Nitrocellulose - Knowledge

1624:, was the primary material for painting automobiles for many years. Durability of finish, complexities of "multiple stage" modern finishes, and other factors including environmental regulation led manufacturers to choose newer technologies. It remained the favorite of hobbyists for both historical reasons and for the ease with which a professional finish can be obtained. Most automobile "touch up" paints are still made from lacquer because of its fast drying, easy application, and superior adhesion properties – regardless of the material used for the original finish. Guitars sometimes shared color codes with current automobiles. It fell out of favor for mass production use for a number of reasons including environmental regulation and the cost of application vs. "poly" finishes. However, Gibson still use nitrocellulose lacquers on all of their guitars, as well as Fender when reproducing historically accurate guitars. The nitrocellulose lacquer yellows and cracks over time, and custom shops will reproduce this aging to make instruments appear vintage. Guitars made by smaller shops (luthiers) also often use "nitro" as it has an almost mythical status among guitarists. 1426:, a film-related fire killed 69 children. Today, nitrate film projection is rare and normally highly regulated and requires extensive precautions, including extra health-and-safety training for projectionists. A special projector certified to run nitrate films has many modifications, among them the chambering of the feed and takeup reels in thick metal covers with small slits to allow the film to run through them. The projector is additionally modified to accommodate several fire extinguishers with nozzles aimed at the film gate. The extinguishers automatically trigger if a piece of film near the gate starts to burn. While this triggering would likely damage or destroy a significant portion of the projector's components, it would contain a fire and prevent far greater damage. Projection rooms may also be required to have automatic metal covers for the projection windows, preventing the spread of fire to the 1671:. The invention enjoyed a brief popularity, but the Hyatt balls were extremely flammable, and sometimes portions of the outer shell would explode upon impact. An owner of a billiard saloon in Colorado wrote to Hyatt about the explosive tendencies, saying that he did not mind very much personally but for the fact that every man in his saloon immediately pulled a gun at the sound. The process used by Hyatt to manufacture the billiard balls, patented in 1881, involved placing the mass of nitrocellulose in a rubber bag, which was then placed in a cylinder of liquid and heated. Pressure was applied to the liquid in the cylinder, which resulted in a uniform compression on the nitrocellulose mass, compressing it into a uniform sphere as the heat vaporized the solvents. The ball was then cooled and turned to make a uniform sphere. In light of the explosive results, this process was called the "Hyatt gun method". 1242: 983: 1385: 1633: 1399:. Those additions intended to prevent or at least delay the migration of flames beyond the projection areas. A training film for projectionists included footage of a controlled ignition of a reel of nitrate film, which continued to burn even when fully submerged in water. Once burning, it is extremely difficult to extinguish. Unlike most other flammable materials, nitrocellulose does not need a source of air to continue burning, since it contains sufficient oxygen within its molecular structure to sustain a flame. For this reason, immersing burning film in water may not extinguish it, and could actually increase the amount of smoke produced. Owing to public safety precautions, 1478: 380: 1523:(such as printing advertisements and other short films to enable them to be sent through the mails without the need for fire safety precautions), the early generations of safety film base had two major disadvantages relative to nitrate: it was much more expensive to manufacture, and considerably less durable in repeated projection. The cost of the safety precautions associated with the use of nitrate was significantly lower than the cost of using any of the safety bases available before 1948. These drawbacks were eventually overcome with the launch of 954: 40: 975: 64: 49: 375: 1690: 1566:

for release prints for this reason, and because ultrasonic splicers are very expensive, beyond the budgets of many smaller theaters. In practice, though, this has not proved to be as much of a problem as was feared. Rather, with the increased use of automated long-play systems in cinemas, the greater strength of polyester has been a significant advantage in lessening the risk of a film performance being interrupted by a film break.

379: 1180: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1639: 3298: 1636: 466: 378: 991: 1102:, a year later. The manufacturing process was not properly understood and few safety measures were put in place. A serious explosion that July killed almost two dozen workers, resulting in the immediate closure of the plant. Guncotton manufacture ceased for over 15 years until a safer procedure could be developed. 1522:

Nitrate dominated the market for professional-use 35 mm motion picture film from the industry's origins to the early 1950s. While cellulose acetate-based safety film, notably cellulose diacetate and cellulose acetate propionate, was produced in the gauge for small-scale use in niche applications

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Nitrocellulose film base manufactured by Kodak can be identified by the presence of the word "nitrate" in dark letters along one edge; the word only in clear letters on a dark background indicates derivation from a nitrate base original negative or projection print, but the film in hand itself may be

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of nitrate footage stored in studio vaults and in other structures were often blamed during the early to mid 20th century for destroying or heavily damaging cinemas, inflicting many serious injuries and deaths, and for reducing to ashes the master negatives and original prints of tens of thousands of

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in the 1860s, and the material rapidly became the dominant explosive, becoming the standard for military warheads, although it remained too potent to be used as a propellant. More-stable and slower-burning collodion mixtures were eventually prepared using less concentrated acids at lower temperatures

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area can be invisible. Also, polyester film is so strong, it will not break under tension and may cause serious damage to expensive camera or projector mechanisms in the event of a film jam, whereas triacetate film breaks easily, reducing the risk of damage. Many were opposed to the use of polyester

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In 1914—the same year that Goodwin Film was awarded $ 5,000,000 from Kodak for patent infringement—nitrate film fires incinerated a significant portion of the United States' early cinematic history. In that year alone, five very destructive fires occurred at four major studios and a film-processing

