Rights Act 1998 941: 839: 686:William the Conqueror 646:Prior to English rule 629:, administrative and 236: 5493:Government of Jersey 5390:Member jurisdictions 5064:du Coin Tourgis Nord 4389:Council of Ministers 4379:Government of Jersey 3936:Government of Jersey 3834:Jerseydevelopment.je 3655:. States of Jersey. 3024:"Crown Dependencies" 2114:adding missing items 2033:adding missing items 1919:British Armed Forces 1842:European microstates 1572:Council of Ministers 1544:Government of Jersey 1536:Council of Ministers 1522:Government of Jersey 1490:Council of Ministers 1424:Council of Ministers 1420:adopting legislation 1346:Lieutenant Governor 1314:HM King Charles III 1113:2000 Clothier report 1079:John Le Marquand Jr. 423:Council of Ministers 403:Government of Jersey 315:Government of Jersey 307:Council of Ministers 217:Broad Street Offices 208:Council of Ministers 5991:States with limited 5699:Politics of Europe 5507:Scottish Government 5107:du Fief de la Reine 5069:du Coin Tourgis Sud 4797:Jersey Evening Post 4731:Jersey Royal potato 4716:Jèrriais literature 4600:Visite du Branchage 4498:Jersey Legal French 4416:Lieutenant Governor 4262:De La Salle College 3580:Judge, Dan (2010). 3375:. 5 November 2017. 3373:Tax Justice Network 2543:. Robert Hale Ltd. 2075:Jersey Overseas Aid 1659:(social democratic) 1495:Scrutiny panels of 1448:Lieutenant Governor 1390:Ministry of Justice 1382:Lieutenant Governor 1376:The Crown (not the 1296: 1261:Lieutenant Governor 1199:In relation to the 1014:John Stuart Blackie 893:Charles de Carteret 889:Edouard de Carteret 376:Lieutenant Governor 243:Bailiwick of Jersey 6105:Politics of Jersey 4612:Telecommunications 4550:Financial services 4411:External relations 4053:Battery Lothringen 4048:War Tunnels Museum 4038:Sechsschartentürme 3907:, Roy Le Herissier 3810:on 13 January 2019 3272:States of Jersey. 3119:"Government House" 3090:. 6 January 2020. 2964:"Territorial Army" 2821:Crown Dependencies 2539:Lempriére, Raoul. 2517:on 6 December 2010 2296:Crown Dependencies 2258:legislation.gov.uk 2112:; you can help by 2031:; you can help by 1999:Alliance Française 1821:Jersey politicians 1805:(or, in St. Ouen, 1512:States of Jersey. 1416:parliamentary body 1412: 1294: 1281: 1269: 1175:Crown Dependencies 842: 684:In 1066, the Duke 679:de Carteret family 611:Crown dependencies 548:External relations 541:External relations 339:Politics of Jersey 303:Assemblé des États 297:(States Assembly, 277:head of government 239: 171:Head of government 77:Legislative branch 6092: 6091: 5665: 5664: 5560:Knowledge economy 5340: 5339: 5305: 5304: 5239:de Sous la Hougue 5158:Grande Cueillette 5153:Petite Cueillette 4884:du Rouge Bouillon 4848: 4847: 4806: 4805: 4711:Jèrriais language 4681:Battle of Flowers 4659: 4658: 4584:(former currency) 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4493:HM Prison La Moye 4426:Political parties 4340: 4339: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4176: 4175: 3882:Jersey Law Review 2834:978-0-215-55334-8 2818:(23 March 2010). 2599:978-0-901897-46-6 2309:978-0-215-55334-8 2293:(23 March 2010). 2130: 2129: 2049: 2048: 1994:Société Jersiaise 1832:Separation debate 1629:Political parties 1497:backbench members 1474:national assembly 1359: 1358: 1225:Convention rights 1209:international law 1201:Council of Europe 1150:Jersey government 1139:Kilbrandon Report 1103:arising from the 1083:Cyril Le Marquand 795:) and a bailiff ( 607: 606: 523:Political parties 503:Parish assemblies 231: 230: 111:Presiding officer 42: 33: 6112: 6029:Dependencies and 5965:Northern Ireland 5706:Sovereign states 5692: 5685: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5574:Social inclusion 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5516: 5514:Welsh Government 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5433:Northern Ireland 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5325: 5318: 5259:de Sous l'Église 4993:Grande Vingtaine 4899:du Mont à l'Abbé 4854: 4853: 4824:Beautiful Jersey 4781:BBC Radio Jersey 