1014:
962:
986:
1267:
regulating plumbing activities in their respective states/territories. However, several state level regulation acts are quite outdated, with some still operating on local policies introduced more than a decade ago. This has led to an increase in plumbing regulatory issues not covered under current policy, and as such, many policies are currently being updated to cover these more modern issues. The updates include changed to the minimum experience and training requirements for licensing, additional work standards for new and more specific kinds of plumbing, as well as adopting the
Plumbing Code of Australia into state regulations in an effort to standardise plumbing regulations across the country.
674:(SDR), defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness. Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule, and is available in schedules 20, 40, 80, and higher in special cases. The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher pressures commanding greater thickness. Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses: type DWV (thinnest wall; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC), type 'M' (thin; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code), type 'L' (thicker, standard duty for water lines and water service), and type 'K' (thickest, typically used underground between the main and the meter).
1131:
597:
Boston, and
Montreal in the 1800s. Built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the US during the 20th century. These pipes (used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes) were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts, storm sewers and conduits, under highways and at army camps, naval stations, airfields and ordnance plants.
513:
3053:
162:
946:
3027:
974:
998:
5292:
3041:
635:
694:, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s. Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil") out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.
367:
33:
884:– rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure, introduced around 1970. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it has become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC should be used only for cold water, or for venting. CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply. Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code.
845:
3015:
452:
1235:
908:– flexible (usually gray or black) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring. The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class-action lawsuit over failures of this system. However, PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes, typically first for "exposed locations" such as risers.
627:
1295:(educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned; there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly; see
666:, which come in various lengths depending on the material. Tubing, in particular copper, comes in rigid hard tempered joints or soft tempered (annealed) rolls. PeX and CPVC tubing also comes in rigid joints or flexible rolls. The temper of the copper, whether it is a rigid joint or flexible roll, does not affect the sizing.
934:, most cities moved away from lead water-supply piping by the 1920s in the United States, although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s, and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast iron, or lead.
1246:
Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public's health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building
581:
in it that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water, an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as
806:
inch (19 mm) due to expense as well as steel piping's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded. In potable water distribution service, galvanized steel pipe has a
677:
Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size. 1/2" L copper has the same outer diameter as 1/2" K or M copper. The same applies to pipe schedules. As a result, a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in flowpath as wall thickness is increased. In other words, 1 foot
864:
of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of
Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe
607:
was long a lower-cost alternative to copper before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes (except for terminal fittings) in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between
1221:
are the most commonly tracked bacteria, which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with. Some of the locations where these opportunistic pathogens can grow include faucets, shower heads, water heaters and along pipe walls. Reasons that favor their growth are
658:
and other tubing is measured nominally, basically an average diameter. These sizing schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings. For instance, 1/2" PeX tubing is the same size as 1/2" copper tubing. 1/2" PVC on the other hand is not the same size as 1/2" tubing, and therefore
596:
were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes were hollowed-out logs which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through. The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. Wooden pipes were used in
Philadelphia,
1266:
Each
Government at the state level has their own Authority and regulations in place for licensing plumbers. They are also responsible for the interpretation, administration and enforcement of the regulations outlined in the NCC. These Authorities are usually established for the sole purpose of
669:
The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary. Because piping and tubing are commodities, having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost. Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances. Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various
1057:
are exchangeable devices that use water and can be connected to a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be "fixtures", in that they are semi-permanent parts of buildings, not usually owned or maintained separately. Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the
985:
821:
Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century. Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the price of copper, resulting in increased demand for alternative products including
1744:
1204:
Bacteria have been shown to live in "premises plumbing systems". The latter refers to the "pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility". Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread
1407:
Given its direct correlation with health and sanitation, plumbing work is of paramount importance in Canada. Regulations ensure uncontaminated drinking water and proper wastewater treatment, underscoring the vital role of certified plumbers for public
1425:
The
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) determines standards for diverse plumbing products, ensuring their safety, quality, and efficiency. Items such as faucets and toilets frequently come with a CSA certification, indicating adherence to required
788:
non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other commercial applications. It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse. Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for
1173:
There are many tools a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job. While many simple plumbing tasks can be completed with a few common hand held tools, other more complex jobs require specialised tools, designed specifically to make the job easier.
1247:
codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.
323:
of disease. Earlier, the waste disposal system had consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and
314:
both water supply and sanitation stagnated—or regressed—for well over 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s. During this period,
961:
1386:
To achieve certified plumber status in Canada, individuals typically complete an apprenticeship program encompassing both classroom instruction and hands-on experience. Upon completion, candidates undergo an examination for their
1359:, plumbing is a regulated trade requiring specific technical training and certification. Standards and regulations for plumbing are overseen at the provincial and territorial level, each having its distinct governing body:
346:
piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960. After that period, copper piping took over, first soft copper with flared fittings, then with rigid copper tubing using soldered fittings.
921:
Aqua – known as PEX-Al-PEX, for its PEX/aluminum sandwich, consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX, and connected with modified brass compression fittings. In 2005, many of these fittings were
1013:
1416:
Reflecting Canada's commitment to environmental conservation, there is an increasing emphasis on sustainable plumbing practices. Regulations advocate water conservation and the deployment of eco-friendly
917:
Polytanks – plastic polyethylene cisterns, underground water tanks, above ground water tanks, are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank, provided in white, black or
1222:"high surface-to-volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residual, and warming cycles". A high surface-to-volume ratio, i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a
1275:
In Norway, new domestic plumbing installed since 1997 has had to satisfy the requirement that it should be easily accessible for replacement after installation. This has led to the development of the
1778:
1193:
for inspections of hidden leaks or other problems; they also use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement.
4153:
991:
Connecting to an existing water line (white pipe) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve (red). A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection.
1043:
In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. are used in plumbing systems. Pipe and fittings are held in place with
1189:, and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools. New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently. For example, plumbers use
1292:
659:
requires either a threaded male or female adapter to connect them. When used in agricultural irrigation, the singular form "pipe" is often used as a plural.
2193:
2821:
1307:. WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing.
2873:
2495:
2280:
1196:
Flooding from excessive rain or clogged sewers may require specialized equipment, such as a heavy duty pumper truck designed to vacuum raw sewage.
926:
Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes in buildings are now made of copper, brass, plastic (particularly
638:
A plastic water pipe being installed. The inner tube is actually transporting the water, while the outer tube only serves as a protective casing.
2627:"Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premises Plumbing Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
873:(PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.
709:. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as
2265:
1095:
807:
service life of about 30 to 50 years, although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants.
