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325:, even though they now had very little contact with Germany. German-language instruction ended at many schools and universities, and the federal government imposed restrictions on German-language publications. The younger generation generally demanded the switch to the exclusive use of English society affairs, which allowed many Turner societies to continue to function.
189:
politicians. Besides serving as physical education, social, political, and cultural organizations for German immigrants, Turners were also active in public education and labor movements. They were leading promoters of gymnastics in the United States as a sport and as a school subject. In the United
310:, and supported German-language teaching in public high schools, as well as gymnastics. Women's auxiliaries were formed in the 1850s and 1860s. The high point in membership came in 1894, with 317 societies and about 40,000 adult male members, along with 25,000 children and 3000 women.
331:
and both World Wars with
Germany took a gradual toll on membership, with some halls closing and others becoming regular dance halls, bars, or bowling alleys. As of 2011, 54 Turner societies still existed around the U.S. The current headquarters of American Turners is in
180:
After the failure of the 1848 Revolution in
Germany, the Turner movement was suppressed, and many Turners left Germany, some emigrating to the United States, especially to the Ohio Valley region, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas. Several of these
313:
In the 1904 Olympics several competitors represented various
Turners organizations in Missouri, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, and some of the teams at the Olympics were sponsored by Turners organizations.
140:
875:
226:
and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first
American to open a public gymnasium in the U.S. in Portland, Maine in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the
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92:
298:. Many Republican leaders in German communities were members. They provided the bodyguard at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, 1861, and at his funeral in April 1865. In the
990:
153:
meaning “club, union”) were not only athletic but also political, reflecting their origin in similar ethnocentric "national gymnastic" organizations in Europe (such as the Czech
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2523:
2529:
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2519:
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made a contribution to the integration of German-Americans into their new home. The organizations continue to exist in areas of heavy German immigration, such as
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678:
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515:
2854:
2859:
2788:
350:
The
Turnverein in Sacramento, founded in 1854, claims to be the oldest institution within the city still in existence. The Turnverein Vorwaerts of
1485:. "German Turners in America: Their Role in Nineteenth Century Exercise Expression and Physical Education Legislation." in Earle F. Zeigler ed.,
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in
Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the States in 1826 at
663:
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2657:
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943:
917:
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2624:
2244:
1498:. "Knights of Cause and Exercise: German Forty-Eighters and Turnvereine in the United States during the Antebellum Period."
206:
The Turner movement was preceded by the first wave of gymnastics in the United States in the 1820s, led by
Germans, such as
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About 1000 Turners served as Union soldiers during the Civil War. Anti-slavery was a common element, as typified by
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1980:
751:
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632:
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Website of the Los
Angeles Turners with history, photos, newsletters, and links to other Turners Organizations
735:
302:, a large force of German volunteers helped prevent Confederate forces from seizing the government arsenal in
2080:
1008:
959:
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1914:
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109:(1798–1872), were the leading sponsors of gymnastics as an American sport and the field of academic study.
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just prior to the beginning of the war. After the Civil War, the national organization took a new name,
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1877:
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1216:
Annette R. Hofmann, "Transformation and
Americanization: The American Turners and their new identity."
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17:
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1600:, including by-laws, correspondence, minutes and photographs, are available for research use at the
30:
This article is about German-American gymnastic club members. For the unincorporated community, see
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1837:
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133:
85:
35:
1525:
Kramer, William M., and Norton B. Stern. "The
Turnverein: A German Experience for Western Jewry."
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1066:, a comparable movement for Czechs in Central Europe (Austria-Hungary) and the United States
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105:. They promoted German culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especially
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1287:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–250.
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8:
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1965:
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1270:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 227–250.
1253:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 235–236.
1236:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 232–233.
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624:
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1306:
Barry, William D. (May 20, 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure".
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1431:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Hugh McCulloch House"
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1414:. Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology
1409:"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)"
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1349:
Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia
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1990:
1955:
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A strong mind in a strong body: Libraries in the German-American Turner movement.
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Pfister, Gertrud. "The Role of German Turners in American Physical Education,"
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3,000 Turners performed at the Federal Gymnastics Festival in Milwaukee, 1893.
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2015:
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1508:. "America's First Turnverein: Commentary in Favor of Louisville, Kentucky."
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Postage stamp commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the American Turners
157:), who were participants in various national movements for independence. The
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States, the movement declined after 1900, and especially after 1917.
1569:
Website of the Louisville Turners - Only Turners with Circus Program
1127:. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Max Kade Center.
1897:
1847:
1610:
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268:
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Gruen, Mardee. "Milwaukee Turners, local Jews go back 141 years."