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4622:Newtel Solutions 4617:JT Group Limited 4585: 4543: 4542: 4401:Duke of Normandy 4355: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4290: 4289: 4236:Victoria College 4196: 4195: 4187: 4186: 4143:Battle of Jersey 4133:Elizabeth Castle 3993: 3992: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3806:. Archived from 3804:Jersey.attac.org 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3726: 3720: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3688:. Archived from 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3592:on 15 April 2011 3588:. Archived from 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3306:. 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5880:North Macedonia 5701: 5696: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5604: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5567:Misuse of drugs 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5385: 5376: 5371: 5341: 5336: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5301: 5297:de la Croiserie 5263: 5220: 5206:Grand Vingtaine 5182: 5139: 5116: 5073: 5035: 5007: 4979: 4946: 4908: 4865: 4844: 4802: 4767: 4686:Catholic Church 4655: 4632:Airtel-Vodafone 4583: 4524: 4462: 4446:States Assembly 4421:Parish Assembly 4336: 4271: 4245: 4172: 4163:Jersey Heritage 4094: 3982: 3976: 3943:Wayback Machine 3931:Wayback Machine 3924:States Assembly 3920: 3891: 3889: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3718:Wayback Machine 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3629: 3627: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3530:The Independent 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3498:money marketing 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3313:on 30 July 2019 3310: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3270: 3266: 3247: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3117: 3116: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3016: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2983:"Archived copy" 2981: 2979:Wayback Machine 2962: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2886: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2844:on 25 July 2017 2841: 2835: 2824: 2813: 2809: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2600: 2584: 2573: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2537: 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1058: 1056:Reforms of 1948 1029:Abraham Le Cras 1023:Abraham Le Cras 1009: 950: 933:see quote below 881: 875: 834: 817:King Edward III 810:time immemorial 752: 710:Robert Curthose 698:King of England 652:Augustus Caesar 648: 643: 623:British Islands 603: 574: 570:Other countries 558: 557: 543: 533: 532: 518: 508: 507: 493: 485: 484: 465: 455: 454: 448:Timothy Le Cocq 438: 428: 427: 407: 406: 398: 388: 387: 359: 326:Parish Assembly 309:(including the 266:Timothy Le Cocq 115:Timothy Le Cocq 87:States Assembly 55: 43: 34: 24: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6084:European Union 6080: 6078: 6077:Other entities 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6031:other entities 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5955:United Kingdom 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 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2469: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2454:0-7091-5731-2 2450: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2335: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2218: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2184: 2171: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2139:Law of Jersey 2137: 2136: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2108:This list is 2106: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2027:This list is 2025: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1942: 1940: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1782:Saint Brelade 1778: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1701:law of Jersey 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Privy