342:
plants in order to separate and partially purify the water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of water. For potable water use,
894:, and clinical equipment, but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water. PP pipes are
2547:
1986:
1717:
1644:
1315:
In the United States, plumbing codes and licensing are generally controlled by state and local governments. At the national level, the
2521:
1366:
Each province or territory possesses its regulatory authority overseeing the licensing and regulation of plumbers. For instance, in
1896:
1138:
Plumbing equipment includes devices often behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public. It includes
3066:
2115:
764:
inch (9.5 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm). It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing. Steel pipe has
507:
94:
delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications. The word derives from the
1906:
1870:
1788:
4113:
967:
A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels. The pipe can sustain high-pressure water and is relatively small.
945:
1209:
like typhoid and cholera. However, "opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens" have been recognized only more recently:
1945:
914:– cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs, and crimped steel or copper rings.
3108:
1860:
1395:
Plumbing installations and repairs must adhere to building codes specified by individual provinces or territories. The
1399:
acts as a model code, with provinces and territories having the discretion to adopt or modify to their specific needs.
577:
rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the Roman water had so much
3433:
2997:
2847:
2699:
1754:
1609:
4163:
2079:
1553:
1396:
860:(PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when
311:
196:
introduced the world to clay sewer pipes around 4000 BCE, with the earliest examples found in the Temple of Bel at
1263:(NCC), Volume 3 of which, the Plumbing Regulations 2008 and the Plumbing Code of Australia, pertains to plumbing.
686:
Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of
276:. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes and some were also covered with lead. Lead was also used for
2733:
2349:
2200:
1316:
1256:
997:
930:
called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes), or other nontoxic material. Due to its
866:
3031:
2825:
2675:"PLUMBING REGULATIONS 2008 - REG 11 Plumbing work that may be carried out by unlicensed or unregistered persons"
780:" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a
4278:
881:
3056:
3045:
2754:
2625:
Joseph O. Falkinham III; Elizabeth D. Hilborn; Matthew J. Arduino; Amy Pruden; Marc A. Edwards (August 2015).
2499:
5322:
2306:
1543:
559:. Lead water pipes were still widely used in the early 20th century and remain in many households. Lead-tin
5189:
3724:
2674:
1805:
1190:
1030:
726:
2092:
768:(NPT) standard tapered male threads, which connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers,
5019:
3887:
3689:
2225:
1528:
587:
75:
2367:"Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States, 1988–1994"
2156:
697:
The straight sections of plumbing systems are called "pipes" or "tubes". A pipe is typically formed via
3669:
3514:
3499:
2624:
2320:
2012:
1563:
1260:
905:
428:
284:
156:
107:
4862:
3774:
3019:
1371:
1300:
927:
870:
388:
239:
1691:
898:, being unsuitable for the use of glues, solvents, or mechanical fittings. PP pipe is often used in
319:
authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control
5201:
5127:
4999:
4641:
3504:
3143:
671:
401:
1934:
973:
4585:
3709:
3704:
3413:
3355:
3335:
2874:"Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Prohibition on Use of Lead Pipes, Solder, and Flux"
1568:
1503:
1498:
1324:
1130:
853:
570:, but modern practice uses tin-antimony alloy solder instead in order to eliminate lead hazards.
480:
476:
1599:
5206:
4230:
4173:
3902:
3872:
3203:
3101:
1437:
1304:
1218:
1210:
495:
2989:
2982:
2252:
358:. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.
5142:
4946:
4921:
4487:
4381:
4215:
4168:
3924:
3867:
3852:
3324:
1678:
1518:
1447:
303:
5211:
4987:
4717:
4570:
3914:
3483:
3391:
3293:
2172:
1817:
1578:
1508:
1458:
1147:
765:
2725:
618:
fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.
8:
5184:
4992:
4245:
4103:
3744:
3340:
1922:
1276:
1214:
1206:
714:
547:
word for lead. This was a source of lead-related health problems in the years before the
152:
1821:
5327:
5117:
4972:
4830:
4631:
4271:
4199:
4098:
4020:
3857:
3822:
3719:
3699:
3594:
3569:
3370:
3263:
3133:
2984:
Lost
Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya
2932:
2651:
2626:
2599:
2574:
2448:
2415:
2391:
2366:
1841:
1707:, Modern Marvels video series, The History Channel, AAE-42223, A&E Television, 1996
1523:
1452:
1119:
877:
857:
643:
488:
166:
5317:
5009:
4916:
4722:
4235:
4158:
3847:
3694:
3679:
3599:
3579:
3544:
3397:
3360:
3258:
3094:
2993:
2656:
2604:
2453:
2435:
2396:
2300:
1902:
1866:
1833:
1784:
1750:
1627:
1605:
1087:
1067:
1038:
751:
604:
539:
into the desired shape. Such use was so common that the word "plumbing" derives from
521:
460:
246:
204:, used to remove wastewater from sites, and capture rainwater, in wells. The city of
5262:
5034:
4749:
4502:
4240:
4005:
3814:
3764:
3589:
3509:
3468:
3428:
3188:
3153:
2646:
2638:
2594:
2586:
2443:
2427:
2386:
2378:
1845:
1825:
1538:
1493:
1375:
1155:
1111:
1054:
839:
796:
Most typical single family home systems will not require supply piping larger than
743:
556:
517:
424:
339:
2135:
1343:
ASME A112.19.1/CSA B45.2 – Enameled Cast Iron and
Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures
423:, i.e. heating and cooling systems using water to transport thermal energy, as in
5004:
4745:
4712:
4698:
4612:
4512:
4393:
4068:
3944:
3934:
3634:
3584:
3574:
3554:
3534:
3458:
3350:
3273:
3248:
3081:
2120:
1167:
827:
747:
738:
722:
718:
343:
227:. They had easily detachable and replaceable segments, and allowed for cleaning.
