Socialist Republic of Romania

4476:(FSN) had merely taken advantage of the chaos to stage a coup. While, ultimately, a great deal did change in Romania, it is still a subject of contention among Romanians and other observers as to whether this was their intent from the outset, or merely pragmatic playing of the cards they were dealt. By December 1989 Ceaușescu's harsh and counterproductive economic and political policies had cost him the support of many government officials and even the most loyal Communist Party cadres, most of whom joined forces with the popular revolution or simply refused to support him. This loss of support from government officials ultimately set the stage for Ceaușescu's demise. The Romanian army also was a factor in the regime's fall as it suffered from severe budget cuts while vast sums were spent on the Securitate, leaving them severely discontented and unwilling to save Ceaușescu. 208: 823: 4745: 4709: 4733: 4721: 4321:

public debate or even inside the party, in the Political Executive Committee. And then, the recipe of street confrontations with the regime became the only...possible. It became the leitmotif of all the media analysis. It was the beginning of an action against the system that comprises more items. It was a labor protest in a citadel of Ceaușescu, it was an antidictatorial message, it was a clear political context: the pressures of Moscow, Ceaușescu's refusal to accept the demands of Gorbachev, the breaking with the West, who changed the views towards the regime – all these have made us to believe that the beginning of the end was coming".

2354: 4003:) or charcoal stoves, even though they were connected to the gas mains. With full-scale food rationing in place, the Communist Party published official guidelines on how Romanians could eat nutritiously while reducing their calorie intake by 25%. There was a shortage of available goods for the average Romanian. By 1984, despite a high crop yield and increased food production, wide-scale food rationing was introduced. The government promoted it as "rational eating" and "a means to reduce obesity". Most of what was available were export rejects, as most of the quality goods were exported, even underpriced, in order to obtain 192: 3678: 3667: 4659: 4695: 4683: 4671: 2687: 3963: 6854: 5335:, 2016; Pgs. 6–7; "The Romanian Orthodox Church by contrast has shown a much stronger development since the Second World War. After the initial waves of militant atheism were spent, a strong spiritual renewal movement took place in the late 1950s, and there has been a stream of notable spiritual figures both before and after communism. ... There was also a lack of consistent suppression of the Romanian Orthodox church by communist authorities. A large number of churches were left open, and monasteries continued to function." 2905: 2764:) were fully braced to weather de-Stalinization. Gheorghiu-Dej made Pauker, Luca and Georgescu scapegoats for the Romanian communist past excesses and claimed that the Romanian party had purged its Stalinist elements even before Stalin died in 1953. In all likelihood, Gheorghiu-Dej himself ordered the violence and coercion in the collectivization movements, since he did not rebuke those who perpetuated abuses. In fact, Pauker reprimanded any cadre who forced peasants, and once she was purged, the violence reappeared. 2938: 332: 4140: 3975: 4764: 3627: 6798: 3955: 4647: 2730:, and the more liberal Soviet government threatened to undermine his authority. In an effort to reinforce his position, Gheorghiu-Dej pledged cooperation with any state, regardless of political-economic system, as long as it recognized international equality and did not interfere in other nations' domestic affairs. This policy led to a tightening of Romania's bonds with China, which also advocated national self-determination and opposed Soviet hegemonism. 3769: 1575: 4152: 3846: 4778: 3405: 788: 763: 3574: 2838: 2634: 36: 4057: 2538:. The role of religious bodies was strictly limited to their houses of worship, and large public demonstrations were strictly forbidden. In 1948, in order to minimize the role of the clergy in society, the government adopted a decree nationalizing church property, including schools. The regime found wiser to use religion and make it subservient to the regime rather than to eradicate it. The communist government also disbanded the 3902: 6740: 4611:, and 63% think that their lives were better under it. The last and longest ruling leader of the Communist regime, Ceaușescu, also enjoys a high amount of approval in polls: In 2010, 41% of Romanians would vote for Ceaușescu, by 2014 this percentage reached 46%. In December 2018, 64% of people had a good opinion of Ceaușescu, making him the president with the highest amount of approval in the country. 3987:

industrialized faster than Spain, Greece, and Portugal. The infant mortality rate plummeted from 139 per 1,000 during the interwar period to 35 in the 1970s. During the interwar period, half the population was illiterate, but under the communist government illiteracy was eradicated. The population became urbanized, women's rights greatly improved, life expectancy grew, among many other achievements.

3857:. Romania made progress with the economy. From 1951 to 1974, Romania's gross industrial output increased at an average annual rate of 13 percent. Several branches of heavy industry were founded, including the machine-tool, tractor, and automotive industries; large-tonnage shipbuilding; the manufacture of electric diesel locomotives; and the electronics and petrochemical industries. 2776:

radical measures which meant persecutions and jailing of various "suspects", especially people of Hungarian origin. He also advocated swift Soviet intervention, and the Soviet Union reinforced its military presence in Romania, particularly along the Hungarian border. Although Romania's unrest proved fragmentary and controllable, Hungary's was not, so in November Moscow mounted a

3553:, where 3000 were arrested. In Bucharest and Cluj, organised groups were set up which tried to make common cause with the anti-communist movement in Hungary and coordinate activity. The authorities' reaction was immediate – students were arrested or suspended from their courses, some teachers were dismissed, and new associations were set up to supervise student activities. 4313:. As Emil Hurezeanu tells it: "I remember that Neculai Constantin Munteanu, the moderator of the show, started the broadcast: 'Brașov! So Brașov! Now it started!' This was the tone of the whole broadcast. We had interviews, information, interpretations of some political interpretations, older press articles announcing open street protests against Ceaușescu." 4431:(CC) in Bucharest turned into chaos. The crowd, in a reaction that would have been unthinkable for most of the previous quarter-century, openly booed and jeered Ceaușescu as he spoke. He was forced to hide himself in the CC Building after losing control of his own "supporters". The night of 21 December brought fighting between protesters and the 4408:-era reformist Communism found in Hungary or the Soviet Union. Ceausescu was so bitterly opposed to reform that he went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland after its Communists decided to treat with the opposition–a marked turn from his vehement opposition to the invasion of Czechoslovakia two decades earlier. 4349:, accused of propaganda against the socialist society. They were released on 22 December 1989 at 14.00. There were other letters and other attempts to draw attention to the economic, cultural, and spiritual oppression of Romanians, but they served only to intensify the activity of the communist police and the Securitate. 4435:, police and part of the army forces; more than 1100 protesters were killed during the fights over the next few days. On the morning of 22 December, it was announced that the army general Vasile Milea was dead by suicide. Believing that Milea had actually been murdered, the rank-and-file soldiers went over almost 4420:

affairs of Romania and an aggression through foreign secret services on Romania's sovereignty, and declared National Curfew, convoking a mass meeting in his support in Bucharest for the next day. The uprising of Timișoara became known across the country, and on the morning of 21 December, protests spread to

3994:

Despite all this, living standards in the country remained some of Europe's lowest and as early as 1981, there were clear signs of public discontent, such as riots and an angry mob throwing rocks at Ceaușescu's helicopter while it made a flight to Transylvania that October. Ceaușescu desired to repay

3928:

Thus, the policy towards the city after the earthquake was not one of reconstruction, but one of demolition and building anew. An analysis by the Union of Architects, commissioned in 1990, claims that over 2000 buildings were torn down, with over 77 of very high architectural importance, most of them

3836:

During the Ceaușescu era, there was a secret ongoing "trade" between Romania on one side and Israel and West Germany on the other side, under which Israel and West Germany paid money to Romania to allow Romanian citizens with certified Jewish or German ancestry to emigrate to Israel and West Germany,

3485:

One of the most notorious and infamous brainwashing experiments in Eastern Europe's history took place in Romania, in the political prison of Pitești, a small city about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Bucharest. This prison is still infamous in Romania for the so-called 'Pitești experiment' or

2819:

members and deputy premiers, criticized Gheorghiu-Dej. Constantinescu, who advocated a Khrushchev-style liberalization, posed a particular threat to Gheorghiu-Dej because he enjoyed good connections with the Moscow leadership. The PMR purged Constantinescu and Chișinevschi in 1957, denouncing both as

4403:

Unlike the Soviet Union at the same time, Romania had not developed a large, privileged elite. Ceausescu's family maintained all control of politics and Communist Party officials were paid poorly and often rotated from job to job, thus preventing any potential political rivals from developing a base

4329:

In March 1989, several leading activists of the PCR protested in a letter that criticized the economic policies of Nicolae Ceaușescu, but shortly thereafter Ceaușescu achieved a significant political victory: Romania paid off its external debt of about US$ 11 billion several months earlier than

3751:

Universities were also founded in small Romanian towns, which served to train qualified professionals, such as engineers, economists, planners or jurists, necessary for the industrialization and development project of the country. Romanian healthcare also achieved improvements and recognition by the

4179:

and keeping tabs and records on a large segment of the population. By 1989, according to CNSAS (the Council for Studies of the Archives of the Former Securitate), one in three Romanians was an informant for the Securitate. Due to this situation, income from tourism dropped substantially, the number

3809:

These pro-natalist measures had some degree of success, as a baby boom resulted in the late 1960s, with the generations born in 1967 and 1968 being the largest in the country's history. The natalist policies temporarily increased birth rates for a few years, but this was followed by a later decline

3747:

of the country which since 1959 had already doubled industrial production and had reduced the peasant population from 78% at the end of the 1940s to 61% in 1966 and 49% by 1971. However, for Romania, like other Eastern People's Republics, industrialization did not mean a total social break with the

4419:

on 17 December and soldiers opened fire on the protesters, killing about 100 people. After cutting short a two-day trip to Iran, Ceaușescu gave a televised speech on 20 December in which he condemned the events of Timișoara, saying he considered them an act of foreign intervention in the internal

3916:

shocked Bucharest; many buildings collapsed, and many others were weakened. This was the backdrop that led to a policy of large-scale demolition which affected monuments of historical significance or architectural masterpieces such as the monumental Văcărești Monastery (1722), the "Sfânta Vineri"

3490:

and the Pitești experiment aimed to 'reeducate' the (real or imagined) opponents of the regime. It involved psychological and physical torture of prisoners, and the submission of them to humiliating, degrading and dehumanizing acts. Tens of people died in this 'experiment', but its aim was not to

3759:

The social and economic transformations resulted in improved living conditions for Romanians. Economic growth allowed for higher salaries which, combined with the benefits offered by the state (free medical care, pensions, free universal education at all levels, etc.) were a leap compared to the

3453:

All strata of society were involved, but particularly targeted were the prewar elites, such as intellectuals, clerics, teachers, former politicians (even if they had left-leaning views), and anybody who could potentially form the nucleus of anti-Communist resistance. According to figures, in the

4439:

to the budding rebellion. A second attempt at a speech the next day quickly failed. Soon, people were besieging the Central Committee Building, coming within a few meters of Ceaușescu himself; the Securitate did nothing to help him. Ceaușescu soon fled by helicopter from the rooftop of the CC

4320:

Hurezeanu continues: "... All these have been turned into an offensive. The reaction of the regime was expected.. Very soon it was seen that the regime wants to hide it, to cancel it, practically not to respond to claims, not to take measures, to change anything, not to turn this protest into a

4203:

sociopolitical system began to look increasingly out-of-place, but all attempts were made to keep the populace isolated from events going on outside the country. Also, while the West had been willing in the past to overlook Ceaușescu's human rights record in lieu of his independent, anti-Soviet

2798:

Romania's government also took measures to reduce public discontent by reducing investments in heavy industry, boosting output of consumer goods, decentralizing economic management, hiking wages and incentives, and instituting elements of worker management. The authorities eliminated compulsory

2465:, the Communist-led Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD) claimed 84% of the votes. These elections were characterized by widespread irregularities, including intimidation, electoral fraud, and assassinations Archives confirm suspicions at the time that the election results were, in fact, falsified. 1490:

paid to the Soviet Union. However, during the 1950s, Romania's communist government began to assert more independence, leading to, for example, the withdrawal of all Soviet troops from Romania by 1958. Overall, from the 1950s to the 1970s, the country exhibited high rates of economic growth and

2775:

and Hungary's popular uprising inspired Romanian students to organize meetings in București, Cluj and Timișoara calling for liberty, better living conditions, and an end to Soviet domination. Under the pretext that the Hungarian uprising might incite his nation's own revolt, Gheorghiu-Dej took

1533:

Many people were executed or died in custody during communist Romania's existence, most during the Stalinist era of the 1950s. While judicial executions between 1945 and 1964 numbered 137, deaths in custody are estimated in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Others were arrested for political,