Council 1685: 1680: 1676: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657:Reform Jersey 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1523: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:) sit in the 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1349:Vice Admiral 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1179:Freddie Cohen 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1109:protectionist 1106: 1102: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1042:law of Jersey 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1007:Anglicisation 1004: 1002: 1000: 994: 992: 986: 985:St Laurentine 982: 977: 975: 973: 966: 960: 955: 944: 940: 938: 934: 930: 929:Code des Lois 924: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 902: 901:Privy Council 898: 894: 890: 886: 880: 870: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 838: 829: 825: 821: 818: 813: 811: 807: 802: 799: 793: 786: 784: 779: 777: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 747: 744: 743:de Crapoudoit 738: 732: 726: 724: 719: 715: 714:William Rufus 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 671: 669: 663: 661: 657: 653: 638: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 600: 595: 593: 588: 586: 581: 580: 578: 577: 571: 568: 567: 565: 562: 561: 554: 553:EU trade deal 551: 549: 546: 545: 542: 537: 536: 529: 528:Last election 526: 524: 521: 520: 517: 512: 511: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 489: 488: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 464: 459: 458: 449: 446: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 432: 431: 424: 421: 417: 414: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 397: 392: 391: 382: 379: 378: 377: 374: 370: 367: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 353: 352: 348: 344: 343: 340: 337: 336: 333: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 282: 278: 274: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 255:parliamentary 252: 251:unitary state 248: 245:is a British 244: 235: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 206: 202: 199: 195: 192: 189: 185: 182: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 151: 147: 144: 141: 137: 134: 133:Head of state 130: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 103:Meeting place 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 58: 51: 46: 40: 31: 19: 16: 6062: 6020:Transnistria 5982:Vatican City 5615:(of Ireland) 5323:Bibliography 5244:des Pigneaux 5112:Les Écréhous 5079:Saint Martin 5049:de la Vallée 4937:de la Rocque 4830:Coat of arms 4795: 4570:Jersey pound 4485: 4374:Constitution 4345: 4211:Haute Valleé 4123:Mont Orgueil 4033:Deportations 3910: 3904: 3896:– via 3890:. Retrieved 3881: 3862: 3857:Bibliography 3842:. Retrieved 3833: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3808:the original 3803: 3794: 3782:. Retrieved 3773: 3764: 3754: 3742:. Retrieved 3733: 3724: 3706: 3694:. Retrieved 3690:the original 3685: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3644: 3634:– via 3628:. Retrieved 3619: 3611: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3590:the original 3585: 3575: 3563:. Retrieved 3528: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3497: 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3445:The Guardian 3443: 3433: 3423: 3411:. Retrieved 3402: 3393: 3381:. Retrieved 3372: 3348:. Retrieved 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3308:the original 3294: 3282:. Retrieved 3267: 3250: 3227:. Retrieved 3216: 3192:. Retrieved 3177: 3165:. Retrieved 3145: 3133:. Retrieved 3122: 3096:. Retrieved 3087: 3078: 3066:. Retrieved 3057: 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3027: 3017: 2987:. Retrieved 2967: 2958: 2946: 2934:. Retrieved 2925: 2915: 2903:. Retrieved 2892: 2867: 2858: 2846:. Retrieved 2839:the original 2820: 2810: 2801: 2795: 2783:. Retrieved 2772: 2763: 2751:. 