784:. It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy
512:
5296:
5154:
5014:
4835:
4703:
4651:
4617:
4605:
4600:
4471:
4466:
4108:
4078:
4073:
4025:
3959:
3789:
3784:
3609:
3604:
3448:
3386:
3330:
3278:
3213:
3158:
1558:
1182:
1159:
931:
899:
891:
790:
647:
600:
574:
548:
355:
332:
288:
182:
170:
161:
91:
47:
regulate flow to various parts of the building, with an evident preference for
4256:
2057:
5311:
5024:
4941:
4881:
4793:
4764:
4436:
4398:
4352:
4264:
4225:
4189:
4058:
3995:
3664:
3564:
3473:
3365:
3345:
3173:
3168:
3052:
2936:
2439:
2431:
1488:
1163:
887:
816:
785:
781:
609:
397:
393:
316:
193:
118:
1968:
1442:
642:
The difference between pipes and tubes is a matter of sizing. For instance,
5174:
5044:
4931:
4926:
4896:
4876:
4769:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4708:
4660:
4655:
4550:
4410:
4118:
4035:
3975:
3954:
3949:
3862:
3837:
3779:
3759:
3749:
3734:
3674:
3659:
3629:
3614:
3549:
3529:
3478:
3423:
3288:
3268:
3198:
3076:
3062:
2944:
2940:
2660:
2608:
2457:
2400:
1987:"Public Notice .Lead Contamination Informative City Ok Moscow Water System"
1837:
1533:
1151:
593:
583:
351:
257:
178:
79:
3072:
Lead Water Pipes and Infant
Mortality in Turn-of-the-Century Massachusetts
2851:
5267:
5252:
5064:
4901:
4817:
4808:
4788:
4759:
4693:
4364:
4357:
4342:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4299:
4063:
4040:
4015:
4000:
3892:
3769:
3754:
3739:
3684:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3624:
3619:
3539:
3524:
3298:
3238:
2977:
2590:
1473:
1255:
In
Australia, the national governing body for plumbing regulation is the
1239:
1186:
1178:
1139:
1044:
1004:
895:
861:
646:
pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe are measured in
567:
531:
was the favoured material for water pipes for many centuries because its
491:
307:
128:
48:
3026:
2642:
2034:
5277:
5247:
5179:
5069:
4982:
4951:
4936:
4886:
4855:
4522:
4507:
4337:
4317:
4307:
4123:
4010:
3990:
3877:
3842:
3804:
3799:
3644:
3519:
3283:
3243:
2157:
Worldwide Market for Industrial and Domestic Water Equipment as of 2010
1670:
1513:
678:
of 1/2" L copper has slightly less volume than 1 foot of 1/2 M copper.
552:
536:
295:
132:
122:
52:
4154:
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
3071:
5084:
5029:
4967:
4871:
4773:
4683:
4626:
4565:
4538:
4497:
4369:
4128:
3985:
3980:
3919:
3453:
3418:
3381:
3253:
3218:
3183:
3178:
3148:
2948:
2780:"The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE)"
2382:
1935:
Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome, Vol. 2, A & C Black, 1892
1573:
1483:
1478:
1463:
1374:
handles the certification and regulation of tradespeople, whereas in
1115:
1091:
1048:
952:
706:
532:
420:
405:
382:
299:
111:
1829:
1118:. Many plumbing fixtures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with
177:
Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations, as they developed
5242:
5237:
5196:
5149:
5059:
4866:
4845:
4822:
4798:
4783:
4673:
4529:
4517:
4431:
4386:
4194:
3882:
3228:
3208:
3163:
3138:
1280:
1099:
1059:
634:
630:
Typical PVC municipal water main being installed in Ontario, Canada
484:
464:
414:
320:
220:
201:
186:
87:
366:
5098:
5088:
5079:
5074:
4906:
4891:
4850:
4840:
4678:
4636:
4560:
4492:
4461:
4443:
4415:
4347:
4133:
4030:
3939:
3827:
3729:
3559:
3463:
3443:
3319:
3040:
2755:"Nytt om føringsveier for tappevann - Byggebransjens våtromsnorm"
1780:
Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations
1548:
1378:, the Industry Training Authority (ITA) undertakes this function.
1367:
1223:
1079:
1062:. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as
710:
702:
698:
578:
325:
238:
for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the
235:
224:
209:
143:
as part of their trade and their work can include some plumbing.
136:
725:. These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the
32:
5221:
5093:
4778:
4754:
4727:
4688:
4622:
4580:
4543:
4533:
4456:
4449:
4405:
4332:
4220:
3929:
3897:
3403:
3376:
3233:
3223:
3014:
2956:
2800:
1718:"Archaeologists Urge Pentagon To Keep Soldiers From Destroying"
1468:
1356:
1323:-free plumbing fittings and pipes, in order to comply with the
1075:
1063:
1034:
844:
772:, and other fittings. Galvanized steel (often known simply as "
670:
schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the
615:
563:
456:
441:
370:
277:
250:
231:
197:
140:
117:
In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is critical to
67:
40:
24:
2896:
2700:"The Plumbing Code of Australia (PCA) - Australian Government"
451:
5164:
5132:
5122:
5102:
4977:
4911:
4668:
4595:
4590:
4374:
4291:
3832:
3794:
3438:
3408:
2952:
1234:
1071:
769:
560:
544:
261:
95:
71:
63:
44:
37:
2416:"The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes "A MODEST CAMPAIGN""
2365:
Macek, MD; Matte, TD; Sinks, T; Malvitz, DM (January 2006).
1736:
626:
377:
The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:
5272:
5257:
5216:
5169:
5137:
5112:
5107:
5054:
4575:
4555:
4287:
3909:
3714:
3303:
3193:
3086:
3063:
ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Lead Toxicity
2960:
2253:
https://www.cscplates.com/blog/what-is-cast-iron-soil-pipe/
2116:"Philadelphia's plumbing revolution: wood pipes - Retropod"
1320:
1143:
1083:
691:
687:
651:
528:
445:
292:
265:
212:, constructed atop interconnecting fired clay sewer pipes,
205:
99:
83:
20:
2779:
852:
Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and
590:
provided information on the owner to prevent water theft.
582:
an additive to processed food and drink (for example as a
335:
the wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone homes.
2340:, the Copper Development Association, New York, USA, 2006
911:
823:
655:
440:"Water pipe" redirects here. For the smoking device, see
350:
The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after
19:"Water pipe" redirects here. For the smoking device, see
2726:"Regulatory Framework | Australian Building Codes Board"
208:
contains the oldest known examples of brick constructed
2226:"CTS - Copper Tube Sizes - Dimensions used in Plumbing"
1293:
Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
3077:
Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity
2575:"Plumbing Pathogens: A Fixture in Hospitals and Homes"
2364:
245:
Copper piping appeared in Egypt by 2400 BCE, with the
1330:
Some widely used Standards in the United States are:
1134:
A plumber tightening the fitting on a gas supply line
621:
287:, which saw the introduction of expansive systems of
1346:
ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1 – Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures
1340:
ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 – Plumbing Supply Fittings
483:, frequently made of plastic or metal, that carries
1291:In the United Kingdom the professional body is the
2981:
2266:"What's the difference between PVC and CPVC pipe?"