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invented the double-godet, a special stretch-spinning process that changed artificial silk to rayon, rendering it usable in many industrial products such as tire cords and clothing. Nathan Rosenstein invented the "spunize process" by which he turned rayon from a hard fiber to a fabric. This allowed

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The crucial advantage cellulose triacetate had over nitrate was that it was no more of a fire risk than paper (the stock is often referred to as "non-flam": this is true—but it is combustible, just not in as volatile or as dangerous a way as nitrate), while it almost matched the cost and durability

1072:) on the kitchen table. He reached for the nearest cloth, a cotton apron, and wiped it up. He hung the apron on the stove door to dry, and as soon as it was dry, a flash occurred as the apron ignited. His preparation method was the first to be widely used. The method was to immerse one part of fine 2627:

A settlement has been reached between the Goodwin Film and Camera Company and the Eastman Kodak Company concerning the suit brought in the Federal District Court by the former for an accounting of the profits derived from the sale of photographic films prepared according to the patent taken out by

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Nitrocellulose was found to gradually decompose, releasing nitric acid and further catalyzing the decomposition (eventually into a flammable powder). Decades later, storage at low temperatures was discovered as a means of delaying these reactions indefinitely. Many films produced during the early

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base film by Eastman Kodak in 1948. Cellulose triacetate superseded nitrate as the film industry's mainstay base very quickly. While Kodak had discontinued some nitrate film stocks earlier, it stopped producing various nitrate roll films in 1950 and ceased production of nitrate 35 mm motion

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smell of decomposing film) by archivists, which causes the film to shrink, deform, become brittle and eventually unusable. PET, like cellulose mononitrate, is less prone to stretching than other available plastics. By the late 1990s, polyester had almost entirely superseded triacetate for the

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The use of nitrate film and its fiery potential were certainly not issues limited to the realm of motion pictures or to commercial still photography. The film was also used for many years in medicine, where its hazardous nature was most acute, especially in its application to

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developed the first safe process for guncotton manufacture, which he patented in 1865. The washing and drying times of the nitrocellulose were both extended to 48 hours and repeated eight times over. The acid mixture was changed to two parts sulfuric acid to one part nitric.

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Despite its self-oxidizing hazards, nitrate is still regarded highly as the stock is more transparent than replacement stocks, and older films used denser silver in the emulsion. The combination results in a notably more luminous image with a high contrast ratio.

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on several missions as a means of jettisoning components of the rocket/space capsule and deploying recovery systems. However, after several missions and flights, it proved not to have the desired explosive properties in a near vacuum environment. In 2014, the

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Triacetate remains in use for most camera negative stocks because it can be "invisibly" spliced using solvents during negative assembly, while polyester film is usually spliced using adhesive tape patches, which leave visible marks in the frame area. However,

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20th century were lost through this accelerating, self-catalyzed disintegration or through studio warehouse fires, and many others were deliberately destroyed specifically to avoid the fire risk. Salvaging old films is a major problem for film archivists (see

996: 994: 1635: 995: 1176:. While guncotton is dangerous to store, the hazards it presents can be minimized by storing it dampened with various liquids, such as alcohol. For this reason, accounts of guncotton usage dating from the early 20th century refer to "wet guncotton." 733:

In terms of lacquers and coatings, nitrocellulose dissolves readily in organic solvents, which upon evaporation leave a colorless, transparent, flexible film. Nitrocellulose lacquers have been used as a finish on furniture and musical instruments.

1462:. That tragedy claimed 123 lives during the fire and additional fatalities several days later, when hospitalized victims died due to inhaling excessive amounts of smoke from the burning film, which was laced with toxic gases such as 993: 1377:. That catastrophic fire started inside a film-inspection building and caused over $ 7,000,000 in property damages ($ 213,000,000 today). Even after film technology changed, archives of older films remained vulnerable; the 1970:

Schneider, Günther; Gohla, Sven; Schreiber, Jörg; Kaden, Waltraud; Schönrock, Uwe; Schmidt‐Lewerkühne, Hartmut; Kuschel, Annegret; Petsitis, Xenia; Pape, Wolfgang; Ippen, Hellmut; Diembeck, Walter (2000). "Skin Cosmetics".

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Nitrocellulose lacquer is spin-coated onto aluminium or glass discs, then a groove is cut with a lathe, to make one-off phonograph records, used as masters for pressing or for play in dance clubs. They are referred to as

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stocks, intended for amateur and other nontheatrical use, were never manufactured with a nitrate base in the west, but rumors exist of 16 mm nitrate film having been produced in the former Soviet Union and China.

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than either nitrate or triacetate. Although triacetate does not decompose in as dangerous a way as nitrate does, it is still subject to a process known as deacetylation, often nicknamed "vinegar syndrome" (due to the

741:, forms a lacquer used in preliminary stages of wood finishing to develop a hard finish with a deep lustre. It is normally the first coat applied, then it is sanded and followed by other coatings that bond to it. 2351:

Il y a quelques années, M. Braconnot reconnut que l'acide nitrique concentré, convertit l'amidon, le ligneux, la cellulose, et quelques autres substances en un matière qu'il nomma xyloïdine, et que j'appellerai

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made of a mesh of nitrocellulose threads with various porosities are used in laboratory procedures for particle retention and cell capture in liquid or gaseous solutions and, reversely, obtaining particle-free

1470:. Related fires in other medical facilities prompted the growing disuse of nitrocellulose stock for X-rays by 1933, nearly two decades before its use was discontinued for motion-picture films in favour of 1284:

filed a patent for "a photographic pellicle and process of producing same ... especially in connection with roller cameras", but the patent was not granted until September 13, 1898. In the meantime,

