219:
140:
326:
132:
22:
124:
1625:
1631:
310:
alkyl alcohols meet these specifications and are common plasticizers. Ortho-phthalate esters have traditionally been the most dominant plasticizers, but regulatory concerns have led to the move away from classified substances to non-classified which includes high molecular weight ortho-phthalates and other plasticisers, especially in Europe.
840:, energy yield per gram of propellant, or similar indices) of the propellant. An energetic plasticizer improves the physical properties of an energetic material while also increasing its specific energy yield. Energetic plasticizers are usually preferred to non-energetic plasticizers, especially for solid
844:. Energetic plasticizers reduce the required mass of propellant, enabling a rocket vehicle to carry more payload or reach higher velocities than would otherwise be the case. However, safety or cost considerations may demand that non-energetic plasticizers be used, even in rocket propellants. The solid
214:
is dependent on both temperature and plasticizer concentration. Below a certain concentration, referred to as the crossover concentration, a plasticizer can decrease the modulus of a material. The material's glass transition temperature will decrease, however, at all concentrations. In addition to a
147:
Plasticizers for polymers are either liquids with low volatility or solids. According to 2017 data, the total global market for plasticizers was 7.5 million metric tonnes. In North
America the 2017 volume was ~1.01 million metric tonnes and in Europe the figure was 1.35 million metric tonnes, split
309:
of polycarboxylic acids with linear or branched aliphatic alcohols of moderate chain length. These compounds are selected on the basis of many critieria including low toxicity, compatibility with the host material, nonvolatility, and expense. Phthalate esters of straight-chain and branched-chain
812:
on to the gypsum particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles. Lignin and naphthalene sulfonate plasticizers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the gypsum particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each
694:
and strength. The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water added, i.e., the water-cement (w/c) ratio. In order to produce stronger concrete, less water is added (without "starving" the mix), which makes the concrete mixture less workable and difficult to mix,
774:
mixtures to improve workability. In order to reduce the energy consumed drying wallboard, less water is added, which makes the gypsum mixture very unworkable and difficult to mix, necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, or dispersants. Some studies also show that too much
775:
lignosulfonate dispersant could result in a set-retarding effect. Data showed that amorphous crystal formations occurred that detracted from the mechanical needle-like crystal interaction in the core, preventing a stronger core. The sugars, chelating agents in lignosulfonates such as
206:
The molecules of plasticizer take control over mobility of the chain - a polymer chain does not show an increase of the free volume around polymer ends. If plasticizer/water creates hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic parts of the polymer, the associated free volume can be decreased.
734:, although newer products based on polycarboxylic ethers are now available. Traditional lignosulfonate-based plasticisers, naphthalene and melamine sulfonate-based superplasticisers disperse the flocculated cement particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see
238:
plasticizers are selected based upon cost-performance evaluation. The rubber compounder must evaluate ester plasticizers for compatibility, processibility, permanence and other performance properties. The wide variety of ester chemistries that are in production include
198:
temperature for the plastic and making it softer. It was later shown that the free volume explanation could not account for all of the effects of plasticization. The mobility of a polymer chain is more complex in the presence of plasticizer than what the
582:- based plasticizers provide excellent compatibility with a range of plastic materials and synthetic rubbers (specifically nitrile rubber and neoprene), superior properties at low temperatures, and good oil resistivity. Some examples are:
759:(PC), work differently from sulfonate-based superplasticizers, giving cement dispersion by steric stabilisation. This form of dispersion is more powerful in its effect and gives improved workability retention to the cementitious mix.
349:" is often attributed to plasticizers or their degradation products, however, multiple studies on the makeup of the smell do not find phthalates in appreciable amounts, likely due to their extremely low volatility and vapor pressure.
148:
between various end-use applications with a chemical type trend moving to higher molecular weight (HMW) orthophthalates and alternative types following regulatory issues concerning lower molecular weight (LMW) orthophthalates.
1205:
Geiss, O.; Tirendi, S.; Barrero-Moreno, J.; Kotzias, D., "Investigation of volatile organic compounds and phthalates present in the cabin air of used private cars", Environment
International 2009, 35, 1188-1195.
