Fula people - Knowledge

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reach of about three-quarters of the nomadic Fulani in Nigeria, who number in the millions, and about sixty per cent of migrant pastoralists who use the existing grazing reserves keep to the same reserves every year. The number and the distribution of the grazing reserves in Nigeria range from insufficient to severely insufficient for Fulani livestock. In countries like Nigeria, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso where meat supplies are entirely dependent on the Fulani, such conflicts lead to scarcity and hikes in animal protein prices. In recent times, the Nigerian senate and other lawmakers have been bitterly divided in attempts to pass bills on grazing lands and migration "corridors" for Fulani herdsmen. This was mainly due to Southern and Central Nigerian lawmakers opposing the proposal, and Northern Lawmakers being in support.

4076: 65: 4030: 4256: 4236: 3956: 4417:, which means "horned and short legged" in the Hausa language. The widely accepted theory for the origin of present-day zebu cattle in West Africa is that they came from the westward spread of the early zebu populations in East Africa through the Sudan. Other breeds of zebu are found mainly in the drier regions. Their body conformation resembles the zebu cattle of eastern Africa. The zebu did not appear in West Africa until about 1800. The increasing aridity of the climate and the deterioration of the environment in the Sahel appear to have favoured the introduction and spread of the zebu, as they are superior to longhorn and shorthorn 4563: 4468:. Since the founding of the village in 1818, it has always been the most important Fulani festival. It takes place on a Saturday in November or December; the day is carefully chosen based on the state of pastures and the water levels in the river Niger. During the rainy season, the river swells, and the areas around the village are inundated in water, as the level of the river Niger rises, and turns Diafarabe into an island. The cattle are kept on the lush fields up north or south, but when the West African Monsoon subsides and the drier season returns, the water level drops and the cattle can return home again. 3883: 994: 1228:, the semi-nomadic, and the settled or "town" Fulani. The pastoral Fulani move around with their cattle throughout the year. Typically, they do not stay around for long stretches (not more than 2–4 months at a time). The semi-nomadic Fulani can either be Fulɓe families who happen to settle down temporarily at particular times of the year or Fulɓe families who do not "browse" around past their immediate surroundings, and even though they possess livestock, they do not wander away from a fixed or settled homestead not too far away, they are basically "in-betweeners". 1771: 1524: 1458: 352: 3088: 4441: 3111:. This jihad was inspired by Usman Dan Fodio and his jihad in Sokoto. This state appears to have had tight control over its core area, as evidenced by the fact that its political and economic organization is still manifested today in the organization of agricultural production in the Inland Delta. Despite its power and omnipresence, the hegemony of the emirate was constantly threatened. During the reign of Aamadu Aamadu, the grandson of Sheeku Aamadu, internal contradictions weakened the emirate until it fell to the Toucouleur in 1862. 4693:, literally "grass house". During the dry season, the characteristically hemisphere-shaped domed houses are supported by compact millet stalk pillars, and by reed mats held together and tied against wood poles, in the wet or rainy season. These mobile houses are very easy to set up, and dismantle, as typical of houses from nomadic societies. When it is time to move, the houses are easily disassembled and loaded onto donkeys, horses or camels for transport. With recent trends however, many Fula now live in mud or concrete block houses. 3980: 4493: 3976:(the Fulani community leaders) for the salvation of what is left of the customary grazing land has caused some state governments with large populations of herders (such as Gombe, Bauchi, Adamawa, Taraba, Plateau, and Kaduna) to include in their development plans the reactivation and preservation of grazing reserves. Quick to grasp the desperation of cattle-keepers for land, the administrators have instituted a Grazing Reserve Committee to find a lasting solution to the rapid depletion of grazing land resources in Nigeria. 2053: 460: 3061: 4363: 1200: 2856:

freedom for pastoralists to move around was curtailed to ensure the smooth functioning of other production activities, such as cereal cultivation and, in the case of Maasina, of fishing activities.There was considerable resistance to the forced acceptance of Islam. Conversion to Islam meant not only changing one's religion but also submitting to rules dealing with every aspect of social, political and cultural life, intrusions with which many nomadic Fulbe were not comfortable.

2804: 1892: 388: 2434: 2226: 280: 2251: 1979: 334: 208: 2688: 424: 4676: 2352: 2143: 262: 2459: 298: 1743: 1399: 172: 11056: 1838: 1729: 1677: 1581: 1370: 118: 4886: 2409: 2318: 2126: 442: 136: 3167: 2619: 2188: 154: 3447:, Saudi Arabia. his procession reported to include 18,000 workers who each carried 4 pounds (1.8 kg) gold bars, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 and 300 pounds (23 and 136 kg) of gold dust each 1803: 1483: 370: 2547: 2067: 1958: 1863: 1785: 1626: 406: 244: 226: 4359:– a cow which is loaned to another until she calves. Once the calf is weaned it is retained and the cow is returned to its owner. This habbanaya is a highly prized animal. Upon receipt of this gift, there is a special ceremony in honor of the gift. The recipient buys special treats and invites his neighbors for this event in which the habbanaya is given a name. The habbanaya is never to be struck under any circumstance. 9782: 2277: 2105: 2027: 1945: 1757: 1537: 1428: 316: 190: 962:, a popular singer from Mali who is nicknamed the “Songbird of Wasulu” due to her powerful voice accompanied by her melodiously unique way of singing. Most of Sangaré’s songs pertain to women’s rights in Africa and the union of different tribes within Mali. She has traveled to many parts of West Africa, including Cameroon, to work with various Fula artists and to promote the Fulani cultural heritage of Wasulu. 2821: 3875:, which consists of the qualities of patience, self-control, discipline, prudence, modesty, respect for others (including foes), wisdom, forethought, personal responsibility, hospitality, courage, and hard work. Among the nomadic Fulani, women in their spare time make handicrafts including engraved gourds, weavings, knitting, beautifully made covers for calabashes known as 3668:, still retain much of their Fulani culture even still speaking Fulfulde as their first language. The Fulɓe who didn't settle during this period and their descendants, however, still keep an obvious distinct identity from that of the Hausa and other surrounding groups of the region. This Hausa–Fulani interaction is uncommon outside the eastern subregion of West Africa. 4923:

Eurasian-related ancestry in this population, which suggests a North African or East African origin (as North and East Africans also have such ancestry likely related to expansions of farmers and herders from the Near East) and is consistent with the presence at moderate frequency of the −13,910T variant associated with lactose tolerance in European populations.

4331:, another nomadic tribe of North African origin, live just immediately north of Fula territory, and sometimes live alongside the Fulani in countries such as Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. The Fulani, as a result of their constant wandering of the past, can be seen in every climatic zone and habitat of West Africa, from the deserts of the north, to the derived 3902:, the Central/Middle Belt regions of Nigeria, Northern Burkina Faso, and Southern Chad. The rearing of cattle is a principal activity in four of Cameroon's ten administrative regions as well as three other provinces with herding on a lesser scale, throughout the North and Central regions of Nigeria, as well as the entire Sahel and Sudan region. 4917:

lactase persistence trait. e observed a T-13910 allele frequency of 48.0%, while the genome-wide European admixture fraction in the Fulani is 21.4% at K = 3. The notable European admixture fraction in the Fulani coupled with the high frequencies of the LP T-13910 allele suggests the possibility of adaptive gene flow into the Fulani gene pool

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have a role in their conventional marriage. Marriage exists to maintain wealth and the royal dynasty. They practice early marriage, which is typically arranged by relatives. The men marry in their twenties, while the women marry in their teens. Men are permitted to marry more than one lady as long as he can meet their requirements equally.

4877:. Based on this, the researchers suggest that the Fulani may have adopted a Niger-Congo language at some point in their history, while intermarrying with local populations. Additionally, moderate levels of West Eurasian admixture was also observed among the Fulani samples, which the authors propose may have been introduced via the 5803:, Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani —Fulbe Laddi— who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice. 7556:

certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi,

3691:, "people of the Fula culture"). As such, Fulani culture includes people who may or may not be ethnic Fulani. Although slavery is now illegal, memories of the past relationship between Fulɓbe and Rimayɓe are still very much alive in both groups. Paul Riesman, an American ethnographer who resided among the 9225:

Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J.-M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera,

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The Sokoto Caliphate was by far the largest and most successful legacy of Fulani power in Western Africa. It was the largest, as well as the most well-organized, of the Fulani Jihad states. Throughout the 19th century, Sokoto was one of the largest and most powerful empires in West Africa until 1903,

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targeted other ethnic groups but also other Fulani who had not yet adopted Islam or who follows it too loosely. These wars helped the Fula dominate much of the Sahel region of West Africa during the medieval and pre-colonial era, establishing them not only as a religious group but also as a political

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The origins of the Fulani people are unclear and various theories have been postulated. As a nomadic herding people, they have moved through and among many cultures, making it difficult to trace their relationships and history with other peoples. Speculations about their origins started in the era of

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A study of four Fulani nomad populations (n = 186) in three Sahelian countries (Chad, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso), found that the only group of nomadic Fulani that manifests some similarities with geographically related agricultural populations (from Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria) comes from Tcheboua in

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The crossing is more than a search for pastures; it is also a competition to show craftsmanship as a herdsmen. The cattle are driven into the river, and each herder, with no help from others, loudly encourages the animals to move forward as he stands or swims between them, holding on to the horns of

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The origins and classification of the Fulani remains controversial; one school of thought is of the opinion that the Fulani cattle are truly long-horned zebus that first arrived in Africa from Asia on the east coast; these are believed to have been introduced into West Africa by Arab invaders during

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Bocoum, Dia (in English as "Jah"), Kah, and Kane are some common family names among the Diawambe/Jawambe (Singular: Dianwando/Jawando and Diokoramé/Jokoromeh in Bambara) of Mali. The Jawambe are a small sub-group of Fulanis from Mali and they are primarily known for trading. Some famous Jawando Fula

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In this stage of the marriage process, the man is publicly flogged by other guys in this particular flogging procedure. This is to assess his strength, discipline, and bravery. If the prospective groom cries, the bride's family may reject him and view him as a coward. Not every ethnic group adheres

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In the Fulani society, marriage is considered endogamy rather than exogamy. Marriage is permitted amongst people of the same lineage. Marriage is generally between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. Even before their birth, the children were betrothed. The caste system and political stratification

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traditionally eat millet, milk and meat as staples. Millet is eaten in the morning, noon and night as a grease with a sauce or stew which usually contains tomatoes, peppers, bone, meat, onion, and other vegetables. On special occasions they eat meat such as goat or beef. A thick beverage similar to

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constitute what are today the lyre-horned cattle of West and Central Africa, including the Fulani cattle. Originally the White Fulani were indigenous to north Nigeria, southeast Niger and northeast Cameroon, owned by both Fulani and Hausa people. They then spread to southern Chad and western Sudan.

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of Nigeria and the Cameroons. These are the highest elevated places in West Africa, and their altitude can reach up to 8,700 feet above sea level. The highland plateaus have a more temperate climate conducive for cattle herding activities, which allowed Fulbe populations to settle there in waves of

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There are no particular outfits for all Fulani sub-groups; dressing and clothing accessories such as ornaments mostly depend on the particular region. The traditional dress of the Fulbe Wodaabe consists of long colourful flowing robes, modestly embroidered or otherwise decorated. In the Futa Jallon

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in the Hausa and Songhay languages respectively. The Fulani rulers and merchants were, like many other ruling ethnic groups of Africa, also involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, sourcing the enslaved people through raids and from captives they took by waging war. Many Fulani were enslaved and

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The Fula, living on the edge of the Sahara, were among the first sub-Saharan groups to adopt Islam. According to David Levison, adopting Islam made the Fulani feel a "cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker" between them and

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Typically, Fulɓe belonging to the same affinity bloc tend to cluster together in culture, customs, and dialectal variety with the Eastern Fulɓe sub-groups tending to be more similar to each other than to other sub-groups, and the same applies to most western groups. Culturally speaking, the central

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region of Mali, the most common family names among the Fula are Diallo, Diakité, Sidibé and Sangaré. These names are also found among the Fula population of Burkina Faso, along with other names like Barry, Dicko and Sankara (derived from Sangaré). Many of the Fula people from the Wasulu region have

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Besides being a competition of herdsmanship, it is also a social event; the herdsmen return after having been away for the most part of the year and they meet their family and friends again. It is a time for celebration. The women decorate their house with woven mats and paint the floor with white

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typical of the West African region. The fairly rigid caste system of the Fula people has medieval roots, had become well established by the 15th-century, and has survived into modern age. The four major castes, states Martin Kich, in their order of status are "nobility, traders, tradesmen (such as

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While establishing their hegemony, the Fulbe defined a strict social hierarchy and imposed limitations on economic and trading activities, the purpose of which was to ensure a constant flow of tax revenue and commodities to the state apparatus and the standing army, especially for the cavalry. The

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Evidence of Fulani migration as a whole, from the Western to Eastern Sudan is very fragmentary. Delafosse, one of the earliest enquirers into Fulani history and customs, principally relying on oral tradition, estimated that Fulani migrants left Fuuta-Tooro heading east between the eleventh and the

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Settled Fulani live in villages, towns, and cities permanently and have given up nomadic life completely, in favor of an urban one. These processes of settlement, concentration, and military conquest led to the existence of organized and long-established communities of Fulani, varying in size from

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In 2023, whole genomes of Fulani individuals from various Sahelian samples were analyzed, and the researches said the non-Sub-Saharan genetic ancestry within the Fulani cannot be solely explained by recent admixture events. Fulani may be descendants of Saharan cattle herders during the last Green

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Triska, Petr et al. (2015) showed that there is extensive admixture across the Sahel Belt, with the Fula carrying West African and East African components, as well as a Mozabite/North African component. These results support the hypothesis of a North African origin and a Western to Central Africa

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Fan, Shaohua; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Feng, Yuanqing; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Terhorst, Jonathan; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Beggs, William; Thomas, Neil; Nyambo, Thomas; Mpoloka, Sununguko Wata; Mokone, Gaonyadiwe George; Njamnshi, Alfred; Folkunang, Charles (2023-03-02).

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Our findings suggest that Eurasian admixture and the European LP allele was introduced into the Fulani through contact with a North African population/s. We furthermore confirm the link between the lactose digestion phenotype in the Fulani to the MCM6/LCT locus by reporting the first GWAS of the

4725:, a small minority group (1-2%) present in parts of northern Nigeria. Nearly all Fula Christians are recent converts from Islam, or descendants of recent converts. The group faces severe persecution from both Fulani Muslims due to their faith and other Nigerian Christians due to their ethnicity. 4666:

The Fulani people are not as engaged in artistic endeavors like ceramics and pottery as other nearby cultures because they feel that these pursuits "violate their code of conduct and bring shame upon them". That being said, the Fulani women do produce handicrafts including knitting, weaving, and

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Wealth is counted by how large the herd of cattle is. Long ago Fulani tribes and clans used to fight over cattle and grazing rights. Being the most treasured animal that the Fulanis herd, the cows are very special. Many people say that a person cannot speak Fulfulde if he does not own a cow. The

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The Fulani believe that the expansion of the grazing reserves will boost livestock population, lessen the difficulty of herding, reduce seasonal migration, and enhance the interaction among farmers, pastoralists, and rural dwellers. Despite these expectations, grazing reserves are not within the

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Recurrent droughts have meant that a lot of traditional herding families have been forced to give up their nomadic way of life, losing a sense of their identity in the process. Increasing urbanization has also meant that a lot of traditional Fulani grazing lands have been taken for developmental

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across the vast dry hinterlands of their domain, keeping somewhat separate from the local agricultural populations. They are the largest nomadic ethnic group in the world and inhabit several territories over an area larger in size than the continental United States. The pastoral lifestyle of the

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of the theocratic Almamyate of Futa Toro. He encouraged construction of mosques, and pursued an aggressive policy towards his neighbors. The Torodbe prohibited the trade in slaves on the river. In 1785 they obtained an agreement from the French to stop trading in Muslim slaves and to pay customs

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The newly formed imamate was mostly located mainly in present-day Guinea, but also spanned parts of modern-day Guinea Bissau, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. This emirate was, in fact, a federal state of nine provinces: Timbo, Fugumbaa, Ɓuuriya, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, and Timbi.

