316:
120:
33:
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502:
never implemented: "It shall be a high crime directly to incite to armed resistance to the authority of the United States, or to establish or to join
Societies or Combinations, secret or public, the object of which is to offer armed resistance to the authority of the United States, or to prepare for the same by collecting arms, organizing men, or otherwise."
501:
In 1864, Lieber proposed a series of constitutional amendments. These amendments proposed to abolish slavery (what would later become the 13th amendment) and guarantee equal rights regardless of race (what would later become the 14th amendment). He also proposed an insurrection amendment, which was
411:, both believing thoroughly in the importance of training the body along with the mind. Follen had established the pioneer gymnasium in 1826. Lieber's Boston swimming school of 1827, a new departure in the educational field in the United States, became such a feature that
174:
in 1821. After experiencing repression in
Prussia for his political views, he migrated to the United States in 1827. During his early years in America, he worked a number of jobs, including swimming and gymnastics instructor, editor of the first editions of the
826:
272:, which was then part of the Netherlands but which is today Belgium. He rejoined his regiment after recovering from his wounds, but developed a typhoid fever and was subsequently treated at military hospitals in Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne.
1877:
Betsy Röben, Johann Caspar
Bluntschli, Francis Lieber und das moderne Völkerrecht 1861–1881, Nomos Press, Baden-Baden 2003, with English summary: Johann Caspar Bluntschli, Francis Lieber and Modern International Law, 1861–1881, xii, 356
625:
He was married to
Mathilde Oppenheimer, the daughter of a Hamburg merchant-banker. They met in London in 1826 where Lieber was her tutor. They married in New York City in 1829. They had four children, one of whom died in infancy. His son
1165:
541:
of New York, compiling news articles for dissemination among Union troops and
Northern newspapers. More than one hundred pamphlets were issued by it under his supervision, of which ten were by himself. He also assisted the Union
609:. He was chosen, with the united approval of the United States and Mexico, as final arbitrator in important cases pending between the two countries. This work was not completed at his death. Lieber was a member of the
494:(later Columbia University) in New York City. He chose his own title and became the first academic identified as a political scientist in the United States. In 1860, he also became professor of political science at
832:
683:
Lieber expressed hostile sentiment to the French, Turks and
Russians. He wrote in 1854, "I do not like the Turks, they are a coarse race, without a history" and "I nourish a very strong hatred for the Russians."
353:(Songs of Wine and Bliss), which on his release, with Niebuhr's help, were published in Berlin in 1824 under the pen name of "Franz Arnold". Lieber fled to England in 1825, and supported himself for a year in
1212:
1502:
522:) family dynasty, owned plantations and slaves in Puerto Rico. However, in 1851, Lieber delivered an address in South Carolina warning the southern states against secession. One of his sons, geologist
2711:
2480:
2543:
2519:
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419:, went to see it. The gymnasium had a difficult time once the novelty had worn off and in the face of caricatures in the newspapers. It closed its doors after two years.
2687:
965:"Individualism and Socialism or Communism" His inaugural address as professor in Columbia College. He regarded these as the two poles on which all human life turns.
463:), where he owned slaves until his departure in 1856. During his 20 years at the College, he produced some of his most important works. Such writers and jurists as
455:
to form a plan of education. This was published at
Philadelphia in 1834. He resided in Philadelphia from 1833 until 1835. He soon became a professor of history and
2671:
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2985:
661:
in 1863. In 1866, he was made a captain and military storekeeper in the regular army, and was retired on account of disabilities contracted in the line of duty.
299:
in 1820 and within four months finished writing a dissertation in the field of mathematics. As the
Prussian authorities caught up with him, Lieber left Jena for
2727:
2695:
2489:
498:, a post he held until his death. His inaugural address as professor at Columbia, on "Individualism and Socialism or Communism", was published by the college.
