419:(animal skin) and is often used in woodworking. It may be supplied as granules, flakes, or flat sheets, which have an indefinite shelf life if kept dry. It is dissolved in water, heated and applied warm, typically around 60 °C (140 °F). Warmer temperatures quickly destroy the strength of hide glue. Commercial glue pots, simple water baths or double boilers may be used to keep the glue hot while in use. As hide glue cools, it gels quickly. At room temperature, prepared hide glue has the consistency of stiff gelatin, which is in fact a similar composition. Gelled hide glue does not have significant strength, so it is vital to apply the glue, fit the pieces, and hold them steady before the glue temperature drops much below 50 °C (120 °F). All glues have an
337:. Other aspects, such as difficulty of storage in a wet state, requirement for fresh raw materials (the animal skin cannot be rotten or grease-burned), make this product more difficult to obtain and use. Factories now produce other forms of adhesives, as the process for animal glue is complex. Animal glues will also darken with age and shrink as they dry, giving them the potential to harm wood, paper, or works of art. Too much handling and too many changes in temperature or humidity could cause further harm. Some companies, such as those in Canada, still produce animal, hide and hoof glues from horses. Recently, animal glue has been replaced by other adhesives and plastics, but remains popular for
463:
advantage of by instrument makers. For example, instruments in the violin family require periodic disassembly for repairs and maintenance. The top of a violin is easily removed by prying a palette knife between the top and ribs, and running it all around the joint. The brittleness allows the top to be removed, often without significant damage to the wood. Regluing the top only requires applying new hot hide glue to the joint. If the violin top were glued on with PVA glue, removing the top would require heat and steam to disassemble the joint (causing damage to the varnish), then wood would have to be removed from the joint to ensure no cured PVA glue was remaining before regluing the top.
478:
available. Instead, the builder will lay a bead of glue along the ribs, and allow it to cool. The top is then clamped to the ribs. Moving a few inches at a time, the maker inserts a heated palette knife into the joint, heating the glue. When the glue is liquefied, the palette knife is removed, and the glue cools, creating a bond. A similar process can be used to glue veneers to a substrate. The veneer and/or the substrate is coated with hot hide glue. Once the glue is cold, the veneer is positioned on the substrate. A hot object such as a clothes iron is applied to the veneer, liquefying the underlying glue. When the iron is removed, the glue cools, bonding the veneer to the substrate.
274:
54:
400:
408:
423:, the amount of time the glue remains liquid and workable. Joining parts after the open time is expired results in a weak bond. Hide glue's open time is usually a minute or less. In practice, this often means having to heat the pieces to be glued, and gluing in a very warm room, though these steps can be dispensed with if the glue and clamp operation can be carried out quickly.
474:. This technique involves coating half of the joint with hot hide glue, and then rubbing the other half against the joint until the hide glue starts to gel, at which point the glue becomes tacky. At this point the plate is set aside without clamps, and the hide glue pulls the joint together as it hardens.
446:
to break down the hides. The hides are then rinsed to remove the lime, any residue being neutralized with a weak acid solution. The hides are heated, in water, to a carefully controlled temperature around 70 °C (158 °F). The "glue liquor" is then drawn off, more water added, and the process
364:
It has several advantages and disadvantages compared to other glues. The glue is applied hot, typically with a brush or spatula. Glue is kept hot in a glue pot, which may be an electric unit built for the purpose, a double boiler, or simply a saucepan or crock pot to provide a warm water bath for the
433:
Hide glue that is liquid at room temperature is also possible through the addition of urea. In stress tests performed by Mark
Schofield of Fine Woodworking Magazine, "liquid hide glue" compared favourably to normal hide glue in average strength of bond. "However, any liquid hide glue over six months
458:
The significant disadvantages of hide glue – its thermal limitations, short open time, and vulnerability to micro-organisms – are offset by several advantages. Hide glue joints are reversible and repairable. Recently glued joints will release easily with the application of heat and steam. Hide glue
477:
Hide glue regains its working properties after cooling if it is reheated. This property can be used when the glue's open time does not allow the joint to be glued normally. For example, a cello maker may not be able to glue and clamp a top to the instrument's ribs in the short one-minute open time
523:
is made specifically from the swim bladders, and is collagen-based. Fish glues were used in
Ancient Egypt and Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean; they continued to be used in Europe in Late Antiquity and the Medieval period, and are still used in niche applications today. It is brittle when
462:
Hide glue creates a somewhat brittle joint, so a strong shock will often cause a very clean break along the joint. In contrast, cleaving a joint glued with PVA will usually damage the surrounding material, creating an irregular break that is more difficult to repair. This brittleness is taken
492:, each suited to specific applications. Instrument and cabinet builders will use a range from 120 to 200 gram strength. Some hide glues are sold without the gram strength specified. Experienced users avoid this glue as the glue may be too weak or strong for the expected application.