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The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of

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Fulani music is as varied as its people. The numerous sub-groups all maintain unique repertoires of music and dance. Songs and dances reflect traditional life and are specifically designed for each individual occasion. Music is played at any occasion: when herding cattle, working in the fields,

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During this period of constant movement of people and animals within Africa, some of these sanga cattle probably intermixed with the short-horned, thoracic-humped cattle to produce the thoracic-humped sanga. The latter may have migrated, most probably along with the spread of Islam, westerly to

4189:(𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮𞤤 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫) literally meaning the "Fulani pathways" which are passed on by each generation as high moral values of the Fulbe, which enable them to maintain their identity across boundaries and changes of lifestyle. Essentially viewed as what makes a person Fulani, or "Fulaniness", 9521:

Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba’ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22).

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are: Diallo (French regions), Jallow or Jalloh (Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia), Djalo (Cap Verde and Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah or Ba, Baldé, and Diouldé. Other Fulani (Toucouleur) family names in Guinea and northern Senegal are: Tall, Sall, Diengue, Sy, Anne, Ly, Wann, Dia and others.

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A study in 2019 by Fan et al., found that the Fulani sampled from Cameroon, clustered with Afro-Asiatic speakers from East Africa in the phylogenetic analysis, which the authors said indicates a potential shift in language to Niger-Congo. The analysis on autosomal markers found traces of West

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A full genome analysis was conducted by Vicente et al. in 2019, analyzing several different Fulani subgroups from various geographic regions. They found that the Fulani people are characterized by the admixture of local West African and East African components, but also display West-Eurasian

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While their early settlements in West Africa were in the vicinity of the tri-border point of present-day Mali, Senegal, and Mauritania, they are now, after centuries of gradual migrations and conquests, spread throughout a wide band of West and Central Africa. The Fulani People occupy a vast

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Fulani in Nigeria have often requested for the development of exclusive grazing reserves, to curb conflicts. All the leading presidential aspirants of previous elections seeking Fulɓe votes have made several of such failed promises in their campaigns. Discussions among government officials,

2490:?"), as well as Senegalese and Guinean (western) Fulɓe cultures (who do not end interrogative questions with such mannerism). Accordingly, the western groups are the most divergent from the eastern groups and vice versa. Overall, however, all share most cultural practices to a large extent. 4290:

on their turbans, and carrying their walking sticks across their shoulders with their arms resting on top of it. Often the men have markings on either side of their faces and/or on their foreheads. They received these markings as children. Fula ethics are strictly governed by the notion of

3936:, Kare Kare, and sometimes even the Hausa. Such conflicts usually begin when cattle have strayed into farmlands and destroyed crops. Thousands of Fulani have been forced to migrate from their traditional homelands in the Sahel, to areas further south, because of increasing encroachment of 3695:

of Burkina Faso in the 1980s, states that the Fulɓe are tall, slim, and light-skinned; they have thin straight noses, and their hair tends to be long and curly. In contrast, the Rimayɓe are stocky, tending towards corpulence, dark-skinned with flat 'squashed' noses, and short kinky hair.

848:, or those who speak Pulaar. The supposed distinction between them was invented by French ethnographers in the 19th century who differentiated between supposedly sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, and anti-European Toucouleurs on one hand and nomadic, pastoralist, docile and cooperative 4622:) made from tomatoes, onions, spices, peppers, and other vegetables. Also, in addition to rice, which is a staple crop for the Fulani people, their main vegetables and staples are yams, corn, beans, and red pepper. The Fulani people eat cassava roots and fruits like plantains as well. 2698:

Agricultural expansions led to a division among the Fulani, where individuals were classified as belonging either to the group of expansionist nomadic agriculturalists or the group of Fulani who found it more comfortable to abandon traditional nomadic ways and settle in towns or the

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In contrast to their more heterogeneous paternal lineages, the Fulani have rather homogenous maternal lineages, with close affinity to other Niger-Congo populations. Only 8.1% of their mtDNA clades were associated with West Eurasian or Afro-Asiatic groups (J1b, U5, H, and V).

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Another school of thought contends that these cattle originated from the Horn of Africa, present-day Ethiopia and Somalia, and that interbreeding between the short-horned zebu (which arrived in the Horn around the first millennium BC) and the ancient Hamitic Longhorn and/or

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Anderson, R. (2020). Liberated African Origins and the Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade. In Abolition in Sierra Leone: Re-Building Lives and Identities in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (African Identities: Past and Present, pp. 30–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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set of drums. But they are also influenced by the other instruments of the region such as the beautiful West African harp, the kora, and the balafon. Entertainment is the role of certain casts. The performance of music is the realm of specialized casts. The Griots or

4075: 2956:), a system for the rotation of office between these branches was set up. This led to an almost permanent state of civil strife since none of the parties was inclined to respect the system, which considerably weakened the power of the political centre. 5305: 4476:. When all the cattle are back, they are judged by a panel, which decides whose animals are the "fattest". That herder is awarded "best caretaker", and he is awarded by the community. The worst caretaker ends up with a shameful "prize" – a peanut. 2679:

The Fulani were cattle-keeping farmers who shared their lands with other nearby groups, like the Soninke, who contributed to the rise of ancient Ghana, with eastward and westward expansion being led by nomadic groups of cattle breeders or the

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being exchanged between the Fulani, who feel their way of life and survival are being threatened, and other populations who often feel aggrieved from loss of farm produce even if the lands they farm on were initially barren and uncultivated.

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pastoral community in the world. The majority of the Fula ethnic group consisted of semi-sedentary people, as well as sedentary settled farmers, scholars, artisans, merchants, and nobility. As an ethnic group, they are bound together by the

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are derived from milk fat, are used in light cooking and hair weaving. It is common to see Fulani women hawking milk products in characteristic beautifully decorated calabashes balanced on their heads. Other meals include a heavy porridge

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recently invented in 1989; the third one is the most increasingly popular not only learnt by hundreds of thousands of people among the diaspora worldwide but has also apps and computer programs created to assist in the script's adoption.

4533:. The young Fulani shepherd like to whistle and sing softly as they wander the silent savannah with cattle and goats. The truly Fulani instruments are the one-string viola of the Fulani (nianioru), the flute, the two to five string lute 4696:

Once they are set up, the room is divided into a sleeping compartment, and another compartment where calabashes and guards of all sizes are intricately arranged in a stack according to their sizes and functions. Spoons made from

4910:. According to the authors, there were two admixture events, the first being about 2000 years ago, with the second being more recent at around 300 years ago. This Eurasian ancestry was observed in the ancestry components of 4390:, locally known as the Aku, Akuji, Bororoji, White Kano, Yakanaji or Bunaji, which are an important beef breed of cattle found throughout the area owned by both Fulani and Hausa people and beyond in the Sahel zone of Africa. 2493:

In Ghana, the exact number of Fulani is unknown due to systematic oppression that includes not counting the Fulani in the Ghanaian census. This reflects widespread discrimination and negative stereotypes about the Fulani.

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is the local lingua franca, and language of cross cultural communication. Further east of this area, Fulani communities become predominantly nomadic, and exist at less organized social systems. These are the areas of the

911:, the most common Fulani family names are Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Ba, Dicko, Bocoum, Tall, Kah, etc. These names can be found among the Fulani populations of the following Malian regions and areas of 3831:, of which Adamawa formed a part. The castes-based social stratification among the Fula people was widespread and seen across the Sahel, such as Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, and others. 7863:

Marguerite Dupire (1963), Matériau pour l'étude de l'endogamie des Peul du cercle de Kedougou (Sénégal oriental), Cahiers du Centre de recherches anthropologiques, Volume 5, Numéro 3, pages 235–236, 251, 223–297 (in

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geographical expanse located roughly in a longitudinal east–west band immediately south of the Sahara, and just north of the coastal rain forest and swamps. There are estimates of more than 25 million Fulani people.

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Fulani communities are sometimes grouped and named based on the areas they occupy. Although within each region, there are even further divisions and sub-groupings as well. Below is a list of the main Fulɓe groups.

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Armed with horses and weapons from the north and inspired by Fula, Berber and Arab clerics, Fulani political units would play a central role in promoting Islam in West Africa through peaceful and violent means.

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the seventh century, roughly about the same time that the short-horned zebus arrived into East Africa. This theory is supported by the appearance of the skull as well as the thoracic hump of the Fulani cattle.

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Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".

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and Northern Africa. Dobon et al. (2015), found that the Sudanese Fulani have largely ancestry from Niger-Kordofanian and Nilo-Saharan (Sudanic) speaking groups, with lower amounts of West-Eurasian ancestry.

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At the top of the hierarchy are cattle-owning Fulani, Toorobbe (literate marabouts who hold spiritual power), Seebe (members of a warrior caste...) The middle of the hierarchy is comprisedof the five castes

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Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015-05-28).

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attached to their braids. Some of these coins are very old and have been passed down in the family. The women often wear many bracelets on their wrists. The women can also be seen wearing a colorful cloth

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After the Muslim Fulɓe victory, other ethnic groups who had resisted the jihad were deprived of their rights to land except for a small piece for their subsistence and were reduced to servitude. The nomad

9461:

Fan, Shaohua; Kelly, Derek E.; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Mallick, Swapan; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Thompson, Simon; Beggs, William; Nyambo, Thomas; Omar, Sabah A. (2019-04-26).

8537: 4248:

highlands of central Guinea, it is common to see men wearing a distinctive hat with colorful embroidery. In Nigeria, Cameroon and Niger, men wear a hat that tapers off at three angular tips, known as a

3943:. Nigeria alone loses 2,168 square kilometres (837 sq mi) of cattle rangeland and cropland every year to desertification, posing serious threats to the livelihoods of about 20 million people. 3141:, but he died fighting against rebels in 1864. At that point the emirate was divided into three states, each ruled by one of his sons. These three states had their capitals respectively in the towns of 7764:

Vereecke, Catherine (1994). "The Slave Experience in Adamawa: Past and Present Perspectives from Yola (Nigeria) (Une approche historique de l'esclavage dans l'Adamawa du XIXe siècle à nos jours)".

4813:(12%), making up together around ~30% of the total haplogroup variation. Mulcare et al. (2004) observed a similar frequency of haplogroup R1 subclades in their Fulani samples from Cameroon (18%). 4252:. Both men and women wear a characteristic white or black cotton fabric gown, adorned with intricate blue, red and green thread embroidery work, with styles differing according to region and sex. 3972:

traditional rulers, and Fulani leaders on the welfare of the pastoralists have always centred on requests and pledges for protecting grazing spaces and cattle passages. The growing pressure from

981:

tribes, some in Mopti have adopted the Fula culture and language through centuries of coexistence, and thus now consider themselves as part of the Fula ethnic group. A notable example of this is

4526:

preparing food, or at the temple. Music is extremely important to the village life cycle, with field cultivation, harvest and winnowing of millet performed to the rhythm of the songs and drums.

4267:

for hand, arm and feet decorations. Their long hair is put into five long braids that either hang or are sometimes looped on the sides. It is common for women and girls to have silver coins and

5080:

Ducrotoy, Marie J.; Revie, Crawford W.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Musa, Usman B.; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel M.; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Welburn, Susan C. (3 March 2017).

7518:, Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and 9720:– Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked 8260: 4836:

among the Fulani Zinder grouping with a frequency of ~31%. This was in sharp contrast to most of the other Fulani pastoralist groups elsewhere, including those from Burkina Faso, Cameroon,

5468: 2684:. While the initial expansionist groups were small, they soon increased in size due to the availability of grazing lands in the Sahel and the lands that bordered it to the immediate south. 5382: 4433:

shorthorn (which had arrived much earlier) occurred in the Horn about 2000–1500 BCE. The subsequent successive introductions of the short-horned zebu are believed to have displaced most

4279:

Like the men, the women have markings on their faces around their eyes and mouths that they were given as children. The Western Fulbe in countries like Mali, Senegal and Mauritania use

6850:, Quote: "Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker." 653:. The approximate number of Fula people is unknown, due to clashing definitions regarding Fula ethnicity. Various estimates put the figure between 25 and 40 million people worldwide. 4323:, but are also traders in some areas. Most Fula in the countryside spend long times alone on foot, and can be seen frequently parading with their cattle throughout the west African 9033:

Bučková, Jana; Cerný, Viktor; Novelletto, Andrea (2013). "Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel".

4777:

The paternal lineages of the Fula/Fulɓe/Fulani tend to vary depending on geographic location. According to a study by Cruciani et al. (2002), around 90% of Fulani individuals from

4480:

and black clay, braid their hair with very intricate patterns, and dress up for their husbands and loved ones. Impressed by the cultural significance attached to the annual event,

4286:

Fulani men are often seen wearing solid-colored shirt and pants which go down to their lower calves, made from locally grown cotton, a long cloth wrapped around their faces, and a

3510:. Askia Mohammad strengthened his country and made it the largest contiguous territory ever in West African history. At its peak, the Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as 2703:. Fulani towns were a direct result of nomadic heritage and were often founded by individuals who had simply chosen to settle in a given area instead of continuing on their way. 8950:"The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C−13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans" 3879:, and baskets. The Fulani men are less involved in the production of crafts such as pottery, iron-working, and dyeing, unlike males from neighbouring ethnic groups around them. 2511:

Fulani oral histories suggest that their origins lie in North Africa. Their ethnogenesis likely arose as a result of interactions between an ancient West African population and

3716:. Many Fulani slaves came from places such as Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Cameroon. Most of the slaves who came from Senegal belonged to Fula and 977:

In Mopti, apart from the common Fula surnames like those previously mentioned, you will find surnames like Cissé and Touré. Though these names are commonly associated with the

9406:

Priehodová, Edita; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Čížková, Martina; Nováčková, Jana; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Černý, Viktor (November 2020).

4761:

The Fulani people are genetically an admixture of West and East African ancestries, specifically Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan components, but also display varying degrees of

2887:

Under Sy, Bundu became a refuge for Muslims and Islamic scholars persecuted by traditional rulers in other kingdoms. Sy was killed in 1699 caught in an ambush by the army of

5082:"Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition" 4351:

migrations from further west. Though most Fula now live in towns or villages, a large proportion of the population is still either fully nomadic, or semi-nomadic in nature.

9880:, by Sandrine Loncke (Website about Woɗaaɓe ritual celebrations, with annotated music recordings and short videos featuring dance and ritual sequences. Supplement to the 7475:

Curtin, P., & Vansina, J. (1964). Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade. The Journal of African History, 5(2), 185–208. doi:10.1017/S0021853700004801

6970:

de Bruijn, Mirjam; van Dijk, Han (2003). "Resistance to Fulbe Hegemony in nineteenth-century West Africa". In Abbink, Jon; van Walraven, Klaas; de Bruijn, Mirjam (eds.).

5469:"Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West African countries :: Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel :: Foundation for Strategic Research :: FRS" 8948:

Mulcare, Charlotte A.; Weale, Michael E.; Jones, Abigail L.; Connell, Bruce; Zeitlyn, David; Tarekegn, Ayele; Swallow, Dallas M.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2004).