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about Lieber's work, and recommending him as "qualified, almost beyond example" as a teacher of gymnastics, and "the chief personage with professor
252:. The year of his birth (1798 or 1800) has been debated because he lied about his age in order to enlist. Lieber joined the Colberg Regiment of the
2995:
2655:
2466:
677:
554:" as it is commonly known. The Lieber Code would be adopted by other military organizations and go on to form the basis of the first Westernized
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722:
436:
in 13 volumes, between the years 1829 and 1833. At this time, he also made translations of a French work on the revolution of July 1830 and of
362:
338:. While there, Lieber wrote about his experiences in Greece. The result was published in Leipzig in 1823 and also in Amsterdam under the title
1996:
1952:
3015:
2950:
968:"The Ancient and the Modern Teacher of Politics" His introductory discourse to a course of lectures on the state in the college law school.
279:
in Berlin. He became politically active during this time period, was arrested by
Prussian authorities, and held for pretrial detention in
2890:
2143:
2910:
276:
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2920:
653:), entered the volunteer army at the beginning of the civil war as 1st lieutenant, 9th Illinois Regiment, and was badly wounded at
2218:
437:
759:
Reminiscences of an intercourse with Mr. Niebuhr, the historian, during a residence with him in Rome, in the years 1822 and 1823
2925:
2205:
Dilbeck, D. H. " 'Responsible to One
Another and to God”: Why Francis Lieber Believed the Union War Must Remain a Just War" in
2365:
2287:
2025:
1340:
849:"General Orders No. 100 : The Lieber Code: Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States, in the Field"
2407:
283:
from July to November 1819. Returning to Berlin after the Napoleonic wars (post 1815), he passed the entrance exams for the
2965:
2930:
577:
After the Civil War, Lieber was given the task of accumulating and preserving the records of the former government of the
448:
on the customs of the American people. Lieber was a nationalist, supporter of free trade, racist and opponent of slavery.
2945:
2885:
693:
3010:
229:
152:
2355:
2015:
924:"Essays on Subjects of Penal Law and the Penitentiary System," published by the Philadelphia prison discipline society
212:(General Orders No. 100, 24 April 1863), the Lieber Code of military law that governed the battlefield conduct of the
3005:
2393:
1601:
307:
with Major Decker (briefly). In Prussia, Lieber was imprisoned and repeatedly questioned for his republican views.
2154:
383:
of instruction, and met his future wife, Mathilda Oppenheimer. He left England upon receiving an offer to manage a
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543:
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1899:
518:. Indeed, Lieber was even a slave owner himself, and his brothers-in-law, members of the powerful Oppenheimer (
472:
416:
315:
578:
531:
464:
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who ran a swimming program in Berlin. Lieber was also acquainted with the outgoing gymnasium administrator,
284:
1800:"A Tale of Two Columbias: Francis Lieber, Columbia University and Slavery | Columbia University and Slavery"
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194:
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in drafting legal guidelines for the Union army, the most famous being General Orders Number 100, or the "
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2424:
2117:
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491:
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Reflections on the changes which may seem necessary in the present constitution of the state of New York
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2905:
642:
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2123:
1781:
776:
Legal and Political Hermeneutics, or Principles of Interpretation and Construction in Law and Politics
357:
by giving lessons and contributing to German periodicals. In London he met American writer and critic
2639:
1893:
908:
658:
538:
327:
171:
159:. He was also a pioneer in the fields of law, political science, and sociology in the United States.
483:, recognized in him a kindred mind. The spirit of Lieber's work is indicated in his favorite motto,
429:
2940:
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2535:
2172:
2058:
2042:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
1424:
1006:
With annotations. He also assisted in the gathering of the statistical data for the original book.
567:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
519:
468:
769:(2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1838), adopted by Harvard College as a text book, and commended by Kent and
581:. While working in this capacity, Lieber was one of the last known people to possess the infamous
2458:
2399:
2392:
1921:
1775:
735:
627:
523:
424:
342:. Lieber returned to Germany on a royal pardon, but was soon imprisoned once again, this time at
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335:
177:
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1742:
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997:
445:
400:
376:
136:
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680:--serving the longest-ever tenure as head of the Advocate General's Department (1884–1901).