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Guncotton containing more than 13% nitrogen (sometimes called insoluble nitrocellulose) was prepared by prolonged exposure to hot, concentrated acids for limited use as a blasting explosive or for

2692:, 29 March 1914, p. 13. ProQuest Historical Newspapers (hereinafter cited "ProQuest"), Ann Arbor, Michigan, subscription access through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library. 396: 1643:'United States Inter-Agency Committee for Nitrate Film Vault Tests' – film transfer from 1948 about testing storage and flame suppression methods of nitrate film stock; runtime 00:08:41 2947:

Cleveland, David (2002). "Don't Try This at Home: Some Thoughts on Nitrate Film, With Particular Reference to Home Movie Systems". In Smither, Roger; Surowiec, Catherine (eds.).

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The patent rights for the manufacture of guncotton were obtained by John Hall & Son in 1846, and industrial manufacture of the explosive began at a purpose-built factory at

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it was also a critical component in an early photographic emulsion, the use of which revolutionized photography in the 1860s. In the 20th century it was adapted to automobile

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viewed the development of guncotton with optimism. He referred to the substance several times in his novels. His adventurers carried firearms employing this substance. In his

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the late Rev. Hannibal Goodwin of Newark in 1898. The details of it have not been announced, but it is understood to provide for tile payment of a large sum of money by ...

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Further research indicated the importance of washing the acidified cotton. Unwashed nitrocellulose (sometimes called pyrocellulose) may spontaneously ignite and explode at

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level and to remove all acid residue. The cotton was then slowly dried at a temperature below 40 °C (104 °F). Schönbein collaborated with the Frankfurt professor

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The explosive applications are diverse and nitrate content is typically higher for propellant applications than for coatings. For space flight, nitrocellulose was used by

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consumed another extensive collection. Yet again, on June 13 in Philadelphia, a fire and a series of explosions ignited inside the 186-square-meter (2,000-square-foot)

1337:. Even when nitrate stock did not start the blaze, flames from other sources spread to large nearby film collections, producing intense and highly destructive fires. 1169:

Because of their fluffy and nearly white appearance, nitrocellulose products are often referred to as cottons, e.g. lacquer cotton, celluloid cotton, and gun cotton.

381: 2643:, online news article, Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) / Golden Globes, West Hollywood, California, published 9 November 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2021. 389: 1647:

Because of its explosive nature, not all applications of nitrocellulose were successful. In 1869, with elephants having been poached to near extinction, the

1277:. This was used commercially as "celluloid", a highly flammable plastic that until the mid-20th century formed the basis for lacquers and photographic film. 2800: 1944: 2816: 1091:

professor F. J. Otto had also produced guncotton in 1846 and was the first to publish the process, much to the disappointment of Schönbein and Böttger.

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repeat unit (anhydroglucose) within the cellulose chain has three OH groups, each of which can form a nitrate ester. Thus, nitrocellulose can denote

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The process uses a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to convert cellulose into nitrocellulose. The quality of the cellulose is important.

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Balser, Klaus; Hoppe, Lutz; Eicher, Theo; Wandel, Martin; Astheimer, Hans‐Joachim; Steinmeier, Hans; Allen, John M. (2004). "Cellulose Esters".

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The power of guncotton made it suitable for blasting. As a projectile driver, it had around six times the gas generation of an equal volume of

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in 15 parts of an equal blend of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. After two minutes, the cotton was removed and washed in cold water to set the

919:' flash paper are sheets of paper consisting of pure nitrocellulose, which burn almost instantly with a bright flash, leaving no ash or smoke. 3185: 1395:

The use of volatile nitrocellulose film for motion pictures led many cinemas to fireproof their projection rooms with wall coverings made of

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comet lander failed to deploy its harpoons because its 0.3 grams of nitrocellulose propulsion charges failed to fire during the landing.

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is one of a few theaters in the world that is capable of safely projecting nitrate films and regularly screens them to the public. The

1150:. The first practical smokeless powder made from nitrocellulose, for firearms and artillery ammunition, was invented by French chemist 3096: 1506:

manufactured during the era when nitrate films were still in use was marked "Safety" or "Safety Film" along one edge in dark letters.

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rayon. Because of this predicament, production ceased early in the 1900s. Nitrocellulose was briefly known as "mother-in-law silk".

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Guncotton was originally made from cotton (as the source of cellulose) but contemporary methods use highly processed cellulose from

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The immediate cause of the accident was the spontaneous ignition of overly dry nitrocellulose stored in a container that overheated

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Disastrous fires related to celluloid or "nitrate film" became regular occurrences in the motion picture industry throughout the

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picks, and some photographic films have fairly low esterification levels and burn comparatively slowly with some charred residue.

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created the winning replacement, which he created with a new material he invented, called camphored nitrocellulose—the first

2068: 1312:, which successfully sued Eastman Kodak for infringement of the patent and was awarded $ 5,000,000 in 1914 to Goodwin Film. 2846: 474: 1913: 1138: 3373: 1118:

and ether until nitrogen concentration exceeds 12%. Soluble nitrocellulose, or a solution thereof, is sometimes called

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can be controlled by adjusting acid concentrations and reaction temperature. Nitrocellulose is soluble in a mixture of

3210: 2771: 2474: 1844: 1797: 982: 1048:, a German-Swiss chemist, discovered a more practical formulation. As he was working in the kitchen of his home in 2423: 2396: 2376: 1045: 486: 3383: 3302: 3215: 1454:

photography. In 1929, several tons of stored X-ray film were ignited by steam from a broken heating pipe at the

1384: 2933:, 8 December 1978, p. 1A. ProQuest. This article about the 1978 film fire at the National Archives warehouse in 2797: 1216:, British authorities were slow to introduce grenades, with soldiers at the front improvising by filling ration 3393: 3276: 1482: 1008:

discovered that nitric acid, when combined with starch or wood fibers, would produce a lightweight combustible

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Saunders, C. W.; Taylor, L. T. (1990). "A review of the synthesis, chemistry and analysis of nitrocellulose".