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1909:
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to mark the 100th anniversary of the movement in the country.
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218:. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the U.S. in 1825 at the
1587:
539:
Jahn Monument in Berlin with memorial plaques from American
236:, helping to establish the American branch of the movement.
176:
Group portrait of the St. Louis, Missouri Turnverein in 1860
260:
244:
1551:
Research guide to the Turner movement in the United States
1193:
Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture
996:
Central Turn-Verein, East 67th Street, New York, New York
881:
Detail, South Side Turnverin Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana
1487:
American Sport and Physical Education History (to 1875)
1323:"THE ROLE OF GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN CIVIL WAR - MISSOURI"
120:
in the early 19th century when Germany was occupied by
112:
In Germany, a major gymnastic movement was started by
937:
Interior ca. 1910, Turner Hall, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1122:
440:
185:went on to become Union soldiers, and some became
869:South Side Turnverein Hall, Indianapolis, Indiana
507:
321:groups, the Turners experienced suspicion during
2801:
1325:. The Missouri Civil War Museum. Archived from
193:
34:. For the New Zealand automotive retailer, see
1428:
2453:
1626:
1544:International Journal of the History of Sport
1218:International Journal of the History of Sport
1166:
1125:"150 years of Turnerism in the United States"
165:in nature, and many Turners took part in the
1284:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1267:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1250:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1233:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1190:George Eisen; David Kenneth Wiggins (1995).
358:from 1906 until 1966. It was listed on the
1083:
2840:History of gymnastics in the United States
2460:
2446:
1633:
1619:
1534:A brief history of the American Turnerbund
1320:
1162:
1160:
1137:
1118:
1116:
116:("father of gymnastics") and nationalist
2855:Sports organizations established in 1848
2476:Artistic gymnastics in the United States
924:Turner Hall (1882), Milwaukee, Wisconsin
714:East Turner Hall (1891), Davenport, Iowa
197:
171:
60:
42:
2860:People associated with physical culture
2563:World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1388:"Homepage of the Sacramento Turnverein"
1280:
1263:
1246:
1229:
1157:
14:
2802:
1456:"National Register Information System"
1401:
1113:
149:meaning “to practice gymnastics,” and
27:German-American gymnastic club members
2441:
1614:
1305:
1123:Annette R. Hofmann (August 3, 1998).
533:Davenport, Iowa Turngemeinde Monument
132:
84:
2784:
1656:Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths
1640:
1594:American Turners, Wilmington Records
1549:Pumroy, Eric, and Katja Rampelmann.
1500:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
1461:National Register of Historic Places
1448:
1171:. Texas State Historical Association
684:Germania Singing and Sport Society,
521:Jahn Monument in St. Louis, Missouri
360:National Register of Historic Places
2830:American Civil War political groups
1574:American Turners Records, 1853-2017
24:
1602:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
1476:
1364:. American Turners. Archived from
1310:. Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D.
1088:. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
145:; "gymnastic unions"; from German
25:
2871:
2686:The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars
1583:American Turner Topics newsletter
1557:
1043:German-Americans in the Civil War
2783:
2774:
2773:
2761:USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal
2469:
2421:
2420:
1429:Karen Anderson (November 1979).
1050:: Owned by the Milwaukee Turners
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371:Vintage photos of the Milwaukee
1578:Indiana University Indianapolis
1564:Website of the American Turners
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1314:
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1274:
1257:
608:
441:Other Wisconsin Turners in 1915
1240:
1223:
1210:
1183:
1131:
1100:
1077:
981:Turn-Verein, East 4th Street,
508:Monuments in the United States
13:
1:
2825:German-American organizations
1527:Western States Jewish History
1445:and Accompanying photographs.
1362:"Welcome to American Turners"
1281:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1264:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1247:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1230:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1070:
857:(1900), Indianapolis, Indiana
308:Nordamerikanischer Turnerbund
228:American Journal of Education
52:
1733:Edward William Barton-Wright
1110:April 29, 1994; p. 6, col. 1
699:Central Turner Hall (1888),
669:Central Turner Hall (1848),
194:History in the United States
7:
1036:
10:
2876:
1681:Francisco Amorós y Ondeano
1598:Roxborough Turners Records
1546:26 (no. 13, 2009) 1893-925
1108:Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle
855:South Side Turnverein Hall
365:
134:[ˈtʊʁnfɛɐ̯ˌʔaɪ̯nə]
29:
2769:
2714:
2678:
2617:
2610:
2571:
2555:
2548:Trampoline & Tumbling
2512:
2505:
2482:
2415:
2369:
2318:
2252:
2243:
1933:
1715:
1706:
1699:
1648:
1522:New York, NY: Peter Land.