4041:

per family (everything over this limit was heavily taxed). Only one in five streetlights was kept on, and television was reduced to a single channel broadcasting just 2 hours each day. All these policies combined led Romanians to have the lowest standard of living in Europe, with the possible

4010:

Measures in the mechanization and chemicalization of farming helped to increase the output of agricultural products. In 1950, more than 300 kg of cereals was gathered per head of the population; by 1982 this amount had increased to 1 ton per person. Meat production increased from 29.5 to

2432:

The King was not happy with the direction of this government, but when he attempted to force Groza's resignation by refusing to sign any legislation (a move known as "the royal strike"), Groza simply chose to enact laws without bothering to obtain Michael's signature. On 8 November 1945, King

3986:

Before austerity, Romania had made considerable progress in many areas. Between 1950 and 1973, Romania joined Yugoslavia and Bulgaria in achieving average annual growth rates that were above both the Central European and the West European average. During the first 3 post-war decades, Romania

3990:

Romania continued to make progress. High rates of growth in production created conditions for raising living standards of the people. From 1950 to the mid-1980s, average net wages increased more than eightfold. The consumption fund increased 22-fold, and a broad program of building cultural

2823:

The cadres – anyone who was not a rank-and-file member of the Communist Party – were deemed the Party's vanguard, as they were entrusted with the power to construct a new social order and the forms of power that would sustain it. They still underwent extensive surveillance, which created an

2527:. While it guaranteed all manner of freedoms on paper, any association which had a "fascist or anti-democratic nature" was forbidden. This provision was broadly interpreted to ban any party not willing to do the Communists' bidding, and gave a legal façade to political repression. 280: 260: 2405:, as the Romanian army had fought hard against the Soviets for the better part of the war, changing sides only when the tides started to turn. The Communists, as all political parties, played only a minor role in King Michael's first wartime government, headed by General 3648:

of the Soviet Union. Ceaușescu, supported by colleagues of Gheorghiu-Dej such as Maurer, continued this popular line. Relations with Western countries and many other states began to be strengthened in what seemed to be the national interest of Romania. Under a policy of

301: 2445:

escalated into street fights between opposition supporters and soldiers, police and pro-government workers, resulting in dozens of killed and wounded; Soviet officers restrained Romanian soldiers and police from firing on civilians, and Soviet troops restored order.

2741:) in 1955, which entailed subordinating and integrating a portion of its military into the Soviet military machine. Romania later refused to allow Warsaw Pact maneuvers on its soil and limited its participation in military maneuvers elsewhere within the alliance. 4204:

stance, this was becoming less relevant with the Cold War winding down. As such, Romania started coming under fire from the United States and its allies, but such complaints were merely brushed off as "unwelcome interference in our nation's internal affairs".

4337:

and Bucharest demonstrated with placards that read "We want Reforms against the Ceaușescu government." The students–Mihnea Paraschivescu, Grațian Vulpe, the economist Dan Căprariu from Cluj and others–were arrested and investigated by the Securitate at the

4599:; mostly due to the fast and stunning economic growth that was followed by the decline, many Romanians still view the Socialist era of their country positively, looking back nostalgically at an era of perceived stability and safety as opposed to the recent 2503:

summoned him back to Bucharest. They presented him with a pretyped instrument of abdication and demanded that he sign it. With pro-Communist troops surrounding his palace and his telephone lines cut, Michael was forced to sign the document. Hours later,

4411:

Similarly, unlike in Poland, Ceaușescu reacted to strikes entirely through a strategy of further oppression. Romania was nearly the last of the Eastern European communist governments to fall; its fall was also the most violent up to that time.

2799:

deliveries for private farmers but reaccelerated the collectivization program in the mid-1950s, albeit less brutally than earlier. The government declared collectivization complete in 1962, when collective and state farms controlled 77% of the

2560: 3523:

Anti-communist resistance also had an organized form, and many people opposing the government took up arms and formed partisan groups, comprising 10–40 people. There were attacks on police posts and sabotage. Some of the famous partisans were

300: 4112:, to accompany it. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted 3897:

system was started. After two years, 10 km of network were already complete and after another 2 years, 9 km of tunnels were ready for use. By 17 August 1989, 49.01 km of the subway system and 34 stations were already in use.

3703:

In his early years in power, Ceaușescu was genuinely popular, both at home and abroad. Agricultural goods were abundant, consumer goods began to reappear, there was a cultural thaw, and, what was important abroad, he spoke out against the

3549:. In reaction to the anti-communist revolt in Hungary, echoes were felt all over the Eastern bloc. Protests took place in some university centers resulting in numerous arrests and expulsions. The most-organised student movement was in 4092:

Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated goal of turning Romania into a "multilaterally developed

3936:, the country continued to have a notably good system of schools. Also, not every industrialization project was a failure: Ceaușescu left Romania with a reasonably effective system of power generation and transmission, gave Bucharest 3860:

Prior to the mid-1970s, Bucharest, as most other cities, was developed by expanding the city, especially towards the south, east and west. High density residential neighbourhoods were built on the outskirts of the city, some (such as

2389:

and Austria. However, the Soviets treated Romania as a conquered territory, and Soviet troops continued to occupy the country on the basis of the Romanians having been active Nazi allies with a fascist government until very recently.

4330:

even the Romanian dictator had expected. Ceaușescu was formally reelected secretary general of the Romanian Communist Party—-the only political party of the Romanian Socialist Republic—-on 14 November at the party's XIVth Congress.

2806:

Despite Gheorghiu-Dej's claim that he had purged the Romanian party of Stalinists, he remained susceptible to attack for his obvious complicity in the party's activities from 1944 to 1953. At a plenary PMR meeting in March 1956,

3166: 2461:, the former gave the party widespread popularity among peasants from the South and East while the latter gained it the support of educated women. However, it also brought the beginnings of Soviet domination of Romania. In the 4399:

Riots and protests resumed the following day, 17 December. The rioters broke into the District Committee building. The army failed to establish order and chaos ensued, with gunfire, fighting, burning of cars, and casualties.

4316:

The reprisals against the strikers were rapid. The workers were arrested and imprisoned and their families were terrorized, but this act of courage on the part of the workers of Brașov set the stage for future mass revolts.

3756:(WHO). In May 1969, Marcolino Candau, Director General of this organization, visited Romania and declared that the visits of WHO staff to various Romanian hospital establishments had made an extraordinarily good impression. 2567:

The early years of communist rule in Romania were marked by repeated changes of course and by numerous arrests and imprisonments as factions contended for dominance. The country's resources were also drained by the Soviet's

4379:

forces showed up at the scene. By 7:30 pm, the protest had spread, and the original cause became largely irrelevant. Some of the protesters attempted to burn down the building that housed the District Committee of the

3925:– was scheduled for demolition in early 1990, according to the systematisation papers. Yet another tactic was abandoning and neglecting buildings and bringing them into such a state that they would require being torn down. 1467:

was installed. Gradually, more members of the Workers' Party and communist-aligned parties gained control of the administration and pre-war political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. In December 1947,

5374: 4297:

December 1989 was the last act of a finale that had started in 1987, in Brașov. The anti-communist riot in Brașov on 15 November 1987 was the main political event that announced the imminent fall of communism in Romania.

4025:

In the late 1980s, the United Nations Human Development report classified Romania as having had high human development. The life expectancy was 71 years, the literacy rate was 96%, and the Real GDP per capita was $ 3000.

4607:, and also the post-communist corruption that were resilient after 1989, being considered a major problem in the country. More than 53% of Romanians responded in polls that they would prefer to live once again under the 3491:

kill the people, but to 'reeducate' them. Some of those who were thus 'reeducated' later became torturers themselves. Of those who survived Pitești, many either took their own lives or ended up in mental institutions.

4428: 3457:

The existing prisons were filled with political prisoners, and a new system of forced labor camps and prisons was created, modeled after the Soviet Gulag. A decision to put into practice the century-old project for a

4614:

On the other hand, after the fall of the communist regime, Romania began shifting its political and economic policies from support (albeit tepid) for Moscow to aligning itself with Brussels and Washington by joining

4301:

The revolt started at the enterprise of Trucks Brașov, as a strike that began on the night of 14 November, on the night-shift, and it continued the next morning with a march downtown, in front of the Council of the

3748:

countryside. The peasants returned periodically to the villages or resided in them, commuting daily to the city in a practice called naveta. This allowed Romanians to act as peasants and workers at the same time.

278: 258: 2586:, differentiated more by their respective personal histories than by any deep political or philosophical differences. Later historiography claimed to identify the following factions: the "Muscovites", notably 4806: 279: 259: 2601:

Pauker and her allies were accused of deviating to the left and right. For instance, they were initially allied on not liquidating the rural bourgeoise, but later shifted their position. Ultimately, with

3982:

poster on the streets of Bucharest, 1986. The caption reads "65 years since the creation of the Romanian Communist Party", while the background states "Ceaușescu Era" and "The Party. Ceaușescu. Romania."

3520:, but was also used as an intimidation tactic to force the remaining peasants to join collective farms. Most deportees lived in the Bărăgan for 5 years (until 1956), but some remained there permanently. 298: 5136: 3450:', was established in 1948 with the stated aim "to defend the democratic conquest and to ensure the security of the Romanian People’s Republic against the plotting of internal and external enemies". 4180:

of foreign tourists visiting Romania falling by 75%, with the three main tour operators that organized trips in Romania leaving the country by 1987. Ceaușescu also started becoming the subject of

3877:) of architectural and urban planning value. Conservation plans were made, especially during the 1960s and early 1970s, but all were halted after Ceaușescu embarked on what is known as "The Small 2115: 4375:. His parishioners gathered around his home to protect him from harassment and eviction. Many passers-by, including Romanian students, spontaneously joined the protest. Subsequently, police and 321: 7975: 1813: 299: 2820:

Stalinists and charging them with complicity with Pauker. Afterwards, Gheorghiu-Dej faced no serious challenge to his leadership. Ceaușescu replaced Constantinescu as head of PMR cadres.

3502:(south-west from Transylvania, at the border with Yugoslavia), started on 18 June 1951. About 45,000 people were forcibly "resettled" in lesser populated regions on the eastern plains ( 3929:

in good condition. Even Gara de Nord (the city's main railway station), listed on the Romanian Architectural Heritage List, was scheduled to be torn down and replaced in early 1992.

2480:

of their leadership was then arranged, and they were put in jail. Other parties were forced to "merge" with the Communists. In 1946 and 1947, several high-ranking members in the pro-

2737:, controlled the party for a year before Gheorghiu-Dej again took up the reins. Despite its new policy of international cooperation, Romania joined the Warsaw Treaty Organization ( 2421:, a party closely associated with the Communists, became prime minister. His government was broad-based on paper, including members of most major prewar parties except the fascist 5914: 5382: 3542:) and army troops massed against them, armed resistance in the mountains continued until the early 1960s, and one of the best known partisan leaders was not captured until 1974. 319: 4791: 6776: 3653:

the forced Soviet (mostly Russian) cultural influence in the country which characterized the 1950s was stopped and Western media were allowed to circulate in Romania instead.

4029:

By 1985, despite Romania's huge refining capacity, petroleum products were strictly rationed with supplies drastically cut, a Sunday curfew was instated, and many buses used

6873: 3708:

While his reputation at home soon soured, he continued to have uncommonly good relations with Western governments and with international capitalist institutions such as the

4623:

in 2007. Today, the "apologetic presentation" of Nazi and communists governments and denigrating their victims in the audio-visual media is forbidden by decision of the

1878: 2105: 320: 7607: 2767:

In October 1956, Poland's communist leaders refused to succumb to Soviet military threats to intervene in domestic political affairs and install a more obedient

2723:

project, halted rationing and hiked workers' wages. These factors combined to put Romania under Gheorghiu-Dej on a relatively independent and nationalist route.

1323: 857: 570: 207: 8276: 7612: 4858: 2110: 1929: 2516:. However, most independent-minded Socialists were soon pushed out. Meanwhile, many non-Communist politicians had either been imprisoned or fled into exile. 7241: 7022: 4392:

and water jets, while the police attacked rioters and arrested many of them. Around 9:00 pm, the rioters withdrew. They regrouped eventually around the

4339: 3223: 2623: 2185: 1257: 6019: 1227: 4984: 8266: 1983: 1914: 1290: 3716:

because of his independent political line. Romania under Ceaușescu maintained and sometimes improved diplomatic and other relations with, among others,

822: 6769: 2791:

into custody. He was jailed at Snagov, north of Bucharest. After a series of interrogations by Soviets and Romanian authorities, Nagy was returned to

437: 5012:

Zwass, A. From Failed Communism to Underdeveloped Capitalism: Transformation of Eastern Europe, the Post-Soviet Union, and China. M.E. Sharpe, 1995

2425:. However, the Communists held the key ministries, and most of the ministers nominally representing non-Communist parties were, like Groza himself, 7965: 4371:

from his church flat. Tőkés had recently made critical comments against the regime to the Hungarian media, and the government alleged that he was

17: 8158: 8073: 6132: 2169: 4897:

Horga, Ioan; Stoica, Alina (2012). "Totalitarianism in Europe. Case Study: Romania between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Dictatorships (1938-1989)".