1626:
411:Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage
354:because of increased awareness of the dangers of
5309:
2360:
2358:
2287:. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015
1185:, pipe vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter,
890:– The material is used primarily in housewares,
253:, found to be connected by a copper waste pipe.
66:for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses
4286:
2058:"WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME"
1925:, New York University Press, 1888. pp. 132, 158
1259:. They are responsible for the creation of the
230:Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad
2548:"Key To Pop-up Drain Is Fresh Plumber's Putty"
2159:. PwC. March 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
2072:
1337:ASME A112.6.4 – Roof, Deck, and Balcony Drains
573:Despite the Romans' common use of lead pipes,
4272:
3102:
2355:
2278:
848:Plastic hot and cold supply piping for a sink
338:Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to
2572:
1645:"What Is The Origin Of The Word "plumbing"?"
1624:
2988:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
270:
165:Roman lead pipe with a folded seam, at the
106:, as the first effective pipes used in the
82:, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.
4279:
4265:
3109:
3095:
1966:
1319:has set guidelines about what constitutes
2650:
2598:
2447:
2390:
2113:
1226:, which protects them from disinfection.
2248:
2246:
1776:
1597:
1233:
1129:
843:
633:
625:
551:were fully understood; among these were
511:
450:
365:
160:
31:
4164:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
3067:Department of Health and Human Services
2931:Materials used to make water pipes are
2620:
2618:
2194:"Wall thickness does not affect pipe o"
1806:"The secret history of ancient toilets"
1334:ASME A112.6.3 – Floor and Trench Drains
5310:
2976:
2167:
2165:
1946:Historical production and uses of lead
1894:
1858:
1705:Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization
1125:
746:potable water supply and distribution
508:History of water supply and sanitation
4260:
3090:
2413:
2243:
2114:Rosenwald, Mike (February 11, 2019).
1862:Historical Dictionary of the Hittites
1742:
1110:Threaded pipe joints are sealed with
869:(ABS) pipe. The method for producing
856:(DWV) pipe. Principal types include:
4114:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2615:
2173:"Difference between Pipes and Tubes"
1803:
1777:Mitchell, Piers D. (March 3, 2016).
219:. Clay pipes were later used in the
2566:
2281:"Polypropylene Properties and Uses"
2162:
1967:Cartwright, Mark (March 29, 2019).
1283:requirement for domestic plumbing.
1177:Specialized plumbing tools include
498:), as well as inside the building.
283:Plumbing reached its early apex in
256:The word "plumber" dates from the
13:
2970:
2055:
1901:. Infobase Publishing. p. 6.
1859:Burney, Charles (April 19, 2004).
1598:Muscroft, Steve (March 14, 2016).
622:Difference between pipes and tubes
14:
5339:
3434:Push-to-pull compression fittings
3007:
2894:
2631:Environmental Health Perspectives
2579:Environmental Health Perspectives
2420:American Journal of Public Health
2371:Environmental Health Perspectives
2350:California’s PEX Battle Continues
1895:Bunson, Margaret (May 14, 2014).
1554:Plumbing & Drainage Institute
1286:
705:, whereas a tube is made through
5291:
5290:
3051:
3039:
3025:
3013:
2822:"WHO Health aspects of plumbing"
2414:Rabin, Richard (March 6, 2017).
1743:Burke, Joseph (April 24, 2017).
1397:National Building Code of Canada
1310:
1297:Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP)
1012:
996:
984:
972:
960:
944:
549:health hazards of ingesting lead
249:and adjoining temple complex at
2925:
2888:
2866:
2840:
2814:
2793:
2772:
2747:
2718:
2692:
2667:
2540:
2514:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2407:
2343:
2331:
2313:
2272:
2258:
2218:
2186:
2150:
2138:. Virginia's Community Colleges
2128:
2107:
2085:
2049:
2027:
2005:
1979:
1960:
1951:
1939:
1928:
1915:
1888:
1879:
1852:
1317:Environmental Protection Agency
1257:Australian Building Codes Board
1170:, gauges, and control systems.
867:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
516:Old water pipe, remnant of the
298:removal, and widespread use of
36:A complex arrangement of rigid
2901:Capital Plumbing & Heating
1804:Wald, Chelsea (May 26, 2016).
1797:
1770:
1710:
1698:
1663:
1637:
1618:
1591:
435:
427:systems, like for example the
408:recovery and treatment systems
189:for larger numbers of people.
1:
3030:The dictionary definition of
2082:. Encyclopaedia Romana. 2017.
1898:Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
1746:FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY
1585:
1544:Plastic pressure pipe systems
1414:Environmental Considerations:
1229:
1024:
213:
4174:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
3725:Reduced pressure zone device
3116:
2897:"Plumbing Company in Canada"
2573:Carol Potera (August 2015).
2037:. Epa.gov. February 20, 2013
1671:"Health Aspects of Plumbing"
1625:Blankenbaker, Keith (1992).
1529:Piping and plumbing fittings
1305:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
1250:
1242:for holding and turning pipe
1031:Piping and plumbing fittings
1003:Water pipe connected to the
727:piping and plumbing fittings
681:
588:Roman lead pipe inscriptions
501:
494:to a building (as part of a
16:Systems for conveying fluids
7:
4169:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
3888:Instant hot water dispenser
3690:Piping and plumbing fitting
2522:"Basic Plumbing Principles"
2483:International Plumbing Code
2255:What is cast iron soil pipe
1923:Notes For a History of Lead
1430:
1199:
1105:
662:Pipe is available in rigid
373:piping system in a building
62:is any system that conveys
10:
5344:
3515:Backflow prevention device
3500:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
1973:World History Encyclopedia
1957:The Travels of Ibn Battuta
1564:Sanitation in ancient Rome
1261:National Construction Code
1028:
951:Monument to water pipe in
937:
865:and Japan began producing
837:
833:
814:
736:
566:was commonly used to join
505:
439:
429:New York City steam system
361:
157:Sanitation in ancient Rome
150:
146:
18:
5286:
5230:
5043:
4960:
4807:
4650:
4480:
4424:
4298:
4208:
4182:
4142:
4087:
4049:
3968:
3813:
3775:Thermostatic mixing valve
3492:
3312:
3124:
2305:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2080:"Lead Poisoning and Rome"
1991:Moscow-Pullman Daily News
1783:. Routledge. p. 22.
1372:Ontario College of Trades
1350:
1301:World Health Organization
1299:published jointly by the
1270:
1102:, and eye wash stations.