7973: 4902:

admixture, mediated through historical North African groups. The West-Eurasian ancestry among Fulani was estimated to a mean average of 21,4% among the 53 samples from

2486:

For example, the Massina Fulɓe share similarities both dialectally and culturally to Nigerian or Cameroonian (Eastern) (both of which end interrogative questions with "

3803:

The Fulani castes are endogamous in nature, meaning individuals marry only within their caste. This caste system, however, wasn't as elaborate in places like northern

3732:

blacksmith) and descendants of slaves". According to the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Fulani people have held on to "a strict caste system".

3006:

around 1797. After his release the jihad impetus had been lost. By the time of Abdul Kader's death in 1806 the state was dominated by a few elite Torodbe families.

3383:

An unprecedented resurgence of the Ghana Empire sees it reach its height, controlling vast areas of western Africa as well as Saharan trade routes in gold and salt

955:) tribes of the region. Though many of them no longer speak the Fula language, they have still managed to retain various aspects of their Fula cultural identities. 8225: 9820: 8541: 3616: 8335: 6128: 11105: 8125: 2577:

was formed through the interaction of the Fula (and perhaps Berber) migrants with the native "Negro agricultural peoples" of the valley who were "essentially

8151: 7575:

Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006

3624: 4327:, moving their herds in search of water and better pasture. They were, and still are, the only major migratory people group of West Africa, although the 9723: 7514:, Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, 10666: 4919:". Another study in 2020 by Priehodová et al., suggest an older date for the introduction of one variant of the LP allele in the Sahel, about ~8.5 ka. 4926:

In 2020, a study inferred that the Fulani of western Cameroon have 48% Mende-related, 23% East African-related, and 29% non-African-related ancestry.

4378:

is the most common in the West African hinterland, due to its drought resistant traits. In the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance, the dwarf

1017:. In addition, many also speak other languages of the countries they inhabit, making many Fulani bilingual or even trilingual. Such languages include 10200: 8310: 8233:

Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010

7008: 10501: 7010:

Western Africa | Countries, History, Map, Population, & Facts | Britannica -The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad

717: 2711:. Their presence in Baghirmi was recorded early in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, Fulani settlements were dotted all along the 11175: 10328: 9933: 4139:" 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, which is also the language of the Toucouleurs. All Senegalese and Mauritanians who speak the language natively are known as the 3281:

founded on the lower Senegal River (present-day Senegal) upon the influx of Fulani from the east and north settling in the Senegal River valley

2852:

and economic force. From the 18th century onwards, the frequency of jihads increased and the Fulani became politically dominant in many areas.

6206: 6066: 5390: 709: 8735: 8473: 7362: 7232: 1192:, Saudi Arabia, settled in many parts of eastern Sudan, today representing a distinct community of over two million people referred to as the 8597: 4405:

in Nigeria and Cameroon, and Fellata in Chad, as well as other names such as the M'Bororo, Red Bororo, or Bodaadi, another subspecies is the

7296: 1797:

are themselves an even smaller subgroup of the Mbororo'en. Thus: All Woɗaaɓe are Bororos, but not every Bororo is a Boɗaaɗo (Woɗaaɓe person)

9592:"Echoes from the last Green Sahara: whole genome analysis of Fulani, a key population to unveil the genetic evolutionary history of Africa" 9070:"Differential effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on constitutive and hormone-inducible gene expression in rat hepatoma cells" 8840:

Vicente, Mário; Priehodová, Edita; Diallo, Issa; Podgorná, Eliška; Poloni, Estella S.; Černý, Viktor; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2019-12-02).

6229:"Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations)" 4591:

in Fulfulde. It is central to Fulbe identity and revered as a drink or in one of its various processed forms, such as yoghurt and cheese.

3724:

were Fulani in origin. Many of the captors and perpetrators of raids providing sources for the European slave merchants were also Fulani.

7443: 8285: 8056: 3551:

Another wave of Fulbe migrations sees them penetrate even further in the Southern Senegal and Fouta Jallon highlands of middle Guinea

5698: 4314: 8842:"Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait" 8704: 5955: 8623:"Fulani – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions" 8180: 9707:

Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger

4263:

It is not uncommon to see the women decorate their hair with bead hair accessories as well as cowrie shells. Fula women often use

2909:

The Emirate / Imamate of Timbo in the Fuuta Jallon developed from a revolt by Islamic Fulɓe against their oppression by the pagan

11190: 7799:

Hampshire, Kate (2006). "Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso".

7420: 6632:, Quote: "Fulani oral traditions suggest an origin in Egypt or the Middle East, a common theme in West African Muslim traditions. 9523: 6645:

Webster, G. W. (1931). "242. Customs and Beliefs of the Fulani: Notes Collected During 24 Years Residence in Northern Nigeria".

3373:, ruled by Berber Muslims opposed to the Almoravids, seize Marrakesh and go on to conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, and Tripoli 11155: 11095: 10659: 8764: 5437: 4310: 3996: 3948: 5979: 5595:

Francis Rodd (1926) – Origins of Tuareg people; H.R. Palmer (1914) – M. Delafosse's Account of the Fulani, Taylor White (1921)

11170: 11115: 10193: 7981: 7848: 7728: 7583: 7190: 7153: 6941: 6871: 6843: 6816: 6789: 6625: 6591: 5938: 5911: 5881: 5854: 5827: 5796: 5766: 5739: 5682: 5652: 5625: 8507: 6743: 11135: 11120: 10494: 4522:

or ululation is a popular form of vocal music formed by rapidly moving the tongue sideways and making a sharp, high sound.

3815:. According to some estimates, by the late 19th century, slaves constituted about 50% of the population of the Fulɓe-ruled 8261:"Fulani Extremists Kill 3, Burn Church Site in Latest Attack on Christians in Nigeria – Villagers Say Gov't Doing Nothing" 4625:

Another popular meal eaten by almost all Fulani communities is made from fermenting milk into yoghurt and eaten with corn

10321: 9926: 6402:

Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands

4514:(a one-string bowed instrument similar to a violin), in addition to vocal music. The well-known Senegalese Fula musician 4112: 2941:

lost all freedom of movement, and thus, began to settle en-masse. The Jalonke lost their noble status and became slaves (

597: 8236: 5330: 4295:. Women wear long robes with flowery shawls. They decorate themselves with necklaces, earrings, nose rings and anklets. 2561:, at the time much wetter than today, as it progressively dried beginning in the 7th century BC. They migrated into the 947:

lost their ability to speak their native tongue due to multiple generations of intermingling and intermarriage with the

11100: 7922: 6755: 6691: 3721: 2933:. The Council of Elders of the Futa Jallon state were also based in Fugumba, acting as a brake on the Almami's powers. 11150: 11145: 10652: 9741: 9628:"Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation" 8457: 8342: 7752: 7674: 7641: 7398: 7340: 7143: 7115: 6437: 6410: 6400: 5356: 3214: 2731:, which they would later ascend in subsequent years. The heaviest concentrations of their settlements were at Gurin, 2707:

fourteenth centuries. By the 15th century, there was a steady flow of Fulɓe immigrants into Hausaland and, later on,

2666: 2260: 8447: 8129: 3514:(in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the west neighbouring 3196: 3021:

when defeated by European colonial forces. The Sokoto Caliphate included several emirates, the largest of which was

2648: 11125: 10186: 8449:

Picturing Pity: Pitfalls and pleasures in cross-cultural communication – image and word in a North Cameroon mission

8391: 6681: 64: 7033: 4255: 11160: 11140: 10487: 8712: 6581: 4820:

observed a significantly higher occurrence of the West-Eurasian haplogroup R1 (53.8%). The remainder belonged to

2264: 8901:"A Back Migration from Asia to Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes" 3247:

emerges in modern-day southeastern Mauritania and western Mali, as the first large-scale Sudano-Sahelian empire

11165: 11130: 11110: 10314: 9919: 8683: 8367: 8226:"Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria" 5558: 3192: 2929:. The town became the political capital of the newly formed Imamate, with the religious capital was located in 2917:

inhabitants of the Fuuta-Jallon), during the first half of the 18th century. The first ruler took the title of

2644: 1224:

There are generally three different types of Fulani based on settlement patterns, viz: the nomadic-pastoral or

9349:

Triska, Petr; Soares, Pedro; Patin, Etienne; Fernandes, Veronica; Cerny, Viktor; Pereira, Luisa (2015-11-26).

4235: 3890:

In virtually every area of West Africa, where the nomadic Fulɓe reside, there has been an increasing trend of

2508:

European conquest and colonization because of their oftentimes fair skin, wavy long hair and facial features.

1332:

in the countries of Cameroon and Nigeria. In most of these communities, the Fulani are usually perceived as a

892:

mostly use their father's family name, there are some common Fulani last names such as Bello (likely from the

10209: 6185: 5279: 3797: 9464:"African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations" 5411: 4933:

Another 2023 study inferred that "The Fulani derived 50% of their ancestry from a population related to the

11185: 11180: 10510: 9867: 6478:"Association of Concerned Africa Scholars » Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan" 4016: 3188: 2640: 9848: 9797: 7537:

Dupire, Marguerite (1985). "A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution".

3683:

for instance, those within the Fulɓe cultural sphere, but who are not ethnically Fula, are referred to as

829:

origins, and are often the ethnonyms by which Fulani people are identified by in parts of Chad and Sudan.

10337: 8568: 6276:"Birds of Wasulu: Freedom of Expression and Expressions of Freedom in the Popular Music of Southern Mali" 4742:

The traditional Fulani marriage system consists of three phases: the Kabbal, Koowgal, and Sharo stages.

3992: 6155:"The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd" 10915: 9763: 9759: 9717: 7840:

Politics, Property and Production in the West African Sahel: Understanding Natural Resources Management

4714: 4243:(Tengaade) of the Fulani people worn in diverse slightly different variations among every Fula subgroup 3955: 3913: 3894:

between farmers (sedentary) and grazier (pastoral nomadic). There have been numerous such cases on the

1449: 1416: 997:

A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.

9751: 8205: 4610:) made of flour from such grains as millet, sorghum, or corn which is eaten in combination with soup ( 10878: 10109: 9811: 9286:"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 5383:"Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses – GBoS" 5183: 4870: 4821: 4790: 4713:, maintaining it as an intrinsic part of their cultural identity, although in some cases elements of 4562: 4153:𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤, meaning "to speak"). In some areas, e.g. in northern Cameroon, Fulfulde is a local 3648:. The Fulɓe of Hausaland dress in the clothing and speak the language of their Hausa neighbours (see 1992: 593: 9860: 9830: 7909:

JH Vaughn (1970). "Caste System in the Western Sudan". In Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov (ed.).

6154: 4500:

The Fula have a rich musical culture and play a variety of traditional instruments including drums,

4165: 813:, which is gaining popularity in use. In Portuguese, the terms Fula or Futafula are used. The terms 8477: 7366: 7236: 4802: 4149:(𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪𞥇𞤫𞤲), which means "speakers of Pulaar" ("hal" is the root of the Pulaar verb 4012: 3652:). Because they became the dominant ethnic group in these lands, the Fulɓe in the emirates outside 3177: 2629: 1776: 1529: 1463: 1445: 1420: 729: 357: 9892: 9888: 8601: 7303: 6890:

Johnson, Marion (1976). "The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy – The Case of Masina".

6374: 5253: 4950: 3644:, many formerly nomadic Fulɓe subsequently joined the ruling classes of the many emirates of the 3181: 2633: 1546: 1475: 1441: 1412: 773:. Fula and Fulani are commonly used in English, including within Africa. The French borrowed the 33: 8622: 4930:

Sahara, who had some genomic similarities to Late Neolithic Moroccans based on ancient samples.

1068:

settlements of Benin, Togo, and west-central Nigeria; the northern parts of Burkina Faso in the

982: 693: 6477: 6322: 4383: 4259:

Antique Fulani Blanket, Mali, estimated to be from the 1920s courtesy the WOVENSOULS collection

4000: 3728: 3657: 2904: 2708: 1737:: All across the northern, central and some southern states of the country as transient herders 1347:

Main Fulani sub-groups, national and subnational locations, cluster group and dialectal variety

1143:, because it represented the most southern and eastern reaches of Fulɓe hegemonic dominance in 721: 9591: 7838: 7718: 7180: 7105: 6929: 6615: 6341: 6093:

Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization".

5871: 5817: 5642: 5615: 993: 587: 9942: 9164:"mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations" 9109:"MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations" 7631: 7573: 7328: 6861: 5672: 4833: 3636:

have taken some influences from each other's cultures. Upon the success recorded in the 1804

2523: 1909: 1153: 697: 17: 7911: 7664: 6382: 5131: 4386:

and other conditions directly associated with high humidity. Subspecies of zebu include the

676:

Many West African leaders are of Fulani descent, including the former President of Nigeria,

11085: 9980: 9877: 9538: 9408:"Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence" 9297: 9239: 8677: 6535: 6498: 6378: 5157: 4718: 4343: 3899: 3705: 2969: 2602: 1901: 1554: 6456: 6386: 5706: 4160:

There are three writing systems used to write this language: an Arabic derived one called

3882: 3308:, Berber Muslims from southern Morocco and Mauritania, attack Takrur, after defeating the 2891:. Still, Bundu's growth that would set a precedent for later, larger, and more disruptive 1157: 1056:

inland Niger river delta system around Central Mali; and especially in the regions around

745:

There are many names (and spellings of the names) used in other languages to refer to the

8: 10910: 10601: 10591: 10398: 10030: 9736:(1 September 2015) Musique, danse et lien social chez les Peuls nomades wodaabe du Niger 8679: 6370: 5227: 4865:

According to Tishkoff et al. (2009), the Fulani's genomic ancestry clusters near that of

4829: 4721:. The vast majority of Fula people are Muslims, with some religious minorities — largely 4387: 3443:

regarded as the richest individual in recorded history, goes on his famous pilgrimage to

2286: 1048:

highlands of central Guinea and south into the northernmost reaches of Sierra Leone; the

488: 10408: 9787: 9660: 9627: 9542: 9301: 9243: 7633:

First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities

7333:

First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities

7067:"The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu" 6539: 5674:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

4338:

From the 16th to 20th centuries many Fulani communities settled in the highlands of the

2483:

Fulɓe sub-groups are roughly in between the western and eastern Fulani cultural niches.

1967: 9690: 9607: 9567: 9498: 9463: 9443: 9383: 9350: 9326: 9285: 9260: 9227: 9207: 9191: 9144: 8974: 8949: 8876: 8841: 8443: 8152:"Nigerian government failing to stop Fulani militants killing Christians, charity says" 7955: 7891: 7816: 7781: 7608: 7546: 7505: 7278: 7086: 7034:"WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS" 6907: 6724: 6662: 6303: 6256: 6110: 5108: 5081: 4805:

and 6% haplogroup E1b1a). A significant minority carried the West Eurasian haplogroups

4751:

to this tradition. The groom's people support him during the painful flogging process.

3759:, genealogists, woodworkers, and dressmakers. They belong to castes but are considered 3457:

The Empire of Mali reaches its height of power, covering much of Northern West Africa.

2550: 2426: 2339: 2331: 2135: 1996: 1880: 1876: 1269: 8925: 8900: 8418: 3868:

herders' tribe makes it complicated for a non-member to date or marry a Fulani woman.

3087: 1751:: All over the country in 9 of the country's 10 regions/provinces as transient herders 10458: 9737: 9729:

Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine.