1510:

led to a positive image both at home and in the West. However, rapid economic growth fueled in part by foreign credits gradually gave way to an

7801: 5404: 4558: 3591: 2855: 2651: 2530:

Although the 1948 Constitution and its two successors provided a simulacrum of religious freedom, the regime in fact had a policy of promoting

2329: 53: 2733:

Gheorghiu-Dej resigned as the party's general secretary in 1954 but retained the premiership; a four-member collective secretariat, including

1486:," new tax-exempt Soviet-Romanian companies that allowed the Soviet Union to control Romania's major sources of income. Another drain was the 6762: 887: 4181: 4144: 1491:

significant improvements in infant mortality, life expectancy, literacy, urbanization, and women's rights, but then stagnated in the 1980s.

1197: 1015: 100: 7850: 7414: 6865: 5618: 4489: 3433: 3096: 2535: 1651: 72: 8063: 7743: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 3446:

Once the Communist government became more entrenched, the number of arrests increased. The General Directorate of People's Security, or '

2891: 1919: 1743: 1316: 1187: 1116: 5918: 5469:

The contradictions between domestic and foreign policies in the Cold War Romania (1956-1975), Ferrero, M.D, 2006, Historia Actual Online

5420:

Valentino, Benjamin A (2005). Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. Cornell University Press. pp. 91–151.

8281: 1515: 5940: 4445: 4218:

a nationwide canal system and irrigation network, some of which was completed, but most of which is still a project, or was abandoned;

3760:

pre-WWII situation of the Romanian population. Certain extra retributions were allowed for the peasants, who started to produce more.

7995: 7730: 7270: 7075: 6807: 5889: 3462:

served as a pretext for the erection of several labor camps, where numerous people died. Some of the most notorious prisons included

1696: 1121: 847: 79: 3991:

facilities and housing was carried out. Over 80 percent of the country's population had moved to new apartments during this period.

3692:

On 21 August 1965, following the example of Czechoslovakia, the name of the country was changed to "Socialist Republic of Romania" (

1459:. On 6 March 1945, after mass demonstrations by communist sympathizers and political pressure from the Soviet representative of the 331: 191: 8231: 8133: 8098: 8047: 7832: 7113: 7017: 6842: 6048: 4248: 3729: 3517: 1819: 1421: 5975: 8271: 7480: 6693: 2559: 1546: 2476:

was accused of espionage after it became clear in 1947 that their leaders were meeting secretly with United States officials. A

1498:

became General Secretary of the Communist Party (1965), Chairman of the State Council (1967), and the newly established role of

8216: 8121: 7755: 7648: 7485: 7217: 6969: 6907: 5578:

Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds.

4274: 4128: 3705: 2030: 1611: 1503: 1309: 1067: 902: 897: 523: 86: 3788:, and legal discrimination against childless people. This period has later been depicted in movies and documentaries (such as 1541:

remained in effect after its dissolution and was amended to reflect Romania's transition to democracy. It was replaced by the

8241: 8093: 7296: 7183: 6167: 5800: 5769: 5440:"Henry Shapiro, "Red Cultural Influence Vanishing in Romania", United Press International published in the Wilmington (N.C.) 5313: 5290: 5165: 4168: 3814:. Ceaușescu's policy resulted in the deaths of over 9,000 women due to illegal abortions, large numbers of children put into 2539: 634: 4631:(approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceaușescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel ( 7970: 7945: 7492: 7155: 6400: 6344: 5722: 2047: 1864: 1748: 1641: 1606: 1202: 4333:

On 11 November 1989, before the party congress, on Bucharest's Brezoianu Street and Kogălniceanu Boulevard, students from

68: 8236: 8226: 6912: 6332: 6280: 6189: 4744: 4732: 4720: 2753: 1666: 1646: 1413: 1409: 872: 7750: 7044: 6754: 2149: 8138: 7827: 7765: 7276: 7032: 6359: 5865: 5001: 4919:

Thompson, M.R. (2010). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism".

4473: 3546: 3313: 3208: 2322: 2067: 1938: 1773: 1691: 1621: 1616: 1601: 1192: 781: 5839:

Manuela, Marin (11 July 2016). "Assessing communist nostalgia in Romania: chronological framework and opinion polls".

8113: 7940: 7920: 7845: 7760: 7725: 7683: 7281: 6465: 6440: 5713: 5196: 5128: 4868: 4708: 4596: 3949: 3613: 2877: 2673: 2438: 1758: 1723: 1661: 1636: 1631: 1285: 1149: 1073: 481: 119: 8291: 8000: 7811: 7407: 7266: 7147: 7083: 6812: 6430: 6249: 6117: 3739:. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. He continued with the program of intensive 3426: 3218: 3198: 3025: 2091: 1859: 1712: 1626: 1429: 1295: 4229: 4037:. Electricity was rationed to divert supplies to heavy industry, with a maximum monthly allowed consumption of 20 2771:. A few weeks later, the Communist Party in Hungary virtually disintegrated during a popular revolution. Poland's 8005: 7354: 7237: 7088: 7027: 6817: 5962: 4310: 4176: 3721: 2286: 1993: 1947: 1733: 1671: 1656: 1139: 4393: 1448: 8027: 7925: 7877: 7710: 7638: 7098: 6853: 6827: 6425: 6204: 5742: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4105: 3921:"Republic's Stadium" (ANEF Stadium, 1926). Even the Palace of Justice – built by Romania's foremost architect, 3595: 3323: 3203: 2955: 2859: 2787:, who was installed by the Soviet Union. Romania took Hungary's former premier (leader of the 1956 revolution) 2698: 2655: 2462: 2211: 1768: 1753: 1702: 1417: 1397: 57: 7720: 2606:'s backing, Gheorghiu-Dej won out. Pauker was purged from the party (along with 192,000 other party members); 8221: 7935: 7715: 7359: 6485: 6219: 4796: 4590: 3886: 3802:

decided that the Romanian population should be increased from 23 to 30 million inhabitants. In October 1966,

3337: 3274: 3151: 2607: 2315: 2301: 2035: 1707: 1585: 1008: 5225:(2006). "The 1945 Ethridge Mission to Bulgaria and Romania and the Origins of the Cold War in the Balkans". 3644:. During his last two years, Gheorghiu-Dej had exploited the Soviet–Chinese dispute and begun to oppose the 8286: 8081: 7780: 7770: 7539: 7344: 7208: 7198: 7037: 6295: 6234: 6090: 6041: 4658: 4624: 4518: 4015: 3790: 3303: 3250: 3171: 3146: 2777: 2531: 2520: 2348: 2296: 2251: 2206: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1538: 1425: 1247: 652: 620: 606: 593: 230: 93: 4985:"Upheaval in the East: Overview; Ceausescu Flees a Revolt in Rumania but Divided Security Forces Fight on" 4022:

in Los Angeles. At that time, it was the only Soviet-aligned country to participate in the Olympic Games.

2937: 8126: 8032: 7806: 7400: 7329: 7103: 6832: 6593: 6509: 6415: 6095: 5582:

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234–255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.

4801: 4570: 4562: 3709: 3557: 3508: 3419: 3318: 3308: 3293: 2917: 2473: 1783: 1507: 1280: 1275: 1053: 1033: 8178: 5439: 3054: 882: 7892: 7775: 7574: 6962: 6561: 6435: 6395: 6322: 6239: 6224: 6122: 5171:. During debates over the overall number of victims of the Communist government between 1947 and 1964, 4212: 3459: 3021: 2970: 2757: 2720: 2715:'s goal of turning Romania into the "breadbasket" of the East Bloc, pursuing an economic plan based on 2513: 2377:

side, Michael could do nothing to erase the memory of his country's recent active participation in the

2266: 2077: 1794: 1550: 1464: 1144: 1048: 1043: 1038: 867: 555: 4958: 8256: 8143: 8015: 6598: 6354: 6244: 4828: 4453: 4222: 4064: 4051: 4007:, either to pay the debt, or to push forward in the ever-growing pursuit of heavy industrialization. 3753: 3744: 3495: 2895: 2406: 2179: 1154: 1063: 288: 5375:"The Media vs. Historical Accuracy. How Romania's Current Communist Trials Are Being Misrepresented" 4396:

and started a protest march around the city, but again they were confronted by the security forces.

8086: 8010: 7643: 7544: 6586: 6480: 6460: 6455: 6405: 6229: 5329:

Ageing, Ritual and Social Change: Comparing the Secular and Religious in Eastern and Western Europe

5092:

Balázs Szalontai, The Dynamics of Repression: The Global Impact of the Stalinist Model, 1944–1953.

4822: 4502: 4457: 4381: 4303: 3917:(1645) and "Enei" (1611) Churches, the Cotroceni (1679) and Pantelimon (1750) Monasteries, and the 3799: 3039: 2543: 2524: 1393: 862: 852: 837: 5283:

Provocările diversității: politici publice privind minoritățile naționale și religioase în România

5131:. "In addition to well over a million in detainees in prison, labor camps, and slave labor on the 8261: 7950: 7455: 7324: 7250: 7054: 6556: 6526: 6305: 6285: 6152: 6034: 4811: 4586: 4344: 4196: 3913: 3584: 3385: 3228: 3116: 3049: 3034: 3007: 2997: 2848: 2644: 2261: 1542: 703: 688: 268: 213: 46: 7203: 3784:

policy, which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women,

3365: 2572:

agreements, which facilitated shipping of Romanian goods to the Soviet Union at nominal prices.

2353: 1988: 8168: 8163: 8103: 7554: 7497: 7443: 7438: 7291: 6541: 6385: 6310: 6142: 5132: 4449: 4372: 4368: 3999:

of food, gas, heating and electricity. People in cities had to turn to natural gas containers (

3193: 3044: 2704: 2690: 2595: 2454: 2374: 2120: 2020: 1456: 1096: 945: 457: 7193: 5792: 5786: 4902: 3822:

in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets), and

2686: 2000: 1159: 8246: 7678: 7549: 7374: 7286: 7245: 7059: 6955: 6673: 6626: 6551: 6536: 6339: 6327: 6300: 6254: 5303: 4546:, Romania also maintained relations with China and North Korea as well as the Chinese-backed 3161: 3059: 2965: 2947: 2582:

In the communist leadership, there appear to have been three important factions, all of them

2505: 2291: 2276: 2154: 1909: 1890: 925: 500: 6797: 2812: 8197: 7930: 7840: 7663: 7591: 7559: 7509: 7504: 7222: 6546: 6531: 6495: 6475: 6349: 6317: 6290: 6177: 6127: 5680: 5157: 4646: 4551: 4536: 4532: 4121: 4019: 3829:

Other restrictions of human rights included invasion of privacy by the secret police (the "

3785: 3677: 3666: 3141: 3136: 3083: 3064: 2984: 2808: 2509: 2418: 2398: 2378: 2221: 2216: 2196: 1962: 1511: 1499: 1472: 1353: 877: 414: 248: 8173: 5022: 4097:". The policy largely consisted in the mass construction of high-density blocks of flats ( 3641: 3630: 2734: 2719:

and energy production. The government closed Romania's largest labor camps, abandoned the

1495: 960: 512: 470: 8: 7960: 7668: 7519: 7472: 7460: 7339: 7318: 7312: 6784: 6683: 6668: 6658: 6576: 6571: 6470: 6420: 6410: 6268: 6199: 6162: 6102: 4604: 4595:

Despite the prolonged economic and social crisis between 1982 and 1989 and the following

4485: 4358: 3878: 3815: 3736: 3298: 3255: 2450: 2256: 1527: 1519: 1367: 1222: 940: 665: 4292: 2784: 2057: 1212: 1101: 7955: 7534: 7524: 7349: 7232: 6719: 6712: 6613: 6603: 6490: 6373: 6194: 6137: 6082: 6072: 6061: 5983: 5242: 5075: 5048:"Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania" 4936: 4600: 4240: 3962: 3866: 3533: 3503: 3185: 3101: 2926: 2362: 2246: 1952: 1899: 1440: 768: 417: 6743: 3780:

Concerned about the country's low birthrates, Nicolae Ceaușescu enacted an aggressive

2783:

After the Revolution of 1956, Gheorghiu-Dej worked closely with Hungary's new leader,

2410: 975: 8251: 7862: 7628: 7529: 7334: 6636: 6566: 6390: 5861: 5817: 5796: 5765: 5755: 5738: 5709: 5561: 5520: 5309: 5286: 5246: 5192: 5161: 5124: 5079: 5067: 4940: 4898: 4864: 4543: 4405: 4068: 3854: 3740: 2745: 2708: 2174: 2100: 1957: 1460: 1341: 1217: 1111: 384: 369: 8108: 5788:

The Year That Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall

3487: 3471: 2899: 2827: 1164: 7653: 7012: 6728: 6688: 6678: 6641: 6621: 6521: 6214: 6209: 5644: 5551: 5510: 5348: 5234: 5199:. The author gives an estimate of 200,000 dead at the Danube-Black Sea Canal alone. 5149: 5059: 4928: 4769: 4236: 3870: 3811: 3650: 2960: 2904: 2394: 1967: 1106: 950: 3640:

died in 1965 and, after a power struggle, was succeeded by the previously obscure

965: 7695: 7227: 7188: 7049: 6663: 6653: 6147: 5979: 5855: 5479: 5332: 5172: 4833: 4608: 4523:

Romania's foreign policy was aligned with all nations that were aligned with the

4498: 4495: 4441: 4094: 3937: 3894: 3819: 3525: 3513: 3213: 3091: 2576: 2426: 2402: 2159: 2062: 1487: 1469: 1359: 1356: 423: 410: 197: 5331:; Ashgate AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Series; Daniela Koleva; Peter Coleman; 5285:, p. 111. Bucharest: Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală, 2005, 4468:

For several months after the events of December 1989, it was widely argued that

4139: 4033:

propulsion (they were mockingly named "bombs"); taxis were converted to burning

2694: 2512:. In February 1948, the Communists merged with the Social Democrats to form the 2496: 2488:

and for attacking the Soviet Union. Antonescu himself was executed 1 June 1946.

8068: 7633: 7369: 7364: 6733: 5761: 5556: 5539: 5222: 5184: 5115: 4783: 4620: 4574: 4569:

in 1972. In July 1980, Romania signed a comprehensive trade agreement with the

4076: 3932:

Despite all of this, and despite the much-questioned treatment of HIV-infected

3862: 3409: 3156: 3069: 2772: 2716: 2386: 2271: 2082: 1549:

abolished the socialist system of government completely and replaced it with a

1463:, a new pro-Soviet government that included members of the previously outlawed 5238: 5210:

Du passé faisons table rase ! Histoire et mémoire du communisme en Europe

4807:

Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania

3974: 2484:

government were executed as war criminals, primarily for their involvement in

2468:

After forming a government, the Communists moved to eliminate the role of the

970: 8210: 8148: 7902: 7658: 7569: 7448: 7379: 7213: 6646: 6009: 6008:, a memorial site dedicated to the victims of Communism in Romania, based at 5857:

Peasants under siege: the collectivization of Romanian agriculture, 1949–1962

5540:"The remarkable story of Romanian women's struggle to manage their fertility" 5120: 5071: 5063: 4117: 4109: 4038: 4004: 3906: 3637: 3467: 3463: 2749: 2603: 2500: 2485: 2366: 2281: 2144: 2072: 2025: 1809: 1169: 1003: 407: 379: 5515: 5498: 4108:

of unprecedented proportions, along with an equally grandiose neighborhood,

3772:

Demographics graphs. A huge surge of the birth rate in 1967, as a result of

8153: 8042: 8022: 7564: 7093: 6990: 6978: 6926: 6869: 6822: 6631: 6447: 5565: 5524: 5270:

Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1

5047: 4882:

28 December 1989: The name of the country was changed by decree to Romania.

4628: 4528: 4524: 4164: 4089:

ideology of that country, and began a massive campaign shortly afterwards.

3823: 3717: 3479: 3106: 2492: 2382: 1738: 1564: 1523: 1452: 1436: 1405: 1385: 955: 726: 638: 426: 6021:

Romanian Communism between Commemoration, Nostalgia, and Scientific Debate

4456:

moments after the verdict and sentence were announced on 25 December. The

4416: 4367:

in response to an attempt by the government to evict the dissident pastor

4364: 4261: 3940:, and left many cities with an increase in habitable apartment buildings. 3833:"), censorship and relocation, but not on the same scale as in the 1950s. 3550: 3545:

Another form of anti-communist resistance, non-violent this time, was the

7882: 7867: 7514: 7142: 6931: 6112: 4547: 4469: 4334: 4188: 4120:(Civic center) and the House of the Republic, now officially renamed the 4080: 3890: 3882: 3626: 3475: 3111: 3002: 2800: 2738: 2591: 2481: 2414: 2370: 2201: 2191: 1841: 1800: 1778: 1444: 1389: 998: 930: 542: 345: 309: 4817: 4267:

a good industrial basis for the chemical and heavy machinery industries;

3529: 2381:. Romanian forces fought under Soviet command, driving through Northern 892: 7392: 5135:, of whom tens of thousands died and whose numbers don't include those 4566: 4432: 4172: 3979: 3874: 3830: 3803: 3773: 3713: 3598: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3538: 3447: 2862: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2658: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2611: 2594:, who had spent the war in Moscow and the "Prison Communists", notably 2587: 2477: 2422: 2164: 2042: 1058: 935: 842: 6015: 4932: 4427:

Matters came to a head on 21 December, when Ceausescu's speech at the

4159:, a communist youth organization created in 1976 for children aged 4–7 4151: 3350: 7423: 7132: 6995: 6786: 6581: 5592: 5110: 4506: 4200: 4184:, his portrait on every street and hanging in every public building. 4124:, were the most extreme manifestation of the systematization policy. 3996: 3922: 3845: 3768: 3686:

Administrative division of Romania 1950–52 (top) and 1960–68 (bottom)

3390: 2816: 2788: 2768: 2727: 2583: 2442: 2052: 1854: 1401: 993: 907: 397: 359: 5580:

Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction.

5139:, Romania was remarkable for the severity of its prison conditions." 4104:

During the 1980s, Ceaușescu became obsessed with building himself a

3995:

Western loans, and thus enacted a harsh austerity policy, including

3954: 3573: 2837: 2633: 2397:

had granted the Soviet Union a predominant interest in Romania. The

35: 7584: 6026: 6005: 5735:

Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town

4389: 4192: 4113: 4056: 4034: 3918: 3781: 3725: 3645: 3375: 3370: 3355: 2792: 2469: 2458: 2434: 2226: 1924: 1534:

economical, or other reasons and suffered imprisonment or torture.

1482:

At first, Romania's scarce post-war resources were drained by the "

1476: 580: 5154:

Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc

4983:

Binder, David; Times, Special to The New York (23 December 1989).

3901: 3853:

Ceaușescu's Romania continued to pursue Gheorghiu-Dej's policy of

3556:

Tens of thousands of people were killed as part of repression and

7897: 7178: 7137: 6936: 6057: 5705: 4045: 4030: 3380: 3360: 2828:

Persecution, the labour camp system and anti-communist resistance

2712: 1904: 1848: 1805: 1363: 392: 2711:'s Soviet Union after Stalin's death in 1953. He also balked at 7673: 7465: 6947: 4463: 4244: 3967: 3933: 3486:

Pitești phenomenon, conducted there between 1949 and 1952. The

2569: 2342: 1483: 1252: 1091: 4535:, and it was the only Eastern Bloc country not to boycott the 3478:, and forced labor camps were set up at lead mines and in the 7887: 7857: 6107: 5976:

Official communique of the National Board of the Audio-Visual

5663: 5661: 4421: 4085: 3499: 3345: 2992: 1717: 1207: 5999: 5645:"Romania: 30 years removed from socialism – Liberation News" 4792:

Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of Romania

4195:

policies in effect in the Soviet Union and China undergoing

7872: 7796: 7738: 5301: 4959:

The End of the Ceaușescu Regime – A Theoretical Convergence

4616: 4557:

Romania joined the United Nations on 14 December 1955 (see

4163:

Control over society became stricter and stricter, with an

3506:). The government decision was directed towards creating a 1763: 1728: 1591: 5860:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 209. 5658: 5619:"ROMANIA'S LOST CHILDREN: A Photo Essay by James Nachtwey" 5496: 4527:. Under Ceaușescu it enjoyed strategic relations with the 3454:

years between 1945 and 1964, 73,334 people were arrested.

4324: 3732:, all for various reasons not on good terms with Moscow. 2707:, a committed Stalinist, was unhappy with the reforms in 5941:"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi" 5915:"In Romania, Opinion Polls Show Nostalgia for Communism" 5718:

This is documented by the book's revision, available at

4145:

personality cult of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena

5544:

Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care

5175:

spoke of 282,000 arrests and 190,000 deaths in custody.

4134: 4116:

sports stadium, in order to make way for the grandiose

4079:

carried out under Ceaușescu's regime. After a visit to

3798:). To counter the sharp decline of the population, the 336:

The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989 in dark green

5538:

Horga, Mihai; Gerdts, Caitlin; Potts, Malcolm (2013).

5405:

Trei mii de studenți timișoreni, arestați și torturați

4452:, convicted after an hour and a half, and executed by 6785:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

5373:

Dragomir, Elena; Stănescu, Mircea (11 January 2015).

4460:

dissolved soon afterward and has never been revived.

3224:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

2624:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

2575:

On 11 June 1948, all banks and large businesses were

2365:, supported by the main political parties, overthrew 2186:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

4759: 3560:

in Communist Romania primarily under Gheorghiu-Dej.

2409:, though their presence increased in the one led by 5986:

but now removed, accessible through web.archive.org

5963:"Ceaușescu still most beloved President of Romania" 5818:"Quality of life in Romania 1918-2018: An overview" 5704:"Ziua care nu se uită. 15 noiembrie 1987, Brașov", 2491:By 1947, Romania remained the only monarchy in the 1479:and the People's Republic of Romania was declared. 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2563:1949 stamp celebrating Romanian-Soviet friendship. 5302:Lavinia Stan; Lucian Turcescu (25 October 2007). 4225:with electrification and a modern control system; 4207:There was also a revival of the effort to build: 1370:). From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the 8208: 5982: (archived 20 December 2007), originally at 5917:. Balkanalysis. 27 December 2011. Archived from 5907: 5610: 5537: 5499:"Europe the continent with the lowest fertility" 5372: 5308:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 46–49. 5295: 4505:. All of its legislative meetings took place in 3818:by parents who couldn't cope with raising them, 3776:, is the most prominent feature of these graphs. 2756:(CPSU). Gheorghiu-Dej and the leadership of the 2508:abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a 5700:Emil Hurezeanu, as quoted (see note below) by: 5349:"Communist Dictatorship in Romania (1947-1989)" 5305:Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania 3881:" ("Mica revoluție culturală"), after visiting 2495:. On 30 December that year, Michael was at his 2437:, a pro-monarchy demonstration in front of the 2369:in August 1944, breaking Romania away from the 5853: 5757:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire 5747: 5737:. Princeton University Press, 2006, page 119. 5429:Rummel, Rudolph, Statistics of Democide, 1997. 4921:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 4559:United Nations Security Council Resolution 109 4309:The population heard about this event through 4046:Systematization: demolition and reconstruction 2523:. The new constitution was a near-copy of the 1502:in 1974. Ceaușescu's denunciation of the 1968 1375: 307: 286: 266: 246: 228: 171: 154: 147: 8277:States and territories disestablished in 1989 7408: 6963: 6770: 6042: 5572: 3893:. In the late 1970s, the construction of the 3494:The Communist government also decided on the 3427: 2549: 2519:The communist regime was formalized with the 2323: 1317: 6002:, an extensive website on Communist Romania. 5095: 4490:Economy of the Socialist Republic of Romania 4464:Controversy over the events of December 1989 4440:Building, only to find himself abandoned in 2343:Soviet occupation and rise of the Communists 5465: 5463: 5461: 4982: 4896: 4404:of support. This prevented the rise of the 4270:a rather well-developed foreign policy; and 3735:Ceaușescu refused to implement measures of 2892:Romanian anti-communist resistance movement 2598:, who had been imprisoned during the war. 8267:States and territories established in 1947 7415: 7401: 6970: 6956: 6777: 6763: 6049: 6035: 5890:"Struggling Romanians yearn for communism" 5854:Kligman, Gail; Verdery, Katherine (2011). 4914: 4912: 4863:. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 198. 3958:A queue for cooking oil in Bucharest, 1986 3943: 3889:and then delivering a speech known as the 3434: 3420: 2330: 2316: 1400:. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the 1324: 1310: 821: 330: 5753: 5555: 5514: 5480:"Decretul 770/1966 – Legislatie gratuita" 5212:, Robert Laffont, Paris, 2002, p. 376–377 5178: 5148: 5142: 4952: 4950: 4257:a fairly developed oceanic fishing fleet; 3614:Learn how and when to remove this message 2878:Learn how and when to remove this message 2674:Learn how and when to remove this message 2357:The Socialist Republic of Romania in 1966 236:("Proletarians of all countries, unite!") 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:1947–1989 republic in Southeastern Europe 7422: 7114:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 5887: 5815: 5458: 4918: 4591:Bans on communist symbols § Romania 4150: 4138: 4083:in 1971, Ceaușescu was impressed by the 4055: 3973: 3961: 3953: 3900: 3844: 3767: 3625: 2903: 2824:environment of competition and rivalry. 2685: 2558: 2352: 5838: 5670:, No. 3, Vol.31, 1985, page(s): 141–152 5116:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 5101:Vol. 29, Issue 2–4 (2003), pp. 415–442. 4956: 4909: 4892: 4890: 4363:On 16 December, a protest broke out in 4129:massive rural resetlement program began 3706:1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. 3563: 2908:Armed resistance against the government 2413:. This changed in March 1945, when Dr. 1508:brief relaxation in internal repression 14: 8209: 7218:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5343: 5341: 5041: 5039: 4947: 4325:Protests in 1989 before the Revolution 4275:Romanian rural systematization program 4143:The Communist government fostered the 3763: 3536:. Despite the numerous secret police ( 903:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy 7396: 7184:1949 East German State Railway strike 7156:World Federation of Democratic Youth 6951: 6758: 6030: 5784: 5778: 5221: 5215: 5002:Human Development Report 1990, p. 111 4577:in 1993 when Romania joined in 2007. 3633:, Leader of Romania from 1965 to 1989 2752:before the Twentieth Congress of the 2540:Romanian Greek-Catholic Uniate Church 1228:Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus 231:Proletari din toate țările, uniți-vă! 7055:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 6739: 6056: 5616: 5104: 5052:East European Politics and Societies 5006: 4887: 4512: 4135:Last years: increased social control 3840: 3596:adding citations to reliable sources 3567: 2860:adding citations to reliable sources 2831: 2656:adding citations to reliable sources 2627: 2617: 2449:Despite the King's disapproval, the 1865:World Federation of Democratic Youth 1449:overthrown their pro-Axis government 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 5497:ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2010). 5338: 5259:Rădulescu-Motru, in Cioroianu, p.65 5045: 5036: 4444:, where he and his wife Elena were 3696:) and PMR's old name was restored ( 2754:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2379:German invasion of the Soviet Union 24: 7277:Sovietization of the Baltic states 4976: 4587:Communist nostalgia § Romania 4175:recruiting more agents, extending 2401:did not acknowledge Romania as an 1939:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 1455:as the sole representative of the 1193:Bucharest student movement of 1956 782:National Salvation Front (Romania) 25: 8303: 8282:1989 disestablishments in Romania 7148:World Federation of Trade Unions 5993: 5888:Odobescu, Vlad (30 August 2012). 5642: 3950:1980s austerity policy in Romania 3694:Republica Socialistă România, RSR 2385:into Hungary proper, and on into 1504:Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1203:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 677:• Name changed to "Romania" 18:People's Republic of Romania 7365:January 1991 events in Lithuania 7023:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6977: 6852: 6796: 6738: 5843:(11). Gale Academic OneFile: 10. 5791:. Simon & Schuster. p. 5593:"Romania : a country study" 4957:Dîrdală, Lucian-Dumitru (2011). 4860:A Political Chronology of Europe 4776: 4762: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4627:. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000 4494:RSR's political framework was a 4415:Protests and riots broke out in 3676: 3665: 3572: 3403: 2936: 2836: 2693:speaking at a workers' rally in 2632: 2542:, declaring its merger with the 1860:World Federation of Trade Unions 1573: 786: 761: 317: 296: 276: 256: 206: 190: 34: 8232:Former countries in the Balkans 7089:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 5969: 5955: 5933: 5881: 5847: 5832: 5809: 5727: 5694: 5673: 5636: 5617:Hunt, Kathleen (24 June 1990). 5585: 5531: 5490: 5472: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5397: 5366: 5322: 5275: 5262: 5253: 5202: 5086: 5046:Ban, Cornel (1 November 2012). 3700:; "Romanian Communist Party"). 3583:needs additional citations for 2847:needs additional citations for 2762:Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR 2643:needs additional citations for 1198:Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu 1016:Ceaușescu's cult of personality 69:"Socialist Republic of Romania" 45:needs additional citations for 8272:1947 establishments in Romania 7921:Azerbaijan People's Government 5816:Stanescu, Iulian (July 2019). 5015: 4995: 4851: 4286: 4018:, Romania participated in the 3656: 2726:Gheorghiu-Dej identified with 2554: 594:Forced abdication of Michael I 13: 1: 8217:Socialist Republic of Romania 7370:January 1991 events in Latvia 7360:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7109:Socialist Republic of Romania 7084:People's Republic of Bulgaria 7076:People's Republic of Albania 7045:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5681:"- Human Development Reports" 4844: 4797:History of Romania since 1989 4352: 4230:Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant 3806:was authorized by Ceaușescu. 3558:agricultural collectivization 3243:Socialist Republic of Romania 2744:In 1956, the Soviet premier, 2521:constitution of 13 April 1948 2463:elections of 19 November 1946 2302:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1392:with a dominant role for the 1338:Socialist Republic of Romania 1248:Soviet occupation (1944–1958) 173:Republica Socialistă România 163:Socialist Republic of Romania 8242:History of Romania by period 7355:Collapse of the Soviet Union 7345:Fall of communism in Albania 5137:deported to the Soviet Union 4625:National Audiovisual Council 4519:Foreign relations of Romania 4254:a network of oil refineries; 4239:power system, including the 3791:4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days 3698:Partidul Comunist Român, PCR 3097:Principality of Transylvania 2373:and bringing it over to the 2349:Soviet occupation of Romania 2297:Fall of communism in Albania 2252:Polish Round Table Agreement 2207:Cuban intervention in Angola 1545:on 8 December 1991, after a 1346:Republica Socialistă România 7: 7961:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 7330:End of communism in Hungary 7099:Hungarian People's Republic 5943:. Adevarul. 7 November 2010 5841:Twentieth Century Communism 4802:List of Romanian communists 4755: 4573:; which in turn became the 4571:European Economic Community 4563:International Monetary Fund 4479: 4424:, Bucharest and elsewhere. 4394:Romanian Orthodox Cathedral 4281: 4075:) refers to the program of 3810:due to an increased use of 3710:International Monetary Fund 1685:Allied and satellite states 1362:that existed officially in 1270:Relations with other states 10: 8308: 8237:Former socialist republics 8227:Former countries in Europe 7094:German Democratic Republic 6333:Chief of the General Staff 5754:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). 5557:10.1136/jfprhc-2012-100498 5272:, p. 759. ABC-CLIO (2005). 5227:Diplomacy & Statecraft 5191:, Doubleday, April, 2003. 4638: 4584: 4516: 4483: 4429:Central Committee Building 4356: 4290: 4049: 3947: 3887:People's Republic of China 3152:1848 Wallachian Revolution 2971:Prehistory of Transylvania 2956:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 2889: 2621: 2550:Romanian People's Republic 2346: 1556: 1388:state and a member of the 1372:Romanian People's Republic 1242:Relationship with the USSR 139:Romanian People's Republic 8195: 8056: 7988: 7913: 7820: 7789: 7703: 7692: 7621: 7600: 7431: 7305: 7282:Information dissemination 7259: 7209:1956 Hungarian Revolution 7199:1953 East German uprising 7167: 7125: 7068: 7005: 6985: 6922: 6903: 6861: 6850: 6803: 6794: 6706: 6612: 6517: 6508: 6381: 6372: 6276: 6267: 6185: 6176: 6081: 6068: 5503:Human Reproduction Update 5239:10.1080/09592290500533775 5208:Romulus Rusan (dir.), in 4829:Systematization (Romania) 4580: 4221:an effort to improve the 4052:Systematization (Romania) 3754:World Health Organization 3745:economic self-sufficiency 3147:1848 Moldavian Revolution 2795:for trial and execution. 