746:, naphthalene, and melamine sulfonate superplasticisers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the cement particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each other.
231:
Over the last 60 years more than 30,000 different substances have been evaluated for their suitability as polymer plasticizers. Of these, only a small number – approximately 50 – are today in commercial use.
446:. DEHP was the most common plasticizer for decades and still holds that title globally even as it has largely been replaced now with higher molecular weight phthalates and alternatives in the US and Europe
835:
for guns, often employ plasticizers to improve physical properties of the propellant binder or of the overall propellant, to provide a secondary fuel, and ideally, to improve specific energy yield (e.g.
222:
Migration of plasticizers out of their host plastics leads to loss of flexibility, embrittlement, and cracking. This decades-old plastic lamp cord crumbles when flexed, due to loss of the plasticizers.
935:
2232:
483:(DTDP) is the highest molecular weight phthalate plasticizer, providing greater performance at high temperature. It is the preferred plasticizer for automotive cable and wire application.
68:, either to facilitate the handling of the raw material during fabrication, or to meet the demands of the end product's application. Plasticizers are especially key to the usability of
341:
Substantial concerns have been expressed over the safety of some polymer plasticizers, especially because some low molecular weight ortho-phthalates have been classified as potential
498:
are isomeric with ortho phthalates but have proven to have cleaner toxicological results due to their inability to form stable monoesters during hydrolysis and metabolic breakdown.
1401:
528:
929:
923:
546:
345:
with some developmental toxicity reported. Plasticizers can escape plastics due to migration and abrasion of the plastic since they are not bound to the polymer matrix. The "
797:
condensate, although polycarboxylic ethers represent more modern alternatives. Both of these high range water reducers are used at 1/2 to 1/3 of the lignosulfonate types.
540:
534:
1409:
702:
is added to concrete to improve strength. This method of mix proportioning is especially popular when producing high-strength concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete.
1413:
474:
872:
749:
1417:
480:
1149:
434:(DEHP) also commonly known as (dioctyl phthalate, DOP or diethylhexyl phthalate), historically used in flooring materials, medical devices, myriad consumer
72:(PVC), the third most widely used plastic. In the absence of plasticizers, PVC is hard and brittle; with plasticizers, it is suitable for products such as
946:
groups, NG and BTTN have relatively low thermal stability. TMETN, DEGDN, BDNPF, and BDNPA have relatively low energies. NG and DEGDN have relatively high
1956:
477:(DIUP), used for insulation of wires and cables, car undercoating, shoes, carpets, pool liners. Good high temperature and outdoor weathering performance
632:
984:
302:, and chemical structure. Compatibility and performance attributes are key factors in developing a rubber formulation for a particular application.
99:
formulations to make them more workable and fluid for pouring, thus allowing the water contents to be reduced. Similarly, they are often added to
959:
1334:
779:
and extractive compounds are mainly responsible for set retardation. These low range water reducing dispersants are commonly manufactured from
525:
are used in automobile interiors and other applications where resistance to high temperature is required. They have extremely low volatility.
705:
Adding 1-2% plasticizer per unit weight of cement is usually sufficient. Adding an excessive amount of plasticizer will result in excessive
252:
215:
crossover concentration, a crossover temperature exists. Below the crossover temperature the plasticizer will also increase the modulus.
1016:
David F. Cadogan and
Christopher J. Howick "Plasticizers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
366:-based plasticizers are used in situations where good resistance to water and oils is required. Some common phthalate plasticizers are:
1405:
264:
271:
applications such as tubing and hose products, flooring, wall-coverings, seals and gaskets, belts, wire and cable, and print rolls.
690:
are also called high range water reducers. When added to concrete mixtures, they confer a number of properties including improved
162:, giving this material improved flexibility and durability. Other polymers which can contain high loadings of plasticizers include
322:
that have effect opposite to those of plasticizers. They increase the modulus while decreasing the glass transition temperature.
1949:
1350:
Kirby, Glen H.; Jennifer A. Lewis (2002). "Rheological property evolution in concentrated cement-polyelectrolyte suspensions".
