130:
22:
423:
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101:) was used for this. The Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Eleventh Edition called it in its 1933 issue; a localized military action undertaken without formal declaration of war by regular armed forces against persons (as guerrillas or aggressors) held to be violators of international peace and order. It was also used to imply a formal claim of sovereignty by
590:
388:
Use of the term "police action" is intended to imply either a claim of formal sovereignty or of authority to intervene militarily at a nation's own discretion, typically unilaterally or with a small group of nations. This is often done through the United
Nations or by asserting that the military
241:
in 2023 said "" conflict left 515 Canadians dead — yet for years it was not even called a war" due to the terminology of it being "referred to as a 'police action'." Writer Tom MacGregor noted for the news agency that even when the "sailors, soldiers and air personnel came home... there were no
232:, he explicitly remarked that the "United Nations Security Council held a meeting and passed on the situation and asked the members to go to the relief of the Korean Republic" with the aims "to suppress a bandit raid" occurring. A retrospective piece on the fighting from the
574:
357:
Police actions are authorized specifically by the
Security Council under Article 53 (for regional action) or Article 42 (for global action). In both cases, the term used in the Charter text (English) is 'enforcement action'; the term 'police action' is not used.
242:
parades or official recognition for the war they had fought", although eventually the "Korean War was added to the
National War Memorial in Ottawa" such that after 1982 "its veterans can stand with all other veterans who have served."
266:
stated that "Nigeria faced disintegration by the declaration of the
Republic of Biafra" and lamented how the "commencement of a police action that turned into a three years civil war" caused "sacrifice– in blood, suffering and toil".
334:
So-called "Indonesian security forces" use police actions against uprisings of
Papuans in the easternmost province. The Indonesian police have been empowered to lead the counterinsurgency operation against the
253:
in 1967, which took place during a period of chaotic political turmoil, the
Nigerian military government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory, and the rising violence turned into the
304:, has claimed authority to send in the armed forces when he deemed necessary, with or without the approval of Congress. The legal legitimacy of each of these actions was based upon declarations such as the
331:, states have militarily pursued individuals they deem terrorists within the borders of other states in a form of police action that is not clearly defined in the international law.
729:
666:
490:"Between treaty and treason: Dutch collaboration with warlord Teuku Uma during the Aceh War, a case study on the collaboration with indigenous power-holders in colonial warfare"
73:) sometimes describe the conflict by fighting the war under the auspices of a "police action" to show that it is a limited military operation, different from
339:(OPM). Nonetheless, the Indonesian police's deficiencies in battling OPM require that the police maintain a strong partnership with the Indonesian military.
129:
21:
348:
688:
612:
517:
390:
316:. Nonetheless, Congressional approval has been asserted by means of funding appropriations or other authorizations as well as the contested
366:
Use of the term does not appear to have gained currency outside of the limited arena of justification of military action: for example, the
866:
763:
719:
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352:
80:
The earliest use of the phrase dates back to 1883, describing attempts by Dutch and
British forces to liberate the 28-man crew of the
840:
888:
441:
285:
was an undeclared war and hence also could be described as a police action, especially since the initial troop deployments into
789:
912:
324:
538:
Colonial
Counterinsurgency and Mass Violence. The Dutch Empire in Indonesia, edited by Bart Luttikhuis and A. Dirk Moses
641:
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refers to the Korean conflict as the Korean War, and when they refer to police action, they surround the term in
210:
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863:"Indonesian security forces shoot dead one rebel in Papua province - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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300:(of the United States) had not made a formal declaration of war, yet the President, as the
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157:, from April 21, 1898, to August 1, 1934, were called police actions by the US government.
836:
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61:, formal declarations of war have been rare, especially military actions conducted by the
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were undeclared wars and hence are sometimes described as police actions.
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720:"MacGregor: A Remembrance Day tribute to Canada's Korean War veterans"
246:
146:
138:
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632:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
66:
88:
69:. Rather, nations involved in military conflict (especially the
53:. In the 21st century, the term has been largely supplanted by "
250:
385:
as a war, not a police action, even though it was undeclared.