2222:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 1461:Allied Control Commission 1416:) to the north and east, 1377:Republica Populară Romînă 898:People's Democratic Front 873:National Council of Women 740: 732: 722: 702: 698: 685: 675: 662: 649: 631: 616: 603: 590: 586: 576: 566: 562: 548: 538:• 1947–1952 (first) 536: 532: 522: 518: 506: 496:• 1947–1952 (first) 494: 490: 480: 476: 464: 450: 446: 436: 403: 391: 375: 365: 352: 341: 329: 289:E scris pe tricolor Unire 240: 224: 186: 181: 156:Republica Populară Romînă 149:Republica Populară Română 136: 7267:Emigration and defection 7104:Polish People's Republic 6360:Unification with Moldova 6281:Administrative divisions 5064:10.1177/0888325412465513 4839: 4823:Romanian Communist Party 4503:Romanian Communist Party 4474:National Salvation Front 4382:Romanian Communist Party 4304:Romanian Communist Party 4171:installed, and with the 3547:student movement of 1956 3055:Voivodeship of Maramureș 3040:Banat in the Middle Ages 2748:, denounced Stalin in a 2695:Nation Square, Bucharest 2544:Romanian Orthodox Church 2532:Marxist–Leninist atheism 2525:1936 Soviet Constitution 2474:National Peasants' Party 2043:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 1551:semi-presidential system 1494:In the 1960s and 1970s, 1394:Romanian Communist Party 888:Romanian Orthodox Church 883:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy 853:Union of Communist Youth 550:• 1982–1989 (last) 508:• 1967–1989 (last) 8292:Soviet satellite states 7971:North Korea (1947–1948) 7966:North Korea (1946–1947) 7325:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7251:1981 protests in Kosovo 7189:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 5785:Meyer, Michael (2009). 4812:Romania in World War II 4182:a vast personality cult 4060:Civic Center, Bucharest 3944:1980s: severe rationing 3849:23 August demonstration 3496:deportation of peasants 3209:Union with Transylvania 3117:Danubian Principalities 3050:Second Bulgarian Empire 3035:History of Transylvania 3008:Origin of the Romanians 2758:Romanian Workers' Party 2514:Romanian Workers' Party 2287:End of the Soviet Union 2262:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1822: (until 1948) 1797: (until 1977) 1786: (until 1989) 1720: (until 1961) 1699: (until 1961) 1465:Romanian Workers' Party 1366:from 1947 to 1989 (see 1182:Protests and resistance 858:Great National Assembly 807:Part of a series on the 571:Great National Assembly 366:Official languages 7693:Current and historical 6466:Science and technology 5133:Danube-Black Sea Canal 5096: 4450:drumhead court-martial 4373:inciting ethnic hatred 4215:, which was completed; 4213:Danube–Black Sea Canal 4160: 4148: 4072: 4061: 4042:exception of Albania. 3983: 3971: 3959: 3909: 3850: 3826:in homes and schools. 3796:Children of the Decree 3786:taxes on childlessness 3777: 3634: 3460:Danube–Black Sea Canal 3045:First Bulgarian Empire 2909: 2721:Danube–Black Sea Canal 2701: 2691:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2596:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2564: 2472:parties; notably, the 2451:first Groza government 2358: 1976:Protests and uprisings 1451:, was occupied by the 1384:). The country was an 1376: 1345: 1188:1940s–1950s resistance 1145:Danube–Black Sea Canal 946:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 458:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 308: 287: 267: 247: 229: 172: 155: 148: 7375:Breakup of Yugoslavia 6250:Territorial evolution 6133:United Principalities 5668:International Affairs 5516:10.1093/humupd/dmq023 4605:political instability 4499:run by a single party 4243:power station on the 4154: 4142: 4059: 3977: 3965: 3957: 3904: 3848: 3771: 3629: 3199:Union with Bessarabia 3162:United Principalities 3060:Founding of Wallachia 2966:Bronze Age in Romania 2907: 2699:1946 general election 2689: 2610:was executed after a 2562: 2536:religious persecution 2403:allied co-belligerent 2356: 2292:Post-Soviet conflicts 2277:Breakup of Yugoslavia 2180:Albanian–Soviet split 1891:Anti-Soviet partisans 1834:Related organizations 1547:nationwide referendum 926:Constantin Ion Parhon 813:Socialist Republic of 635:Complete independence 556:Constantin Dăscălescu 501:Constantin Ion Parhon 8222:Communism in Romania 8198:History of socialism 7223:1970 Polish protests 7204:1956 Poznań protests 7069:Soviet-allied states 6694:World Heritage Sites 5894:The Washington Times 5385:on 12 September 2017 5158:Editura Curtea Veche 4552:Democratic Kampuchea 4537:1984 Summer Olympics 4533:Non-Aligned Movement 4247:in cooperation with 4169:phone bugging system 4122:Palace of Parliament 4020:1984 Summer Olympics 3938:a functioning subway 3592:improve this article 3564:Ceaușescu government 3338:By historical region 3137:Transylvanian School 3065:Founding of Moldavia 2896:Bărăgan deportations 2856:improve this article 2809:Miron Constantinescu 2652:improve this article 2407:Constantin Sănătescu 2399:Paris Peace Treaties 2272:Barricades in Latvia 2217:1980 Moscow Olympics 2197:Cuban Missile Crisis 1543:current constitution 1516:political repression 1155:Bărăgan deportations 54:improve this article 8287:Totalitarian states 8134:Estonia (1918–1919) 8028:Hungary (1949–1989) 7340:Romanian revolution 7313:Revolutions of 1989 7194:1953 Plzeň uprising 6103:Prehistoric Romania 5965:. 27 December 2018. 5597:Library of Congress 4486:Politics of Romania 4359:Romanian Revolution 4340:Rahova Penitentiary 4260:naval shipyards at 3879:Cultural Revolution 3816:Romanian orphanages 3764:Human rights issues 3737:economic liberalism 3304:Historical timeline 3204:Union with Bukovina 3172:War of Independence 2257:Revolutions of 1989 1428:) to the west, and 1368:Revolutions of 1989 1223:Romanian Revolution 941:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 621:Second constitution 8099:Byelorussia (1919) 7350:Singing Revolution 7233:June 1976 protests 7018:Soviet occupations 6486:Telecommunications 6401:Foreign investment 6220:Historical regions 5921:on 11 January 2012 5733:Brubaker, Rogers: 5623:The New York Times 5411:, 25 October 2007. 4989:The New York Times 4750:Emblem (1965–1989) 4738:Emblem (1952–1965) 4726:Emblem (1948–1952) 4597:austerity measures 4496:socialist republic 4273:new towns via the 4161: 4149: 4062: 4016:Soviet-led boycott 3984: 3972: 3960: 3914:earthquake of 1977 3910: 3851: 3778: 3635: 3534:Gheorghe Arsenescu 3410:Romania portal 3275:Romania since 1989 3186:Kingdom of Romania 3130:National Awakening 3102:Eyalet of Temesvar 3084:Early Modern Times 2910: 2813:Iosif Chișinevschi 2702: 2565: 2359: 2247:Singing Revolution 2021:Novocherkassk 1962 1044:Literacy campaigns 1009:National communism 769:Kingdom of Romania 689:Formally abolished 607:First constitution 524:Head of government 418:socialist republic 269:Te slăvim, Românie 8204: 8203: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8186: 7984: 7983: 7726:Congo-Brazzaville 7622:Regional variants 7390: 7389: 7335:Velvet Revolution 7297:Telephone tapping 7271:list of defectors 7060:Tito–Stalin split 6945: 6944: 6752: 6751: 6702: 6701: 6504: 6503: 6368: 6367: 6345:Political parties 6296:Foreign relations 6263: 6262: 6158:Communist Romania 6118:Early Middle Ages 6006:memorialsighet.ro 5802:978-1-4165-5845-3 5771:978-0-375-42532-5 5760:. New York City: 5643:Gorky, Patricia. 5315:978-0-19-530853-2 5291:978-9738-623-97-2 5167:978-973-669-175-1 5150:Cioroianu, Adrian 5030:www.ucis.pitt.edu 4933:10.1080/714005469 4561:) as well as the 4544:Sino-Soviet split 4513:Foreign relations 4311:Radio Free Europe 4095:socialist society 3855:industrialization 3841:Industrialization 3741:industrialization 3720:, Israel, China, 3642:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3631:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3624: 3623: 3616: 3488:prison in Pitești 3444: 3443: 3299:Romanian language 3251:Soviet occupation 2888: 2887: 2880: 2746:Nikita Khrushchev 2735:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2709:Nikita Khrushchev 2684: 2683: 2676: 2618:Gheorghiu-Dej era 2510:People's Republic 2419:Ploughmen's Front 2340: 2339: 2175:Sino-Soviet split 2155:Tito–Stalin split 2150:Czechoslovak coup 2128: 2127: 2068:Ukraine 1989–1991 2006:East Germany 1953 1948:Soviet occupation 1539:1965 Constitution 1496:Nicolae Ceaușescu 1447:member which had 1404:to the east, the 1398:its constitutions 1334: 1333: 1218:Letter of the Six 1112:Socialist realism 1097:Cîntarea României 961:Nicolae Ceaușescu 802: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 774: 773: 666:Fall of Ceaușescu 653:Last constitution 627:24 September 1952 513:Nicolae Ceaușescu 471:Nicolae Ceaușescu 466:• 1965–1989 452:• 1947–1965 438:General Secretary 385:Romanian Orthodox 322: 302: 281: 261: 167:(1965–1989) 143:(1947–1965) 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 8299: 8257:Communist states 8054: 8053: 7911: 7910: 7701: 7700: 7696:socialist states 7575:African-American 7417: 7410: 7403: 7394: 7393: 7179:Goryani Movement 7159: 7151: 7117: 7079: 7013:Yalta Conference 6972: 6965: 6958: 6949: 6948: 6856: 6800: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6722: 6715: 6594:Social structure 6515: 6514: 6451: 6416:Great Depression 6379: 6378: 6274: 6273: 6183: 6182: 6128:Early Modern Era 6051: 6044: 6037: 6028: 6027: 5987: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5822:Calitatea Vietii 5813: 5807: 5806: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5751: 5745: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5589: 5583: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5444:, July 16, 1965" 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5381:. Archived from 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5353:Communist Crimes 5345: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5299: 5293: 5281:Marian Chiriac, 5279: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5189:Gulag: A History 5182: 5176: 5170: 5146: 5140: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5094:Russian History/ 5090: 5084: 5083: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5032:. December 1989. 5027: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4877: 4855: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4770:Communism portal 4767: 4766: 4765: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4700:Flag (1965–1989) 4697: 4688:Flag (1952–1965) 4685: 4676:Flag (1948–1952) 4673: 4661: 4652:Flag (1947–1948) 4649: 4619:in 2004 and the 4609:Communist regime 4539:in Los Angeles. 4348: 4293:Brașov Rebellion 4197:economic reforms 4014:In spite of the 3812:illegal abortion 3680: 3669: 3651:de-Russification 3619: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3576: 3568: 3509:cordon sanitaire 3436: 3429: 3422: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3309:Military history 3294:Economic history 2961:Hamangia culture 2940: 2930: 2912: 2911: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2840: 2832: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2636: 2628: 2497:palace in Sinaia 2427:fellow travelers 2395:Yalta Conference 2332: 2325: 2318: 2241: 2188: 2139: 1984:Poland 1944–1989 1968:Operation Jungle 1887: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1835: 1686: 1596: 1594: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1520:the violent fall 1379: 1354:Marxist–Leninist 1326: 1319: 1312: 1258:De-satellization 1213:Brașov Rebellion 1107:Obsessive decade 1102:Cenaclul Flacăra 1054:De-Stalinization 1034:Collectivization 951:Gheorghe Apostol 868:Patriotic Guards 825: 804: 803: 790: 789: 778: 777: 765: 764: 758: 757: 742: 741: 718: 717: 709: 681:28 December 1989 671:22 December 1989 623: 599:30 December 1947 558: 460: 415:Marxist–Leninist 355:and largest city 334: 324: 323: 313: 304: 303: 292: 283: 282: 272: 263: 262: 252: 234: 210: 194: 176: 175: 168: 158: 151: 144: 134: 133: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8183: 8164:Slovakia (1919) 8064:Alsace-Lorraine 8052: 7980: 7909: 7816: 7785: 7694: 7688: 7617: 7596: 7427: 7421: 7391: 7386: 7301: 7255: 7242:Soviet reaction 7228:Croatian Spring 7172: 7170: 7163: 7157: 7149: 7121: 7115: 7077: 7064: 7050:Berlin Blockade 7001: 7000: 6981: 6976: 6946: 6941: 6918: 6915: 6899: 6896: 6857: 6848: 6845: 6801: 6790: 6783: 6753: 6748: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6698: 6608: 6562:Public holidays 6500: 6461:Property bubble 6449: 6364: 6323:Law enforcement 6259: 6240:Protected areas 6172: 6148:Greater Romania 6077: 6064: 6055: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5980:Wayback Machine 5974: 5970: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5852: 5848: 5837: 5833: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5752: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5719: 5717: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5577: 5573: 5536: 5532: 5495: 5491: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5379:Balkan Analysis 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5333:Routledge Press 5327: 5323: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5223:Stone, David R. 5220: 5216: 5207: 5203: 5183: 5179: 5173:Corneliu Coposu 5168: 5147: 5143: 5109: 5105: 5091: 5087: 5044: 5037: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4917: 4910: 4895: 4888: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4834:Captive Nations 4782: 4777: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4739: 4736: 4727: 4724: 4715: 4712: 4701: 4698: 4689: 4686: 4677: 4674: 4665: 4662: 4653: 4650: 4641: 4593: 4583: 4521: 4515: 4492: 4482: 4466: 4388:responded with 4361: 4355: 4342: 4327: 4295: 4289: 4284: 4241:Porțile de Fier 4137: 4065:Systematization 4054: 4048: 3952: 3946: 3895:Bucharest Metro 3843: 3820:street children 3800:Communist Party 