709:
and is not advisable. Depending on the particular chemical used, use of too much plasticizer may result in a retarding effect.
504:(DEHT; Dioctyl terephthalate, DOTP) (Eastman Chemical Company Trademark: Eastman 168™), used as a replacement for DEHP and DINP
1832:
2291:
2242:
2211:
1296:
804:
sulfonate-based plasticisers disperse the flocculated gypsum particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see
1942:
1449:
1001:
1050:(1) Casalini, R.; Ngai, K. L.; Robertson, C. G.; Roland, C. M. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 2000, 38, 1841–1847.
267:, and other specialty blends. This broad product line provides an array of performance benefits required for the many
856:
510:
Dibutyl terephthalate (DBT)(Eastman
Chemical Trademark: Eastman Effusion™), used as a replacement for DBP and DiBP
507:
Diisopentyl terephthalate (DiPT)(Evonik
Industries Trademark: ELATUR® DPT), used as a replacement for DBP and DiBP
1934:
1474:
1147:
618:
501:
81:
2227:
2206:
2103:
1857:
1396:
1279:
1113:
111:, and other pastes prior to molding and forming. For these applications, plasticizers largely overlap with
2348:
2281:
2201:
917:
905:
377:(DMP), used in fragrances, as an insect repellent, and in several industrial processes as a solvent/carrier
194:, spacing them apart (increasing the "free volume"), or swelling them and thus significantly lowering the
2274:
2196:
2012:
1609:
911:
431:
329:
1539:
1514:
742:
on to the cement particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles.
179:
395:(DBP), used for cellulose plastics, food wraps, adhesives, perfumes, and cosmetics - about a third of
2314:
2048:
1847:
1672:
1489:
1479:
1421:
1332:
1134:
695:
necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, superplasticizers, fluidizer or dispersants.
295:
2118:
2108:
1970:
1657:
1604:
1494:
571:
287:
561:
244:
41:) is a substance that is added to a material to make it softer and more flexible, to increase its
1708:
1599:
1584:
1564:
824:
706:
2123:
2001:
1756:
1484:
1442:
893:
657:
417:
200:
471:(DIDP), used for insulation of wires and cables, car undercoating, shoes, carpets, pool liners
459:(DINP), used in flooring materials, found in garden hoses, shoes, toys, and building materials
2333:
2303:
2007:
1652:
1183:
1166:
1121:
653:
190:
It was commonly thought that plasticizers work by embedding themselves between the chains of
1321:
1060:
Capponi, S.; Alvarez, F.; Racko, D. (2020), "Free Volume in a PVME Polymer–Water
Solution",
2023:
2018:
1991:
1909:
1069:
852:
468:
456:
392:
386:
218:
42:
8:
2153:
1914:
1837:
1751:
1703:
1223:
649:
612:
342:
1377:
2,2,2-trinitroethyl 2-nitroxyethyl ether and a method of preparation - US Patent 4745208
1073:
2168:
2086:
1827:
1801:
1771:
1731:
1713:
1662:
1614:
1594:
1363:
1095:
821:
439:
435:
425:
374:
159:
69:
2343:
2298:
2264:
2184:
1996:
1818:
1736:
1435:
1275:
1188:
1099:
997:
943:
876:
845:
841:
828:
380:
171:
274:
Low to high polarity esters provide utility in a wide range of elastomers including
139:
2189:
1884:
1786:
1761:
1693:
1559:
1554:
1499:
1359:
1267:
1207:
1178:
1085:
1077:
1017:
989:
880:
860:
837:
832:
752:
687:
606:
591:
585:
412:
319:
299:
195:
163:
77:
1964:
1041:(1) Maeda, Y.; Paul, D. R. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 1987, 25, 1005–1016.
644:
Triethylene glycol di-2ethylhexanoate (Eastman
Chemical Trademark: Eastman TEG-EH)
2338:
2053:
2039:
1904:
1791:
1781:
1549:
1338:
1211:
1153:
1081:
790:
High range superplasticizers (dispersants) have generally been manufactured from
780:
713:
291:
279:
211:
34:
1376:
1300:
1032:(1) Maeda, Y.; Paul, D. R. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 1987, 25, 957–980.