813:"Inside Papua: The Police Force as Counterinsurgents in Post-
389:
operation is defensive or humanitarian in nature such as the
187:
133:
The implementation of a "police action" that resulted in the
786:"Police action | military operation | Britannica"
349:
Chapter VII of the United
Nations Charter § Article 42
576:
Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary: Eleventh Edition
164:
offensives, of July 1947 and December 1948, during the
16:
Military action undertaken without a declaration of war
810:
323:
The United Nations approved police action during the
404:
137:caused international protests in locations such as
689:"The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950"
113:, and Western powers during conflicts such as the
49:is a military action undertaken without a formal
904:
216:referred to the United States' responses to the
168:were referred to by the Dutch government as the
572:
756:"50 Years After Biafra: Reflections And Hopes"
361:
29:, a police action which took place during the
391:United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
124:
224:as a "police action" under the aegis of the
198:, was referred to as a police action by the
613:"Definition of Banana Wars in U.S. History"
176:
92:
353:Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter
342:
105:, such as in the military actions of the
717:
128:
20:
625:
442:Declaration of war by the United States
258:. During a May 2017 remembrance event,
905:
487:
766:from the original on 29 February 2024
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732:from the original on 10 November 2023
656:
869:from the original on 30 October 2020
843:from the original on 2 December 2023
669:from the original on 24 October 2020
593:from the original on 2 December 2023
520:from the original on 2 December 2023
657:Majid, Daneesh (7 September 2018).
325:2011 military intervention in Libya
13:
792:from the original on 9 August 2020
718:MacGrgor, Tom (10 November 2023).
659:"When the troops went marching in"
14:
934:
457:Intervention (international law)
421:
407:
327:to protect civilians. Since the
881:
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811:Emirza Adi Syailendra (2016).
711:
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166:Indonesian National Revolution
115:Indonesian National Revolution
31:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
629:A History of Modern Indonesia
494:Small Wars & Insurgencies
474:
437:War Powers Resolution of 1973
506:10.1080/09592318.2012.632859
7:
913:Military operations by type
693:TeachingAmericanHistory.org
400:
377:Similarly, a plaque at the
362:Appropriate use of the term
289:were at the request of the
87:, who were held hostage in
10:
939:
837:10.5728/indonesia.102.0057
829:10.5728/indonesia.102.0057
468:Special military operation
462:Interventionism (politics)
346:
314:United Nations resolutions
125:Examples of police actions
452:Humanitarian intervention
379:Vietnam Veterans Memorial
306:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
234:Canadian news publication
205:In the early days of the
626:Vickers, Adrian (2006).
573:Merriam-Webster (2004).
488:Kitzen, Martijn (2012).
312:by Congress and various
343:Under international law
141:against the widespread
43:international relations
177:
150:
93:
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347:Further information:
318:War Powers Resolution
296:In other events, the
228:. During a June 1950
132:
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337:Free Papuan Movement
329:September 11 attacks
186:The 1948 action, by
25:Dutch troops during
699:on 26 December 2010
579:. Merriam-Webster.
395:Invasion of Grenada
447:Gun boat diplomacy
302:commander-in-chief
256:Nigerian Civil War
245:Shortly after the
211:American President
179:politionele acties
151:
135:Nigerian Civil War
94:politionele acties
55:counter-insurgency
51:declaration of war
35:
895:on 16 April 2000.
291:Afghan government
283:Soviet–Afghan War
119:Malayan Emergency
91:. The Dutch term
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891:. Archived from
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372:quotation marks
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310:Iraq Resolution
264:John Nnia Nwodo
260:Ohanaeze Ndigbo
214:Harry S. Truman
192:Hyderabad State
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103:colonial powers
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226:United Nations
196:Operation Polo
162:Dutch military
160:The two major
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111:United Kingdom
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889:"Korean War"
883:
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220:invasion of
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63:Global North
59:World War II
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770:28 February
752:Nwodo, John
736:28 February
703:28 February
673:26 February
558:21 December
549:"SS Nisero"
383:Vietnam War
287:Afghanistan
272:Vietnam War
222:South Korea
155:Banana Wars
107:Netherlands
65:during the
923:Law of war
918:Euphemisms
907:Categories
873:27 October
847:27 October
817:Indonesia"
597:3 November
500:: 93–116.
475:References
276:Kargil War
207:Korean War
200:government
190:, against
143:war crimes
821:Indonesia
815:Reformasi
760:The Cable
553:Wrecksite
514:143733376
368:U.S. Navy
247:secession
147:civilians
139:The Hague
75:total war
57:". Since
867:Archived
841:Archived
796:25 March
790:Archived
764:Archived
730:Archived
667:Archived
591:Archived
524:25 March
518:Archived
401:See also
298:Congress
274:and the
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393:or the
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89:Sumatra
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251:Biafra
174:second
84:Nisero
833:JSTOR
510:S2CID
188:India
170:first
875:2020
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798:2020
772:2024
738:2024
705:2024
675:2019
638:ISBN
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560:2023
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