3766: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3659: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3589: 3577: 3566: 3526:Elisabeta Rizea 3440: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3340: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3288: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3269:Post-Revolution 3262: 3261: 3260: 3245: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3219:Fascist Kingdom 3214:Greater Romania 3188: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3142:Organic Statute 3131: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3092:Silistra Eyalet 3086: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3029: 3014: 3013: 3012: 2987: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2950: 2928: 2921: 2902: 2890:Main articles: 2884: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2853: 2841: 2830: 2778:bloody invasion 2680: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2649: 2637: 2626: 2620: 2557: 2552: 2534:, coupled with 2499:when Groza and 2411:Nicolae Rădescu 2351: 2345: 2336: 2307: 2306: 2242: 2239: 2232: 2231: 2184: 2160:Berlin Blockade 2140: 2138:Cold War events 2137: 2130: 2129: 2053:Kazakhstan 1986 1884: 1879: 1877: 1870: 1869: 1836: 1833: 1826: 1825: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1488:war reparations 1360:socialist state 1330: 1301: 1300: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1074:1980s austerity 1064:Systematization 1049:Five-Year Plans 1039:Nationalization 1029: 1021: 1020: 989: 981: 980: 976:Elena Ceaușescu 921: 913: 912: 838:Communist Party 833: 814: 787: 762: 715: 714: 713: 707: 694:8 December 1991 691: 678: 668: 655: 642: 624: 619: 609: 596: 554: 551: 539: 509: 497: 467: 456: 453: 430: 413: 383: 356: 337: 325: 318: 314: 306: 305: 297: 293: 285: 284: 277: 273: 265: 264: 257: 253: 249:Zdrobite cătușe 245: 235: 220: 219: 218: 215: 211: 203: 202: 199: 195: 177: 170: 169: 166: 165: 161: 160: 153: 145: 142: 141: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8305: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8262:Atheist states 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8144:Hungary (1919) 8141: 8136: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8060: 8058: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8011:Czech Republic 8006:Czechoslovakia 8003: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7946:Inner Mongolia 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7926:East Turkestan 7923: 7917: 7915: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7608:United Kingdom 7604: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7567: 7565:United Kingdom 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7153: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6818:Czechoslovakia 6815: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6599:Urban planning 6596: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6481:Stock Exchange 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6355:Prime Minister 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6054: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6013: 6003: 5995: 5994:External links 5992: 5989: 5988: 5968: 5954: 5932: 5906: 5880: 5867:978-1400840434 5866: 5846: 5831: 5828:(29): 107–144. 5808: 5801: 5777: 5770: 5762:Pantheon Books 5746: 5726: 5693: 5672: 5657: 5635: 5609: 5584: 5571: 5530: 5509:(6): 590–602. 5489: 5471: 5457: 5446:. 17 July 1965 5431: 5422: 5413: 5409:România liberă 5396: 5365: 5337: 5321: 5314: 5294: 5274: 5261: 5252: 5214: 5201: 5185:Anne Applebaum 5177: 5166: 5141: 5103: 5097:Histoire Russe 5085: 5058:(4): 743–776. 5035: 5023:"Final report" 5014: 5005: 4994: 4975: 4946: 4908: 4886: 4869: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4784:Romania portal 4773: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4621:European Union 4582: 4579: 4575:European Union 4542:Following the 4517:Main article: 4514: 4511: 4481: 4478: 4465: 4462: 4357:Main article: 4354: 4351: 4326: 4323: 4291:Main article: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4233: 4226: 4223:railway system 4219: 4216: 4187:By 1988, with 4157:Șoimii Patriei 4136: 4133: 4077:urban planning 4073:Sistematizarea 4050:Main article: 4047: 4044: 3948:Main article: 3945: 3942: 3863:Drumul Taberei 3842: 3839: 3837:respectively. 3765: 3762: 3685: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3622: 3621: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3157:Danube Vilayet 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3070:Rumelia Eyalet 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2900:Pitești Prison 2886: 2885: 2844: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2717:heavy industry 2682: 2681: 2640: 2638: 2631: 2619: 2616: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2387:Czechoslovakia 2347:Main article: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2267:January Events 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2078:Lithuania 1991 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1894: 1893: 1885: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1734:Czechoslovakia 1731: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1558: 1555: 1526:government in 1475:was forced to 1432:to the south. 1414:Moldavian SSRs 1332: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1165:Pitești prison 1162: 1160:Tămădău Affair 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1006: 996: 990: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 818: 817: 809: 808: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 784: 775: 772: 771: 766: 754: 753: 748: 738: 737: 734: 730: 729: 724: 720: 719: 710: 708:(1990 formula) 700: 699: 696: 695: 692: 686: 683: 682: 679: 676: 673: 672: 669: 663: 660: 659: 658:21 August 1965 656: 650: 647: 646: 643: 632: 629: 628: 625: 617: 614: 613: 610: 604: 601: 600: 597: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 578: 577:Historical era 574: 573: 568: 564: 563: 560: 559: 552: 549: 546: 545: 540: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 526: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 507: 504: 503: 498: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 465: 462: 461: 454: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 434: 433: 432: 431: 405: 401: 400: 395: 389: 388: 377: 373: 372: 367: 363: 362: 357: 354: 350: 349: 343: 339: 338: 335: 327: 326: 316: 295: 275: 255: 238: 237: 222: 221: 212: 205: 204: 196: 189: 188: 187: 184: 183: 179: 178: 146: 137: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8304: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8199: 8194: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8114:Crimea (1919) 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7976:South Vietnam 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7904: 7903:North Vietnam 7901: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7613:United States 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7570:United States 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7449:New Australia 7447: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7381: 7380:Yugoslav Wars 7378: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214:Prague Spring 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126:Organizations 7124: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Baltic states 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6866:Soviet Russia 6864: 6863: 6860: 6855: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6788: 6780: 6775: 6773: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6745: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456:National Bank 6454: 6452: 6446: 6442: 6441:petrochemical 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406:Foreign trade 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6040: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010:Sighet prison 6007: 6004: 6001: 6000:ceausescu.org 5998: 5997: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5936: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5720:(in Romanian) 5715: 5714:973-681-136-0 5711: 5707: 5702:(in Romanian) 5697: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5646: 5639: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5445: 5443: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5211: 5205: 5198: 5197:0-7679-0056-1 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5156:, Bucharest: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5129:1-59420-065-3 5126: 5122: 5121:Penguin Press 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5024: 5018: 5009: 5003: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4872: 4870:0-203-40340-1 4866: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825:'s newspaper. 4824: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4774: 4771: 4760: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4714:Emblem (1948) 4710: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446:finally tried 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4294: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237:hydroelectric 4234: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118:Centrul Civic 4115: 4111: 4110:Centrul Civic 4107: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4053: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4011:100 kg. 4008: 4006: 4005:hard currency 4002: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3956: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3907:postage stamp 3903: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3743:aimed at the 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3679: 3668: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638:Gheorghiu-Dej 3632: 3628: 3618: 3615: 3607: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3581:This section 3579: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3401: 3400: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2882: 2879: 2871: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2845:This section 2843: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750:secret speech 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705:Gheorghiu-Dej 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2675: 2667: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2641:This section 2639: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:Joseph Stalin 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2561: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2501:Gheorghiu-Dej 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2486:the Holocaust 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Ion Antonescu 2364: 2355: 2350: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2282:Yugoslav Wars 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170:Secret Speech 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2145:Marshall Plan 2143: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810:North Vietnam 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1528:December 1989 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396:enshrined in 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1170:Sighet prison 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:Neo-Stalinism 1002: 1001: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 985: 984: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 966:Manea Mănescu 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 917: 916: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 863:State Council 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 832:Organizations 829: 828: 824: 820: 819: 816: 811: 810: 806: 805: 785: 783: 780: 779: 776: 770: 767: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 725: 721: 711: 705: 701: 697: 693: 690: 684: 680: 674: 670: 667: 661: 657: 654: 648: 645:22 April 1964 644: 640: 636: 630: 626: 622: 615: 612:13 April 1948 611: 608: 602: 598: 595: 589: 585: 582: 579: 575: 572: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 547: 544: 541: 535: 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 514: 511: 505: 502: 499: 493: 489: 485: 483: 482:Head of state 479: 475: 472: 469: 463: 459: 455: 449: 445: 441: 439: 435: 428: 425: 421: 420: 419: 416: 412: 409: 406: 402: 399: 396: 394: 390: 386: 381: 380:State atheism 378: 374: 371: 368: 364: 361: 358: 351: 347: 344: 340: 333: 328: 312: 311: 291: 290: 271: 270: 251: 250: 243: 239: 233: 232: 227: 223: 217: 209: 201: 193: 185: 180: 174: 164: 157: 150: 140: 135: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 8247:Eastern Bloc 8074:Baranya–Baja 8043:Soviet Union 8037: 8023:East Germany 7721:Burkina Faso 7317: 7108: 6991:Soviet Union 6979:Eastern Bloc 6927:Eastern Bloc 6870:Soviet Union 6837: 6823:East Germany 6627:Architecture 6557:Prostitution 6527:Demographics 6431:construction 6306:Human rights 6286:Constitution 6157: 6153:World War II 6020: 5971: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5935: 5923:. Retrieved 5919:the original 5909: 5897:. Retrieved 5893: 5883: 5871:. Retrieved 5856: 5849: 5840: 5834: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5787: 5780: 5756: 5749: 5734: 5729: 5723:librarie.net 5696: 5688:hdr.undp.org 5687: 5675: 5667: 5648:. Retrieved 5638: 5626:. Retrieved 5622: 5612: 5600:. Retrieved 5596: 5587: 5579: 5574: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5484:www.legex.ro 5483: 5474: 5448:. Retrieved 5441: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5408: 5399: 5387:. Retrieved 5383:the original 5378: 5368: 5356:. Retrieved 5352: 5328: 5324: 5304: 5297: 5282: 5277: 5269: 5264: 5255: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5209: 5204: 5188: 5180: 5153: 5144: 5114: 5106: 5093: 5088: 5055: 5051: 5029: 5017: 5008: 4997: 4988: 4978: 4966:. Retrieved 4924: 4920: 4881: 4874:. Retrieved 4859: 4853: 4816: 4632: 4613: 4594: 4556: 4541: 4529:Western Bloc 4525:Soviet Union 4522: 4493: 4467: 4454:firing squad 4436: 4426: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4385: 4376: 4369:László Tőkés 4362: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4206: 4199:, Romania's 4186: 4162: 4156: 4126: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4063: 4028: 4024: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3931: 3927: 3911: 3859: 3852: 3835: 3828: 3824:overcrowding 3808: 3795: 3789: 3779: 3758: 3750: 3734: 3718:West Germany 3702: 3697: 3693: 3691: 3636: 3610: 3601: 3590:Please help 3585:verification 3582: 3555: 3544: 3537: 3522: 3507: 3493: 3484: 3480:Danube Delta 3456: 3452: 3445: 3386:Transylvania 3314:Christianity 3242: 3229:World War II 3107:Varat Eyalet 2874: 2865: 2854:Please help 2849:verification 2846: 2822: 2805: 2797: 2782: 2780:of Hungary. 