928:cross-linked polyethylene
871:cross-linked polyethylene
810:
389:plumbing drainage venting
240:Indus Valley civilization
5000:Multi-family residential
3505:Automatic bleeding valve
3144:Compatibility (chemical)
2918:
2848:"World Plumbing Council"
2801:"World Plumbing Council"
2432:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555
2136:"Types of Pipe Material"
2035:"Lead in Drinking Water"
750:are commonly found with
732:
672:Standard Dimension Ratio
402:hot water heat recycling
139:although they work with
3710:Pressure-balanced valve
3705:Pressure vacuum breaker
3414:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
3356:Drain-waste-vent system
3336:Chemical drain cleaners
2526:The Evening Independent
2230:The Engineering Toolbox
2013:"Basic Plumbing System"
1649:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1604:. Elsevier. p. 3.
1499:Passive fire protection
1325:Safe Drinking Water Act
608:dissimilar metals (see
4231:Template:Public health
3903:water recycling shower
3873:Hot water storage tank
3204:Onsite sewage facility
3044:Quotations related to
2679:classic.austlii.edu.au
2496:"Miscellaneous Valves"
1686:Cite journal requires
1438:Active fire protection
1243:
1219:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1213:, discovered in 1976,
1211:Legionella pneumophila
1135:
1082:, utility and kitchen
849:
639:
631:
525:
496:municipal water system
468:
374:
304:lead pipe inscriptions
280:and for making baths.
271:
181:and needed to provide
174:
56:
4216:Fire sprinkler system
3925:Tankless water heater
3868:Garbage disposal unit
3853:Electric water boiler
3325:British Standard Pipe
2471:Uniform Plumbing Code
1921:Pulsifer, William H.
1519:Pipe network analysis
1448:Domestic water system
1237:
1133:
847:
637:
629:
535:made it practical to
515:
454:
381:potable cold and hot
369:
164:
35:
5323:Building engineering
3915:Storage water heater
3484:Water heat recycling
3392:National Pipe Thread
3294:Water supply network
3022:at Wikimedia Commons
2591:10.1289/ehp.123-A217
2338:Copper Tube Handbook
2206:on September 3, 2013
1633:. Goodheart Willcox.
1579:Water supply network
1509:Pipe and tube bender
1459:Lead and Copper Rule
1148:back flow preventers
766:National Pipe Thread
650:(IPS). Copper tube,
4446: / Guest room
4246:Template:Wastewater
4104:Hydrostatic testing
3745:Rooftop water tower
3341:Compression fitting
2854:on January 17, 2009
2706:. November 14, 2018
2643:10.1289/ehp.1408692
2528:. November 10, 1926
2352:. Builderonline.com
2279:Bidisha Mukherjee.
2093:"Wooden water pipe"
1865:. Scarecrow Press.
1822:2016Natur.533..456W
1277:pipe-in-pipe system
1215:Mycobacterium avium
1207:waterborne diseases
1146:, expansion tanks,
1126:Equipment and tools
979:Concrete water pipe
721:, or for plastics,
715:compression fitting
153:History of plumbing
84:Heating and cooling
4922:Servants' quarters
4200:Waterborne disease
4099:Hydronic balancing
3858:Evaporative cooler
3823:Accessible bathtub
3720:Radiator (heating)
3700:Pressure regulator
3595:Double check valve
3570:Concentric reducer
3371:Garden Hose Thread
3264:Thermal insulation
3134:Air gap (plumbing)
2933:polyvinyl chloride
2554:. January 12, 2003
2321:"Walking The Talk"
2268:. August 15, 2017.
2060:. Waterhistory.org
2015:. January 13, 2013
1885:Teresi et al. 2002
1524:Pipeline transport
1453:Double-walled pipe
1405:Safety and Health:
1244:
1136:
1088:drinking fountains
858:Polyvinyl chloride
850:
752:nominal pipe sizes
640:
632:
555:and high rates of
526:
469:
375:
331:In post-classical
302:. The Romans used
187:wastewater removal
175:
57:
5305:
5304:
4723:Janitorial closet
4457:Bedsit / Miniflat
4254:
4253:
4236:Template:Sewerage
4183:Health and safety
4159:NSF International
3969:Specialized tools
3848:Drinking fountain
3815:Plumbing fixtures
3695:Plug (sanitation)
3680:Nipple (plumbing)
3600:Eccentric reducer
3580:Coupling (piping)
3545:Chemigation valve
3398:Nominal Pipe Size
3361:Ductile iron pipe
3259:Thermal expansion
3018:Media related to
2502:on April 26, 2009
1993:. August 12, 1988
1908:978-1-4381-0997-8
1872:978-0-8108-6564-8
1816:(7604): 456–458.
1790:978-1-317-05953-0
1364:Governing Bodies:
1055:Plumbing fixtures
1039:Plumbing fixtures
793:and natural gas.
605:ductile iron pipe
247:Pyramid of Sahure
76:plumbing fixtures
5335:
5294:
5293:
5263:Home improvement
5035:Studio apartment
4827:Kitchen-related
4503:Conversation pit
4290:and spaces of a
4281:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4241:Template:Toilets
4006:Flare-nut wrench
3765:Submersible pump
3590:Dielectric union
3510:Automatic faucet
3469:Thread seal tape
3429:Plastic pipework
3189:Hydrostatic loop
3154:Drain (plumbing)
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3055:
3043:
3029:
3017:
3003:
2987:
2964:
2929:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2876:. August 3, 2015
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2850:. Archived from
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2828:on June 13, 2006
2824:. Archived from
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2759:www.byggforsk.no
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2498:. Archived from
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2426:(9): 1584–1592.
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2383:10.1289/ehp.8319
2362:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2199:. Archived from
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:. March 19, 2003
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1595:
1539:Plastic pipework
1494:MS Pipe, MS Tube
1376:British Columbia
1156:UV sterilization
1112:thread seal tape
1016:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
948:
854:drain-waste-vent
840:Plastic pipework
805:
804:
800:
763:
762:
758:
744:Galvanized steel
557:infant mortality
518:Machine de Marly
425:district heating
400:with or without
340:sewage treatment
274:
218:
215:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5297:Category: Rooms
5282:
5226:
5047:
5039:
5005:Secondary suite
4956:
4831:butler's pantry
4803:
4746:Mechanical room
4699:Electrical room
4658:
4646:
4476:
4420:
4394:Recreation room
4294:
4285:
4255:
4250:
4204:
4178:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4069:Pressure sensor
4051:
4045:
4021:Plumber's snake
3964:
3945:Water dispenser
3935:Washing machine
3809:
3635:Flushing trough
3585:Diaphragm valve
3575:Condensate pump
3555:Circulator pump
3535:Butterfly valve
3488:
3459:Solvent welding
3351:Crimp (joining)
3308:
3274:Trap (plumbing)
3249:Surface tension
3126:
3120:
3115:
3010:
3000:
2973:
2971:Further reading
2968:
2967:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2730:www.abcb.gov.au
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2623:
2616:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2412:
2408:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2121:Washington Post
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2056:Hansen, Roger.