214:, and Americans, such as
161:in Germany was generally
2835:Gymnastics organizations
1510:Journal of Sport History
1196:. ABC-CLIO. p. 28.
36:Turners Automotive Group
2820:German-American culture
2815:German-American history
2691:Gold Over America Tour
1144:Encyclopedia of Chicago
1086:"The German Turnverein"
895:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
729:(1882), Davenport, Iowa
478:Madison Bears (seniors)
101:gymnastic clubs called
2625:National Championships
2353:Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao
1512:11.1 (1984): 134-137.
1347:Steven A. Reiss, ed.,
952:New Orleans, Louisiana
838:Independent Turnverein
825:Holyoke, Massachusetts
603:Washington, D.C., 1911
203:
177:
77:
66:
58:
49:Turner Hall, Milwaukee
2377:Battle of the Systems
2221:Warren Lincoln Travis
1986:Marie Bjelke Petersen
1793:Edith Margaret Garrud
1661:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
1506:Barney, Robert Knight
1496:Barney, Robert Knight
1483:Barney, Robert Knight
1466:National Park Service
1412:(Searchable database)
1308:Maine Sunday Telegram
1169:"TURNVEREIN MOVEMENT"
1030:Rock Island, Illinois
893:Germania Turnverein,
841:Indianapolis, Indiana
727:Northwest Turner Hall
329:Cultural assimilation
201:
175:
118:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
64:
46:
2735:At the Heart of Gold
2338:Seetharaman Sundaram
2300:Kodi Rammurthy Naidu
2285:Jatindra Charan Guho
2181:Dudley Allen Sargent
1803:George Hackenschmidt
1666:Johann Baptist Krebs
1518:Hoyt, D. J. (1999).
1220:19.1 (2002): 91-118.
908:Turner Hall (1868),
757:Turner Hall (1888),
654:Pilsen Turner Hall,
356:Hugh McCulloch House
334:Louisville, Kentucky
2850:Politics and sports
1838:Jørgen Peter Müller
1502:13.2 (1982): 62-79.
1167:Mary Lou LeCompte.
949:Turners Hall (1868)
822:Holyoke Turner Hall
773:Eldridge Turn-Halle
625:Boonville, Missouri
555:The Berlin monument
352:Fort Wayne, Indiana
345:commemorative stamp
300:Camp Jackson Affair
167:Revolutions of 1848
47:Gymnastics room in
2751:Nissen-Emery Award
2280:Ambika Charan Guha
2196:Genevieve Stebbins
1873:Clara Schlaffhorst
1553:(Greenwood, 1996).
1351:(2011) pp 913-916.
983:New York, New York
968:New Ulm, Minnesota
910:Madison, Wisconsin
591:Philadelphia, 1861
273:Syracuse, New York
204:
178:
67:
59:
2797:
2796:
2710:
2709:
2645:Nastia Liukin Cup
2606:
2605:
2579:Magnificent Seven
2435:
2434:
2392:Muscular religion
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2239:
2238:
2191:Amos Alonzo Stagg
2126:Bernarr Macfadden
2091:Annette Kellerman
2036:Keene Fitzpatrick
1941:Marguerite Agniel
1920:Emily Diana Watts
1888:Lionel Strongfort
1788:Gustav Frištenský
1763:Launceston Elliot
1753:François Delsarte
1084:Claire E. Nolte.
759:Duluth, Minnesota
656:Chicago, Illinois
220:Round Hill School
97:) are members of
32:Turners, Missouri
16:(Redirected from
2867:
2845:Physical culture
2787:
2786:
2777:
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2615:
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2530:Women's artistic
2524:Olympic gymnasts
2510:
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2439:
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2423:
2397:Yoga as exercise
2250:
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2201:Alois P. Swoboda
2111:Diocletian Lewis
2086:George F. Jowett
2031:Carrica Le Favre
2021:Ludwig Durlacher
2011:C. Ward Crampton
1883:Mary Bagot Stack
1818:F. A. Hornibrook
1813:Oscar Heidenstam
1758:Edmond Desbonnet
1713:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1676:Franz Nachtegall
1671:Pehr Henrik Ling
1642:Physical culture
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1532:Metzner, Henry.
1470:
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1444:
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1413:
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1375:
1373:
1368:on April 6, 2011
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1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:on March 3, 2012
1321:Scott Williams.
