657:
1198:
1183:
1227:
2012:
2116:
consist of increasing temperature to accelerate destabilisation (below critical temperatures of phase inversion or chemical degradation). Temperature affects not only viscosity, but also interfacial tension in the case of non-ionic surfactants or more generally interactions forces inside the system. Storing a dispersion at high temperatures enables to simulate real life conditions for a product (e.g. tube of sunscreen cream in a car in the summer), but also to accelerate destabilisation processes up to 200 times. Mechanical acceleration including vibration,
1381:: This is due to interaction between two dipoles that are either permanent or induced. Even if the particles do not have a permanent dipole, fluctuations of the electron density gives rise to a temporary dipole in a particle. This temporary dipole induces a dipole in particles nearby. The temporary dipole and the induced dipoles are then attracted to each other. This is known as van der Waals force, and is always present (unless the refractive indexes of the dispersed and continuous phases are matched), is short-range, and is attractive.
1140:
1292:, personal care and industrial applications, they can provide stabilization, destabilization and separation, gelation, flow control, crystallization control and numerous other effects. Apart from uses of the soluble forms some of the hydrocolloids have additional useful functionality in a dry form if after solubilization they have the water removed - as in the formation of films for breath strips or sausage casings or indeed, wound dressing fibers, some being more compatible with
2100:, is based on measuring the fraction of light that, after being sent through the sample, it backscattered by the colloidal particles. The backscattering intensity is directly proportional to the average particle size and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Therefore, local changes in concentration caused by sedimentation or creaming, and clumping together of particles caused by aggregation, are detected and monitored. These phenomena are associated with unstable colloids.
44:
20:
1159:
1171:
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1965:. While these terms are often used interchangeably, for some definitions they have slightly different meanings. For example, coagulation can be used to describe irreversible, permanent aggregation where the forces holding the particles together are stronger than any external forces caused by stirring or mixing. Flocculation can be used to describe reversible aggregation involving weaker attractive forces, and the aggregate is usually called a
1973:
1403:
1116:
1128:
2044:(the width of the electrical double layer) of the particles. It is also accomplished by changing the pH of a suspension to effectively neutralise the surface charge of the particles in suspension. This removes the repulsive forces that keep colloidal particles separate and allows for aggregation due to van der Waals forces. Minor changes in pH can manifest in significant alteration to the
1284:. Thus becoming effectively "soluble" they change the rheology of water by raising the viscosity and/or inducing gelation. They may provide other interactive effects with other chemicals, in some cases synergistic, in others antagonistic. Using these attributes hydrocolloids are very useful chemicals since in many areas of technology from
1969:. The term precipitation is normally reserved for describing a phase change from a colloid dispersion to a solid (precipitate) when it is subjected to a perturbation. Aggregation causes sedimentation or creaming, therefore the colloid is unstable: if either of these processes occur the colloid will no longer be a suspension.
2107:
the particles. If the apparent size of the particles increases due to them clumping together via aggregation, it will result in slower
Brownian motion. This technique can confirm that aggregation has occurred if the apparent particle size is determined to be beyond the typical size range for colloidal particles.
1296:
than others. There are many different types of hydrocolloids each with differences in structure function and utility that generally are best suited to particular application areas in the control of rheology and the physical modification of form and texture. Some hydrocolloids like starch and casein
2063:
Unstable colloidal suspensions of low-volume fraction form clustered liquid suspensions, wherein individual clusters of particles sediment if they are more dense than the suspension medium, or cream if they are less dense. However, colloidal suspensions of higher-volume fraction form colloidal gels
2115:
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or years for some products). Thus, it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods to reach reasonable development time for new product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and
2106:
can be used to detect the size of a colloidal particle by measuring how fast they diffuse. This method involves directing laser light towards a colloid. The scattered light will form an interference pattern, and the fluctuation in light intensity in this pattern is caused by the
Brownian motion of
1353:
dissolves, and the Na and Cl ions are surrounded by water molecules. However, in a colloid such as milk, the colloidal particles are globules of fat, rather than individual fat molecules. Because colloid is multiple phases, it has very different properties compared to fully mixed, continuous
2019:
A method called gel network stabilization represents the principal way to produce colloids stable to both aggregation and sedimentation. The method consists in adding to the colloidal suspension a polymer able to form a gel network. Particle settling is hindered by the stiffness of the polymeric
2003:
Steric stabilization consists absorbing a layer of a polymer or surfactant on the particles to prevent them from getting close in the range of attractive forces. The polymer consists of chains that are attached to the particle surface, and the part of the chain that extends out is soluble in the
2316:
of these so-called "colloidal crystals" has emerged as a result of the relatively simple methods that have evolved in the last 20 years for preparing synthetic monodisperse colloids (both polymer and mineral) and, through various mechanisms, implementing and preserving their long-range order
2120:
and agitation are sometimes used. They subject the product to different forces that pushes the particles / droplets against one another, hence helping in the film drainage. Some emulsions would never coalesce in normal gravity, while they do under artificial gravity. Segregation of different
2085:
2051:
Addition of a charged polymer flocculant. Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by attractive electrostatic interactions. For example, negatively charged colloidal silica or clay particles can be flocculated by the addition of a positively charged
2141:. Many of the forces that govern the structure and behavior of matter, such as excluded volume interactions or electrostatic forces, govern the structure and behavior of colloidal suspensions. For example, the same techniques used to model ideal gases can be applied to
1197:
1988:, where the particles are charged on the surface, but then attract counterions (ions of opposite charge) which surround the particle. The electrostatic repulsion between suspended colloidal particles is most readily quantified in terms of the
833:: State of subdivision such that the molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium have at least one dimension between approximately 1 nm and 1 ÎĽm, or that in a system discontinuities are found at distances of that order.