9665: 9647: 9611: 9572: 9554: 9503: 9485: 9447: 9435: 9427: 9388: 9370: 9331: 9313: 9265: 9199: 9183: 9136: 9128: 9089: 9085: 9050: 9015: 8979: 8930: 8881: 8863: 8819: 8811: 8453: 8207:

Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria

7918: 7844: 7748: 7724: 7670: 7637: 7579: 7509: 7394: 7336: 7270: 7216: 7186: 7149: 7111: 6937: 6911: 6867: 6839: 6812: 6785: 6751: 6687: 6621: 6587: 6553: 6433: 6406: 6295: 6248: 6166: 5934: 5907: 5877: 5850: 5823: 5792: 5762: 5735: 5678: 5648: 5621: 5113: 4961: 4878: 4806: 4786: 4769:. The Fulani are the most wide-spread pastoralist group in the Sahel/Savannah belt. 4440: 4394: 3370: 3305: 3126: 3120: 2775: 2527: 2519: 1872: 1655: 1467: 1053: 833: 762: 713: 629:, widely dispersed across the region. Inhabiting many countries, they live mainly in 525: 7820: 7439: 6971: 5205: 3979: 3827:). Though very high, these figures are representative of many other emirates of the 2422: 10581: 10388: 10010: 9655: 9639: 9599: 9562: 9546: 9493: 9475: 9419: 9378: 9362: 9321: 9305: 9255: 9247: 9211: 9175: 9148: 9120: 9081: 9042: 9007: 8969: 8961: 8920: 8912: 8871: 8853: 8801: 8654: 7947: 7883: 7808: 7773: 7571: 7497: 7078: 6899: 6716: 6654: 6543: 6353: 6287: 6240: 6102: 5103: 5093: 5045: 4866: 4825: 4492: 4004: 3891: 3828: 3649: 3645: 3507: 3268:

The Fulbe migrate southwards and Eastwards from present-day Morocco and Mauritania

3065: 3015: 2868:

cleric Malick Sy came to Bundu, in what is now eastern Senegal, from his home near

2728: 2369: 2118: 2081: 1884: 1496: 1085: 1077: 1026: 677: 492: 9733: 8646: 6707:

Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal".

2968:

threw out the ruling Denianke Dynasty. Sulayman died in 1776 and was succeeded by

2914: 2447: 2243: 1793:: All across the country south of the Sahara as herders and nomads. Note that the 1073: 978: 959: 948: 656:

A significant proportion of the Fula–a third, or an estimated 7 to 10 million–are

10905: 10796: 10526: 10423: 10403: 10265: 10245: 10165: 10074: 9963: 9881: 9864: 9852: 9815: 8658: 8511: 8035: 8008: 7388: 6833: 6806: 6779: 6427: 5928: 5901: 5844: 5786: 5756: 5729: 5559:"No South Sudan Passports for Fulani, Officials Say | Voice of America – English" 5098: 5025: 4911: 4782: 4722: 4709:

The Fula were one of the first ethnic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa to convert to

4398: 4347: 4304: 4136: 4066: 3940: 3925: 3816: 3717: 3661: 3641: 3561:

Fulani people gain control of Bhundu in Senegal with Malick Sy, and the Sissibhe

3412: 3060: 3050: 3042: 3022: 2948:

Later, due to strife between two branches of the Seediayanke royal lineage, (the

2385: 2343: 1408: 1018: 826: 496: 484: 7696: 4801:

bore haplogroup E-M132, with the rest mainly carrying other African clades (12%

3947:

purposes, or forcefully converted into farmlands. These actions often result in

11060: 11005: 10970: 10965: 10955: 10873: 10863: 10846: 10841: 10675: 10586: 10443: 10438: 10393: 10368: 10353: 10290: 10255: 10225: 10160: 10089: 10079: 10069: 10047: 10025: 9985: 9970: 9643: 9162:ČERNÝ, V.; HÁJEK, M.; BROMOVÁ, M.; ČMEJLA, R.; DIALLO, I.; BRDIČKA, R. (2006). 9107:

Cerný, V.; Hájek, M.; Bromová, M.; Cmejla, R.; Diallo, I.; Brdicka, R. (2006).

5037: 5017: 4362: 3755:, meaning "noble". There is the artisan caste, including blacksmiths, potters, 3713: 3653: 3484: 3440: 3408: 3142: 3091:

Fula people have helped form several historic Islamic theocracies and led many

3082: 3046: 3038: 3034: 2953: 2881: 2783: 2763: 2747: 2598: 2294: 2239: 2213: 1917: 1550: 1437: 1289: 1253: 1089: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1006: 952: 936: 774: 754: 705: 681: 634: 541: 500: 108: 11030: 9603: 9550: 9480: 8899:

Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; et al. (May 2002).

8858: 8077: 7501: 6903: 6548: 6523: 6291: 4785:(E1b1a) that is common in West Africa. The remainder belonged to haplotype 42/ 4141: 2205: 2197: 1471: 1199: 708:. They also occupy positions in major international institutions, such as the 700:; the prime minister of Guinea conakry, Bah Oury; the Prime Minister of Mali, 11090: 11079: 11035: 11020: 10975: 10945: 10940: 10925: 10920: 10888: 10831: 10806: 10791: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10711: 10696: 10686: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10596: 10571: 10531: 10468: 10433: 10418: 10413: 10250: 10240: 10155: 10150: 10141: 10131: 10114: 10104: 10094: 10057: 10042: 10020: 10005: 9975: 9958: 9953: 9651: 9558: 9489: 9431: 9374: 9317: 9187: 9132: 8867: 8815: 7557: 7274: 6557: 6299: 6252: 6170: 6129:"Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people" 5053: 4999: 4934: 4810: 4328: 4154: 4130: 3933: 3921: 3665: 3519: 3470:, Berber scholar, travels across Africa and writes an account of all he sees 3153:. Within 30 years, all three had been conquered and colonized by the French. 3104: 3069: 3054: 3030: 2922: 2877: 2751: 2732: 2562: 2558: 2439: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2231: 2209: 2152: 1702: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1606: 1598: 1379: 1293: 1081: 1045: 869: 841: 837: 794: 666: 545: 480: 285: 9898: 9524:"Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" 9407: 9251: 9108: 8790:"Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations" 8678:

Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas (October 2022).

7887: 6720: 5438:"Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report" 3704:

The first Fulani people who were forcibly expatriated to America during the

11040: 11010: 10990: 10950: 10930: 10900: 10893: 10816: 10811: 10801: 10771: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10716: 10706: 10644: 10633: 10576: 10566: 10551: 10541: 10428: 10378: 10373: 10295: 10280: 10270: 10230: 10015: 9669: 9576: 9507: 9439: 9392: 9335: 9269: 9203: 9140: 9054: 9019: 8983: 8934: 8885: 8823: 6583:

La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul

6357: 6071: 6034:

is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word

5536: 5514: 5492: 5117: 4980: 4938: 4907: 4874: 4778: 4766: 4685: 4461: 4434: 4283:

inks around the mouth, resulting in a blackening around the lips and gums.

4169: 4161: 3929: 3676: 3633: 3515: 3394: 3393:

Empire and themselves set out on a road of conquest, they take its capital

3244: 3026: 2995: 2965: 2771: 2594: 2578: 2512: 2418: 2335: 2327: 2268: 2256: 2201: 2114: 2044: 2036: 1988: 1984: 1971: 1690: 1643: 1610: 1590: 1383: 1333: 1281: 1237: 1069: 924: 920: 916: 865: 701: 689: 537: 529: 339: 213: 104: 10178: 9179: 9124: 9093: 8806: 8789: 8341:(Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from 7812: 7777: 7082: 6244: 6004: 5582: 5357:"Africa: Guinea-Bissau – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 4453: 2803: 1088:, which includes what is now southern Niger and northern Nigeria (such as 11025: 11000: 10995: 10985: 10980: 10960: 10883: 10868: 10858: 10853: 10826: 10776: 10766: 10756: 10628: 10546: 10535: 10521: 10479: 10448: 10358: 10348: 10285: 10275: 10260: 10220: 10124: 10119: 10099: 10084: 10064: 10052: 10000: 9366: 5323: 4641:, either in the same bowl or separately, also a fluid or porridge called 4457: 4339: 4320: 4116: 3895: 3849: 3709: 3511: 3467: 3416: 3134: 3130: 2913:(فُلِی or 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭, non-Islamic Fulɓe), and the Jallonke (the original 2892: 2848: 2837: 2712: 2687: 2590: 2443: 2235: 2058: 1905: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1698: 1686: 1618: 1614: 1594: 1387: 1309: 1273: 1144: 1129: 1125: 1014: 967: 657: 638: 630: 626: 533: 465: 429: 100: 10306: 9911: 9195: 9163: 7895: 7550: 6781:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

5819:

West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives

4844:, which instead had nearly exclusive West African paternal haplogroups. 4832:. Bučková et al. (2013) analyzed various Fulani subgroups, and observed 4181:

Central to the Fulani people's lifestyle is a code of behavior known as

3964: 73: 11015: 10781: 10751: 10363: 10037: 9995: 9747: 9423: 9046: 9011: 7785: 7612: 7488:

Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".

7090: 7066: 6728: 6666: 6524:"Stereotypes, prejudices and exclusion of Fulani pastoralists in Ghana" 6307: 6275: 6260: 6228: 5254:"Africa: Burkina Faso The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 4890: 4515: 4472:

the bulls. The smaller animals don't have to swim, but are lifted into

4324: 4287: 4240: 3917: 3637: 3333: 3292: 3150: 3100: 2724: 2464: 2451: 2377: 2357: 2148: 2040: 1694: 1602: 1391: 1317: 1305: 1261: 1213: 1185: 1049: 971: 806: 685: 303: 267: 9309: 7959: 7938:

Chodak, Szymon (1973). "Social Stratification in Sub-Saharan Africa".

7282: 7258: 6114: 4903: 4675: 4554:

recite the history of the people, places and events of the community.

3763:. Then there are those castes of captive, slave or serf ancestry: the 2518:

The earliest mention of the Fula in history may go back to the Bible.

2271:, All across the country's major urban centres as a trading population 9228:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" 6995: 6444:

The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'

6323:"Interview: Oumou Sangaré Proves Why She's the Songbird of Wassoulou" 4975: 4379: 4367: 3480: 3347: 2873: 2826: 2759: 2720: 2691: 2574: 1169: 1156:

and its river systems, in Chad and the Central African Republic, the

943: 9405: 9069: 8996: 8598:"Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures" 7843:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 118–119, 122, 127–128, 130–131. 6835:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9

6658: 5788:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9

5731:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9

4885: 4647:

made of flour cereals such as millet, sorghum or corn and milk. The

4081:

Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6 cm (1

3541:

Songhai Empire is defeated by invading Moroccans from further North

3506:

Songhai Empire enters a period of massive expansion and power under

3166: 2618: 10691: 8965: 8916: 8336:

Central Mali: Violence, Local Perspectives and Diverging Narratives

8101: 7951: 6973:

Rethinking resistance : revolt and violence in African history

6425: 6106: 4798: 4626: 4567: 4332: 4020: 3812: 2531: 1748: 1404: 1161: 1148: 928: 893: 889: 177: 9351:"Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt" 7874:

Gallais, Jean (1962). "Signification du groupe ethnique au Mali".

7836: 6808:

Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800

5280:"Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 5132:"Africa: Senegal The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 4023:. The cumulative fatalities in these attacks is in the thousands. 3359:

The Empire of Ghana starts to decline in influence and importance

2546: 669:, their history and their culture. The Fula are almost completely 10701: 7142:

Klein, Martin A. (2005). "Futa-Tooro: Early Nineteenth Century".

6028: 5583:"Fulani | People, Religion, & Nigeria | Britannica" 5412:"Africa: Chad – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 5228:"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 5158:"Africa: Guinea The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 4965: 4794: 4762: 4648: 4473: 3960: 3906: 3804: 3680: 3309: 3257:

The Ghana Empire becomes the most important power in West Africa

3029:

was the most populated. Others included, but are not limited to:

2994:

to the north, but was defeated and captured when he attacked the

2930: 2888: 2865: 2586: 2566: 2414: 2323: 2217: 2131: 1843: 1794: 1734: 1682: 1586: 1375: 1301: 1285: 1232:

small villages to towns. Today, some major Fulani towns include:

1208: 1181: 1177: 1097: 1010: 881: 873: 670: 646: 447: 141: 123: 69: 6679: 4701:

are hung from the rooftop, with others meant for grain storage.

4529:

Fulani herders have a special affinity for the flute and violin

3905:

For decades there have been intermittent skirmishes between the

3009: 2972:('Abd al-Qadir), a learned teacher and judge who had studied in 2790:

is the diaspora of Fula traders and emigrants in other regions.

1233: 1132:

valley systems of north eastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon).

10561: 10453: 10136: 9845: 8839: 8538:"Courtship by the river as cows return home – Arts and Culture" 7599:

Sow, Abdoul Aziz; Angell, John (1993). "Fulani Poetic Genres".

7440:"Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831" 7103: 5842: 5754: 4970: 4481: 4418: 4280: 3937: 3856: 3780: 3278: 3138: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2949: 2779: 2716: 2582: 2570: 2193: 1329: 1313: 1245: 1173: 1165: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1093: 1038: 901: 861: 642: 618: 159: 8788:Černý, Viktor; Fortes-Lima, Cesar; Tříska, Petr (2021-04-26). 6216:. Analyse sociétale africaine/African societal Analysis (ASA). 4873:

speaking populations, with genetic affinities observed to the

4570:

used for butter and milk storage and as containers for hawking

3099:

The Maasina Emirate was established by the Fulbe jihad led by

10935: 10836: 10821: 10463: 9825: 9224: 4817: 4710: 4698: 4502: 4464:. This annual festival is known in the local Fulfulde as the 4268: 4264: 3864: 3852: 3845: 3808: 3756: 3572: 3483:

becomes ruler of the Songhai people and goes on to build the

3444: 3146: 3108: 3092: 3003: 2999: 2973: 2926: 2869: 2820: 2810: 2535: 2072: 1963: 1868: 1808: 1790: 1631: 1488: 1325: 1321: 1297: 1277: 1265: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1189: 1117: 1105: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1002: 912: 885: 661: 650: 622: 513: 411: 375: 249: 231: 9697:, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006. 8736:"Nigeria's Little Known Fulani Christians Worship In Secret" 7629: 7326: 5306:"PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES" 4941:(consistent with TreeMix results with 3 migration events)." 4683:

Traditionally, nomadic Fula live in domed houses known as a

3531:

The Songhai Empire reaches its zenith and pinnacle of power

3419:

in present-day Mali, West Africa; it expands under his rule

1999:, All across the country, most especially in the countryside 1188:. The Fulani on their way to or back from the pilgrimage to 1052:

savannah grasslands of Senegal and southern Mauritania; the

10761: 9872: 4841: 4837: 4484:

included it on its list of world cultural heritage events.

4375: 4216:: Wisdom, forethought, personal responsibility, hospitality 4008: 3860: 3672: 2843:

other African ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa.

2755: 2282: 2110: 2032: 1950: 1897: 1762: 1542: 1433: 1121: 908: 725: 393: 321: 195: 9835: 9348: 9226:

M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009).

8705:"Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side" 6522:

Bukari, Kaderi Noagah; Schareika, Nicholaus (2015-11-04).

6061:

sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by

6053: 5956:"Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side" 2986:

duties to the state. Abdul Kader defeated the emirates of

2715:

valley and its tributaries. They spread eastwards towards

2534:

wrote of the Phutites, ancient inhabitants of what is now

2522:

speculated that they may correspond to the descendants of

48: 9857: 9840: 9808: 9520: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 4728: 4658:

is made by pounding goat cheese, milk, dates and millet.