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1830:10.1038/533456a
1802:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:Modern Plumbing
1623:
1619:
1612:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1433:
1393:Building Codes:
1353:
1313:
1289:
1273:
1253:
1232:
1202:
1168:heat exchangers
1160:water softeners
1128:
1120:plumber's putty
1108:
1094:, humidifiers,
1041:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1001:
992:
989:
980:
977:
968:
965:
956:
949:
940:
842:
836:
828:stainless steel
819:
813:
802:
798:
797:
791:fire sprinklers
760:
756:
755:
741:
739:Galvanized pipe
735:
723:solvent welding
684:
624:
575:their aqueducts
510:
504:
449:
438:
364:
344:galvanized iron
217: 3200 BCE
216:
159:
149:
51:pipe bends and
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5096:
5091:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Servants' hall
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4743:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4706:
4704:Equipment room
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4620:
4618:Secret passage
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4145:organizations
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Leak detection
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4079:Water metering
4076:
4074:Water detector
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Plumber wrench
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3960:Water softener
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Vacuum ejector
3787:
3785:Vacuum breaker
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:Faucet aerator
3607:
3605:Expansion tank
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Sewage pumping
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3387:Leak detection
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Cast iron pipe
3328:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Venturi effect
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Sanitary sewer
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Drinking water
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3060:
3049:
3037:
3023:
3009:
3008:External links
3006:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2895:Brown, Norah.
2887:
2865:
2839:
2813:
2792:
2771:
2746:
2717:
2691:
2666:
2637:(8): 749–758.
2614:
2565:
2539:
2513:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2406:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2325:pmengineer.com
2312:
2271:
2257:
2242:
2217:
2185:
2161:
2149:
2127:
2106:
2084:
2078:Grout, James.
2071:
2048:
2026:
2004:
1978:
1959:
1950:
1948:. ila-lead.org
1938:
1927:
1914:
1907:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1851:
1796:
1789:
1769:
1755:
1735:
1722:Herald-Journal
1709:
1697:
1688:|journal=
1662:
1651:. May 12, 1942
1636:
1617:
1610:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Plumbosolvency
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1387:certification.
1384:Certification:
1380:
1379:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1312:
1309:
1303:(WHO) and the
1288:
1287:United Kingdom
1285:
1272:
1269:
1252:
1249:
1231:
1228:
1201:
1198:
1183:flaring pliers
1127:
1124:
1107:
1104:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1002:
995:
993:
990:
983:
981:
978:
971:
969:
966:
959:
957:
950:
943:
939:
936:
924:
923:
919:
915:
909:
903:
900:green building
892:food packaging
885:
838:Main article:
835:
832:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
737:Main article:
734:
731:
683:
680:
648:iron pipe size
623:
620:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
467:heating system
437:
434:
433:
432:
418:
412:
409:
398:septic systems
394:sewage systems
391:
386:
363:
360:
356:lead poisoning
234:making use of
148:
145:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5340:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5298:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5045:Architectural
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:Semi-detached
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Swimming pool
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Great chamber
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Wiring closet
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:Semi-basement
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:Private rooms
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4399:billiard room
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:dirty kitchen
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Template:HVAC
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Plumbing code
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:and standards
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Control valve
4057:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Drain cleaner
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Hose coupling
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Closet flange
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Threaded pipe
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Flare fitting
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Copper tubing
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Grade (slope)
3172:
3170:
3169:Friction loss
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3082:ToxFAQs: Lead
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3036:at Wiktionary
3035:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2999:0-684-83718-8
2995:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2959:and formerly
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:polypropylene
2934:
2928:
2924:
2903:. Norah Brown
2902:
2898:
2891:
2875:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2030:
2014:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1758:
1756:9781365912870
1752:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1611:9781136373152
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:United States
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:video cameras
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:pipe wrenches
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:water heaters
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:water filters
1149:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1015:
1010:
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
954:
947:
942:
941:
935:
933:
929:
920:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
872:
868:
863:
859:
855:
846:
841:
831:
829:
825:
818:
817:Copper tubing
808:
794:
792:
787:
786:building code
783:
782:pipe threader
779:
775:
771:
767:
753:
749:
745:
740:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
679:
675:
673:
667:
665:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
636:
628:
619:
617:
613:
611:
610:galvanic cell
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
589:
585:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
519:
514:
509:
499:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
462:
458:
453:
447:
443:
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:
378:
372:
368:
359:
357:
353:
348:
345:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
318:
317:public health
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
273:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:Mesopotamians
190:
188:
184:
183:potable water
180:
172:
168:
163:
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
119:public health
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:potable water
89:
88:waste removal
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5175:Roof lantern
5159:
4927:Smoking room
4897:Long gallery
4877:Drawing room
4863:Conservatory
4770:Storm cellar
4741:Storage room
4737:Utility room
4733:Laundry room
4709:Furnace room
4300:Shared rooms
4119:Pipe marking
4092:and services
4088:Professions,
4036:Strap wrench
3976:Basin wrench
3955:Water heater
3950:Water filter
3863:Flush toilet
3838:Dehumidifier
3780:Trench drain
3760:Street elbow
3750:Safety valve
3735:Relief valve
3675:Needle valve
3660:Grinder pump
3630:Flow limiter
3615:Float switch
3550:Chopper pump
3530:Booster pump
3479:Tube bending
3424:Pipe support
3289:Water hammer
3269:Thermosiphon
3199:Neutral axis
3117:
3059:at Wikibooks
3048:at Wikiquote
3032:
2983:
2978:Teresi, Dick
2945:ductile iron
2941:polyethylene
2927:
2905:. Retrieved
2900:
2890:
2880:December 20,
2878:. Retrieved
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:the original
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:the original
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2774:
2764:December 25,
2762:. Retrieved
2758:
2749:
2739:November 13,
2737:. Retrieved
2729:
2720:
2710:November 14,
2708:. Retrieved
2704:ablis.gov.au
2703:
2694:
2684:November 13,
2682:. Retrieved
2678:
2669:
2634:
2630:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2558:December 27,
2556:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2532:December 27,
2530:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2506:December 27,
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2377:(1): 130–4.
2374:
2370:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2289:. Retrieved
2284:
2274:
2260:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2130:
2119:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2087:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2007:
1997:December 27,
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1981:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1941:
1930:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1861:
1854:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1779:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1749:. Lulu.com.