657:. Afterward, he was appointed a captain in the veteran reserve corps, and served during the
2875:
2870:
2783:
2631:
166:
during the Napoleonic Wars. He obtained a doctorate from the University of Jena in 1820. A
1362:
958:, the blind deaf mute, compared with the elements of phonetic language, published in the "
585:
papers. Shortly after obtaining them, Lieber was ordered to give them to Secretary of War
558:. Lieber's legal legacy is detailed in the 2012 non-fiction account entitled, ironically,
537:
During the conflict, Francis Lieber was one of the founders and served as the head of the
244:
Franz Lieber was born the tenth of twelve children to a wealthy Jewish merchant family in
8:
2176:
2062:
993:
798:
665:
495:
480:
456:
380:
228:
governing the battlefield conduct of an army in the field, and later was a basis for the
202:
198:
190:
2301:
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1915:
983:
934:
868:
814:
782:
757:
119:
2791:
2551:
2339:
2331:
2234:
2168:
2054:
1888:
1860:
1852:
1767:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1617:
Barry, William D. (20 May 1979). "State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure".
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511:
358:
320:
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249:
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where he assumed the chair of history and political science in 1858. He transferred to
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2283:
2021:
1960:
1864:
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1329:"CV Franz/Francis Lieber (1798–1872) and Mathilde Lieber née Oppenheimer (1805–1890)"
1279:
1232:
1185:
1150:
1138:
1086:
886:
848:
412:
1827:
Keil, Hartmut (2008). "Francis Lieber's Attitudes on Race, Slavery, and Abolition".
870:
Amendments of the Constitution Submitted to the Consideration of the American People
751:
Letters to a Gentleman in Germany, written after a Trip from Philadelphia to Niagara
2847:
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2323:
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800:
Great events: described by distinguished historians, chroniclers, and other writers
635:
610:
586:
527:
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2209:
edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Elizabeth R. Varon (Fordham UP, 2019) pp. 143–159
2044:. Series 2. Vol. 5. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899, pp. 671-682.
2839:
2823:
2815:
2799:
2775:
2277:
1997:"What Happened When the U.S. Failed to Prosecute an Insurrectionist Ex-President"
1979:
1953:"What Happened When the U.S. Failed to Prosecute an Insurrectionist Ex-President"
582:
547:
404:
257:
2423:
2381:
2116:
2085:
1549:
1166:"Doctor Francis Lieber's Instructions for the Government of Armies in the Field"
831:. Vol. 2. London: Lippincott and Co. 1881 . pp. 275–92. Archived from
2503:
1402:
Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field
955:
701:
515:
452:
408:
288:
280:
210:
Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field
186:
32:
1133:
1116:
1082:
1024:"Francis Lieber | German-American, Political Scientist, Educator | Britannica"
2864:
2210:
2163:
2132:
1964:
1848:
1768:
1526:
1283:
1236:
1189:
1142:
1090:
825:"Guerrilla Parties Considered with Reference to the Laws and Usages of War".
654:
614:
602:
598:
441:
253:
221:
167:
163:
144:
82:
1892:
634:. During the Civil War, he was killed in action serving as a private in the
346:. He was in pretrial detention at Köpenick from August 1824 to April 1825.
193:
before becoming a tenured professor of history and political economy at the
930:"Remarks on Mrs. Fry's Views of Solitary Confinement," published in England
770:
697:
490:
From 1856 until 1865, he was professor of history and political science at
476:
433:
162:
Born in Berlin, Prussia, to a Jewish merchant family, Lieber served in the
927:"Abuse of the Pardoning Power," republished by the legislature of New York
365:
and intent on bringing the movement to the US. Neal published articles in
1741:
1117:"Settler Empire and the United States: Francis Lieber on the Laws of War"
959:
646:
555:
551:
451:
In 1832, he received a commission from the trustees of the newly founded
225:
148:
140:
106:
2147:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 590.
1856:
1774:
992:
601:, aged 72, Francis Lieber served as a diplomatic negotiator between the
343:
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1534:
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1259:
1244:
1197:
1098:
1066:
709:
673:
367:
304:
213:
2200:
Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War
2136:
2020:. New York, NY: Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
1840:
631:
534:. A second son, Hamilton, who had fought for the Union, lost an arm.