459:
sticks to itself, so the repairer can apply new hide glue to the joint and reclamp it. In contrast, PVA glues do not adhere to themselves once they are cured, so a successful repair requires removal of the old glue first – which usually requires removing some of the material being glued.
285:
The first commercial glue factory opened in
Holland circa 1700, manufacturing animal glue from hides. The United States' first glue factory opened in 1899, established by the Milwaukee Tanning Industry. The L.D. Davis company thrived producing animal glue during the
265:. Hoof glue would be used for purposes aside from hides, such as a hair preservative. The Assiniboins preferred longer hair, so they would plaster the strands with a mixture of red earth and hoof glue. It was also used to bind feathers and equipment together.
249:
until the 16th to 18th centuries, when wooden furniture started to surge as a major craft. During the medieval ages, fish glue remained a source for painting and illuminating manuscripts. Since the 16th century, hide glue has been used in the construction of
260:
used hoof glue primarily as a binder and as a water-resistant coating by boiling it down from leftover animal parts and applying it to exposed surfaces. They occasionally used hide glue as paint to achieve patterns after applying pigments and tanning to
236:
ink was proteinaceous glue. Ox glue and stag-horn glues bound particles of pigments together, acting as a preservative by forming a film over the surface as the ink dried. The
Chinese, such as Kao Gong Ji, also researched glue for medicinal purposes.
165:
Animal glue has existed since ancient times, although its usage was not widespread. Glue deriving from horse tooth can be dated back nearly 6000 years, but no written records from these times can prove that they were fully or extensively used.
173:. Evidence is in the form of stone carvings depicting glue preparation and use, primarily used for the pharaoh's tomb furniture. Egyptian records tell that animal glue would be made by melting it over a fire and then applied with a brush.
369:
which may at some time need to be separated. Alcohol is sometimes applied to such joints to dehydrate the glue, making it more brittle and easier to crack apart. Steam can also be used to soften glue and separate joints.
434:
old can be suspect because the urea eventually hydrolyzes the protein structure of the glue and weakens it – even though the product was 'protected' with various bactericides and fungicides during manufacture."
710:
Isinglass is a superlative grade of fish glue made by washing and drying the inner layers of the sounds (swimming bladders) of fish. The best grade, Russian isinglass, is obtained from the sturgeon.
912:
Yan, Hongtao; An, Jingjing; Zhou, Tie; Yin, Xia; Bo, Rong (July 2014). "Identification of proteinaceous binding media for the polychrome terracotta army of
Emperor Qin Shihuang by MALDI-TOF-MS".
503:
is more flexible when dry than typical hide glues. It is used in the sizing or priming of oil painters' canvases. It also is used in bookbinding and as the adhesive component of some recipes for
169:
The first known written procedures of making animal glue were written about 2000 BC. Between 1500 and 1000 BC, it was used for wood furnishings and mural paintings, found even on the caskets of
1086:
466:
Hide glue also functions as its own clamp. Once the glue begins to gel, it pulls the joint together. Violin makers may glue the center seams of top and back plates together using a
361:, piano repairs, and antique restoration. Glass artists take advantage of hide glue's ability to bond with glass. As the glue hardens it shrinks, chipping the glass.
294:
remains in production. During the 18th and 19th centuries, ranchers disposed of old animals – horses in particular – to glue factories. The advent of synthetic
759:
326:, pharmaceutical capsules, and photographic film and is used to reinforce sinew wrappings, wood, leather, bark and paper. Hide glue is also preferred by many
980:
The
Materials of the Painter's Craft in Europe and Egypt from Earliest Times to the End of the XVIIth Century, with Some Account on their Preparation and Use
144:, and horses that are put down are often said to have been "sent to the glue factory". However, other animals are also used, including cattle,
726:
39:
430:. Hide glue has some gap filling properties, although modern gap-filling adhesives, such as epoxy resin, are better in this regard.
788:
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This adhesive is mostly used as glue, sizing, or varnish, although it is not as frequently used as other adhesives because it is
1227:
290:
after shifting its focus from stenciling, selling to local box makers and other users. L.D. Davis' animal glue formula for
1146:
245:
The use of animal glue, as well as some other types of glues, largely vanished in Europe after the decline of the
Western
1329:
1160:
257:
137:, while made from animal parts like horns and hooves, are not considered animal glues as they are not collagen glues.