131:
2082:
1894:
1796:
1667:
947:
899:
887:
784:
717:
699:
641:
Alkyl sulphonic acid phenyl ester (ASE). (Lanxess
Chemical Trademark: Mesamoll)
175:
668:, or BPA, is not a plasticizer, although it is often wrongly described as one.
123:
25:
PVC, used extensively in sewage pipes, is only useful because of plasticizers.
2327:
2269:
2076:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1746:
1647:
1569:
1519:
1271:
1021:
993:
849:
791:
721:
638:
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (Hanwha
Trademark: Eco-DEHCH)
495:
421:
346:
325:
248:
420:(benzyl butyl phthalate, BBzP) is found in vinyl tiles, traffic cones, food
1889:
1879:
1741:
1688:
1589:
1534:
1509:
1192:
776:
731:
522:
108:
73:
2135:
1624:
21:
2072:
2044:
1899:
1579:
1574:
801:
794:
724:
691:
665:
565:
396:
85:
1090:
294:. Plasticizer-elastomer interaction is governed by many factors such as
2148:
1776:
1766:
809:
739:
660:
is used broadly as a secondary plasticizer in many vinyl applications.
112:
2237:
2143:
2113:
1983:
1544:
1529:
1504:
768:
408:
404:
363:
268:
260:
256:
167:
152:
46:
2158:
728:
683:
579:
240:
96:
89:
50:
1630:
564:-based plasticizers are used for low-temperature or resistance to
2286:
2163:
2064:
1966:
1458:
805:
735:
400:
399:, glosses, enamels, and hardeners contain it, together with some
275:
191:
61:
57:
16:
Substance added to a material to make it softer and more flexible
1391:
771:
743:
443:
305:
Plasticizers used in PVC and other plastics are often based on
104:
1322:
C&EN: Coverstory - Synthetic
Chemistry Moves Into Concrete
982:
Allsopp, M. W.; Vianello, G. (2012). "Poly(Vinyl Chloride)".
306:
235:
155:
383:(DEP), used in fragrances as a carrier and extender/fixative
1524:
1427:
462:
283:
100:
720:. Superplasticizers have generally been manufactured from
65:
1294:
866:
648:
Bio-based plasticizers have been investigated, such as
1349:
1224:
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/8020stuff.html
808:). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are
738:). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are
1114:"Chemical Economics Handbook Report on Plasticizers"
1059:
465:(DPHP), used in cables, wires and roofing materials
1111:
633:1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester
151:Almost 90% of polymer plasticizers, most commonly
1222:Chemical and Engineering News, 2002, 80(20), 45;
531:(TEHTM) (TOTM, Trioctyl Trimellitate plasticizer)
2325:
127:Europe's and Global Plasticiser Use by type 2017
981:
960:Conservation and restoration of plastic objects
1264:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1262:Cadogan DF, Howick CJ (2000). "Plasticizers".
985:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
352:
1950:
1443:
1261:
977:
975:
712:Plasticizers are commonly manufactured from
555:
1957:
1943:
1450:
1436:
672:
1182:
1089:
972:
656:. They are used in niche applications.
1184:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714
936:2,2,2-Trinitroethyl 2-nitroxyethyl ether
594:, Di-octyl Sebacate (or DOS plasticizer)
324:
217:
138:
130:
122:
92:, and electric wire insulation/coating.
20:
1352:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1299:. www.admixtures.org.uk. Archived from
143:Europe's Plasticiser Market Trends 2017
2326:
1540:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
1164:
890:(NG, aka "nitro", glyceryl trinitrate)
816:
698:Plasticizers are also often used when
452:High Molecular Weight Ortho Phthalates
336:
185:
1938:
1480:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
1475:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
1431:
908:(TMETN, aka Metriol trinitrate, METN)
863:, as a non-energetic secondary fuel.
370:Low Molecular Weight Ortho Phthalates
203:predicts for a simple polymer chain.