16:
German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher (1798–1872)
2327:
2083:
1518:
1228:
1181:
287:. However, he was denied admission because of his membership in the
2412:
1275:
708:
as a subsidiary means and an authority in determining the rules of
2488:
1684:(2 vols.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909, v. 2, chap. 5, p. 216.
910:
Fragments of Political Science on Nationalism and Internationalism
2090:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Department of Defense. p. 35
1428:
650:
589:, who likely disposed of them, as they have not been seen since.
300:
2440:
The Laws of War: From the Lieber Code to the Brussels Conference
676:
and later rose to the rank of Brigadier General and also became
565:
An abridged version of the Lieber Code was published in 1899 in
1917:
Addresses of the Newly-Appointed Professors of Columbia College
606:
396:
354:
245:
220:(1861–1865). The Lieber Code was the first codification of the
132:
57:
2162:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
487:("No right without its duties, no duty without its rights").
261:
1638:. Philadelphia and New York: Lea & Febiger. p. 240.
1067:"Francis Lieber and the Process of Constitutional Amendment"
151:
for battlefield conduct, which served a later basis for the
1260:"Fifty Years of Sociology in the United States (1865-1915)"
730:(4th ed.). New York: American Free Trade League. 1870.
331:
292:
2408:
Biography from Yale Dictionary of American Legal Biography
672:
lawyer and jurist. During the Civil War, he served in the
1722:. Philadelphia and New York: Lea & Febiger. pp.
1596:. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 106.
384:
349:
At Köpenick, Lieber wrote a collection of poems entitled
269:
131:(18 March 1798 – 2 October 1872) was a Prussian-American
1582:. John Catalano University Press of America. 2000. p. 2.
1920:. New York: By the Authority of the Trustees. pp.
972:
Numerous addresses on anniversary and other occasions.
696:
published its Law of War Manual. Lieber is cited after
334:
tutoring the son of the Prussian ambassador, historian
185:
Lieber wrote a plan of education for the newly founded
1660:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1444:
Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society
208:
Lieber was commissioned by the U.S. Army to write the
2296:
2981:
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
2219:
Francis Lieber's America and the Politics of Today,"
2202:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
2357:
Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History
2017:
Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History
1381:
641:A second son, Alfred Hamilton Lieber (7 June 1835,
572:
170:, he volunteered to fight on the Greek side in the
2276:Mack, Charles R.; Lesesne, Henry H., eds. (2005).
2233:
514:, even though he had been a prominent resident of
485:Nullum jus sine officio, nullum officium sine jure
428:, after conceiving of the idea of translating the
205:in 1865 where he taught until his death in 1872.
2268:Francis Lieber: His Life and Political Philosophy
2098:– via Defense Technical Information Center.
1486:. John Catalano University Press of America. 2000
1213:"Francis Lieber — His Life and His Work: Part II"
891:. New York: The New York Union League Club. 1867.
821:(2 vols. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1853; new ed., 1874)
762:. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard. 1835.
724:Notes on the Fallacies of American Protectionists
291:, which opposed the Prussian monarchy. Moving to
2862:
2152:Vincent, John Martin (1933). "Lieber, Francis".
1694:Feintuch, Burt; Watters, David H., eds. (2005).
918:
678:Judge Advocate General of the United States Army
2084:Preston, Stephen E.; Taylor, Robert S. (2016).
1887:
1773:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879).
1693:
1503:"Francis Lieber —His Life and His Work: Part I"
819:. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1874.
390:
326:Lieber fought briefly on the Greek side in the
275:After the war, he was a high school student at
2991:Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
2986:Presidents of the University of South Carolina
2491:Presidents of the University of South Carolina
2413:Francis Lieber on the Sources of Civil Liberty
2221:Future of Freedom Foundation, November 1, 2020
941:published by the legislature of South Carolina
792:Laws of Property: Essays on Property and Labor
2474:
1914:Lieber, Francis (1858). "Inaugural Address".
3001:Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
1719:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1635:A Guide to the History of Physical Education
1441:Society, American Jewish Historical (1901).