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809:Galena, Illinois
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671:Cincinnati, Ohio
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579:Cincinnati, 1865
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86:[ˈtʊʁnɐ]
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2436:
2431:
2411:
2402:Natural hygiene
2382:Fitness culture
2357:
2328:Krishnamacharya
2314:
2265:Ramesh Balsekar
2235:
2136:William Muldoon
2106:W. R. C. Latson
2026:George Eiferman
1991:William Blaikie
1956:Sanford Bennett
1929:
1783:Bob Fitzsimmons
1738:Zishe Breitbart
1728:William Bankier
1695:
1644:
1639:
1608:
1560:
1529:16 (1984): 227.
1479:
1477:Further reading
1474:
1473:
1468:. July 9, 2010.
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1138:John B. Jentz.
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2650:American Cup
2630:U.S. Classic
2618:Competitions
2597:Golden Girls
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2310:Monotosh Roy
2290:Guru Hanuman
2260:Manohar Aich
2253:Bodybuilding
2230:
2206:Armand Tanny
2176:Tony Sansone
2161:Steve Reeves
2101:Jack LaLanne
2001:Alan Calvert
1868:Arthur Saxon
1863:Eugen Sandow
1773:Juan Ferrero
1686:Adolf Spiess
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1437:. Retrieved
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1416:. Retrieved
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1391:. Retrieved
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1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
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1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
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1173:. Retrieved
1147:. Retrieved
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1090:. Retrieved
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609:Turner Halls
540:
490:New Holstein
372:
354:, owned the
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208:Charles Beck
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40:
2585:Fierce Five
2305:Chandgi Ram
2275:B. C. Ghosh
2216:John Terpak
2186:Larry Scott
2171:Joe Rollino
2081:Bob Hoffman
2066:John Grimek
2041:Mark Forest
1903:Monte Saldo
1858:Joan Rhodes
1823:Thomas Inch
1768:Tony Emmott
1748:Victor Dane
1649:Antecedents
1333:January 10,
1009:Turner Hall
965:Turner Hall
806:Turner Hall
741:Turner Hall
638:Turner Hall
622:Turner Hall
541:Turnvereine
323:World War I
317:Like other
296:Carl Schurz
289:Los Angeles
241:Turnvereine
126:Turnvereine
103:Turnvereine
56: 1900
2804:Categories
2640:Winter Cup
2591:Final Five
2387:Gymnastics
2295:K. V. Iyer
2226:Al Treloar
2166:Leo Robert
2156:Bill Pearl
2146:Kid Parker
2116:Gilman Low
1996:Paul Bragg
1971:Joe Bonomo
1966:Mark Berry
1833:Dan McLeod
1743:Niels Bukh
1372:January 9,
1175:January 9,
1092:January 9,
1071:References
373:Turnverein
285:Sacramento
233:The Yankee
187:Republican
18:Turnverein
2728:Athlete A
2722:AAI Award
2539:Acrobatic
2211:Vic Tanny
2121:Dan Lurie
1934:New World
1893:Maxalding
1828:John Lees
1293:561890463
1027:Turnhalle
502:Sheboygan
362:in 1980.
304:St. Louis
265:Minnesota
253:Wisconsin
216:John Neal
114:Turnvater
2779:Category
2746:Level 10
2572:In media
2545:Rhythmic
2534:Gymnasts
2513:National
2426:Category
1848:Reg Park
1716:European
1596:and the
1393:June 13,
1149:July 20,
1037:See also
277:Kentucky
269:Missouri
122:Napoleon
2789:Commons
2756:Turners
2556:Results
2542:Parkour
2407:Pilates
2370:Related
2231:Turners
2046:Ed Fury
1910:Vulcana
1708:Western
1700:Systems
1536:(1924)
1439:July 1,
1418:July 1,
1048:WMWG-LP
466:Madison
454:Kenosha
366:Gallery
257:Indiana
163:liberal
130:German:
82:German:
70:Turners
2688:(2008)
2670:GymACT
2611:Events
2599:(2024)
2593:(2016)
2587:(2012)
2581:(1996)
2348:Tiruka
2245:Indian
1898:Maxick
1538:online
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287:, and
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2492:USOPC
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1878:Sokol
1434:(PDF)
1425:Note:
1064:Sokol
249:Texas
155:Sokol
2700:2024
2695:2021
1592:The
1441:2015
1420:2015
1395:2019
1374:2011
1335:2011
1289:OCLC
1198:ISBN
1177:2011
1151:2019
1094:2011
435:1915
423:1879
411:1875
399:1869
387:1866
261:Ohio
245:Iowa
239:The
230:and
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2658:men
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