95:Plasticizers are also often added to
2292:List of environmental health hazards
2212:List of environmental health hazards
867:Plasticizers for energetic materials
53:during its handling in manufacture.
600:
574:(DEHA, dioctyl adipate plasticizer)
357:
313:
56:Plasticizers are commonly added to
13:
2097:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
1364:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00568.x
1105:
14:
2360:
1420:, Risk Assessment Reports by the
1385:
489:
1629:
1623:
1515:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
1490:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
1112:Malveda, Michael P (July 2015).
635:(BASF Trademark: Hexamoll DINCH)
516:
1495:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
1392:Plasticisers Information Centre
1370:
1343:
1326:
1315:
1288:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1216:
1199:
800:Traditional lignosulfonate and
619:2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate
502:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate
118:
1858:Category:Plastics applications
1605:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
1600:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
1585:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
1295:Cement Admixture Association.
1171:Annual Review of Public Health
1158:
1141:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1010:
210:The effect of plasticizers on
1:
1565:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
965:
767:Plasticizers can be added to
686:technology, plasticizers and
529:Tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate
463:Bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate
135:Europe's Plasticiser Use 2017
2282:Persistent organic pollutant
2243:Toxic Substances Control Act
2202:Persistent organic pollutant
1485:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
1457:
1212:10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.016
1082:10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00472
930:Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal
924:Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal
918:Triethylene glycol dinitrate
906:Trimethylolethane trinitrate
547:Tri(isotridecyl)trimellitate
226:
7:
2275:Great Pacific garbage patch
2197:Great Pacific garbage patch
1610:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
1525:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
1167:"Plastics and Health Risks"
953:
920:(TEGDN, less commonly TEGN)
914:(DEGDN, less commonly DEGN)
912:Diethylene glycol dinitrate
677:
432:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
353:Common polymer plasticizers
330:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
10:
2365:
2238:Japan Toxic Substances Law
2033:Miscellaneous plasticizers
180:cellulose acetate butyrate
2312:
2257:
2233:European REACH regulation
2228:California Proposition 65
2220:
2177:
2134:
2096:
2063:
2032:
1978:
1971:polyhalogenated compounds
1927:
1872:
1848:High-performance plastics
1817:
1810:
1722:
1681:
1673:High-performance plastics
1638:
1621:
1465:
1422:European Chemicals Bureau
762:
727:condensate or sulfonated
541:Tri(isodecyl)trimellitate
535:Tri(isononyl)trimellitate
1658:Fibre-reinforced plastic
1595:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
1272:10.1002/14356007.a20_439
1165:Halden, Rolf U. (2010).
1022:10.1002/14356007.a20_439
994:10.1002/14356007.a21_717
825:pyrotechnic compositions
783:, a by-product from the
716:, a by-product from the
626:
592:Di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate
572:Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
556:Adipates & Sebacates
332:is a common plasticizer.
288:chlorinated polyethylene
170:-type plastics, such as
1709:Biodegradable additives
1152:March 27, 2009, at the
988:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
707:segregation of concrete
673:For inorganic materials
609:include the following:
2124:Perfluorooctanoic acid
1560:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
1555:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
1500:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
1337:July 24, 2011, at the
1129:Cite journal requires
894:Butanetriol trinitrate
873:energetic plasticizers
658:Epoxidized soybean oil
568:light. An example is:
475:Diisoundecyl phthalate
418:Butyl benzyl phthalate
333:
223:
144:
136:
128:
26:
2304:Biodegradable plastic
1653:Thermosetting polymer
1550:Polylactic acid (PLA)
750:Polycarboxylate ether
654:acetyltributylcitrate
328:
318:Antiplasticizers are
221:
142:
134:
126:
49:, and/or to decrease
24:
2315:Identification codes
1915:Foam food containers
1838:Engineering plastics
853:solid rocket booster
481:Ditridecyl phthalate
469:Diisodecyl phthalate
457:Diisononyl phthalate
393:Di-n-butyl phthalate
387:Diisobutyl phthalate
343:endocrine disruptors
296:solubility parameter
2349:Concrete admixtures
2154:Endocrine disruptor
1752:Compression molding
1704:Polymer stabilizers
1243:TOTM as plasticizer
1074:2020MaMol..53.4770C
827:, especially solid
817:Energetic materials
650:glycerol triacetate
613:Tricresyl phosphate
428:, and plastic foams
337:Safety and toxicity
186:Mechanism of action
2169:Polymer fume fever
1828:Commodity plastics
1802:Rotational molding
1772:Fiberglass molding
1732:Injection moulding
1714:Filler (materials)
1663:Corrugated plastic
1615:Tritan copolyester
1570:Polypropylene (PP)
1520:Polycarbonate (PC)
1252:DEHS (plasticizer)
1234:DEHP (plasticizer)
877:rocket propellants
842:rocket propellants
829:rocket propellants
822:Energetic material
426:artificial leather
375:Dimethyl phthalate
334:
224:
201:Flory–Fox equation
145:
137:
129:
70:polyvinyl chloride
45:, to decrease its
27:
2321:
2320:
2299:Plastic recycling
2265:Plastic pollution
2251:
2250:
2185:Plastic pollution
1965:Health issues of
1923:
1922:
1819:Plastics industry
1737:Plastic extrusion
1590:Polyurethane (PU)
1580:Polysulfone (PES)
1535:Polyethylene (PE)
1510:Polybutylene (PB)
1358:(12): 2989–2994.
1303:on March 16, 2008
944:secondary alcohol
881:smokeless powders
848:used to fuel the
846:rocket propellant
833:smokeless powders
688:superplasticizers
413:insect repellents
381:Diethyl phthalate
320:polymer additives
172:cellulose acetate
109:solid rocket fuel
2356:
2190:Rubber pollution
2040:Organophosphates
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1815:
1814:
1787:Filament winding
1762:Transfer molding
1689:Polymer additive
1633:
1627:
1575:Polystyrene (PS)
1452:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1397:Glass transition
1379:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
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1068:(XXX): XXX–XXX,
1057:
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1030:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1007:
979:
861:synthetic rubber
838:specific impulse
753:superplasticizer
652:(Triacetin) and
607:Organophosphates
601:Organophosphates
586:Dibutyl sebacate
358:Ortho phthalates
314:Antiplasticizers
300:molecular weight
196:glass transition
2364:
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1792:Solvent bonding
1782:Plastic welding
1724:
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1677:
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781:lignosulfonates
765:
757:polycarboxylate
714:lignosulfonates
680:
675:
629:
603:
558:
519:
492:
360:
355:
339:
316:
292:epichlorohydrin
280:polychloroprene
229:
212:elastic modulus
188:
121:
17:
12:
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5:
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2083:Vinyl chloride
2080:
2077:Polycarbonates
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2042:
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2034:
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2016:
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1890:Packaging film
1887:
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1873:Specific goods
1870:
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1797:Vacuum forming
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1668:Polymeric foam
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1545:Polyimide (PI)
1542:
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1505:Polyamide (PA)
1502:
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1386:External links
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1131:|journal=
1104:
1062:Macromolecules
1052:
1043:
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1025:
1009:
1003:978-3527306732
1002:
970:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
955:
952:
948:vapor pressure
940:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
900:Dinitrotoluene
897:
891:
888:Nitroglycerine
871:Here are some
868:
865:
818:
815:
785:paper industry
764:
761:
755:(PCE) or just
718:paper industry
700:pozzolanic ash
679:
676:
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508:
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496:Terephthalates
491:
490:Terephthalates
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
449:
448:
447:
429:
422:conveyor belts
415:
390:
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367:
359:
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338:
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315:
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249:terephthalates
228:
225:
187:
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176:nitrocellulose
158:, are used in
120:
117:
82:vinyl flooring
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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2136:Health issues
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850:Space Shuttle
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826:
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811:
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798:
796:
793:
788:
786:
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777:aldonic acids
773:
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751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
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726:
723:
719:
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533:
530:
527:
526:
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523:Trimellitates
521:
520:
517:Trimellitates
509:
506:
503:
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397:nail polishes
394:
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385:
382:
379:
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347:new car smell
344:
331:
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48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2334:Plasticizers
1980:Plasticizers
1979:
1928:Environment
1880:Blister pack
1833:Construction
1742:Blow molding
1698:
1372:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1328:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1290:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1218:
1201:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1143:
1122:cite journal
1107:
1091:10261/218380
1065:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1012:
983:
941:
870:
820:
799:
789:
766:
756:
748:
732:formaldehyde
711:
704:
697:
681:
647:
451:
369:
340:
317:
304:
273:
234:
230:
209:
205:
189:
150:
146:
119:For polymers
94:
86:rain gutters
74:vinyl siding
55:
38:
30:
28:
18:
2221:Regulations
2073:Bisphenol A
1757:Calendering
1699:Plasticizer
1639:Mechanical
1177:: 179–194.