1405:(1 ed.). New York: D.Van Nostrand. 1863
828:The Miscellaneous Writings of Francis Lieber
2275:
2184:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
2167:
2070:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
2053:
1367:Department of History - Columbia University
896:Memorial relative to the Verdicts of Jurors
873:. New York: Loyal Publication Society. 1865
399:in 1827. He came with recommendations from
379:himself". Lieber also wrote a tract on the
268:. He was treated in a military hospital in
197:in 1835. In 1857, he joined the faculty at
2971:People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
2481:
2467:
2279:Francis Lieber and the Culture of the Mind
2227:Francis Lieber: Nineteenth-Century Liberal
1981:Francis Lieber, Nineteenth-century Liberal
1891:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1772:
1711:
1709:
31:
2896:19th-century American non-fiction writers
1667:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400365
1665:
1132:
951:"Letter on Anglican and Gallican Liberty"
2916:American people of German-Jewish descent
2239:Miscellaneous Writings by Francis Lieber
2131:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1387:
1114:
1002:Penitentiary System in the United States
981:
330:. He then spent one year, 1822–1823, in
314:
2996:Prussian emigrants to the United States
2224:
2151:
1977:
1735:
1733:
1715:
1706:
1682:The German Element in the United States
1654:Farr, James (1999). "Lieber, Francis".
1631:
1440:
510:Lieber sided with the North during the
505:
2863:
2418:
2390:
2303:The Life and Letters of Francis Lieber
2282:. University of South Carolina Press.
2271:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2264:
2111:
1994:
1988:
1950:
1913:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1547:
1425:The American Civil War: Total or Just?
310:
2462:
2316:American Journal of International Law
1946:
1944:
1942:
1903:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1822:
1820:
1794:
1792:
1756:
1739:
1616:
1591:
1507:American Journal of International Law
1496:
1494:
1492:
1447:. American Jewish Historical Society.
1323:
1321:
1257:
1217:American Journal of International Law
1170:American Journal of International Law
1163:
613:and of many learned societies in the
3016:University of South Carolina faculty
2350:
2310:
2158:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2087:Department of Defense Law War Manual
2013:
2007:
1826:
1730:
1653:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1110:
1108:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
945:
816:On Civil Liberty and Self-Government
2951:Jewish American non-fiction writers
2248:Reminiscences, Addresses and Essays
1984:. Louisiana State University Press.
1881:
1642:
1500:
1210:
694:United States Department of Defense
459:at South Carolina College (now the
432:into English. It was published in
361:, who was studying gymnastics from
13:
2891:19th-century American male writers
2256:Contributions to Political Science
2192:
1939:
1829:Journal of American Ethnic History
1817:
1789:
1621:. Portland, Maine. pp. 1D–2D.
1489:
239:
230:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
153:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
14:
3027:
2911:American male non-fiction writers
2618:(1875–1877) (Chairman of faculty)
2610:(1873–1875) (Chairman of faculty)
2602:(1865–1873) (Chairman of faculty)
2594:(1861–1865) (Chairman of faculty)
2530:(1834–1835) (Chairman of faculty)
2391:Harley, Lewis R. (January 1898).
2375:
2207:New Perspectives on the Union War
1740:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1298:
1121:American Political Science Review
1105:
1041:
936:Letter on the Penitentiary System
2976:People of the Battle of Waterloo
2881:19th-century American economists
2450:Works by or about Francis Lieber
2394:"Sketch of Francis Lieber"
2306:. Boston: John R. Osgood and Co.
2241:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
2155:Dictionary of American Biography
1995:Lepore, Jill (8 December 2023).
1951:Lepore, Jill (4 December 2023).
1580:Hermenutics and Practical Reason
1548:Harley, Lewis R (January 1898).
1484:Hermenutics and Practical Reason
620:
573:Preserving Confederate documents
387:and swimming program in Boston.
143:, the first codification of the
139:. He is most well known for the
118:
2921:American political philosophers
2434:. Vol. XIV (9th ed.).
2314:(July 1913). "Francis Lieber".
2077:
2047:
2040:United States. War Department.
2034:
1971:
1907:
1871:
1804:columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu
1696:The Encyclopedia of New England
1687:
1674:
1625:
1610:
1585:
1572:
1541:
1476:
1451:
1434:
1417:
1393:
975:
954:a paper on the vocal sounds of
853:Yale Law School: Avalon Project
319:American gymnastics proponent,
2127:. Vol. 14 (9th ed.).