1745:
1738:
1728:December 27,
1726:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1679:cite journal
1665:
1655:December 27,
1653:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1628:
1620:
1600:
1593:
1534:Pipe support
1422:
1413:
1404:
1392:
1383:
1363:
1354:
1329:
1314:
1296:
1290:
1274:
1265:
1254:
1245:
1203:
1195:
1176:
1172:
1140:water meters
1137:
1109:
1053:
1045:pipe hangers
1042:
925:
851:
820:
795:
777:
773:
742:
696:
685:
676:
668:
663:
661:
641:
614:
599:
594:Wooden pipes
592:
584:preservative
572:
568:copper pipes
540:
533:malleability
527:
472:
470:
455:A system of
376:
352:World War II
349:
337:
330:
312:Fall of Rome
285:ancient Rome
282:
269:
258:Roman Empire
255:
244:
242:by 2700 BC.
229:
191:
179:public baths
176:
129:Boilermakers
127:
116:
103:
59:
58:
29:
5268:Home repair
5065:Belt course
4973:Hidden room
4902:Lumber room
4818:Antechamber
4809:Great house
4789:Wine cellar
4760:Root cellar
4713:Boiler room
4694:Crawl space
4365:Living room
4358:kitchenette
4343:Home cinema
4328:Family room
4323:Dining room
4313:Common room
4064:Flow sensor
4052:and control
4050:Measurement
4041:Tap and die
4016:Pipe wrench
4001:Driving cap
3893:Laundry tub
3770:Tap (valve)
3755:Sewage pump
3740:Riser clamp
3685:Pinch valve
3655:Grease trap
3650:Globe valve
3640:Flushometer
3625:Floor drain
3620:Float valve
3540:Check valve
3525:Bleed screw
3299:Water table
3239:Storm sewer
3125:Fundamental
2907:October 11,
2858:October 11,
2832:October 11,
2806:October 11,
2585:(8): A217.
2291:February 7,
2210:January 22,
2178:January 22,
2142:January 22,
2099:January 22,
2064:January 22,
2041:January 22,
1810:Nature News
1474:Garden hose
1443:Copper pipe
1240:pipe wrench
1096:air washers
1005:septic tank
862:Waldo Semon
553:stillbirths
492:fresh water
485:pressurized
436:Water pipes
310:. With the
308:water theft
306:to prevent
167:Roman Baths
133:pipefitters
55:pipe routes
49:right-angle
5312:Categories
5278:Tree house
5248:Front yard
5180:Sill plate
5128:Foundation
5070:Bressummer
4983:house plan
4952:Undercroft
4937:State room
4887:Great hall
4856:still room
4523:dumbwaiter
4508:Cubby-hole
4338:Great room
4308:Bonus room
4124:Pipefitter
4011:Pipecutter
3991:Core drill
3878:Humidifier
3843:Dishwasher
3805:Zone valve
3800:Water tank
3645:Gate valve
3520:Ball valve
3493:Components
3313:Technology
3284:Wastewater
3244:Stormwater
2552:Daily News
2235:January 5,
2019:January 4,
1586:References
1514:Pipefitter
1426:standards.
1423:Standards:
1417:materials.
1230:Regulation
1092:ice makers
1029:See also:
1025:Components
1019:Sewer pipe
896:heat fused
586:in wine).
522:Versailles
473:water pipe
463:used in a
300:lead pipes
296:wastewater
151:See also:
123:sanitation
112:lead pipes
53:orthogonal
5328:Bathrooms
5202:Threshold
5085:Colonnade
5030:Townhouse
4968:Furniture
4872:Courtyard
4774:Safe room
4684:Cloakroom
4652:Technical
4642:Vestibule
4627:Staircase
4566:Inglenook
4539:Fireplace
4498:Breezeway
4370:Gynaeceum
4143:Industry
4129:Pipelayer
3986:Borescope
3981:Blowtorch
3920:Sump pump
3454:Soldering
3419:Pipe dope
3382:Hydronics
3254:Tap water
3219:Sewer gas
3184:Heat trap
3179:Greywater
3149:Corrosion
2949:cast iron
2785:March 29,
2440:0090-0036
1762:August 4,
1574:Victaulic
1484:Heat pipe
1479:HDPE pipe
1464:Fire hose
1251:Australia
1116:pipe dope
1100:fountains
1060:end-users
1049:strapping
953:Mytishchi
922:recalled.
902:projects.
729:article.
707:extrusion
682:Materials
601:Cast iron
421:hydronics
406:graywater
383:tap water
326:cesspools
321:epidemics
289:aqueducts
173:, England
108:Roman era
43:and stop
5318:Plumbing
5243:Driveway
5238:Backyard
5197:Skylight
5160:Plumbing
5155:Ornament
5150:Lighting
5060:Baluster
5048:elements
5020:Detached
5015:Terraced
4867:Orangery
4846:scullery
4823:Ballroom
4799:Workshop
4784:Wardrobe
4772: /
4739: /
4735: /
4711: /
4674:Basement
4606:sleeping
4601:screened
4586:Overhang
4530:Entryway
4518:Elevator
4432:Bathroom
4387:man cave
4209:See also
4195:Scalding
3883:Icemaker
3670:Manifold
3229:Sewerage
3209:Pressure
3164:Fuel gas
3139:Backflow
3127:concepts
3118:Plumbing
3057:Plumbing
3046:Plumbing
3033:plumbing
3020:Plumbing
2980:(2002).
2661:25793551
2609:26230512
2458:18633098
2401:16393670
2301:cite web
1838:27225101
1601:Plumbing
1431:See also
1281:de facto
1200:Problems
1158:lights,
1106:Sealants
1080:bathtubs
955:(Russia)
932:toxicity
719:crimping
524:, France
465:radiator
415:fuel gas
223:city of
210:Latrines
202:Eshnunna
137:plumbers
135:are not
86:(HVAC),
60:Plumbing
5231:Related
5207:Transom
5099:Cornice
5089:Portico
5080:Chimney
5075:Ceiling
4907:Parlour
4892:Library
4851:spicery
4841:saucery
4836:buttery
4679:Carport
4661:storage
4656:utility
4637:Veranda
4632:Terrace
4561:Hallway
4493:Balcony
4472:Nursery
4467:Cabinet
4462:Boudoir
4444:Bedroom
4416:Sunroom
4348:Kitchen
4134:Plumber
4090:trades,
4031:Plunger
3940:Washlet
3828:Bathtub
3730:Reducer
3560:Cistern
3464:Swaging
3444:Sealant
3320:Brazing
2990:351–352
2652:4529011
2600:4528999
2473:, IAPMO
2449:2509614
2392:1332668
1969:"Kilwa"
1846:4398699
1818:Bibcode
1549:Plumber
1408:health.