932: 692:

and Muhammad B.S.Jallow; the President of Guinea-Bissau,

9758:, chapter XVI – The Fulani in West African History, pp. 9282: 8947: 8898: 7572:

African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2009).

7390:

Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World

6811:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–92, xvii–xix. 4816:

A study by Hassan et al. (2008) on a Fulani subgroup in

2557:

The precursors of the Fulani likely migrated out of the

1280:

in Mali and Burkina Faso, on the bend of the Niger; and

9161: 9106: 6399:

Schlee, Gunther; Watson, Elizabeth, eds. (2013-10-15).

6095:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

5873:

Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

5617:

Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

3336:; they invade Ghana in 1076 and establish power there. 958:

One of the most famous people of Wasulu Fula origin is

9460: 9032: 8787: 8491: 8126:"Senators fight over grazing land for Fulani herdsmen" 8009:"Nigeria's deadly battle for land: Herdsmen v farmers" 7832: 7830: 6429:

Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic

5815: 5748: 5349: 4506:(a plucked skin-covered lute similar to a banjo), and 4374:

Fulani nomads keep various species of cattle, but the

3496:

The Mali empire is overshadowed by the Songhai Empire

2872:. Sy settled the lands with relatives from his native 2738:

Today, Fula oral historians recognize three different

2597:, in the early 16th century the area was conquered by 1816:

Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare) & Adamawa (Fombinaare)

8213:. Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria: Amnesty International. 8203: 7421:"Portrait of Yarrow Mamout: An Early American Muslim" 5176: 5079: 4789:. Both of these clades are today most frequent among 8592: 8590: 8588: 8532: 8530: 8528: 6683:

Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3

5899: 3720:

peoples. Some of the most common names found on the

3137:, he led an army that conquered Massina, Segou, and 3107:, a political power that controlled the region from 673:

with a tiny minority being Christians and Animists.

9724:

Prof. Mark D. DeLancey's Fulbe studies bibliography

9624: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8510:. Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org. 2009-10-20. Archived from 7827: 6934:

The Quest for Purity: Dynamics of Puritan Movements

3332:Almoravids take over Morocco, Algeria, and part of 1044:Major concentrations of Fulani people exist in the 1001:The Fula people are widely distributed, across the 8442: 8392:"Cameroon: Civilians Massacred in Separatist Area" 7910: 7717:Frank Salamone (1997). Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). 6491: 5463: 5461: 4653: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4035:Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm (1 2964:A jihad in Futa Toro between 1769 and 1776 led by 688:; the President and the vice president of Gambia, 9809:fulfulde social learning network fulfulde Nigeria 8585: 8525: 8224:Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Enyiazu, Chukwuemeka (2019). 8120: 8118: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7710: 7386: 6969: 6923: 6921: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 4781:carried haplotype 24, which corresponds with the 4496:Fulani dancers in their full traditional regalia. 2220:, All across the country as traders and merchants 1765:: All across southern and central Chad as herders 765:, is also used in English, and sometimes spelled 11077: 9762:–135; chapter XVII – Origins of the Fulani, pp. 8555: 7466:Misevich, “The Mende and Sherbro Diaspora,” 254. 6885: 6883: 6863:Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts 5895: 5893: 5869: 5780: 5778: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5613: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5246: 5150: 5124: 4667:basketry. Seldom do Fulani men work in crafts. 4382:is more common, as they are highly resistant to 4276:) around, the waist, head or over one shoulder. 718:President of the United Nations General Assembly 9873:Portal of Fulɓe Fuuta Jaloo history and culture 9769:Monembo, Tierno. (2004). Peuls. Editions Seuil. 8990: 8566: 8057:"An Introduction To The Gambia's Fulani People" 8030: 8028: 8006: 7747:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2001), p. 26, 6927: 6607: 6521: 5458: 5331:"What Is The Ethnic Composition Of Mauritania?" 3871:The Fulani follow a code of behaviour known as 8223: 8115: 7995: 7716: 7483: 7481: 7148:. Vol. 1. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 541. 6918: 6831: 6764: 6426:Al-Amin Abu-Manga; Nuhu Auwalu Wakili (1986). 6067:orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985) 5863: 5811: 5809: 5784: 5727: 5640: 5198: 4210:: Modesty, respect for others (including foes) 4200:: Patience, self-control, discipline, prudence 2876:and Muslim immigrants from as far west as the 904:), Gidado, Barkindo, Jallo, Ahidjo and Dikko. 710:Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations 11106:Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic 10660: 10495: 10322: 10194: 9927: 9903: 8892: 8762: 8615: 8102:"Grazing Reserve Development and Constraints" 8036:"Nigeria: Going Beyond the Green Wall Ritual" 7974:"4 Things To Know Before Dating Fulani Girls" 7837:Tor Arve Benjaminsen; Christian Lund (2001). 7745:Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa 7666:Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel 7437: 7431: 6880: 6853: 6804: 6640: 6638: 5906:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–17. 5890: 5849:. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–496. 5775: 5661: 5598: 5404: 5272: 3912:(graziers) and sedentary farmers such as the 3322:Islam gains a strong foothold in West Africa 3156: 3010:The Sokoto Caliphate and its various emirates 2061:: Mostly concentrated in the Northern regions 32:"Fulani" redirects here. For other uses, see 10674: 9836:Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde 9831:Online magazine published/edited in Fulfulde 9704:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 8025: 7720:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 6613: 6398: 5920: 5721: 5220: 4847: 4772: 4579:can be the general term for both fresh milk 4170:native phonetic-faithful system called Adlam 2793: 900:meaning “helper or assistant”), Tukur (from 10208: 8835: 8833: 8600:. Lonely Planet. 2012-11-15. Archived from 8078:"Ivory Coast – ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES" 7532: 7530: 7528: 7478: 7444:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 7110:. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. 6183: 5836: 5806: 4797:. Similarly, 53% of the Fulani in northern 4793:populations, particularly those inhabiting 4765:admixture through contact with groups from 3949:violent attacks and reprisal counterattacks 3699: 3628:Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992 3620:Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992 3195:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3129:, was an Islamic reformer originating from 2647:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2515:populations such as Berbers or Egyptians. 10667: 10653: 10509: 10502: 10488: 10329: 10315: 10201: 10187: 9934: 9920: 9589: 9061: 8368:"Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030" 7565: 7174: 7172: 7104:J. D. Fage; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). 7041:Indiana University African Studies Program 6898:(4). Cambridge University Press: 481–495. 6859: 6635: 6480:. Association of Concerned Africa Scholars 5980:"Religion and expressive culture – Fulani" 5843:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). 5755:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). 5430: 5073: 5007: 4860: 3295:flourish in West Africa due to gold trade 2569:raids and desertification. The kingdom of 2395: 2304: 2174: 2091: 2013: 1931: 1824: 1715: 1707:Fulfulde Woylaare-Fombinaare transitional 1666: 1567: 1510: 1356: 988: 852:on the other, but the dichotomy is false. 63: 53: 10336: 9941: 9895:musics and singings (Telemeta, CREM-CNRS) 9686:Almanach de Bruxelles (now a paying site) 9659: 9566: 9497: 9479: 9412:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9382: 9325: 9259: 9218: 9035:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9000:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8973: 8924: 8875: 8857: 8805: 8128:. Punchng.com. 2012-07-21. Archived from 7908: 7798: 7598: 7107:The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 4 7060: 7058: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6930:"Purity and statecraft: The Fulani Jihad" 6748:The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 6680:Unesco General History of Africa (1992). 6547: 5822:. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 172–174. 5107: 5097: 4937:and 50% from a population related to the 4460:with their cattle, in an annual cycle of 4315:March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders 3839: 3605:The British conquer the Sokoto Caliphate 3215:Learn how and when to remove this message 2898: 2667:Learn how and when to remove this message 660:, and their ethnic group has the largest 9026: 8941: 8830: 8765:"Traditional Marriage in Fulani Kingdom" 7763: 7636:. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. 7525: 7335:. Rutgers University Press. p. 15. 7137: 7135: 7133: 6686:. James Currey Publishers. p. 204. 5972: 5761:. Oxford University Press. p. 495. 5298: 4884: 4674: 4561: 4491: 4439: 4361: 4254: 4234: 3978: 3954: 3881: 3623: 3615: 3114: 3086: 3076: 3059: 2746:, meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the 2686: 2545: 2475:Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional 1198: 992: 704:and the Wife of Vice President of Ghana 9689:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): " 8149: 7873: 7697:"The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles" 7630:Paul Riesman; David L. Szanton (1992). 7327:Paul Riesman; David L. Szanton (1992). 7178: 7169: 6998:, founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order. 6936:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 149–177. 6889: 6784:. SAGE Publications. pp. 147–148. 6706: 6644: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6339: 6186:"Des Foulbé du Mali et de leur Culture" 5926: 4288:conical hat made from straw and leather 3796:raided by ethnic groups who adhered to 3585:Bornu successfully repel Fulani forces 3095:states such as the 19th-century Masina. 2959: 2005:Fulfulde Jelgoore & (Massinakoore) 598:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 11176:Muslim ethnoreligious groups in Africa 11078: 9067: 8954:The American Journal of Human Genetics 8758: 8756: 8641: 8639: 8416: 8175: 8173: 8171: 7937: 7536: 7487: 7259:"Historical Notes on the Yola Fulanis" 7221:. Internet Archive. Humanities Press. 7064: 7055: 7031: 6950: 6860:Knut Vikor (2013). Leif Manger (ed.). 6617:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 6226: 5953: 4729:Rites of Passage in the Fulani Kingdom 3779:, the Fulani equivalent of the Tuareg 3125:The founder of the Toucouleur Empire, 2735:territory, Cheboa, Turua and Bundang. 2285:: Extreme southwest of country in the 2162:Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitional 696:; the Vice President of Sierra Leone, 10648: 10483: 10310: 10182: 9915: 9902: 9887:Online musical archives dedicated to 9746: 9680: 9590:D’Atanasio, Eugenia (April 6, 2023). 8333: 7256: 7210: 7208: 7141: 7130: 6273: 6152: 6092: 6042:), essentially meaning 'little Fula'. 5634: 2075:: in the northern and central regions 29:Ethnic group in Sahel and West Africa 8384: 7662: 7263:Journal of the Royal African Society 7214: 6741: 6579: 6564: 6342:"Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé" 6193:Abbia: Revue culturelle Camerounaise 5184:"L'ethnie peul au Cameroun Cameroon" 4717:are mixed in a predominantly Muslim 4421:in withstanding drought conditions. 4355:Fulani have a tradition of giving a 3193:adding citations to reliable sources 3160: 2645:adding citations to reliable sources 2612: 801:, which is a plural noun (singular, 95:Regions with significant populations 9826:Portal of Fulɓe history and culture 8753: 8636: 8168: 7940:Canadian Journal of African Studies 6320: 5647:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. 5529: 5507: 5485: 5008: 4518:sings in Pulaar on his recordings. 4113:Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen 3963:clans in Niger have gathered for a 3064:Depiction of a Fulani man from the 2396: 2305: 2175: 2092: 2014: 1932: 1825: 1779:: Ubiquitous across the countryside 1716: 1667: 1568: 1511: 1357: 1260:, Kolda in Senegal and Mauritania; 1139:, literally meaning 'the south' in 684:; the former President of Senegal, 54: 24: 9711: 9695:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 8905:American Journal of Human Genetics 8540:. africareview.com. Archived from 7205: 6375:Burkina Faso: People & Society 6280:British Journal of Ethnomusicology 4944: 4452:Every year, in the Malian town of 4311:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 3997:herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria 3595:The French conquer the Fouta-Toro 1160:of Eastern Chad, the areas around 680:; the first president of Cameroon 87: 25: 11202: 9773: 8334:Tobie, Aurélien (December 2017). 7522:populations, no later than 1500." 7032:Brooks, George E. (August 1985). 6832:David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". 5785:David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". 5728:David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". 4005:Fulani attacks across West Africa 3819:, where they were referred to as 2829:Fulani man with traditional marks 2541: 2502: 1180:regions of Sudan, as well as the 577:Fulfulde (𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤬𞤵𞤤𞤣𞤫, East) 11054: 9780: 9618: 9583: 9514: 9454: 9399: 9342: 9276: 9155: 9100: 8781: 8727: 8697: 8671: 8466: 8436: 8410: 8360: 8327: 8303: 8278: 8253: 8217: 8197: 8143: 8094: 8070: 8049: 7966: 7931: 7902: 7867: 7857: 7013:. www.britannica.com. p. 10 6207:"Les communautés peules au Mali" 6069:, this sound was represented by 4074: 4028: 3739:proper, also referred to as the 3165: 2819: 2802: 2617: 2565:valley from the east, pushed by 2457: 2432: 2407: 2350: 2316: 2306:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮 2275: 2249: 2224: 2186: 2176:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅 2141: 2124: 2103: 2065: 2051: 2025: 1977: 1956: 1943: 1890: 1861: 1836: 1801: 1783: 1769: 1755: 1741: 1727: 1675: 1624: 1579: 1535: 1522: 1481: 1456: 1426: 1397: 1368: 1084:; and the areas occupied by the 985:, the former president of Mali. 753:in English is borrowed from the 458: 440: 422: 404: 386: 368: 350: 332: 314: 296: 278: 260: 242: 224: 206: 188: 170: 152: 134: 116: 9074:Chemico-Biological Interactions 8733: 8713:International Christian Concern 8569:"Take me to the river – Travel" 8452:. Berghahn Books. p. 130. 7913:Social Stratification in Africa 7792: 7757: 7737: 7689: 7656: 7623: 7601:Research in African Literatures 7592: 7469: 7460: 7450: 7413: 7380: 7355: 7320: 7289: 7250: 7225: 7145:Encyclopedia of African History 7097: 7025: 7001: 6988: 6825: 6805:John Thornton (28 April 1998). 6798: 6735: 6700: 6673: 6515: 6470: 6449: 6419: 6392: 6364: 6333: 6314: 6267: 6220: 6199: 6177: 6146: 6121: 6086: 6045: 6038:in their language (with suffix 6021: 5997: 5960:International Christian Concern 5947: 5930:Encyclopedia of African Peoples 5816:Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). 5691: 5589: 5575: 5551: 5375: 4993: 4319:Fula are primarily known to be 4135:The language of the Fulani is " 3844:The Fulani are traditionally a 3103:in 1818, rebelling against the 724:; and the Secretary-General of 11191:Ethnic groups in Adamawa State 9718:Can an Alphabet Save a Future? 9700:Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). 8684:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 8567:Chris Caldicott (1996-11-02). 8204:Amnesty International (2018). 8007:Martin Patience (2016-08-10). 7723:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 333–334. 7490:The Journal of African History 7185:. Cambridge University Press. 7182:A History of Islamic Societies 7179:Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22). 6892:The Journal of African History 6750:. Cambridge University Press. 4185:(Fulfulde: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵) or 3722:Registry of Liberated Africans 3632:The Fulani, migrant Arabs and 2925:, near the modern-day town of 1135:This is the area known as the 1060:and the Nioro Du Sahel in the 860:Common Fulani family names in 781:, which is variously spelled: 600: instead of Adlam letters. 13: 1: 11156:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone 11096:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso 9889:Fulɓe Jelgooɓe (Burkina Faso) 8417:Bach, Deborah; Lerner, Sara. 7578:. IWGIA. p. 41 note 74. 7457:doi:10.1017/9781108562423.002 6866:. Routledge. pp. 92–93. 6709:Journal of Religion in Africa 6383:Senegal: People & Society 6184:Hampaté Bah, Ahmadou (1996). 5933:. Routledge. pp. 85–88. 5900:Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe (1996). 5677:. Routledge. pp. 31–32. 5066: 4397:, which are called the Jafun 4176: 3983:Henri Allouard (1844–1929) – 3798:traditional African religions 2979:Abdul Kader became the first 2723:, and southwards towards the 1128:, and further east, into the 11171:Muslim communities in Africa 11116:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast 9756:. London: William Heinemann. 9355:Genome Biology and Evolution 9086:10.1016/0009-2797(90)90004-7 8763:administrator (2015-05-20). 8659:10.1079/cabicompendium.81804 8476:. 2007-12-27. Archived from 7663:Hill, Allan G (2012-07-26). 6742:Fage, John Donnelly (1997). 6379:Guinea: People & Society 6075:, so one would have written 5099:10.1371/journal.pone.0172866 4824:subclades, including 34.62% 4679:Fulani "grass house" in Mali 4017:Democratic Republic of Congo 3886:Fulani pastoralists in Niger 3429:Mali absorbs Ghana, Tekruur 3346:Almoravids found capital at 3291:Kingdoms of Tekruur and the 2608: 1304:, Bauchi, Misau, Jama'are, 1212:) Fula man with the typical 740: 575:Pulaar (𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, West), 7: 11136:Ethnic groups in Mauritania 11121:Ethnic groups in the Gambia 9841:Online magazine in Fulfulde 8038:. allAfrica.com. 2013-07-04 7766:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 7071:Cahiers d'études africaines 6387:Niger: People & Society 6233:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 6159:Journal for Islamic Studies 5705:(in German). Archived from 5003: 4955: 4898:past migration for Fulani. 4754: 4733: 4704: 4661: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4124: 4003:, a continuous sequence of 3708:came from several parts of 1933:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤔𞤫𞤤𞤺𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤭 855: 844:and refer to themselves as 10: 11207: 9846:Online fulfulde Dictionary 9644:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042 8059:. Culture Trip. 2019-11-30 7387:David J. Phillips (2001). 7065:Curtin, Philip D. (1975). 6778:Andrea L. Stanton (2012). 6746:. In Roland Oliver (ed.). 6620:. Routledge. p. 474. 6371:Mali: People & Society 4948: 4715:traditional African faiths 4335:and forests of the south. 4308: 4302: 4298: 4128: 3834: 3727:Fula society features the 3611: 3571:First unsuccessful Fulani 3157:Timeline of Fulani history 3118: 3080: 3013: 2902: 2835: 2497: 1717:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤐'𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤮𞤪𞤮 1345: 31: 11101:Ethnic groups in Cameroon 11051: 10682: 10517: 10344: 10216: 9949: 9909: 9904:Links to related articles 9858:Fulfulde online news site 9726:, accessed 25 March 2008. 9604:10.1101/2023.04.06.535569 9551:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 9481:10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2 8859:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7 8680:"The Fulani/Fulbe People" 7502:10.1017/s0021853700025718 7425:www.religioninamerica.org 7393:. William Carey Library. 7257:Boyle, C. Vicars (1910). 6904:10.1017/s0021853700015024 6549:10.1186/s13570-015-0043-8 6292:10.1080/09681229508567240 6227:Diallo, Youssouf (1994). 6153:Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). 5876:. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. 5870:Richard M. Juang (2008). 5671:Steven L. Danver (2015). 5620:. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. 5614:Richard M. Juang (2008). 4848:Maternal lineages (mtDNA) 4773:Paternal lineages (Y-DNA) 4670: 3689:𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵 2794:Islam and the Fula Jihads 2165: 2015:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞥆𞤭𞤲𞤢 1922: 1512:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤢𞤺𞤭𞤪𞤥𞤭 1501: 1495: 1358:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤢 1328:, Damaturu, Bertoua, and 571: 563: 555: 524: 519: 511: 506: 479: 474: 456: 438: 420: 402: 384: 366: 348: 330: 312: 294: 276: 258: 240: 222: 204: 186: 168: 150: 132: 114: 99: 94: 86: 81: 62: 47: 11151:Ethnic groups in Senegal 11146:Ethnic groups in Nigeria 10676:Ethnic groups in Nigeria 8794:Human Molecular Genetics 7669:. Routledge. p. 9. 7365:. Jamtan. Archived from 7235:. Jamtan. Archived from 6994:Not to be confused with 6928:Walter van Beek (1988). 6744:"Upper and Lower Guinea" 6432:. D. Reimer. p. 7. 6346:Journal des Africanistes 6340:Pageard, Robert (1959). 6214:African Security Network 4986: 4487: 4230: 4145:(𞤖𞤢𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪) or 4013:Central African Republic 3700:Slavery and caste system 2859: 2770:, 'New Fuuta', includes 1777:Central African Republic 1530:Central African Republic 1464:Central African Republic 735: 730:Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo 588:Adlam Unicode characters 11126:Ethnic groups in Guinea 10210:Ethnic groups in Guinea 9882:book of the same author 9252:10.1126/science.1172257 7888:10.3406/hom.1962.366487 7329:"Global Fulani Society" 7297:"Materials and Methods" 6976:. Brill. pp. 43–68 6721:10.1163/157006696X00299 6009:Encyclopedia Britannica 5644:Modern Muslim Societies 5641:Felicity Crowe (2010). 5445:Statistics Sierra Leone 5057: 4951:List of notable Fulanis 4861:Autosomal DNA (overall) 4557: 4456:, Fulani men cross the 2397:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤣𞤵 1569:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤅𞤮𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤮 1442:Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region 989:Geographic distribution 880:Although most Fulbe of 645:, and regions near the 617:are an ethnic group in 34:Fulani (disambiguation) 11161:Ethnic groups in Sudan 11141:Ethnic groups in Niger 10511:Ethnic groups in Niger 9753:Affairs of West Africa 8150:Premier (2019-02-07). 7978:Dating Reporter's Blog 7438:Omar ibn Said (1831). 6358:10.3406/jafr.1959.1907 5846:Encyclopedia of Africa 5758:Encyclopedia of Africa 5049: 5041: 5033: 5021: 5013: 4894: 4680: 4571: 4497: 4445: 4444:Fulani herders in Mali 4437:into southern Africa. 4402: 4371: 4260: 4244: 4001:Global Terrorism Index 3987: 3968: 3887: 3840:Traditional livelihood 3629: 3621: 3439:10th Emperor of Mali, 3096: 3073: 2905:Imamate of Futa Jallon 2899:Imamate of Futa Jallon 2695: 2581:", Dominated first by 2554: 2467:All across the country 2346:, All over the country 2047:, All over the country 1668:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤘𞤮𞤲'𞤦𞤫 1217: 998: 722:Tijjani Muhammad-Bande 633:and northern parts of 586:This article contains 11166:Ethnic groups in Togo 11131:Ethnic groups in Mali 11111:Ethnic groups in Chad 10338:Ethnic groups in Mali 9943:Ethnic groups in Chad 9893:Fulɓe Woɗaaɓe (Niger) 9180:10.1353/hub.2006.0024 9125:10.1353/hub.2006.0024 8286:"The Sahel in flames" 7813:10.3366/afr.2006.0044 7778:10.3406/cea.1994.2039 7743:Fisher, Humphrey J., 7215:Last, Murray (1967). 