1932:– via Internet Archive.
1900:New International Encyclopedia
1355:
1251:
1204:
1157:
1016:
417:President of the United States
1:
2926:American political scientists
2105:
1716:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1632:Leonard, Fred Eugene (1923).
1413:– via Internet Archive.
1264:American Journal of Sociology
985:Dictionary of Latin Synonymes
919:Writings on penal legislation
597:From 1870 until his death in
579:Confederate States of America
444:. He was also a confidant to
373:American Journal of Education
2770:(1957–1962) (acting 1957–59)
2658:(1902–1908) (acting 1902–03)
1431:, accessed 18 December 2011.
767:A Manual of Political Ethics
687:
659:draft riots in New York City
592:
461:University of South Carolina
422:In Boston, Lieber edited an
391:American educator and writer
195:University of South Carolina
182:journalist, and translator.
7:
2966:New York University faculty
2931:Columbia University faculty
1657:American National Biography
1115:Kinsella, Helen M. (2022).
962:Contributions to Knowledge"
913:. New York, Scribner. 1868.
787:. Wiley & Putnam. 1840.
10:
3032:
2946:Jewish American economists
2886:19th-century American Jews
2562:(1851) (president pro tem)
2522:(1834) (president pro tem)
2014:Witt, John Fabian (2012).
1550:"Sketch of Francis Lieber"
643:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
532:Battle of Eltham's Landing
248:, then the capital of the
3011:University of Jena alumni
2498:
2265:Harley, Lewis R. (1899).
2225:Freidel, Francis (1947).
2198:Carnahan, Burrus (2007).
1592:Sears, Donald A. (1978).
1258:Small, Albion W. (1916).
1164:Davis, George B. (1907).
1134:10.1017/S0003055422000569
1083:10.1017/S0034670500027455
803:. New York: Harper. 1847.
539:Loyal Publication Society
473:Édouard René de Laboulaye
328:Greek War of Independence
172:Greek War of Independence
117:
112:
100:
90:
68:
39:
30:
23:
3006:Sportspeople from Berlin
2360:. New York: Free Press.
2187:. New York: D. Appleton.
2073:. New York: D. Appleton.
1010:
982:Ramshorn, Lewis (1841).
808:The West and Other Poems
715:
526:(see below), joined the
469:Johann Kaspar Bluntschli
79:2 October 1872 (aged 74)
2431:Encyclopædia Britannica
2425:"Lieber, Francis"
2400:Popular Science Monthly
2382:Works by Francis Lieber
2178:"Lieber, Francis"
2144:Encyclopædia Britannica
2138:"Lieber, Francis"
2124:Encyclopædia Britannica
2118:"Lieber, Francis"
2064:"Lieber, Francis"
1978:Freidel, Frank (1947).
1894:"Lieber, Francis"
1782:The American Cyclopædia
1776:"Lieber, Francis"
1680:Albert Berhardt Faust,
1554:Popular Science Monthly
1459:"The Lieber Collection"
902:The Unanimity of Juries
784:International Copyright
744:The Stranger in America
736:Encyclopaedia Americana
628:Oscar Montgomery Lieber
524:Oscar Montgomery Lieber
425:Encyclopaedia Americana
289:Berliner Burschenschaft
178:Encyclopaedia Americana
2442:," by Peter Holquist,
2420:Thayer, Martin Russell
2259:(contains a biography)
2217:Ebeling, Richard M., "
2113:Thayer, Martin Russell
1749:Encyclopedia Americana
1335:, Brill, 2 July 2018,
1071:The Review of Politics
1065:Vile, John R. (1998).
794:(18mo, New York, 1842)
430:Brockhaus encyclopedia
351:Wein- und Wonne-Lieder
336:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
323:
2956:American slave owners
2415:by Steven Alan Samson
2298:Thomas Sergeant Perry
1743:"Lieber, Franz"
1700:Yale University Press
1619:Maine Sunday Telegram
1423:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron.