1368:Ontario
1224:biofilm
1076:showers
1068:urinals
1064:toilets
938:Gallery
834:Plastic
801:⁄
759:⁄
711:brazing
703:welding
699:casting
579:calcium
541:plumbum
502:History
489:treated
362:Systems
272:plumbum
236:asphalt
232:flanges
225:Hattusa
221:Hittite
200:and at
147:History
104:plumbum
5295:
5253:Garden
5222:Window
5165:Quoins
5143:Portal
5094:Column
5010:Duplex
4988:styles
4947:Turret
4779:Studio
4755:Pantry
4728:Larder
4718:Garage
4689:Closet
4623:Stairs
4581:Loggia
4544:hearth
4534:Genkan
4488:Atrium
4481:Spaces
4450:closet
4437:toilet
4406:Shrine
4382:Andron
4333:Garret
4221:Piping
3930:Urinal
3898:Shower
3404:O-ring
3377:Gasket
3234:Siphon
3224:Sewage
2996:
2957:copper
2659:
2649:
2607:
2597:
2456:
2446:
2438:
2399:
2389:
2285:Buzzle
1905:
1869:
1844:
1836:
1787:
1753:
1608:
1469:Flange
1370:, the
1357:Canada
1351:Canada
1271:Norway
1217:, and
1072:bidets
1037:, and
1035:Valves
918:green.
811:Copper
776:" or "
770:valves
664:joints
616:Bronze
564:solder
543:, the
459:water
457:copper
442:Hookah
417:piping
385:supply
371:Copper
278:piping
260:. The
251:Abusir
198:Nippur
141:piping
90:, and
72:valves
64:fluids
45:valves
41:piping
25:Hookah
5212:Vault
5185:Style
5133:Gable
5123:Floor
5103:Eaves
4993:types
4978:House
4961:Other
4932:Solar
4912:Sauna
4811:areas
4750:floor
4669:Attic
4596:Porch
4591:Patio
4571:Lanai
4551:Foyer
4411:Study
4375:harem
4292:house
4288:Rooms
3833:Bidet
3795:Valve
3439:Putty
3409:Oakum
3400:(NPS)
3394:(NPT)
3373:(GHT)
3327:(BSP)
3065:U.S.
2953:steel
2919:Notes
2485:, ICC
2204:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
2095:. BBC
1842:S2CID
1279:as a
1144:pumps
1084:sinks
754:from
748:pipes
733:Steel
561:alloy
545:Latin
520:near
475:is a
461:tubes
333:Kilwa
262:Latin
110:were
96:Latin
80:tanks
68:pipes
38:steel
5273:Shed
5258:Home
5217:Wall
5190:list
5170:Roof
5138:Gate
5113:Door
5108:Dome
5055:Arch
4659:and
4613:Ramp
4576:Loft
4556:Hall
4513:Deck
3910:Sink
3715:Pump
3304:Well
3194:Leak
2994:ISBN
2961:lead
2909:2018
2882:2016
2860:2009
2834:2009
2808:2009
2787:2014
2766:2021
2741:2018
2734:ABCB
2712:2018
2686:2018
2657:PMID
2605:PMID
2560:2013
2534:2013
2508:2013
2454:PMID
2436:ISSN
2397:PMID
2307:link
2293:2015
2237:2023
2212:2014
2180:2014
2144:2014
2101:2014
2066:2014
2043:2014
2021:2016
1999:2013
1903:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1834:PMID
1785:ISBN
1764:2017
1751:ISBN
1730:2013
1692:help
1657:2013
1606:ISBN
1569:Tube
1504:Pipe
1489:Hose
1457:EPA
1321:lead
1187:dies
1047:and
882:CPVC
826:and
778:iron
774:galv
692:lead
688:clay
652:CPVC
603:and
537:work
529:Lead
487:and
481:tube
477:pipe
446:Bong
444:and
404:and
396:and
293:tile
266:lead
264:for
206:Uruk
192:The
185:and
171:Bath
155:and
131:and
121:and
100:lead
98:for
23:and
21:Bong
5118:Ell
4318:Den
2647:PMC
2639:doi
2635:123
2595:PMC
2587:doi
2583:123
2444:PMC
2428:doi
2387:PMC
2379:doi
2375:114
1826:doi
1814:533
1355:In
1114:or
1066:),
912:PEX
906:PBT
878:PVC
824:PEX
701:or
656:PeX
644:PVC
612:).
479:or
268:is
169:in
5314::
5101:/
5087:/
4865:/
4748:/
4654:,
2992:.
2955:,
2951:,
2947:,
2943:,
2939:,
2935:,
2899:.
2757:.
2732:.
2728:.
2702:.
2677:.
2655:.
2645:.
2633:.
2629:.
2617:^
2603:.
2593:.
2581:.
2577:.
2550:.
2524:.
2452:.
2442:.
2434:.
2424:98
2422:.
2418:.
2395:.
2385:.
2373:.
2369:.
2357:^
2323:.
2303:}}
2299:{{
2283:.
2245:^
2228:.
2164:^
2118:.
1989:.
1971:.
1840:.
1832:.
1824:.
1812:.
1808:.
1720:.
1683::
1681:}}
1677:{{
1647:.
1327:.
1238:A
1181:,
1166:,
1162:,
1154:,
1150:,
1142:,
1122:.
1098:,
1090:,
1086:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1051:.
1033:,
888:PP
830:.
717:,
713:,
690:,
654:,
471:A
328:.
291:,
214:c.
125:.
114:.
102:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
4625:/
4532:/
4280:e
4273:t
4266:v
3110:e
3103:t
3096:v
3002:.
2963:.
2911:.
2884:.
2862:.
2836:.
2810:.
2789:.
2768:.
2743:.
2714:.
2688:.
2663:.
2641::
2611:.
2589::
2562:.
2536:.
2510:.
2460:.
2430::
2403:.
2381::
2327:.
2309:)
2295:.
2239:.
2214:.
2182:.
2146:.
2124:.
2103:.
2068:.
2045:.
2023:.
2001:.
1975:.
1911:.
1875:.
1848:.
1828::
1820::
1793:.
1766:.
1732:.
1694:)
1690:(
1673:.
1659:.
1614:.
1007:.
880:/
803:4
799:3
761:8
757:3
448:.
431:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
