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A physical culture practice, informally known as "physie" (pronounced "fizzy") developed in
Australia in the 19th century and continues to this day, especially for women. It combines elements of march, rhythmic gymnastics and dance, with a focus on good posture and is aimed at young girls and women,
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Other leading historical schools include the Edith
Parsons School of Physical Culture, founded in Sydney in 1961; and the Burns Association of Physical Culture, founded in Sydney in 1968, both still in operation.. Other schools founded later include the Western Zone Physical Culture (1972), and The
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clubs introduced physical education (PE) in the form of 'German gymnastics' into
American colleges and public schools. The perception of Turner as 'non-American' prevented the 'German system' from becoming the dominating form. They were especially important mainly in the cities with a large
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Martschukat, Jürgen (2011). ""The
Necessity for Better Bodies to Perpetuate Our Institutions, Insure a Higher Development of the Individual, and Advance the Conditions of the Race." Physical Culture and the Formation of the Self in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century USA".
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Early private establishments were based on ethnic and cultural affiliation, such as the
Turners and Sokol movements. These ethnocentric systems in America were centered on integration, and later stood apart from their origin countries, having very little contact with them by the time
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Competition structure varies between associations, but generally there are local, state and national competitions for teams and individuals. National championships are typically held at prestigious venues such as Sydney Opera House or the Sydney
International Convention Centre.
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As physical culture became increasingly popular and profitable, there arose intense national and then international competition amongst the founders and/or promoters of various systems. This rivalry became informally known as "the
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Considerable academic research into 19th-century physical culture has been undertaken since the 1980s, and numerous articles, theses and books have been produced addressing the topic from various perspectives.
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ran the women's section. It has been in continuous operation since that time, becoming the Bjelke-Petersen School of
Physical Culture Ltd. in 2011.. BJP is the largest association of physie within Australia.
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emerged. Later outfits were based on preference to what each system offered as a matter of practicality, with some systems retaining in their names historical references to their geographic origin.
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pursuits and with a strong emphasis upon German culture. Numerous events in modern competitive gymnastics originated in, or were popularized by the
Turnverein system.
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In the United States, German immigrants after 1848 introduced a physical culture system based on gymnastics that became popular especially in colleges. Many local
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A number of contemporary strength and health training programs are based directly upon, or draw inspiration from various physical culture systems.
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Modern collections of antique physical culture apparatus include those of the Joe and Betty Weider Museum of
Physical Culture, part of the
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Certain items of equipment and types of exercise were common to several different physical culture systems, including exercises with
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movement of the late 19th century advocated a fusion of energetic
Christian activism and rigorous physical culture training.
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were also widely practiced in physical culture schools and were touted as forms of physical culture in their own right.
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and organizations often promoted particular exercise systems initially based on ethnocentric and cultural links.
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By the late 19th century reformers worried that sedentary white collar workers were suffering from various "
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and the Gymuseum collection at the Forteza Fitness and Martial Arts studio in Ravenswood, Chicago.
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This article is about the fitness movement. For the study of the physical aspects of cultures, see
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Weber, Eugen (1971). "Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-Siecle France: Opium of the Classes?".
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Australian Physie and Dance Association (APDA) (2011). United Physie was founded in 2023.
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The original physie school was the medical gymnasium Bjelke-Petersen Bros, founded in
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Physical culture programs were promoted through the education system, particularly at
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promoted "light gymnastics", employing little, if any apparatus and focusing on
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movement that originated during the 19th century in Germany, the UK and the US.
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By contrast with the German and Czech systems, the "Swedish System" founded by
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Gertrud Pfister, "The Role of German Turners in American Physical Education,"
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Moral, Intellectual, and Physical Culture; Or, the Philosophy of True Living
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The Culture of the Abdomen: Obesity and Reducing in Britain, circa 1900–1939
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popularized their own systems within France and French-speaking countries.
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734:. Vol. 22, no. 1, 139. South Australia. 24 March 1934. p. 20
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In March 1934, a "physical culture demonstration" was performed at the
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during the 19th century owed its origins to several cultural trends.
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Industry began the production of various items of exercise-oriented
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movement promoted a system of what became known as "heavy
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Turner, Bryan S.; Zheng, Yangwen (2009). "Body Culture".
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H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports
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At the turn of the 20th century, bodybuilder and showman
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for physical culture was largely inspired by Turnverein.
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Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America
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Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America
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Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America
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Contemporary interest in 19th-century physical culture
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603:. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 24–25.
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Other notable advocates of physical culture include
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1457:Steve Reeves
1397:Jack LaLanne
1297:Alan Calvert
1164:Arthur Saxon
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1601:Chandgi Ram
1571:B. C. Ghosh
1512:John Terpak
1482:Larry Scott
1467:Joe Rollino
1377:Bob Hoffman
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1064:Tony Emmott
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567:Modern yoga
303:World War I
1738:Categories
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1591:K. V. Iyer
1522:Al Treloar
1462:Leo Robert
1452:Bill Pearl
1442:Kid Parker
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1292:Paul Bragg
1267:Joe Bonomo
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1129:Dan McLeod
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166:See also:
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