942:Due to the
802:naphthalene
795:naphthalene
725:naphthalene
692:workability
666:Bisphenol A
566:ultraviolet
438:, and high
253:dibenzoates
113:dispersants
39:plasticiser
31:plasticizer
2328:Categories
2149:Carcinogen
2114:Organotins
1984:Phthalates
1930:and health
1777:Pultrusion
1767:Laminating
1725:processing
1281:3527306730
966:References
792:sulfonated
722:sulfonated
442:, such as
440:explosives
409:emollients
405:sunscreens
261:phthalates
257:glutarates
43:plasticity
2178:Pollution
2144:Teratogen
2075:(BPA, in
1723:Plastics
1694:Colorants
1682:Additives
1466:Chemical
1100:219911779
769:wallboard
364:Phthalate
269:elastomer
241:sebacates
227:Selection
168:cellulose
164:acrylates
153:phthalate
47:viscosity
2344:Concrete
2159:Diabetes
2065:Monomers
2045:Adipates
1967:plastics
1821:segments
1811:Products
1459:Plastics
1335:Archived
1307:April 2,
1193:20070188
1150:Archived
954:See also
875:used in
855:employs
810:adsorbed
740:adsorbed
729:melamine
684:concrete
678:Concrete
580:Sebacate
549:(TITDTM)
436:products
401:shampoos
265:azelates
245:adipates
192:polymers
97:concrete
90:plumbing
64:such as
62:plastics
58:polymers
51:friction
2287:Dioxins
2207:Dioxins
2164:Obesity
1905:Cutlery
1895:Bottles
1070:Bibcode
932:(BDNPA)
926:(BDNPF)
813:other.
806:Colloid
736:colloid
682:In the
562:Adipate
543:(TIDTM)
537:(TINTM)
407:, skin
276:nitrile
78:roofing
2339:Cement
2004:(BBzP)
1973:(PHCs)
1885:Chairs
1853:Nurdle
1424:(ECB).
1278:
1191:
1098:
1000:
938:(TNEN)
896:(BTTN)
772:stucco
763:Stucco
744:Lignin
664:Note:
444:Semtex
411:, and
389:(DIBP)
307:esters
290:, and
156:esters
105:stucco
2258:Waste
2104:PBDEs
2015:(DOP)
1641:types
1468:types
1297:"CAA"
1096:S2CID
902:(DNT)
627:Other
615:(TCP)
588:(DBS)
236:Ester
101:clays
2119:PFCs
2109:PCBs
2085:(in
2049:DEHA
2024:DINP
2019:DIDP
2013:DEHP
2008:DIHP
1992:DIBP
1969:and
1900:Bags
1418:DEHP
1406:DINP
1402:DIDP
1309:2008
1276:ISBN
1189:PMID
1135:help
998:ISBN
879:and
859:, a
857:HTPB
831:and
284:EPDM
178:and
166:and
60:and
2087:PVC
2054:DOA
2002:BBP
1997:DBP
1416:, *
1414:BBP
1410:DBP
1404:, *
1360:doi
1268:doi
1208:doi
1179:doi
1086:hdl
1078:doi
1066:XXX
1018:doi
990:doi
160:PVC
66:PVC
2330::
1982::
1412:,
1408:,
1356:85
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35:UK
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1951:t
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1133:(
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1006:.
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33:(
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