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Retrieved 2191: 2159: 2153: 2118: 2090: 2055: 2037: 1948: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1909:The Group's 1908: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1876: 1868: 1845: 1811:municipality 1806: 1800: 1798: 1791: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1638: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1548: 1533: 1525: 1502: 1494: 1478: 1463: 1456: 1413: 1375: 1360: 1282: 1237: 1198: 1183: 1158: 1143: 1136: 1117: 1098: 1089:Constitution 1059: 1050: 1046: 1027: 1019: 1010: 996: 988: 978: 969: 951: 942: 936: 932: 928: 925: 914: 885:Henry Lumley 882: 867: 854:Jean Hérault 843: 826: 822: 814: 803: 787: 780: 772: 767: 755: 753: 727: 683: 672: 664: 649: 635: 608: 401: 338: 319: 302: 285: 268:, while the 240: 214:Headquarters 15: 6058:Isle of Man 5993:recognition 5940:Switzerland 5875:Netherlands 5546:Environment 5419:Isle of Man 5211:des Augerez 5188:Saint Peter 5102:de l'Église 5092:de Faldouet 4998:du Rocquier 4960:de Noirmont 4879:de la Ville 4786:Channel 103 4746:Opera House 4741:Jersey Live 4565:Jersey Post 4325:Saint Aubin 4250:Independent 4226:Le Rocquier 4003:Archaeology 3596:5 September 3565:5 September 3508:5 September 3475:5 September 3229:5 September 2848:8 September 2802:Poor People 2753:28 November 2726:28 November 2323:8 September 2121:August 2008 2040:August 2008 1852:Cyril Black 1807:cueillettes 1466:local level 1459:Connétables 1436:Connétables 1396:Legislature 1289:Charles III 1277:Charles III 1075:Ivy Forster 921:Royal Court 910:Connétables 850:Elizabeth I 846:John Peyton 436:Legislature 287:Legislative 281:Charles III 154:Charles III 60:Polity type 5910:San Marino 5870:Montenegro 5850:Luxembourg 5830:Kazakhstan 5733:Azerbaijan 5532:Demography 5524:Work areas 5292:des Augrès 5234:de Maufant 5145:Saint Ouen 5122:Saint Mary 5013:Saint John 5003:de Samarès 4975:de la Moye 4952:St Brelade 4922:des Marais 4859:Vingtaines 4721:Jersey cow 4706:Eisteddfod 4691:Demography 4431:Connétable 4312:Reservoirs 4206:Grainville 4199:Government 4138:Corn Riots 4018:Resistance 4013:Evacuation 3666:8 December 3251:Public Law 3167:7 November 2936:20 October 2745:(Report). 2718:(Report). 2636:20 January 2272:24 October 2207:9 February 2179:|url= 2145:References 2110:incomplete 2029:incomplete 1836:See also: 1802:vingtaines 1787:St Clement 1724:Saint Ouen 1665:(centrist) 1440:unicameral 1371:Jeremy Kyd 1351:Jeremy Kyd 1229:Jersey law 1215:since the 1062:Occupation 1060:After the 919:, and the 917:the States 879:Corn Riots 792:Connétable 737:de Groceio 731:de Gorroic 668:Jersey law 322:Connétable 222:Ministries 164:Hereditary 97:Unicameral 6048:Gibraltar 5845:Lithuania 5613:Taoiseach 5588:Transport 5287:du Rondin 5026:de Hérupe 4927:de la Rue 4914:Grouville 4871:St Helier 4701:Education 4644:Transport 4595:Committee 4503:Judiciary 4458:Viscounts 4406:Elections 4320:St Helier 4297:Geography 4285:Geography 4182:Education 4099:Specifics 4090:Perquages 4075:Windmills 3996:Overviews 3630:3 October 3555:185201487 3547:0951-9467 3462:0261-3077 3284:26 August 3259:0033-3565 3098:6 January 3068:6 January 3054:"Members" 2989:26 August 2926:bbc.co.uk 2785:1 October 2608:705959744 1856:Wimbledon 1777:Grouville 1765:St Helier 1693:civil law 1670:Criticism 1516:Executive 1363:The Crown 1300:Position 1251:The Crown 1137:The 1973 1034:civil law 979:The post- 764:Henry III 688:defeated 633:systems. 615:the Crown 516:Elections 463:Judiciary 396:Executive 381:Jerry Kyd 357:The Crown 291:executive 187:Currently 160:Appointer 149:Currently 6099:Category 6068:Svalbard 6053:Guernsey 6000:Abkhazia 5970:Scotland 5925:Slovenia 5920:Slovakia 5895:Portugal 5753:Bulgaria 5440:Scotland 5412:Guernsey 5332:Category 5282:de Rozel 5196:du Douet 5087:de Rozel 5031:du Douet 4753:Religion 4607:Taxation 4518:Honorary 4487:Greffier 4346:Politics 4307:Parishes 4216:Hautlieu 4085:Maritime 4070:COVID-19 3939:Archived 3927:Archived 3892:21 April 3886:Archived 3844:21 April 3838:Archived 3814:21 April 3784:21 April 3778:Archived 3744:21 April 3738:Archived 3714:Archived 3657:Archived 3624:Archived 3559:Archived 3502:Archived 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