1307:
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Animal glue was the most common woodworking glue for thousands of years until the advent of synthetic glues, such as
763:
426:
Where hide glue is in occasional use, excess glue may be held in a freezer, to prevent spoilage from the growth of
1323:
353:(PVA) and other resin glues, in the 20th century. Today it is used primarily in specialty applications, such as
217:. Broken pottery might also be repaired with the use of animal glues, filling the cracks to hide imperfections.
1351:
1176:
485:
under loads. PVA glues create plastic joints, which will creep over time if heavy loads are applied to them.
330:
over synthetic glues for its reversibility, creep-resistance and tendency to pull joints closed as it cures.
1335:
1244:
220:
About 906–618 BC, fish, ox horns and stag horns were used to produce adhesives and binders for pigments in
594:
73:
1152:
17:
1087:"Animal Glue, Hot Melt Adhesive, Liquid Adhesive, Packaging Adhesive, Pur Glue, PVA Adhesives, Resin"
1361:
695:
689:
1245:"A History of Fish Glue as an Artist's Material: Applications in Paper and Parchment Artifacts"
1220:
ABC of bookbinding: a unique glossary with over 700 illustrations for collectors and librarians
730:
133:), meaning 'glue'. These proteins form a molecular bond with the glued object. Conventionally,
846:
A History of Fish Glue as an Artist's
Material: Applications in Paper and Parchment Artifacts
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Today, animal glues are sparsely industrialized, but still used for making and restoring
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https://web.archive.org/web/20130522233935/http://www.oldbrownglue.com/articles.html
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Animal hides are soaked in water to produce "stock." The stock is then treated with
1222:. New Castle (Del.) Nottingham (GB): Oak Knoll press The Plough press. p. 27.
929:
871:
669:. New York, N.Y.: National Association of Glue Manufactures, Inc. 1951. p. 3.
629:. New York, N.Y.: National Association of Glue Manufactures, Inc. 1951. p. 1.
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http://woodtreks.com/animal-protein-hide-glues-how-to-make-select-history/1549/
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862:
Koob, Stephen (Spring 1998). "Obsolete Fill
Materials Found on Ceramics".
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The story of an ancient art, from the earliest adhesives to vegetable glue
649:"adhesive | Definition, Types, Uses, Materials, & Facts | Britannica"
564:
525:
416:
318:, a form of animal glue, is found in many contemporary products, such as
291:
262:
184:
1336:
http://wpatrickedwards.blogspot.com/2012/01/why-use-reversible-glue.html
191:, the bonding of thin sections or layers of wood. Animal glue, known as
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container of glue. Most animal glues are soluble in water, useful for
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Some Other Uses of Deer: Buckskin: The
Ancient Art of Braintanning
232:
figures. Records indicate that one of the essential components of
224:. Animal glues were employed as binders in paint media during the
1332:
Why Not Period Glue? - article by W. Patrick Edwards on hide glue
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76:. In addition to being used as an adhesive, it is used for
110:
from skins, bones, tendons, and other tissues, similar to
1122:
1120:
1148:
Handbook of Adhesives and Surface Preparation Technology
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The glue liquor is then dried and chipped into pellets.
783:
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27:
Adhesive created from boiling animal connective tissue
519:
Fish glue is made from the bones or tissues of fish.
778:
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298:heralded the collapse of the animal glue industry.
128:
864:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
857:
855:
821:
691:The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques
1343:
1297:
1264:
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536:. It was used in art, book binding woodworking,
277:WW2 poster from the UK, noting the use of waste
1042:. Society of Archer-Antiquaries. Archived from
852:
68:that is created by prolonged boiling of animal
1065:"Animal Glue Growth with L.D. Davis 1936–1951"
1285:Gluing and Clamping: A Woodworker's Handbook.
832:
140:Stereotypically, the animal in question is a
911:
1298:Weisshaar, Hans; Shipman, Margaret (1988).
789:"History, Preparation, Use and Disassembly"
524:dried, so it has sometimes been mixed with
204:
183:later used animal and fish glue to develop
122:
1217:
1144:
1001:"Natural Pigments: Women of the Fur Trade"
1242:
1169:
843:
1326:Video on hide glue, by Keith Cruickshank
488:Hide glue is supplied in many different
406:
398:
272:
52:
1265:Courtnall, Roy; Johnson, Chris (1999).
958:. Huakang Animal Glue. 20 February 2010
896:
213:, were made from the skins of bulls in
14:
1344:
1194:"Glue Study Guide & Homework Help"
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447:repeated at increasing temperatures.
1236:
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310:instruments, paintings, illuminated
1039:North American Sioux Indian Archery
715:
616:
495:
24:
1302:. Los Angeles: Weisshaar~Shipman.
1099:
998:
956:"Animal Glue, Gelatin, Jelly Glue"
314:manuscripts, and other artifacts.