2766: 2761: 2743: 2732: 2725: 2703: 2670: 2661: 2650:Please help 2645:verification 2642: 2600: 2581: 2577:nationalized 2574: 2566: 2529: 2518: 2493:Eastern Bloc 2490: 2467: 2457:and women's 2448: 2439:Royal Palace 2431: 2392: 2383:Transylvania 2363:King Michael 2360: 2116:to Hong Kong 2111:East Germany 2063:Tbilisi 1989 2048:Romania 1977 2016:Hungary 1956 2011:Georgia 1956 1847: 1840: 1789: 1739:East Germany 1566:Eastern Bloc 1536: 1532: 1524:totalitarian 1518:that led to 1493: 1481: 1453:Soviet Union 1437:World War II 1434: 1406:Soviet Union 1386:Eastern Bloc 1381: 1371: 1349: 1337: 1335: 1291:Soviet Union 1150:Re-education 956:Chivu Stoica 812: 751:Succeeded by 750: 745: 733:Calling code 429:(1971–1989) 427:dictatorship 424:totalitarian 241: 226:Motto: 225: 214:Coat of arms 162: 138: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 8057:Short-lived 7914:Short-lived 7883:South Yemen 7868:North Korea 7828:Afghanistan 7545:New Zealand 7540:Netherlands 7306:Dissolution 7246:Martial law 7169:Revolts and 7143:Warsaw Pact 6932:Warsaw Pact 6908:Byelorussia 6542:Immigration 6386:Agriculture 6205:Earthquakes 6143:World War I 6123:Middle Ages 6113:Roman Dacia 5947:28 December 5925:28 December 5899:17 December 5873:26 December 5268:Frucht, R. 4664:Flag (1948) 4633:3TV Oltenia 4548:Khmer Rouge 4470:Ion Iliescu 4384:(PCR). The 4343: [ 4335:Cluj-Napoca 4287:Brașov Riot 4235:a national 4189:perestroika 4165:East German 4155:Members of 4081:North Korea 3891:July Theses 3883:North Korea 3657:First years 3194:World War I 3112:Phanariotes 3022:Middle Ages 3003:Roman Dacia 2998:Dacian Wars 2927:History of 2801:arable land 2785:János Kádár 2739:Warsaw Pact 2592:Vasile Luca 2555:Early years 2455:land reform 2415:Petru Groza 2202:Vietnam War 2192:Berlin Wall 2121:North Korea 2058:Brașov 1987 2026:Prague 1968 1989:Poznań 1956 1842:Warsaw Pact 1801:South Yemen 1779:North Korea 1692:Afghanistan 1612:Byelorussia 1443:, a former 1390:Warsaw Pact 1286:North Korea 999:July Theses 971:Ilie Verdeț 931:Petru Groza 746:Preceded by 567:Legislature 543:Petru Groza 346:Warsaw Pact 315:(1977–1989) 310:Trei culori 294:(1975–1977) 274:(1953–1975) 254:(1948–1953) 216:(1965–1989) 200:(1965–1989) 159:(1958–1965) 152:(1947–1958) 8211:Categories 8169:Tarnobrzeg 8094:Bessarabia 8048:Yugoslavia 7771:Seychelles 7766:Mozambique 7761:Madagascar 7684:Vietnamese 7679:Venezuelan 7669:Nicaraguan 7664:Melanesian 7581:Venezuela 7493:Kuomintang 7486:since 1978 7456:Bangladesh 7432:By country 7426:by country 7260:Conditions 7238:Solidarity 7171:opposition 6843:Yugoslavia 6684:Philosophy 6669:Literature 6552:Minorities 6537:Healthcare 6450:(currency) 6426:automotive 6340:Parliament 6301:Government 6255:Topography 6168:Since 1989 6163:Revolution 5743:0691128340 5650:14 January 5602:25 January 5550:(1): 2–4. 5233:: 93–112. 4927:: 79–106. 4845:References 4585:See also: 4567:World Bank 4484:See also: 4442:Târgoviște 4433:Securitate 4386:Securitate 4377:Securitate 4353:Revolution 4249:Yugoslavia 4177:censorship 4173:Securitate 3980:propaganda 3970:card, 1989 3875:Giurgiului 3831:Securitate 3804:Decree 770 3774:Decree 770 3714:World Bank 3539:Securitate 3518:Yugoslavia 3448:Securitate 3256:Revolution 2948:Prehistory 2697:after the 2622:See also: 2612:show trial 2608:Pătrășcanu 2588:Ana Pauker 2506:Parliament 2478:show trial 2433:Michael's 2423:Iron Guard 2212:Afghan War 2165:Korean War 2001:Plzeň 1953 1880:Opposition 1820:Yugoslavia 1774:Mozambique 1672:Uzbekistan 1657:Tajikistan 1627:Kazakhstan 1607:Azerbaijan 1422:Yugoslavia 1296:Yugoslavia 1140:Censorship 1134:Repression 1059:Decree 770 936:Ana Pauker 843:Securitate 641:influence 404:Government 393:Demonym(s) 387:(dominant) 382:(de jure) 80:newspapers 8127:1939–1940 8082:1918–1919 7851:1982–1992 7846:1979–1992 7841:1975–1979 7837:Cambodia 7812:Nicaragua 7744:1987–1991 7739:1974–1987 7735:Ethiopia 7674:Tanzanian 7555:Sri Lanka 7498:Hong Kong 7481:Communist 7444:Australia 7439:Argentina 7424:Socialism 7319:Die Wende 7292:Economies 7133:Cominform 7116:(to 1948) 7078:(to 1961) 7006:Formation 6996:Communism 6894:1982–1991 6889:1964–1982 6884:1953–1964 6879:1927–1953 6874:1917–1927 6787:Communist 6582:Romanians 6547:Languages 6532:Education 6496:Transport 6476:Squatting 6350:President 6318:Judiciary 6291:Elections 6235:Mountains 6178:Geography 5442:Star-News 5358:21 August 5247:155033071 5111:Tony Judt 5080:144784730 5072:0888-3254 4941:145789019 4507:Bucharest 4417:Timișoara 4406:Gorbachev 4365:Timișoara 4262:Constanța 4201:Stalinist 4001:"butelii" 3997:rationing 3966:Romanian 3923:Ion Mincu 3604:June 2019 3551:Timișoara 3498:from the 3391:Wallachia 3366:Maramureș 2985:Antiquity 2868:June 2019 2817:Politburo 2789:Imre Nagy 2769:politburo 2728:Stalinism 2664:June 2019 2584:Stalinist 2443:Bucharest 2083:Riga 1991 2073:Baku 1990 1963:Lithuania 1855:Cominform 1759:Kampuchea 1662:Turkmenia 1642:Lithuania 1632:Kirghizia 1587:Republics 1512:austerity 1500:President 1473:Michael I 1426:SR Serbia 1410:Ukrainian 1408:(via the 1402:Black Sea 1357:one-party 994:Dacianism 908:Comturist 716:very high 411:one-party 376:Religion 360:Bucharest 182:1947–1989 110:July 2022 8252:Natalism 8179:Würzburg 8154:Naissaar 8118:Finland 8078:Bavaria 8016:Slovakia 8001:Bulgaria 7931:Far East 7878:Mongolia 7790:Americas 7654:European 7585:Chavismo 7550:Pakistan 7287:Politics 6813:Bulgaria 6729:Category 6659:Folklore 6577:Religion 6572:Refugees 6471:Services 6421:Industry 6411:Forestry 6328:Military 6269:Politics 6200:Counties 6091:Timeline 6062:articles 6018:3/2011: 6016:Euxeinos 5708:, 2002, 5628:30 April 5566:23296845 5525:20603286 5389:16 March 5152:(2005), 5123:, 2005. 4964:(Report) 4818:Scânteia 4756:See also 4601:economic 4565:and the 4531:and the 4480:Politics 4472:and the 4437:en masse 4390:tear gas 4282:Downfall 4193:glasnost 4127:In 1988 4114:Art Deco 4069:Romanian 4035:methanol 3919:art deco 3885:and the 3782:natalist 3726:Pinochet 3646:hegemony 3530:Nucșoara 3512:against 3376:Muntenia 3371:Moldavia 3356:Bukovina 3287:By topic 2918:a series 2916:Part of 2793:Budapest 2773:defiance 2470:centrist 2459:suffrage 2453:brought 2435:name day 2227:Gulf War 2031:Invasion 1905:Bulgaria 1769:Mongolia 1744:Ethiopia 1713:Bulgaria 1647:Moldavia 1477:abdicate 1430:Bulgaria 1352:) was a 1342:Romanian 1028:Policies 988:Ideology 893:Scînteia 878:Pioneers 723:Currency 581:Cold War 422:under a 398:Romanian 370:Romanian 8149:Ireland 8139:Galicia 8038:Romania 7996:Albania 7951:Jiangxi 7898:Vietnam 7802:Grenada 7776:Somalia 7659:Israeli 7649:Chinese 7644:Burmese 7639:British 7629:African 7601:History 7592:Vietnam 7560:Tunisia 7510:Finland 7505:Estonia 7138:COMECON 7038:Romania 7033:Hungary 6937:Comecon 6913:Ukraine 6838:Romania 6828:Hungary 6808:Albania 6744:Commons 6713:Outline 6642:Cuisine 6622:Academy 6614:Culture 6604:Welfare 6587:Gypsies 6510:Society 6491:Tourism 6396:Exports 6374:Economy 6225:Islands 6195:Climate 6138:Kingdom 6096:ancient 6083:History 6058:Romania 5984:cna.org 5978:at the 5706:Polirom 4903:2226915 4876:29 June 4639:Gallery 4550:-ruled 4167:-style 4099:blocuri 4031:methane 3934:orphans 3867:Berceni 3722:Albania 3504:Bărăgan 3472:Pitești 3381:Oltenia 3361:Dobruja 3351:Crișana 3324:Judaism 2929:Romania 2815:, both 2713:Comecon 2417:of the 2092:Dissent 1994:1980–89 1953:Estonia 1930:Ukraine 1920:Romania 1910:Croatia 1900:Albania 1849:Comecon 1806:Vietnam 1795:Somalia 1790:Romania 1754:Hungary 1749:Grenada 1697:Albania 1667:Ukraine 1622:Georgia 1617:Estonia 1602:Armenia 1590:of the 1557:History 1522:of his 1484:SovRoms 1441:Romania 1439:ended, 1418:Hungary 1364:Romania 1086:Culture 920:Leaders 815:Romania 687:• 664:• 651:• 633:• 618:• 605:• 592:• 408:Unitary 353:Capital 242:Anthem: 94:scholar 8159:Saxony 8104:Bremen 8033:Poland 7989:Europe 7956:Kuwait 7936:Fujian 7751:Guinea 7711:Angola 7704:Africa 7520:Greece 7515:France 7477:China 7473:Canada 7466:Lulism 7461:Brazil 7158:(WFDY) 7150:(WFTU) 6833:Poland 6789:period 6734:Portal 6664:Humour 6637:Cinema 6567:Racism 6436:mining 6391:Energy 6245:Rivers 6190:Cities 6073:Topics 6060: 5864: 5799: 5768: 5741: 5712: 5564: 5523: 5450:16 May 5312: 5289: 5245: 5195: 5164: 5127: 5078: 5070: 4968:21 May 4939: 4901: 4867: 4821:, the 4589:, and 4581:Legacy 4501:, the 4245:Danube 4106:palace 3968:ration 3724:, and 3474:, and 3468:Gherla 3464:Sighet 2920:on the 2898:, and 2570:SovRom 2375:Allied 2106:Poland 2101:Soviet 2036:Moscow 1958:Latvia 1925:Serbia 1915:Poland 1784:Poland 1703:Angola 1652:Russia 1637:Latvia 1506:and a 1457:Allies 1253:SovRom 1117:Emblem 1092:Daciad 706: 639:Soviet 528: 486: 442: 348:member 342:Status 244: 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 8174:Užice 8109:Bihać 8069:Banat 7941:Gilan 7888:Syria 7858:China 7833:Burma 7807:Chile 7781:Sudan 7756:Libya 7731:Egypt 7716:Benin 7535:Italy 7525:India 6720:Index 6689:Sport 6679:Music 6674:Media 6522:Crime 6230:Lakes 6215:Flora 6210:Fauna 6108:Dacia 5684:(PDF) 5243:S2CID 5076:S2CID 5026:(PDF) 4962:(PDF) 4937:S2CID 4840:Notes 4448:by a 4422:Sibiu 4347:] 4086:Juche 3905:1979 3871:Titan 3730:Chile 3528:from 3500:Banat 3346:Banat 3319:Islam 3167:ASTRA 3026:Early 2993:Dacia 2361:When 1724:Congo 1718:China 1708:Benin 1424:(via 1281:Italy 1276:China 1208:SLOMR 1068:Rural 712:0.863 637:from 101:JSTOR 87:books 8122:1918 8087:1919 7893:Tuva 7873:Laos 7863:Iraq 7821:Asia 7797:Cuba 7634:Arab 7530:Iran 6654:Flag 6647:Wine 6448:Leu 6311:LGBT 5949:2012 5927:2012 5901:2012 5875:2020 5862:ISBN 5797:ISBN 5766:ISBN 5739:ISBN 5710:ISBN 5652:2021 5630:2010 5604:2021 5562:PMID 5521:PMID 5452:2013 5391:2015 5360:2015 5310:ISBN 5287:ISBN 5193:ISBN 5162:ISBN 5125:ISBN 5068:ISSN 4970:2019 4899:SSRN 4878:2023 4865:ISBN 4617:NATO 4603:and 4488:and 4228:the 4211:the 4191:and 3912:The 3712:and 3532:and 3514:Tito 3476:Aiud 2811:and 2590:and 2482:Axis 2393:The 2371:Axis 2240:Fall 1764:Laos 1729:Cuba 1593:USSR 1537:The 1514:and 1470:King 1445:Axis 1420:and 1412:and 1336:The 1122:Flag 848:Army 198:Flag 73:news 6632:Art 5793:196 5552:doi 5511:doi 5407:", 5235:doi 5060:doi 4929:doi 4635:). 4629:lei 4458:PCR 4101:). 4039:kWh 3873:or 3728:'s 3594:by 3516:'s 2858:by 2654:by 2441:in 1814:PRG 1435:As 1382:RPR 1350:RSR 727:Leu 704:HDI 56:by 8213:: 7244:/ 7240:/ 7216:/ 6872:: 6868:/ 5892:. 5826:02 5824:. 5820:. 5795:. 5764:. 5686:. 5660:^ 5621:. 5595:. 5560:. 5548:39 5546:. 5542:. 5519:. 5507:16 5505:. 5501:. 5482:. 5460:^ 5377:. 5351:. 5340:^ 5241:. 5231:17 5229:. 5187:, 5160:, 5119:, 5113:, 5074:. 5066:. 5056:26 5054:. 5050:. 5038:^ 5028:. 4987:. 4949:^ 4935:. 4923:. 4911:^ 4889:^ 4880:. 4554:. 4509:. 4345:ro 4306:. 4131:. 4071:: 3978:A 3869:, 3865:, 3794:, 3482:. 3470:, 3466:, 2894:, 2803:. 2614:. 2579:. 2546:. 2429:. 1812:, 1553:. 1530:. 1380:, 1348:, 1344:: 736:40 7416:e 7409:t 7402:v 7273:) 7269:( 6971:e 6964:t 6957:v 6778:e 6771:t 6764:v 6050:e 6043:t 6036:v 6012:. 5951:. 5929:. 5903:. 5877:. 5805:. 5774:. 5716:. 5690:. 5654:. 5632:. 5606:. 5568:. 5554:: 5527:. 5513:: 5486:. 5454:. 5403:" 5393:. 5362:. 5318:. 5249:. 5237:: 5082:. 5062:: 4991:. 4972:. 4943:. 4931:: 4925:3 4905:. 4277:. 4264:; 4251:; 4232:; 4147:. 4067:( 3617:) 3611:( 3606:) 3602:( 3588:. 3435:e 3428:t 3421:v 3028:) 3024:( 2881:) 2875:( 2870:) 2866:( 2852:. 2760:( 2677:) 2671:( 2666:) 2662:( 2648:. 2331:e 2324:t 2317:v 1816:) 1808:( 1374:( 1340:( 1325:e 1318:t 1311:v 1070:) 1066:( 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.