998:Alexis de Tocqueville
446:Alexis de Tocqueville
340:The German Anacharsis
318:
295:, Lieber entered the
260:, and was wounded in
137:political philosopher
2842:(2021–2022) (acting)
2802:(1990–1991) (acting)
2738:(1944–1945) (acting)
2682:(1913–1914) (acting)
2666:(1908–1909) (acting)
1501:Nys, Ernest (1911).
1211:Nys, Ernest (1911).
506:Civil War activities
285:University of Berlin
2961:Jewish philosophers
2901:American economists
1429:Teachinghistory.org
994:Gustave de Beaumont
988:. Little and Brown.
739:(Editor, 1829–1851)
666:Guido Norman Lieber
645:– 18 October 1876,
496:Columbia Law School
457:political economics
381:Lancasterian system
311:European activities
256:in 1815 during the
203:Columbia Law School
199:Columbia University
191:New York University
2235:Daniel Coit Gilman
1369:. 13 November 2017
1028:www.britannica.com
746:(2 vols., 1833–35)
706:Hersch Lauterpacht
670:United States Army
512:American Civil War
403:, as well as from
324:
297:University of Jena
266:Battle of Waterloo
250:Kingdom of Prussia
234:Geneva Conventions
218:American Civil War
157:Geneva Conventions
95:University of Jena
2936:German economists
2906:American gymnasts
2858:
2857:
2386:Project Gutenberg
2367:978-1-4165-7012-7
2352:Witt, John Fabian
2289:978-1-57003-535-7
2027:978-1-4165-7012-7
1342:978-90-04-34425-9
946:Occasional papers
413:John Quincy Adams
126:
125:
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2851:
2843:
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2595:
2587:
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2576:Charles F. McCay
2571:
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2547:
2539:
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2523:
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2459:
2454:Internet Archive
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1969:
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1578:Francis Lieber.
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1498:
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1482:Francis Lieber.
1480:
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729:
636:Confederate army
611:French Institute
587:Edwin M. Stanton
530:and died at the
528:Confederate army
492:Columbia College
395:Lieber moved to
189:and lectured at
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103:
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51:
35:
21:
20:
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2941:German gymnasts
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2403:. Vol. 52.
2378:
2368:
2328:10.2307/2187428
2290:
2195:
2193:Further reading
2175:, eds. (1892).
2108:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2061:, eds. (1892).
2052:
2048:
2039:
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2012:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1949:
1940:
1934:Francis Lieber.
1927:
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835:on 24 July 2011
824:
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617:and elsewhere.
595:
583:Dahlgren Affair
575:
548:Abraham Lincoln
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258:Napoleonic Wars
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240:Life and career
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2376:External links
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2308:
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2133:Chisholm, Hugh
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1957:The New Yorker
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1702:. p. 282.
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1276:10.1086/212570
1270:(6): 727–728.
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560:Lincoln's Code
546:and President
544:War Department
516:South Carolina
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409:Charles Follen
392:
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281:Spandau prison
277:Graues Kloster
262:Namur, Belgium
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2003:. p. 15.
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2506:(1804–1820)
2446:, Jan. 2019
2312:Root, Elihu
1463:www.loc.gov
1373:24 December
1348:24 December
1033:24 December
960:Smithsonian
704:and before
647:Baden-Baden
556:laws of war
552:Lieber Code
465:Mittermaier
438:Feuerbach's
264:during the
226:laws of war
216:during the
149:laws of war
141:Lieber Code
107:Lieber Code
2865:Categories
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2106:References
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674:Union army
481:James Kent
368:The Yankee
305:topography
214:Union Army
168:republican
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2792:Holderman
2784:Patterson
2728:McKissick
2568:Thornwell
2344:246010401
2173:Fiske, J.
2059:Fiske, J.
1965:0028-792X
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1849:0278-5927
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1594:John Neal
1527:0002-9300
1468:6 January
1409:23 August
1284:0002-9602
1237:0002-9300
1190:0002-9300
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1143:0003-0554
1091:0034-6705
688:Influence
632:geologist
593:Diplomacy
569:in 1899.
385:gymnasium
359:John Neal
321:John Neal
303:to study
113:Signature
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2840:Pastides
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