1455: 1095: 819:. Nitrocellulose is widely used as support in diagnostic tests where antigen-antibody binding occurs; e.g., 612:, or a mixture thereof. With fewer OH groups than the parent cellulose, nitrocelluloses do not aggregate by 3378: 3368: 3315: 1704: 127: 1477: 1205:, and its use was one of the reasons the conflict was seen as the "first modern war." In combination with 3398: 3348: 1366: 2717: 1081: 2416: 1537: 1162: 747:

contains nitrocellulose, as it is inexpensive, dries quickly to a hard film, and does not damage skin.

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Nitrocellulose film on a light box, showing deterioration, from Library and Archives Canada collection

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and quickly wiped out virtually all of that studio's pre-1914 catalogue. Then a second fire hit the

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Gunpowder: An Explosive History – from the Alchemists of China to the Battlefields of Europe

1675: 1374: 1106: 812: 616:. The overarching consequence is that the nitrocellulose is soluble in organic solvents such as 2427: 2317: 3388: 2054: 1605: 1503: 1471: 894: 751: 632:. Most lacquers are prepared from the dinitrate, whereas explosives are mainly the trinitrate. 19:"Flash paper" redirects here. For the Adobe virtual printer software discontinued in 2008, see 2502: 2495: 2285: 2197: 1411: 1349:. Later that same month, many more reels and film cans of negatives and prints also burned at 2972:

Fordyce, Charles; et al. (October 1948). "Improved Safety Motion Picture Film Support".

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custodian Stanley Lowry (foreground) surveys the rubble after fire and explosions, June 1914.

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Collodion, a solution of nitrocellulose, is used today in topical skin applications, such as

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Cellulose nitrate; Flash paper; Flash cotton; Flash string; Gun cotton; Collodion; Pyroxylin

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forbade transport of movies on its system until well past the introduction of safety film.

1346: 1206: 792: 136: 3137: 100: 8: 2876: 2381:"Notiz über eine Veränderung der Pflanzenfaser und einiger andern organischen Substanzen" 2339: 1674:

An overheated container of dry nitrocellulose is believed to be the initial cause of the

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of nitrate. It remained in almost exclusive use in all film gauges until the 1980s, when

1378: 1209:, such high explosive shells could cause greater damage than previous solid cannonballs. 1029: 796: 784: 756: 90: 3333: 3310: 2320:[On the products of the action of concentrated nitric acid on starch and wood]. 2158: 1891: 3358: 2934: 2613: 2318:"Sur les produits de l'action de l'acide nitrique concentré sur l'amidon et le ligneux" 2178: 2170: 2122: 2097: 1400: 1354: 1202: 828: 2288:[On the transformation of several vegetable substances into a new substance]. 2217: 3164: 3004: 2952: 2767: 2575: 2506: 2470: 2127: 1986: 1840: 1793: 1660: 1495: 1423: 1274: 1262: 898: 3327: 2182: 1590:

was the first to patent a nitrocellulose fiber marketed as "artificial silk" at the

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from cellulose treated with nitric acid and a solvent. In 1868, American inventor

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give inferior nitrocelluloses. In precise chemical terms, nitrocellulose is not a

3363: 3029:"The Use of Polyester Film Base in the Motion Picture Industry — a Market Survey" 2929: 2804: 2663:(hereinafter cited "I.A."), San Francisco, California. Retrieved 10 October 2021. 2464: 2281: 2029:[ESA wrote to Danish rocket builders about explosive problem on Philae]. 1579: 1488: 1415: 1308:

for nitrocellulose film, often called nitrate film. Goodwin's patent was sold to

1217: 1183: 1099: 1021: 1005: 629: 549: 2903: 2383:[Notice on a change of plant fibers and some other organic substances]. 2248: 2854: 2739: 2286:"De la transformation de plusieurs substances végétales en un principe nouveau" 1789:

Wildlife Toxicity Assessments for Chemicals of Military Concern | ScienceDirect

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Williams, Marc; Reddy, Gunda; Quinn, Michael; Johnson, Mark S. (20 May 2015).

1227:, as the evaporation of water results in the concentration of unreacted acid. 439: 3342: 3243: 3003:(Expanded second ed.). Rochester, NY: Robert L. Shanebrook. p. 82. 2724:, 27 June 1914, p. 1803. I.A. Retrieved 10 October 2021. See Knowledge page " 2595: 1982: 1917: 1664: 1656: 1439: 1370: 1297: 1236: 1061: 974: 910: 877: 859: 804: 800: 662: 621: 593: 573: 537: 346: 39: 2031: 848: 3227: 2757: 2131: 1599: 1329: 1195: 1151: 1088: 1025: 957: 942: 931: 923: 808: 585: 402: 48: 2927:

Feinstein, John and Sharon Conway (1978). "Historic Film Lost in Blaze",

2641:"Dangerous Beauty: Nitrate Films Return To Hollywood, Thanks To The HFPA" 2405:

Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel

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Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel

1745: 1720: 1549: 1511: 1321: 1305: 1269:, improving on Parkes' invention by plasticizing the nitrocellulose with 1250: 1213: 1187: 1157: 1053: 986:

Workman operating a guncotton press behind a protective rope screen, 1909

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is the only cinema in the United Kingdom licenced to show Nitrate Film.