7083:10.3406/cea.1975.2592 6614:Carl Skutsch (2005). 6389:, CIA Factbook (2015) 6245:10.3406/cea.1994.2056 5954:ComDir (2023-08-07). 5703:homepage.univie.ac.at 5206:"Mbororo/Fulani/Peul" 4888: 4678: 4585:and yoghurt known as 4565: 4495: 4443: 4431:B. taurus brachyceros 4365: 4309:Further information: 4258: 4238: 3982: 3958: 3885: 3627: 3619: 3407:Great warrior leader 3115:The Toucouleur Empire 3090: 3077:The Empire of Massina 3063: 2727:, to the foot of the 2690: 2549: 2093:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤻𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮 2082:Fulfulde Massinakoore 1826:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤺𞤵 1202: 1154:Chari-Baguirmi Region 996: 698:Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh 520:Related ethnic groups 9821:missionafrica.org.uk 8423:Microsoft Story Labs 8419:"ADLaM comes online" 8311:"GTD Search Results" 8290:The New Humanitarian 8181:"GTD Search Results" 7218:The Sokoto Caliphate 6580:Kane, Oumar (2004). 6499:"Chad Ethnic Groups" 6457:"The World Factbook" 6274:Durán, Lucy (1995). 6239:(133/135): 359–384. 5984:www.everyculture.com 4914:. They found that: " 4889:Young Fulani men at 4791:Niger–Congo-speaking 4719:religious syncretism 4344:Western High Plateau 4226:: Courage, hard work 4166:Latin derived system 3900:Western High Plateau 3751:(singular)) and the 3706:Atlantic slave trade 3189:improve this section 2960:Imamate of Futa Toro 2762:and the area around 2694:Fulani wedding bride 2641:improve this section 2603:Empire of Great Fulo 1547:Chari Bagirmi Region 983:Amadou Toumani Touré 793:. More recently the 694:Umaro Sissoco Embaló 11186:West African people 11181:Afroasiatic peoples 9543:2020Natur.577..665L 9302:2015NatSR...5E9996D 9244:2009Sci...324.1035T 9068:Miller, MS (1990). 8807:10.1093/hmg/ddaa239 8769:Information Parlour 8604:on 22 February 2014 6586:. Paris: Karthala. 6540:2015Pasto...5...20B 5709:on 24 November 2021 5473:www.frstrategie.org 4857:northern Cameroon. 4388:White Fulani cattle 4370:herd in West Africa 4168:with 6 sets, and a 3999:. According to the 3928:, Wurkum, Bachama, 3575:in the Fuuta Tooro 2880:and as far east as 44: 11061:Nigeria portal 9863:2021-01-27 at the 9851:2017-09-09 at the 9814:2020-11-25 at the 9681:General references 9638:(5): 923–939.e14. 9424:10.1002/ajpa.24116 9367:10.1093/gbe/evv236 9290:Scientific Reports 9047:10.1002/ajpa.22236 9012:10.1002/ajpa.20876 8740:The Nigerian Voice 8625:. Everyculture.com 8444:Marianne Gullestad 8396:Human Rights Watch 7772:(133/135): 23–53. 6405:. Berghahn Books. 6327:www.okayafrica.com 6321:Desmond, Vincent. 5537:"Maasina Fulfulde" 5493:"Adamawa Fulfulde" 5335:www.worldatlas.com 4895: 4681: 4572: 4498: 4446: 4372: 4261: 4245: 3988: 3985:Young Fulani woman 3969: 3888: 3855:people. They herd 3630: 3622: 3097: 3074: 2809:Fulani woman from 2696: 2601:, who founded the 2555: 2427:Tambacounda Region 2386:Pulaar Fuuta Tooro 2340:Tambacounda Region 2332:Saint-Louis Region 2295:Pular Fuuta Jallon 2160:Pulaar – Fulfulde 2136:Tambacounda Region 1997:Centre-Nord Region 1218: 1013:, particularly in 999: 944:Wasulu (Wassoulou) 42: 11073: 11072: 11067: 11066: 10642: 10641: 10477: 10476: 10304: 10303: 10176: 10175: 9732:LONCKE, Sandrine 9537:(7792): 665–670. 9361:(12): 3484–3495. 9310:10.1038/srep09996 9238:(5930): 1035–44. 8372:www.start.umd.edu 8315:www.start.umd.edu 8185:www.start.umd.edu 8082:countrystudies.us 7850:978-91-7106-476-9 7730:978-0-87436-885-7 7585:978-87-91563-48-5 7363:"The Cast System" 7192:978-0-521-77933-3 7155:978-1-57958-245-6 6943:978-3-11-011382-2 6873:978-1-136-81857-8 6845:978-0-8161-1808-3 6818:978-0-521-62724-5 6791:978-1-4129-8176-7 6627:978-1-135-19388-1 6593:978-2-84586-521-1 6005:"Fulani | people" 5940:978-1-135-96334-7 5913:978-0-8239-1982-6 5883:978-1-85109-441-7 5856:978-0-19-533770-9 5829:978-0-7185-0247-8 5798:978-0-8161-1808-3 5768:978-0-19-533770-9 5741:978-0-8161-1808-3 5684:978-1-317-46400-6 5654:978-0-7614-7927-7 5627:978-1-85109-441-7 5585:. 25 August 2023. 5208:. 15 October 2023 5186:. 15 October 2023 4962:Toucouleur people 4879:Iberian Peninsula 4787:haplogroup E-M132 4395:Red Fulani cattle 4007:have occurred in 3993:Fulani extremists 3775:, and less often 3747:(also called the 3609: 3608: 3371:Almohad Caliphate 3225: 3224: 3217: 3127:El Hadj Umar Tall 3121:Toucouleur Empire 2742:, or Fula lands: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2585:and later by the 2520:Maurice Delafosse 2480: 2479: 2265:Northern Province 2172:Fulbe Futa Jallon 1450:Logone Occidental 1158:Ouaddaï highlands 842:Fulfulde / Pulaar 834:Toucouleur people 795:Fulfulde / Pulaar 763:Manding languages 714:Amina J. Mohammed 594:rendering support 581: 580: 551: 550: 200:2,840,850 (13.3%) 182:3,000,000 (13.4%) 164:4,544,000 (33.4%) 146:5,055,782 (27.5%) 128:15,300,000 (6.6%) 72:Fulbe men during 16:(Redirected from 11198: 11059: 11058: 11057: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10646: 10645: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10481: 10480: 10331: 10324: 10317: 10308: 10307: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10180: 10179: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9913: 9912: 9900: 9899: 9784: 9783: 9757: 9691:Adamawa Fulfulde 9674: 9673: 9663: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9570: 9528: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9501: 9483: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9386: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9329: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9263: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9030: 9024: 9023: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8977: 8960:(6): 1102–1110. 8945: 8939: 8938: 8928: 8911:(5): 1197–1214. 8896: 8890: 8889: 8879: 8861: 8837: 8828: 8827: 8809: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8760: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8594: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8564: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8534: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8504: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8474:"Pulaaku Ethics" 8470: 8464: 8463: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8347: 8340: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8241: 8235:. Archived from 8230: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8177: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8032: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8004: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7980:. Archived from 7970: 7964: 7963: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7916: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7834: 7825: 7824: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7761: 7755: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560:, Cangin Serer). 7534: 7523: 7513: 7485: 7476: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7308: 7302:. Archived from 7301: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7212: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7176: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7139: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7038: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7005: 6999: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6967: 6948: 6947: 6925: 6916: 6915: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6775: 6762: 6761: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6642: 6633: 6631: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6577: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6396: 6390: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6211: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6090: 6084: 6057:is an implosive 6049: 6043: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5927:D Group (2013). 5924: 5918: 5917: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5611: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5465: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5389:. Archived from 5387:www.gbosdata.org 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5101: 5077: 5060: 5022:Fulani or Hilani 5011: 5010: 4997: 4893:festival, Niger. 4657: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4346:of Bamenda, and 4110: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4032: 3995:are involved in 3932:, Mbula, Berom, 3829:Sokoto Caliphate 3743:, including the 3656:, like parts of 3646:Sokoto Caliphate 3508:Askia Mohammad I 3227: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3169: 3161: 3066:Sokoto Caliphate 3016:Sokoto Caliphate 2823: 2806: 2729:Mambilla Plateau 2672: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2621: 2613: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2370:Guidimaka Region 2356: 2354: 2353: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2307: 2302:Fulbe Futa Tooro 2281: 2279: 2278: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2178: 2177: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2119:Koulikoro Region 2109: 2107: 2106: 2095: 2094: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2017: 2016: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1968:Tillabéri Region 1962: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1935: 1934: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1828: 1827: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1719: 1718: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1571: 1570: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1514: 1513: 1497:Fulfulde Adamawa 1487: 1485: 1484: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1417:Far North Region 1403: 1401: 1400: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1360: 1359: 1343: 1342: 1184:coastal city of 1147:. In this area, 1141:Adamawa Fulfulde 1086:Sokoto Caliphate 1072:'s provinces of 678:Muhammadu Buhari 567:Fulɓe 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 559:Pullo 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤮 553: 552: 464: 462: 461: 446: 444: 443: 428: 426: 425: 410: 408: 407: 392: 390: 389: 374: 372: 371: 356: 354: 353: 338: 336: 335: 320: 318: 317: 302: 300: 299: 284: 282: 281: 266: 264: 263: 254:1,182,900 (8.6%) 248: 246: 245: 236:1,650,000 (6.5%) 230: 228: 227: 218:1,800,000 (8.4%) 212: 210: 209: 194: 192: 191: 176: 174: 173: 158: 156: 155: 140: 138: 137: 122: 120: 119: 89: 82:Total population 67: 57: 56: 45: 41: 21: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11055: 11053: 11047: 10678: 10673: 10643: 10638: 10513: 10508: 10478: 10473: 10340: 10335: 10305: 10300: 10212: 10207: 10177: 10172: 9945: 9940: 9905: 9865:Wayback Machine 9853:Wayback Machine 9816:Wayback Machine 9805: 9804: 9803: 9785: 9781: 9776: 9714: 9712:Further reading 9683: 9678: 9677: 9623: 9619: 9588: 9584: 9526: 9519: 9515: 9459: 9455: 9404: 9400: 9347: 9343: 9281: 9277: 9223: 9219: 9160: 9156: 9105: 9101: 9080:(2–3): 207–19. 9066: 9062: 9031: 9027: 8995: 8991: 8946: 8942: 8897: 8893: 8838: 8831: 8800:(R1): R29–R36. 8786: 8782: 8773: 8771: 8761: 8754: 8744: 8742: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8716: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8676: 8672: 8663: 8661: 8651:CABI Compendium 8647:"Fulani cattle" 8645: 8644: 8637: 8628: 8626: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8607: 8605: 8596: 8595: 8586: 8577: 8575: 8573:The Independent 8565: 8556: 8547: 8545: 8536: 8535: 8526: 8517: 8515: 8506: 8505: 8492: 8483: 8481: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8376: 8374: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8348:on 28 July 2022 8345: 8338: 8332: 8328: 8319: 8317: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8295: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8270: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8189: 8187: 8179: 8178: 8169: 8160: 8158: 8148: 8144: 8135: 8133: 8124: 8123: 8116: 8107: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8086: 8084: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8062: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8041: 8039: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8017: 8015: 8005: 7996: 7987: 7985: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7907: 7903: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7835: 7828: 7797: 7793: 7762: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7715: 7711: 7702: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7628: 7624: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7570: 7566: 7545:(1/3): 85–100. 7535: 7526: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7451: 7436: 7432: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7325: 7321: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7255: 7251: 7242: 7240: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7213: 7206: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7177: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7140: 7131: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7077:(58): 189–202. 7063: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7036: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7014: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6968: 6951: 6944: 6926: 6919: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6776: 6765: 6758: 6740: 6736: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6659:10.2307/2790939 6643: 6636: 6628: 6612: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6578: 6565: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6462: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6369: 6365: 6338: 6334: 6319: 6315: 6272: 6268: 6225: 6221: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6151: 6147: 6138: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6091: 6087: 6050: 6046: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6011: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5962: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5612: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5567: 5565: 5563:www.voanews.com 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5515:"Borgu Fulfude" 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5418:. 27 April 2021 5410: 5409: 5405: 5396: 5394: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5363:. 27 April 2021 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5337:. 27 April 2021 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5286:. 27 April 2021 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5234:. 27 April 2021 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5092:(3): e0172866. 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5063: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945:Notable Fulanis 4912:Mozabite people 4871:Central Sudanic 4863: 4850: 4775: 4757: 4736: 4731: 4723:Fula Christians 4707: 4673: 4664: 4560: 4490: 4384:trypanosomiasis 4348:Adamawa Plateau 4317: 4307: 4305:Fulani herdsmen 4301: 4241:traditional hat 4233: 4179: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4070: 4069:(New York City) 4067:Brooklyn Museum 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4033: 3941:desertification 3842: 3837: 3817:Adamawa Emirate 3729:caste divisions 3702: 3693:Jelgooji Fulɓbe 3642:Usman dan Fodio 3614: 3413:Mandinka people 3221: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3186: 3170: 3159: 3133:. Beginning in 3123: 3117: 3085: 3079: 3051:Hadejia Emirate 3043:Katsina Emirate 3025:, although the 3018: 3012: 2962: 2921:and resided in 2907: 2901: 2862: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2796: 2673: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2638: 2622: 2611: 2573:in what is now 2551:Tassili n'Ajjer 2544: 2505: 2500: 2473:Pulaar – Pular 2470: 2458: 2456: 2433: 2431: 2408: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2351: 2349: 2344:Kaffrine Region 2317: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2276: 2274: 2250: 2248: 2225: 2223: 2187: 2185: 2173: 2157: 2142: 2140: 2125: 2123: 2104: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2064: 2052: 2050: 2026: 2024: 2012: 2002: 1978: 1976: 1957: 1955: 1944: 1942: 1930: 1920:& Jelgoore 1914: 1910:Centrale Region 1891: 1889: 1862: 1860: 1837: 1835: 1823: 1813: 1802: 1800: 1784: 1782: 1770: 1768: 1756: 1754: 1742: 1740: 1728: 1726: 1714: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1656:Fulfulde Sokoto 1652: 1625: 1623: 1580: 1578: 1566: 1559: 1536: 1534: 1523: 1521: 1509: 1493: 1482: 1480: 1457: 1455: 1446:Logone Oriental 1427: 1425: 1413:Northern Region 1409:Adamaoua Region 1398: 1396: 1369: 1367: 1355: 1137:Fombina/Hombina 991: 951:(primarily the 858: 836:of the central 743: 738: 603: 602: 601: 592:Without proper 576: 459: 457: 441: 439: 423: 421: 405: 403: 387: 385: 369: 367: 351: 349: 333: 331: 315: 313: 308:449,280 (18.2%) 297: 295: 279: 277: 272:900,000 (18.3%) 261: 259: 243: 241: 225: 223: 207: 205: 189: 187: 171: 169: 153: 151: 135: 133: 117: 115: 77: 58: 52: 40: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11204: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11071: 11070: 11065: 11064: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10672: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10649: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10529: 10524: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10507: 10506: 10499: 10492: 10484: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10334: 10333: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10206: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10183: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9939: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9916: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9897: 9896: 9885: 9875: 9870: 9855: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9786: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774:External links 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9744: 9730: 9727: 9721: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9698: 9687: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9617: 9582: 9513: 9468:Genome Biology 9453: 9418:(3): 423–436. 9398: 9341: 9275: 9217: 9154: 9099: 9060: 9025: 8989: 8966:10.1086/421050 8940: 8917:10.1086/340257 8891: 8829: 8780: 8752: 8726: 8709:Perseution.org 8696: 8670: 8653:. 2022-01-07. 8635: 8614: 8584: 8554: 8524: 8490: 8465: 8458: 8435: 8409: 8398:. Feb 25, 2020 8383: 8359: 8326: 8302: 8277: 8252: 8216: 8196: 8167: 8142: 8114: 8093: 8069: 8048: 8024: 7994: 7965: 7952:10.2307/484167 7946:(3): 401–417. 7930: 7924:978-0029327807 7923: 7917:. Free Press. 7901: 7882:(2): 106–129. 7866: 7856: 7849: 7826: 7807:(3): 402–426. 7791: 7756: 7736: 7729: 7709: 7688: 7675: 7655: 7642: 7622: 7591: 7584: 7564: 7524: 7496:(2): 221–250. 7477: 7468: 7459: 7449: 7430: 7412: 7399: 7379: 7354: 7341: 7319: 7288: 7249: 7224: 7204: 7191: 7168: 7154: 7129: 7116: 7096: 7054: 7024: 7000: 6987: 6949: 6942: 6917: 6879: 6872: 6852: 6844: 6838:. Gale Group. 6824: 6817: 6797: 6790: 6763: 6757:978-0521209816 6756: 6734: 6715:(3): 268–307. 6699: 6693:978-0852550939 6692: 6672: 6634: 6626: 6606: 6592: 6563: 6514: 6490: 6469: 6448: 6438: 6418: 6411: 6391: 6363: 6352:(2): 239–260. 6332: 6313: 6266: 6219: 6198: 6176: 6145: 6120: 6107:10.2307/221416 6085: 6044: 6020: 5996: 5971: 5946: 5939: 5919: 5912: 5889: 5882: 5862: 5855: 5835: 5828: 5805: 5797: 5791:. Gale Group. 5774: 5767: 5747: 5740: 5734:. Gale Group. 5720: 5690: 5683: 5660: 5653: 5633: 5626: 5597: 5588: 5574: 5550: 5528: 5506: 5484: 5457: 5429: 5403: 5374: 5348: 5322: 5297: 5271: 5245: 5219: 5197: 5175: 5149: 5123: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5032:; Portuguese: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4957: 4954: 4949:Main article: 4946: 4943: 4862: 4859: 4849: 4846: 4774: 4771: 4756: 4753: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4706: 4703: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4559: 4556: 4489: 4486: 4411:Adamawa Gudali 4300: 4297: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4211: 4201: 4178: 4175: 4129:Main article: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4034: 4027: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3735:There are the 3714:Central Africa 3701: 3698: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485:Songhai Empire 3478: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3441:Musa I of Mali 3437: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3409:Sundiata Keita 3405: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3223: 3222: 3173: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3119:Main article: 3116: 3113: 3083:Massina Empire 3081:Main article: 3078: 3075: 3047:Zazzau Emirate 3039:Bauchi Emirate 3035:Gwandu Emirate 3014:Main article: 3011: 3008: 2961: 2958: 2903:Main article: 2900: 2897: 2882:Nioro du Sahel 2861: 2858: 2836:Main article: 2825: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2784:Adamawa Region 2764:Nioro du Sahel 2748:Tagant Plateau 2675: 2674: 2625: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2599:Koli Tenguella 2543: 2542:Early Kingdoms 2540: 2504: 2503:Historiography 2501: 2499: 2496: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2454: 2429: 2423:Sédhiou Region 2403: 2401: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2347: 2312: 2310: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2287:Kéniéba Cercle 2272: 2246: 2240:Tombali Region 2221: 2214:Faranah Region 2182: 2180: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2138: 2121: 2099: 2097: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2062: 2048: 2021: 2019: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1974: 1953: 1939: 1937: 1929:Fulbe Jelgooji 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918:Fulfulde Borgu 1915: 1913: 1912: 1902:Savanes Region 1887: 1858: 1832: 1830: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1798: 1780: 1766: 1752: 1738: 1723: 1721: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1672: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1621: 1575: 1573: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1551:Mandoul Region 1532: 1518: 1516: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1478: 1453: 1438:Mayo-Kebbi Est 1423: 1394: 1364: 1362: 1350: 1349: 1216:above a turban 1007:Atlantic coast 990: 987: 939:, and others. 