268:
228:. They were similarly used on the
25:
1373:
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540:, and for gluing paper and bone.
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729:. Nordic Needle. Archived from
1145:Ebnesajjad, Sina, ed. (2010).
813:
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301:
240:
13:
1:
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762:. Autonopedia. Archived from
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403:Hide glue at room temperature
160:
1287:Sterling Publishing, 1986.
1196:. eNotes.com. Archived from
694:. New York: Viking. p.
514:
394:
193:
7:
1243:Petukhova, Tatyana (2000).
848:. The Book and Paper Group.
844:Petukhova, Tatyana (2000).
595:Rendering (animal products)
543:
129:
10:
1378:
1338:- Why Use Reversible Glue?
1177:"How Strong is Your Glue?"
897:Edelman, Jonathan (2006).
199:
155:
29:
1249:cool.culturalheritage.org
1218:Greenfield, Jane (2002).
1181:Fine Woodworking Magazine
983:. London & Edinburg:
934:10.1007/s11434-014-0372-9
123:
102:glues are formed through
1267:The Art of Violin Making
1089:. L.D. Davis Industries.
989:(public domain fulltext)
914:Chinese Science Bulletin
610:
481:Hide glue joints do not
30:Not to be confused with
1269:. London: Robert Hale.
1126:Weisshaar 1988, p. 249.
1036:Kaiser, Robert (1981).
1023:Book of Indian Warriors
899:A Brief History of Tape
828:. Perkins Glue Company.
667:Animal Glue In Industry
627:Animal Glue In Industry
415:Hide glue is made from
373:Specific types include
57:Animal glue in granules
1135:Courtnall 1999, p. 62.
1114:Courtnall 1999, p. 63.
820:Darrow, Floyd (1930).
760:"History of Adhesives"
412:
404:
282:
205:
58:
42:, which are made from
1352:Woodworking adhesives
1183:, v. 192, 36–40. 2007
1067:. LD Davis Industries
1021:Sabin, Edwin (2010).
977:Laurie, A.P. (1910).
688:Mayer, Ralph (1991).
410:
402:
276:
86:composition ornaments
56:
118:itself derives from
72:in a process called
1104:. pp. 255–272.
926:2014ChSBu..59.2574Y
733:on 10 November 2011
359:pipe organ building
1300:Violin Restoration
1283:Patrick Spielman.
653:www.britannica.com
470:rather than using
413:
405:
283:
59:
1229:978-1-884718-41-0
1175:Schofield, Mark.
920:(21): 2574–2581.
351:polyvinyl acetate
171:Egyptian pharaohs
70:connective tissue
16:(Redirected from
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288:Great Depression
258:Native Americans
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84:, in decorative
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1071:8 September
770:24 November
565:Fibrin glue
417:animal hide
339:restoration
302:Modern uses
292:bookbinding
241:Reemergence
114:. The word
88:, and as a
62:Animal glue
1346:Categories
1259:References
1204:2012-11-08
1050:2011-12-09
1006:4 November
805:9 December
737:2 December
675:B000CQXC8Y
635:B000CQXC8Y
605:Wheatpaste
454:Properties
438:Production
200:ταυρόκολλα
194:taurokolla
161:Early uses
104:hydrolysis
18:Pearl glue
1357:Adhesives
600:Rice glue
580:Isinglass
575:Hoof glue
550:Adhesives
521:Isinglass
515:Fish glue
421:open time
395:Hide glue
383:fish glue
379:bone glue
375:hide glue
312:parchment
296:adhesives
234:lampblack
215:antiquity
189:marquetry
185:veneering
74:rendering
40:horn glue
36:hoof glue
962:6 August
942:96781019
555:Dry glue
544:See also
538:lutherie
530:molasses
528:such as
355:lutherie
328:luthiers
116:collagen
108:collagen
66:adhesive
48:collagen
34:such as
922:Bibcode
884:3179911
570:Gelatin
316:Gelatin
252:violins
156:History
146:rabbits
112:gelatin
106:of the
100:colloid
97:protein
78:coating
44:keratin
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727:"Glue"
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585:Jell-O
472:clamps
367:joints
181:Romans
95:These
82:sizing
64:is an
46:, not
938:S2CID
880:JSTOR
799:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
611:Notes
560:Ejiao
534:honey
509:compo
505:gesso
483:creep
279:bones
263:hides
222:China
211:Latin
142:horse
130:kolla
124:κόλλα
120:Greek
1304:ISBN
1289:ISBN
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1224:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1073:2011
1008:2011
964:2015
807:2011
772:2011
739:2011
700:ISBN
671:ASIN
631:ASIN
532:and
507:and
444:lime
187:and
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150:fish
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