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commonly occurred as well. In Ireland in 1926, it was blamed for the

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at another location on December 9, at its film-processing complex in

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160 to 170 °C (320 to 338 °F; 433 to 443 K) (ignites)

2937:, describes some of the toxic gases emitted by burning nitrate film. 1655:

10,000 prize to whoever came up with the best replacement for ivory

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Artillery shells filled with gun cotton were widely used during the

926:, they make the disposal of the pad complete, secure, and efficient. 456:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

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had already started production of roll-film using his own process.

836: 581: 561: 361: 2027:"ESA skrev til danske raketbyggere om eksplosiv-problem på Philae" 1762:"How to make flash paper and flash cotton from household products" 1540:

film began to supersede it for intermediate and release printing.

540:. One of its first major uses was as guncotton, a replacement for 3101: 1710: 1689: 1301: 1270: 1179: 1147: 1134: 1126: 1115: 1084:, who had discovered the process independently in the same year. 902: 881: 863: 832: 738: 723: 722:

The principal uses of cellulose nitrate is for the production of

617: 597: 557: 3136:. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. pp. 3297: 2679:(Chicago), 4 April 1914, p. 243. I.A. Retrieved 9 October 2021. 2415:

In a letter, he subsequently communicated his discovery to the

1621: 1443: 1073: 946: 795:, nitrocellulose membrane, or nitrocellulose paper is a sticky 577: 2786: 2233:"Discovery and application of the new liquid adhesive plaster" 1578:

The solubility of nitrocellulose was the basis for the first "

525:, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by 2737:"Fire Originated in Building in Which Films Were Inspected", 2369: 1583: 1451: 1309: 1049: 842: 706:

The yields are about 85%, with losses attributed to complete

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The chemical equation for the formation of the trinitrate is

1969: 1594:. Commercial production started in 1891, but the result was 3272:"Chinese Investigators Identify Cause Of Tianjin Explosion" 1652: 1459: 1341:

plant. Millions of feet of film burned on March 19 at the

1137:. Safe and sustained production of guncotton began at the 937:

Depending on the manufacturing process, nitrocellulose is

3260:. Vol. 2. D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 726–727. 2098:"Atomic Force Microscopy of Mammalian Urothelial Surface" 1785: 2817:"Nitrate Film: If It Hasn't Gone Away, It's Still Here!" 2702:"Universal's Factory Gutted By Disastrous Conflagration" 1553:

production of intermediate elements and release prints.

1166:, guncotton was used to launch a projectile into space. 548:

in firearms. It was also used to replace gunpowder as a

332:(trinitrocellulose, pictured in structures above) 1824: 969: 876:

In 1846, nitrated cellulose was found to be soluble in

3186:"F. Hastings Griffin Jr., 95, lawyer and star athlete" 2609:"Kodak Concern to Make Big Payment to Goodwin Company" 2008:"In Space No One Can Hear your Nitrocellulose Explode" 1864:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 20–21. 1406:

Cinema fires caused by the ignition of nitrocellulose

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in New York City, in the Bronx. On May 13, a fire at

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This Film is Dangerous: A Celebration of Nitrate Film

2708:, 23 May 1914, p. 15. I.A. Retrieved 11 October 2021. 1502:

a later print or copy negative, made on safety film.

1016:. A few years later in 1838, another French chemist, 775:, the active ingredient in Compound W wart remover. 3228:

United States. National Resources Committee (1941).

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rayon to become a popular raw material in textiles.

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Nitrocellulose decomposition and new "safety" stocks