857: 854: 742: 739: 737: 734: 706:Samira Bawumia 682:Ahmadou Ahidjo 635:Central Africa 596:, you may see 584: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 569: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 549: 548: 522: 521: 517: 516: 509: 508: 504: 503: 477: 476: 472: 471: 468: 454: 453: 450: 436: 435: 432: 418: 417: 414: 400: 399: 398:110,000 (1.2%) 396: 382: 381: 380:204,000 (0.4%) 378: 364: 363: 362:250,000 (4.5%) 360: 346: 345: 342: 328: 327: 326:334,000 (1.8%) 324: 310: 309: 306: 292: 291: 288: 274: 273: 270: 256: 255: 252: 238: 237: 234: 220: 219: 216: 202: 201: 198: 184: 183: 180: 166: 165: 162: 148: 147: 144: 130: 129: 126: 112: 111: 109:Central Africa 97: 96: 92: 91: 84: 83: 79: 78: 68: 60: 59: 38: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11203: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11062: 11050: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 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9789: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9749: 9745: 9743: 9742:9782365190091 9739: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9671: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9457: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9402: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9279: 9271: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9168:Human Biology 9165: 9158: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9113:Human Biology 9110: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9006:(3): 316–23. 9005: 9001: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8836: 8834: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8734:Kim, Masara. 8730: 8715:. 8 July 2023 8714: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8685: 8681: 8674: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8640: 8624: 8618: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8544:on 2014-02-22 8543: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8514:on 2015-06-10 8513: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8480:on 2007-12-27 8479: 8475: 8469: 8461: 8459:9781845453435 8455: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8242:on 2020-07-15 8238: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8209: 8208: 8200: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8132:on 2014-02-01 8131: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8103: 8097: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8058: 8052: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8014: 8010: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7984:on 2021-03-01 7983: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7860: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7833: 7831: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7753:9781850655244 7750: 7746: 7740: 7732: 7726: 7722: 7721: 7713: 7698: 7692: 7678: 7676:9781136882845 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7645: 7643:9780813517681 7639: 7635: 7634: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7587: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7568: 7561: 7559: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7482: 7472: 7463: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7402: 7400:9780878083527 7396: 7392: 7391: 7383: 7369:on 2014-02-20 7368: 7364: 7358: 7344: 7342:9780813517681 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7309:on 2014-02-20 7305: 7298: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7269:(37): 73–92. 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7239:on 2012-11-22 7238: 7234: 7228: 7220: 7219: 7211: 7209: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7175: 7173: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7119: 7117:9780521204132 7113: 7109: 7108: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7059: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7012: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6991: 6975: 6974: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6922: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6884: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6856: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6639: 6629: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6610: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6479: 6473: 6458: 6452: 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5604: 5602: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5510: 5494: 5488: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5393:on 2021-11-19 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5307: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5207: 5201: 5185: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4854: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763:West Eurasian 4759: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407:Sokoto Gudali 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4329:Tuareg people 4326: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4237: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4155:lingua franca 4152: 4148: 4147:Haalpulaar'en 4144: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4131:Fula language 4118: 4114: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685:yimɓe pulaaku 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3618: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3219: 3216: 3208: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3174:This section 3172: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3105:Bamana Empire 3102: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:Gombe Emirate 3028: 3024: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2878:Djolof Empire 2875: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2839: 2828: 2822: 2812: 2805: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Assaba Region 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2671: 2668: 2660: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2626:This section 2624: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:Senegal river 2560: 2559:Sahara desert 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2513:North African 2509: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2448:Bafatá Region 2445: 2441: 2440:Guinea Bissau 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2374:Brakna Region 2371: 2367: 2366:Gorgol Region 2363: 2362:Trarza Region 2359: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2247: 2245: 2244:Bafatá Region 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232:Guinea Bissau 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210:Kindia Region 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2153:Assaba Region 2150: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2063: 2060: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2011:Fulbe Massina 2009: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1954: 1952: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1781: 1778: 1767: 1764: 1753: 1750: 1739: 1736: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1713:Fulbe Mbororo 1711: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1703:Plateau State 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1648:Zinder Region 1645: 1641: 1640:Maradi Region 1637: 1636:Tahoua Region 1633: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:Zamfara State 1604: 1600: 1599:Katsina State 1596: 1592: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1533: 1531: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1508:Fulbe Bagirmi 1506: 1505: 1499:(Fombinaare) 1498: 1490: 1479: 1477: 1476:Mambéré-Kadéï 1473: 1469: 1465: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1424: 1422: 1421:Centre Region 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Adamawa State 1377: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1354:Fulbe Adamawa 1352: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1206:(singular of 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Fouta Djallon 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 995: 986: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 963: 961: 960:Oumou Sangaré 956: 954: 950: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 875: 872:and Southern 871: 870:Guinea Bissau 867: 863: 853: 851: 847: 843: 840:valley speak 839: 838:Senegal River 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 667:Fula language 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 599: 595: 591: 589: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 515: 510: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 470:3,800 (0.02%) 469: 467: 455: 452:4,000 (0.01%) 451: 449: 437: 434:4,000 (0.02%) 433: 431: 419: 416:4,240 (0.01%) 415: 413: 401: 397: 395: 383: 379: 377: 365: 361: 359: 347: 343: 341: 329: 325: 323: 311: 307: 305: 293: 290:623,646 (30%) 289: 287: 286:Guinea-Bissau 275: 271: 269: 257: 253: 251: 239: 235: 233: 221: 217: 215: 203: 199: 197: 185: 181: 179: 167: 163: 161: 149: 145: 143: 131: 127: 125: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 85: 80: 75: 71: 66: 61: 51: 46: 35: 27: 19: 10911:Iwellemmedan 10786: 10602:Yerwa Kanuri 10592:Iwellemmedan 10556: 10399:Iwellemmedan 10383: 10235: 10031:Yerwa Kanuri 9990: 9796: 9795: 9794:profile for 9791: 9752: 9701: 9694: 9635: 9631: 9620: 9595: 9585: 9534: 9530: 9516: 9471: 9467: 9456: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9293: 9289: 9278: 9235: 9231: 9220: 9171: 9167: 9157: 9116: 9112: 9102: 9077: 9073: 9063: 9041:(1): 10–21. 9038: 9034: 9028: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8957: 8953: 8943: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8849: 8846:BMC Genomics 8845: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8772:. Retrieved 8768: 8743:. Retrieved 8739: 8729: 8717:. Retrieved 8708: 8699: 8687:. Retrieved 8673: 8662:. Retrieved 8650: 8627:. Retrieved 8617: 8606:. Retrieved 8602:the original 8576:. Retrieved 8572: 8546:. Retrieved 8542:the original 8516:. Retrieved 8512:the original 8482:. Retrieved 8478:the original 8468: 8448: 8438: 8426:. Retrieved 8422: 8412: 8400:. Retrieved 8395: 8386: 8375:. Retrieved 8371: 8362: 8352:12 September 8350:. Retrieved 8343:the original 8329: 8318:. Retrieved 8314: 8305: 8294:. Retrieved 8292:. 2019-05-31 8289: 8280: 8269:. Retrieved 8267:. 2022-04-07 8264: 8255: 8244:. Retrieved 8237:the original 8232: 8219: 8206: 8199: 8188:. Retrieved 8184: 8159:. Retrieved 8155: 8145: 8134:. Retrieved 8130:the original 8106:. Retrieved 8096: 8085:. Retrieved 8081: 8072: 8061:. Retrieved 8051: 8040:. Retrieved 8016:. Retrieved 8012: 7986:. 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Retrieved 6451: 6443: 6428: 6421: 6401: 6394: 6366: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6326: 6316: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6213: 6201: 6192: 6179: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6137:. Retrieved 6135:. 2022-07-06 6132: 6123: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6012:. Retrieved 6008: 5999: 5987:. Retrieved 5983: 5974: 5963:. Retrieved 5959: 5949: 5929: 5922: 5902: 5872: 5865: 5845: 5838: 5818: 5787: 5757: 5750: 5730: 5723: 5711:. Retrieved 5707:the original 5702: 5693: 5673: 5643: 5636: 5616: 5591: 5577: 5566:. Retrieved 5562: 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5539:. Ethnologue 5531: 5519:. Retrieved 5517:. Ethnologue 5509: 5497:. Retrieved 5495:. Ethnologue 5487: 5476:. Retrieved 5472: 5448:. Retrieved 5444: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5415: 5406: 5395:. Retrieved 5391:the original 5386: 5377: 5365:. Retrieved 5360: 5351: 5339:. Retrieved 5334: 5325: 5313:. Retrieved 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5283: 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5257: 5248: 5236:. Retrieved 5231: 5222: 5210:. Retrieved 5200: 5188:. Retrieved 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5161: 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5135: 5126: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5029: 4995: 4981:Dogon people 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4908:Burkina Faso 4900: 4896: 4875:Hausa people 4864: 4855: 4851: 4815: 4803:haplogroup A 4779:Burkina Faso 4776: 4767:North Africa 4760: 4758: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4708: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4665: 4624: 4573: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4462:transhumance 4451: 4447: 4435:sanga cattle 4430: 4427: 4423: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4392: 4373: 4356: 4353: 4337: 4321:pastoralists 4318: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4262: 4249: 4246: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4187:laawol Fulɓe 4186: 4182: 4180: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4134: 3989: 3984: 3973: 3970: 3945: 3909: 3904: 3889: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3843: 3824: 3820: 3802: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3703: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677:Burkina Faso 3670: 3650:Hausa–Fulani 3634:Hausa people 3631: 3600: 3590: 3580: 3566: 3556: 3546: 3536: 3526: 3516:Bornu Empire 3502:16th century 3501: 3491: 3475: 3462: 3452: 3434: 3424: 3402: 3395:Koumbi Saleh 3388: 3378: 3364: 3354: 3341: 3327: 3317: 3300: 3287:11th century 3286: 3273: 3262: 3252: 3245:Ghana Empire 3238: 3211: 3202: 3187:Please help 3175: 3124: 3098: 3070:G.T. Bettany 3055:Muri Emirate 3027:Kano Emirate 3019: 2980: 2978: 2966:Sulayman Bal 2963: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2918: 2910: 2908: 2886: 2863: 2854: 2849:These jihads 2845: 2841: 2787: 2772:Futa Djallon 2767: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2681: 2678: 2663: 2657:January 2024 2654: 2639:Please help 2627: 2595:Jolof Empire 2556: 2517: 2510: 2506: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2419:Kolda Region 2393:Fulbe Fuladu 2392: 2336:Louga Region 2328:Matam Region 2301: 2269:Western Area 2257:Sierra Leone 2202:Mamou Region 2171: 2161: 2115:Kayes Region 2088: 2045:Segou Region 2037:Mopti Region 2010: 1989:Sahel Region 1985:Burkina Faso 1972:Dosso Region 1928: 1821: 1712: 1691:Bauchi State 1663: 1644:Dosso Region 1611:Jigawa State 1591:Sokoto State 1565:Fulbe Sokoto 1564: 1507: 1468:Nana-Mambéré 1384:Taraba State 1353: 1346: 1338: 1334:ruling class 1282:Birnin Kebbi 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1070:Sahel region 1064:region; the 1043: 1000: 976: 966:singers are 964: 957: 941: 906: 897: 879: 866:Sierra Leone 859: 849: 846:Haalpulaaren 845: 831: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 798: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 766: 758: 750: 746: 744: 702:Boubou Cisse 690:Adama Barrow 675: 658:pastoralists 655: 615:Fulɓe people 614: 610: 606: 604: 585: 344:310,000 (5%) 340:Sierra Leone 214:Burkina Faso 105:North Africa 90:38.6 million 49: 43:Fulani, Fula 39:Ethnic group 26: 11086:Fula people 10536:Diffa Arabs 9798:Fula people 9748:Morel, E.D. 9296:(1): 9996. 9174:(1): 9–27. 9119:(1): 9–27. 8428:4 September 8104:. Gamji.com 7699:. Kcm.co.kr 7233:"Time line" 7161:13 February 6653:: 238–244. 6528:Pastoralism 6286:: 101–134. 6101:(1): 1–23. 6079:instead of 6051:The letter 5416:www.cia.gov 5361:www.cia.gov 5315:22 December 5284:www.cia.gov 5264:22 December 5258:www.cia.gov 5232:www.cia.gov 5162:www.cia.gov 5142:22 December 5136:www.cia.gov 4652:the Tuareg 4458:Niger River 4340:Jos Plateau 4117:Netherlands 3896:Jos Plateau 3850:pastoralist 3761:free people 3658:Kanem-Bornu 3468:Ibn Battuta 3417:Mali Empire 3415:founds the 3274:9th century 3263:5th century 3253:5th century 3239:4th century 3135:Futa Jallon 3131:Fuuta Tooro 2970:Abdul Kader 2939:Pulli Fulɓe 2893:Fula jihads 2838:Fula jihads 2768:Fuuta Keyri 2744:Fuuta Kingi 2713:Benue River 2682:Fulɓe ladde 2591:Mali Empire 2444:Gabu Region 2425:, South of 2236:Gabu Region 2206:Boké Region 2198:Labé Region 2089:Fulbe Nioro 2059:Ivory Coast 1906:Kara Region 1856:Kwara State 1852:Kebbi State 1848:Niger State 1822:Fulbe Borgu 1699:Borno State 1687:Gombe State 1664:Fulbe Gombe 1658:(Woylaare) 1619:Kwara State 1615:Niger State 1595:Kebbi State 1555:Moyen Chari 1472:Ouham-Pendé 1388:Borno State 1274:Gorom-Gorom 1248:in Guinea; 1145:West Africa 1130:Benue River 1015:West Africa 968:Afel Bocoum 805:) has been 789:, and even 716:; the 74th 639:South Sudan 631:West Africa 627:West Africa 466:Ivory Coast 430:South Sudan 101:West Africa 11080:Categories 10459:Toucouleur 8852:(1): 915. 8774:2024-08-07 8719:3 December 8689:3 December 8664:2024-08-07 8629:2013-12-28 8608:2014-02-27 8578:2014-02-27 8548:2014-02-27 8518:2014-02-27 8484:2013-12-28 8377:2019-04-11 8320:2019-04-11 8296:2019-06-23 8271:2022-08-15 8246:2022-12-24 8190:2019-04-11 8161:2019-04-24 8136:2014-02-27 8108:2014-02-27 8087:2020-05-25 8063:2019-10-27 8042:2014-02-27 8018:2016-08-10 7988:2021-02-27 7703:2014-02-27 7682:2014-02-27 7649:2014-02-27 7406:2014-02-27 7373:2014-02-27 7348:2014-02-27 7313:2014-02-03 7243:2013-12-28 7198:2013-02-13 7123:2014-02-27 6508:2020-05-25 6484:2013-12-28 6463:2013-12-28 6139:2023-09-18 6014:2020-10-27 5965:2024-07-06 5568:2021-09-05 5543:18 October 5521:18 October 5499:18 October 5478:2021-06-21 5397:2021-06-17 5067:References 5012:; French: 5009:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 4891:Cure Salee 4828:and 27.2% 4809:(18%) and 4691:suudu hudo 4568:calabashes 4541:, and the 4516:Baaba Maal 4413:or simply 4325:hinterland 4303:See also: 4193:includes: 4177:Moral code 3823:(singular 3807:, Eastern 3638:Fulani War 3334:al-Andalus 3306:Almoravids 3293:Gao Empire 3151:Bandiagara 3101:Seku Amadu 2998:states of 2788:Fuuta Jula 2782:, and the 2725:Faro River 2701:Fulɓe Wuro 2452:Oio Region 2378:Nouakchott 2358:Mauritania 2261:North-West 2149:Mauritania 2041:Gao Region 1993:Est Region 1695:Yobe State 1603:Kano State 1392:Yobe State 1318:Ngaoundere 1306:Mayo Belwa 1262:Bandiagara 1214:Fulani hat 1186:Port Sudan 1050:Futa Tooro 972:Inna Modja 807:Anglicised 686:Macky Sall 526:Toucouleur 512:Primarily 489:Portuguese 268:Mauritania 55:𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 10582:Idaksahak 10527:Ait-Awari 10409:Khassonké 10389:Idaksahak 9964:Shuweihat 9652:1097-4172 9612:258041998 9559:0028-0836 9490:1474-760X 9474:(1): 82. 9448:221179656 9432:1096-8644 9375:1759-6653 9318:2045-2322 9188:0018-7143 9133:0018-7143 8868:1471-2164 8816:1460-2083 7539:Anthropos 7510:162509491 7275:0368-4016 6996:Malick Sy 6980:9 January 6912:162679554 6558:2041-7136 6534:(1): 20. 6503:Study.com 6300:0968-1221 6253:0008-0055 6171:2957-9163 6165:(1): 61. 6065:. In the 5989:30 August 5713:30 August 5212:13 August 5190:13 August 4976:Sullubawa 4746:The Sharo 4632:latchiiri 4629:known as 4520:Zaghareet 4454:Diafarabé 4357:habbanaya 4208:Semteende 4142:Halpulaar 3892:conflicts 3783:known as 3654:Hausaland 3481:Sonni Ali 3425:1240–1250 3348:Marrakesh 3328:1050–1146 3205:July 2018 3176:does not 2874:Futa Toro 2864:In 1690, 2760:Futa Toro 2721:Rey Bouba 2628:does not 2609:Migration 2575:Futa Toro 2526:, son of 1320:, Azare , 1170:Blue Nile 1005:from the 929:Tomboctou 741:Ethnonyms 649:coast in 475:Languages 10966:Mambilla 10906:Itsekiri 10874:Kalabari 10692:Anlo Ewe 10424:Mandinka 10404:Jakhanke 10266:Mandinka 10246:Konyagui 10110:Sudanese 10075:Mandinka 10011:Hadjarai 9878:Geerewol 9861:Archived 9849:Archived 9812:Archived 9750:(1902). 9734:Geerewol 9670:36868214 9661:10568978 9577:31969706 9508:31023338 9440:32812238 9393:26614524 9336:26017457 9270:19407144 9204:16900879 9196:41466384 9141:16900879 9055:23460272 9020:18618658 8984:15106124 8935:11910562 8886:31791255 8824:33105478 8508:"DAGRIS" 8446:(2007). 8265:CBN News 8013:BBC News 7896:25131051 7821:73652678 7551:40460882 6195:: 23–54. 5450:28 March 5168:2 August 5118:28257477 5086:PLOS ONE 5058:A̱fa̱taa 4956:See also 4799:Cameroon 4755:Genetics 4734:Marriage 4705:Religion 4662:Ceramics 4655:eghajira 4627:couscous 4594:Kettugol 4588:pendidan 4531:nianioru 4474:pirogues 4409:and the 4333:savannah 4274:modjaare 4250:noppiire 4224:Tiinaade 4214:Hakkille 4151:haalugol 4125:Language 4021:Cameroon 3967:festival 3965:Guérewol 3959:Several 3926:Bamileke 3813:Cameroon 3769:Rimmayɓe 3718:Mandinga 3397:in 1203 3312:in 1039 2952:and the 2827:Nigerian 2692:Ghanaian 2593:and the 2553:rock art 2532:Josephus 2166:Western 1923:Central 1749:Cameroon 1502:Eastern 1405:Cameroon 1324:, Kumo, 1168:and the 1162:Kordofan 1149:Fulfulde 894:Fulfulde 890:Cameroon 856:Surnames 819:Fallatah 572:Language 507:Religion 178:Cameroon 74:Guérewol 11006:Tangale 10971:Mandara 10956:Longuda 10864:Engenni 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