807:. It is also used for immobilization of proteins in 3152: 3129: 2974:Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 2494: 2364:Schönbein first communicated his discovery to the 2018: 1000:Deflagration test of nitrocellulose in slow motion 2787:Health and Safety Executive leaflet/cellulose.pdf 2145:Kraus, E. J. (September 1939). "Adolf Carl Noe". 552:in mining and other applications. In the form of 3340: 2528: 2348:. Vol. 6. Paris: Bechet Jeune. p. 90. 1939: 1937: 1935: 1582:" by Georges Audemars in 1855, which he called " 1028:), treated paper and cardboard in the same way. 845:tests for alpha track etches use nitrocellulose. 2572:The Ultimate Illustrated History of World War I 377: 99: 1974:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1877: 1828:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1292:Nitrocellulose was used as the first flexible 960:ball, prepared from nitrocellulose (Celluloid) 3053: 2069:"Compound W® Fast Acting Wart Removal Liquid" 1932: 1598:and more expensive than cellulose acetate or 1418:in which 48 people died. Then in 1929 at the 1032:obtained a similar material, which he called 3323:Nitrocellulose Paper Video (aka:Flash paper) 3022: 3020: 2529:Fairfield, A. P.; CDR USN (1921). 2298:On page 293, Braconnot names nitrocellulose 888:and was soon used as a dressing for wounds. 3218:, Volume 9, "Countdown", 29:00–31:45, 1978 2998: 2646: 2006:Bengtson, Kristian von (21 October 2013). 1198:and produced less smoke and less heating. 839:ions make protein transfer more efficient. 3150: 3044: 3026: 3017: 2946: 2904:"The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929" 2688:"'Movie' Films Burn With Edison Studio", 2422: 2395: 2375: 2280: 2195: 2121: 1381:burned many films that were decades old. 1333:screen titles, turning many of them into 420:4.4 °C (39.9 °F; 277.5 K) 135: 2569: 2524: 2522: 2488: 2486: 2024: 2005: 1859: 1631: 1476: 1474:, more commonly known as "safety film". 1383: 1324:and for many years after the arrival of 1240: 1178: 989: 981: 973: 952: 3127: 2971: 2756: 2543: 2533:. Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 28–31. 2462: 2312: 2237:The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 2230: 2095: 862:and to bind staples together in office 799:used for immobilizing nucleic acids in 3341: 3334:How To Make Nitro-Cellulose That Works 3255: 3027:Van Schil, George J. (February 1980). 1862:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives 1265:developed a plastic material he named 341:Yellowish white cotton-like filaments 3184:Cook, Bonnie L. (25 September 2016). 3159:. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 3059: 2544:Bennett, Matthew (17 February 2011). 2519: 2497:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives 2492: 2483: 2338: 2144: 2055:"All-in-One New-Skin® Liquid Bandage" 2025:Djursing, Thomas (13 November 2014). 1873: 1871: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1315: 1273:so that it could be processed into a 1087:By coincidence, a third chemist, the 737:Guncotton, dissolved at about 25% in 3183: 3097:"Art Talk: The Nitrate Picture Show" 2747:), 10 December 1914, p. 1. ProQuest. 2428:"Lettre de M. Schoenbein à M. Dumas" 1543:Polyester is much more resistant to 1257:, patented in 1862), was created by 970:Early work on nitration of cellulose 2901: 2798:Interesting discussion on NC films. 2763:The Good, the Bad and the Multiplex 2345:Traité de Chimie Appliquée aux Arts 1139:Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills 909:emulsions, binding light-sensitive 13: 2261: 1868: 1813: 1357:' Colonial Hall "film factory" in 964: 778: 373: 47: 38: 14: 3410: 3290: 3060:Greco, JoAnn (12 November 2018). 2372:, Switzerland on March 11, 1846: 2096:Kreplak, L.; et al. (2007). 815:for its nonspecific affinity for 532:through exposure to a mixture of 3296: 3256:Worden, Edward Chauncey (1911). 3094: 2290:Annales de Chimie et de Physique 1688: 464: 62: 3330:(Nitrocellulose)—ChemSub Online 3277:Chemical & Engineering News 3264: 3249: 3236: 3221: 3203: 3177: 3144: 3121: 3088: 2992: 2965: 2951:. Brussels: FIAF. p. 196. 2940: 2921: 2895: 2869: 2839: 2809: 2791: 2780: 2750: 2731: 2711: 2695: 2682: 2666: 2633: 2601: 2588: 2563: 2537: 2456: 2453:, 29 October 1846, col. 1626ff. 2444: 2358: 2332: 2306: 2274: 2255: 2224: 2189: 2138: 2089: 2075: 2061: 2047: 1999: 1620:manufactured by (among others) 460:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 2999:Shanebrook, Robert L. (2016). 2424:Schönbein, Christian Friedrich 2397:Schönbein, Christian Friedrich 2377:Schönbein, Christian Friedrich 1963: 1947:. Dow Chemical. Archived from 1906: 1880:Journal of Energetic Materials 1853: 1779: 1754: 1750:(11th ed.). p. 8022. 1738: 1483:EYE Film Institute Netherlands 1129:of underwater weapons such as 922:As a medium for cryptographic 851:developed a method of peeling 726:and coatings, explosives, and 1: 3230:Research: A National Resource 2823:. 4 June 2015. Archived from 2574:. Hermes House. p. 131. 2501:. Sutton Publishing. p. 2231:Maynard, John Parker (1848). 2218:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)66777-7 1837:10.1002/14356007.a05_419.pub2 1732: 1343:Eclair Moving Picture Company 1046:Christian Friedrich Schönbein 762: 567: 3316:The Periodic Table of Videos 2366:Naturforschende Gesellschaft 2102:Journal of Molecular Biology 2083:"Sartorius Membrane filters" 1707:(PETN), a related explosive. 1705:Pentaerythritol tetranitrate 1039: 7: 2877:"All about... nitrate film" 2766:. Random House. p. 3. 2249:10.1056/nejm184803290380903 1766:vadcpa.com/Val/Projects.php 1681: 1612: 1412:Dromcolliher cinema tragedy 1367:Lubin Manufacturing Company 428:or concentration (LD, LC): 34: 10: 3415: 3319:(University of Nottingham) 2847:"About the Dryden Theatre" 2493:Brown, G. I. (1998). 2417:French Academy of Sciences 2202:; and its uses in surgery" 1860:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1965). 1627: 1253:, nitrocellulose (branded 1234: 1220:, scrap and a basic fuse. 1163:From the Earth to the Moon 1052:, he spilled a mixture of 884:. The solution was named 870: 771:and in the application of 18: 3374:Film and video technology 3074:Science History Institute 2718:"Big Fire At Lubin Plant" 2196:Schönbein, C. F. (1849). 2114:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.040 1914:"What is "stand damage"?" 1900:10.1080/07370659008012572 1573: 1300:products in August 1889. 1012:material, which he named 454: 424: 355: 146: 83: 75: 70: 61: 33: 16:Highly flammable compound 3128:Garrett, Alfred (1963). 2722:The Moving Picture World 2403:[On guncotton]. 2314:Pelouze, Théophile-Jules 2268:A History of Photography 1983:10.1002/14356007.a24_219 1592:Paris Exhibition of 1889 1251:first human-made plastic 1237:Film base § Nitrate 1218:tin cans with gun cotton 1207:breech-loading artillery 1082:Rudolf Christian Böttger 3258:Nitrocellulose Industry 2659:, 19 June 1914, p. 20. 2463:Ponting, Clive (2011). 2264:"The Collodion Process" 1977:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 1831:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 1676:2015 Tianjin explosions 1375:West Orange, New Jersey 1230: 1107:Frederick Augustus Abel 1018:Théophile-Jules Pelouze 813:atomic force microscopy 3384:Photographic chemicals 2639:Kahana, Yoram (2016). 2570:Westwell, Ian (2008). 1644: 1618:Nitrocellulose lacquer 1606:Frank Hastings Griffin 1528:picture film in 1951. 1485: 1481:Decayed nitrate film, 1472:cellulose acetate film 1392: 1330:spontaneous combustion 1328:. Projector fires and 1246: 1191: 1001: 987: 979: 961: 895:Frederick Scott Archer 752:Copenhagen Suborbitals 717: 384: 52: 43: 3394:Transparent materials 2851:George Eastman Museum 2726:1914 Lubin vault fire 1642: 1588:Hilaire de Chardonnet 1480: 1436:George Eastman Museum 1387: 1244: 1182: 999: 985: 977: 956: 901:as a replacement for 855:using nitrocellulose. 383: 51: 42: 3305:at Wikimedia Commons 3232:. USGPO. p. 29. 2908:Cleveland Historical 2673:"Eclair Plant Burns" 2451:Itzehoer Wochenblatt 2401:"Ueber Schiesswolle" 2340:Dumas, Jean-Baptiste 1792:. Elsevier Science. 1525:cellulose triacetate 1347:Fort Lee, New Jersey 1105:The British chemist 941:to varying degrees. 793:nitrocellulose slide 710:of the cellulose to 366:(fire diamond) 209:(mononitrocellulose) 3379:Firearm propellants 3369:Explosive chemicals 3280:. 8 February 2016. 3244:U.S. patent 239,792 3132:The Flash of Genius 3062:"Saving Old Movies" 2653:"Lubin's Big Blaze" 2596:U.S. patent 610,861 2546:"Explosives in War" 2200:liquor constringens 2159:1939Sci....89..379C 1892:1990JEnM....8..149S 1651:industry offered a 1545:polymer degradation 1379:1965 MGM vault fire 1214:the first World War 1030:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 978:Pure nitrocellulose 858:It is used to coat 550:low-order explosive 30: 3399:Explosive polymers 3349:1846 introductions 3328:Cellulose, nitrate 3151:Time-Life (1991). 2935:Suitland, Maryland 2803:2014-12-17 at the 2690:The New York Times 2614:The New York Times 2198:"On ether glue or 1667:, better known as 1645: 1486: 1401:London Underground 1393: 1355:Universal Pictures 1316:Nitrate film fires 1247: 1203:American Civil War 1192: 1002: 988: 980: 962: 620:and esters; e.g., 602:mononitrocellulose 487:Infobox references 385: 271:(dinitrocellulose) 53: 44: 28: 3301:Media related to 3170:978-0-8094-7699-2 3010:978-0-615-41825-4 3001:Making Kodak Film 2958:978-2-9600296-0-4 2581:978-0-681-54134-4 2512:978-0-7509-1878-7 2379:(11 March 1846). 2212:(1333): 289–290. 2147:Botanical Gazette 1992:978-3-527-30385-4 1661:John Wesley Hyatt 1640: 1496:film preservation 1424:Paisley, Scotland 1296:, beginning with 1275:photographic film 1263:John Wesley Hyatt 997: 913:to a glass plate. 899:collodion process 897:invented the wet 610:trinitrocellulose 503:cellulose nitrate 495:Chemical compound 493: 492: 446:10 mg/kg (mouse, 57: 56: 3406: 3300: 3285: 3284: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3158: 3155:Inventive Genius 3148: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3105:. Archived from 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3024: 3015: 3014: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2883:. 26 August 2022 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2857:on 12 March 2016 2853:. Archived from 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2827:on 12 March 2016 2813: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2754: 2748: 2735: 2729: 2715: 2709: 2706:New York Clipper 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2670: 2664: 2661:Internet Archive 2650: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2500: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2469:. Random House. 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2412: 2392: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2282:Braconnot, Henri 2278: 2272: 2271: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2125: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1945:"Nitrocellulose" 1941: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1920:on 30 March 2008 1916:. Archived from 1910: 1904: 1903: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1822: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1698: 1696:Animation portal 1693: 1692: 1641: 1561:splicing in the 1468:hydrogen cyanide 1456:Cleveland Clinic 1389:Lubin film vault 1282:Hannibal Goodwin 1280:On May 2, 1887, 1259:Alexander Parkes 1225:room temperature 1190:using gun cotton 1184:Jam tin grenades 1144:smokeless powder 998: 785:Membrane filters 677: 676: 675: 672: 614:hydrogen bonding 606:dinitrocellulose 477: 471: 468: 467: 405: 398: 391: 376: 331: 330: 329: 319: 318: 310: 309: 301: 300: 292: 291: 283: 282: 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 249: 248: 240: 239: 231: 230: 222: 221: 208: 207: 206: 196: 195: 187: 186: 178: 177: 169: 168: 154:Chemical formula 139: 103: 66: 35: 31: 27: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3339: 3338: 3293: 3288: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3226: 3222: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3149: 3145: 3126: 3122: 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1759: 1755: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1632: 1630: 1615: 1580:artificial silk 1576: 1516:16 mm film 1491: 1416:County Limerick 1318: 1239: 1233: 1100:Faversham, Kent 1071: 1067: 1059: 1042: 1022:Ascanio Sobrero 1006:Henri Braconnot 990: 972: 967: 965:Historical uses 873: 821:pregnancy tests 781: 779:Laboratory uses 765: 720: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 673: 670: 666: 661: 660: 659: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 630:ethyl carbonate 570: 501:(also known as 496: 489: 484: 483: 482: ?) 473: 469: 465: 461: 443: 437: 410: 409: 408: 407: 400: 393: 386: 382: 374: 328: 323: 322: 321: 317: 314: 313: 312: 308: 305: 304: 303: 299: 296: 295: 294: 290: 287: 286: 285: 281: 278: 277: 276: 274: 272: 267: 262: 261: 260: 256: 253: 252: 251: 247: 244: 243: 242: 238: 235: 234: 233: 229: 226: 225: 224: 220: 217: 216: 215: 213: 210: 205: 200: 199: 198: 194: 191: 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 180: 176: 173: 172: 171: 167: 164: 163: 162: 160: 156: 142: 122: 106: 93: 79: 29:Nitrocellulose 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3354:Nitrate esters 3351: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3303:Nitrocellulose 3292: 3291:External links 3289: 3287: 3286: 3263: 3248: 3235: 3220: 3202: 3190:www.philly.com 3176: 3169: 3143: 3120: 3087: 3052: 3046:10.5594/j00526 3039:(2): 106–110. 3016: 3009: 2991: 2986:10.5594/j11731 2980:(4): 331–350. 2964: 2957: 2939: 2920: 2894: 2868: 2838: 2821:Pro-Tek Vaults 2808: 2790: 2779: 2772: 2760:(1 May 2012). 2749: 2740:New York World 2730: 2710: 2694: 2681: 2665: 2645: 2632: 2600: 2587: 2580: 2562: 2536: 2531:Naval Ordnance 2518: 2511: 2482: 2475: 2455: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2432:Comptes Rendus 2414: 2413: 2393: 2357: 2331: 2322:Comptes Rendus 2305: 2273: 2254: 2243:(9): 178–183. 2223: 2188: 2167:10.1086/334861 2137: 2108:(2): 365–373. 2088: 2074: 2060: 2046: 2017: 1998: 1991: 1962: 1931: 1905: 1886:(3): 149–203. 1867: 1852: 1845: 1812: 1798: 1778: 1753: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1716:Nitroglycerine 1713: 1708: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1683: 1680: 1657:billiard balls 1629: 1626: 1614: 1611: 1575: 1572: 1490: 1487: 1464:sulfur dioxide 1432:Dryden Theatre 1371:Edison Company 1351:Edison Studios 1317: 1314: 1287:George Eastman 1232: 1229: 1078:esterification 1069: 1065: 1057: 1041: 1038: 971: 968: 966: 963: 951: 950: 935: 927: 920: 914: 911:silver halides 890: 889: 872: 869: 868: 867: 856: 846: 840: 805:northern blots 801:southern blots 789: 780: 777: 773:salicylic acid 764: 761: 719: 716: 704: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 668: 664: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 626:methyl acetate 590:nitro compound 569: 566: 499:Nitrocellulose 494: 491: 490: 485: 463: 462: 458:standard state 455: 452: 451: 444: 435: 433: 430: 429: 422: 421: 418: 412: 411: 401: 394: 387: 372: 371: 370: 369: 367: 358: 357: 353: 352: 349: 343: 342: 339: 335: 334: 324: 315: 306: 297: 288: 279: 263: 254: 245: 236: 227: 218: 201: 192: 183: 174: 165: 157: 152: 149: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 132: 130: 124: 123: 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2759: 2758:Kermode, Mark 2753: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2476:9781448128112 2472: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2078: 2070: 2064: 2056: 2050: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1846:9783527303854 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1801: 1799:9780128000205 1795: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665:thermoplastic 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586:".. 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Today, the 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1304:is used as a 1303: 1299: 1298:Eastman Kodak 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249:In 1855, the 1243: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1189: 1186:were made in 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1063: 1062:sulfuric acid 1055: 1051: 1047: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 984: 976: 959: 955: 948: 944: 940: 936: 933: 932:acetate discs 928: 925: 924:one-time pads 921: 918: 915: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874: 865: 861: 860:playing cards 857: 854: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:western blots 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 783: 782: 776: 774: 770: 760: 758: 753: 748: 746: 742: 740: 735: 731: 729: 725: 715: 713: 709: 671: 638: 637: 636: 633: 631: 627: 623: 622:ethyl acetate 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:nitrate ester 591: 587: 586:mineral salts 583: 579: 575: 574:Hemicellulose 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:sulfuric acid 535: 531: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 488: 481: 476: 459: 453: 449: 445: 441: 432: 431: 427: 423: 419: 417: 414: 413: 406: 399: 392: 368: 365: 364: 360: 359: 354: 350: 348: 347:Melting point 345: 344: 340: 337: 336: 333: 327: 266: 204: 158: 155: 151: 150: 145: 138: 134: 133: 131: 129: 126: 125: 118: 117: 115: 113: 110: 109: 102: 98: 97: 95: 92: 88: 87: 82: 74: 69: 65: 60: 50: 46: 41: 37: 36: 32: 26: 22: 3314: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3209: 3205: 3193:. 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