1375:: Colloidal particles often carry an electrical charge and therefore attract or repel each other. The charge of both the continuous and the dispersed phase, as well as the mobility of the phases are factors affecting this interaction.
1182:
758:
is distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). A colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension). The dispersed phase particles have a diameter of approximately 1
3265:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (10 September 2011).
2854:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (2011).
2149:
in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques, and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids. In many interesting cases optical fluidity is used to control colloid suspensions.
1312:
Hydrocolloids contain some type of gel-forming agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and gelatin. They are normally combined with some type of sealant, i.e. polyurethane to 'stick' to the skin.
2379:
Colloidal particles can also serve as transport vector of diverse contaminants in the surface water (sea water, lakes, rivers, fresh water bodies) and in underground water circulating in fissured rocks (e.g.
2076:, flow like liquids under shear, but maintain their shape when shear is removed. It is for this reason that toothpaste can be squeezed from a toothpaste tube, but stays on the toothbrush after it is applied.
1857:
There is an upper size-limit for the diameter of colloidal particles because particles larger than 1 ÎĽm tend to sediment, and thus the substance would no longer be considered a colloidal suspension.
1923:
The stability of a colloidal system is defined by particles remaining suspended in solution and depends on the interaction forces between the particles. These include electrostatic interactions and
4299:
1852:
4113:
1674:
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Greenfield, Elad; Rotschild, Carmel; Szameit, Alexander; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; El-Ganainy, Ramy; Christodoulides, Demetrios N; Saraf, Meirav; Lifshitz, Efrat; Segev, Mordechai (2011).
2285:-like correlations with interparticle separation distances, often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter. In all of these cases in nature, the same brilliant
1746:
1949:
If the interaction energy is greater than kT, the attractive forces will prevail, and the colloidal particles will begin to clump together. This process is referred to generally as
4015:
Liu, Xuesong; Li, Zejing; Tang, Jianguo; Yu, Bing; Cong, Hailin (9 September 2013). "Current status and future developments in preparation and application of colloidal crystals".
1790:
1486:
2674:
Hatschek, Emil, The
Foundations of Colloid Chemistry, A selection of early papers bearing on the subject, The British Association Committee on Colloid Chemistry, London, 1925
2020:
matrix where particles are trapped, and the long polymeric chains can provide a steric or electrosteric stabilization to dispersed particles. Examples of such substances are
1393:: An attractive entropic force arising from an osmotic pressure imbalance when colloids are suspended in a medium of much smaller particles or polymers called depletants.
1522:
1550:
2040:
Removal of the electrostatic barrier that prevents aggregation of the particles. This can be accomplished by the addition of salt to a suspension to reduce the
1700:
1606:
1578:
5162:
3523:
Lemarchand, Caroline; Couvreur, Patrick; Besnard, Madeleine; Costantini, Dominique; Gref, Ruxandra (2003). "Novel polyester-polysaccharide nanoparticles".
2442:
occurring in dense clay membrane. The question is less clear for small organic colloids often mixed in porewater with truly dissolved organic molecules.
3406:
Comba, Silvia; Sethi (August 2009). "Stabilization of highly concentrated suspensions of iron nanoparticles using shear-thinning gels of xanthan gum".
701:
4307:
1226:
2665:
Selmi, Francesco, Studio intorno alle pseudo-soluzioni degli azzurri di
Prussia ed alla influenza dei sali nel guastarle, Bologna: Tipi Sassi, 1847
2048:. When the magnitude of the zeta potential lies below a certain threshold, typically around ± 5mV, rapid coagulation or aggregation tends to occur.
2092:
The most widely used technique to monitor the dispersion state of a product, and to identify and quantify destabilization phenomena, is multiple
4132:
3668:
Snabre, Patrick; Pouligny, Bernard (2008). "Size
Segregation in a Fluid-like or Gel-like Suspension Settling under Gravity or in a Centrifuge".
4251:
1984:
Electrostatic stabilization is based on the mutual repulsion of like electrical charges. The charge of colloidal particles is structured in an
1946:. If this is the case, then the colloidal particles will repel or only weakly attract each other, and the substance will remain a suspension.
4157:
2891:
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2168:
array of particles that can be formed over a very long range (typically on the order of a few millimeters to one centimeter) and that appear
1191:
are semi-solid emulsions of oil and water. Oil-in-water creams are used for cosmetic purpose while water-in-oil creams for medicinal purpose
4864:
4077:
Alonso, U.; T. Missana; A. Patelli; V. Rigato (2007). "Bentonite colloid diffusion through the host rock of a deep geological repository".
2683:
Selmi, Francesco - Sur le soufre pseudosoluble, sa pseudosolution e le soufre mou, Journal de
Pharmacie et de Chimie, tome 21, 1852, Paris
3961:
Luck, Werner; Klier, Manfred; Wesslau, Hermann (1963). "Ăśber Bragg-Reflexe mit sichtbarem Licht an monodispersen
Kunststofflatices. II".
4347:
3704:
2576:
3021:
McBride, Samantha A.; Skye, Rachael; Varanasi, Kripa K. (2020). "Differences between
Colloidal and Crystalline Evaporative Deposits".
2434:. They have been the subject of detailed studies for many years. However, the mobility of inorganic colloids is very low in compacted
2775:
Richard G. Jones; Edward S. Wilks; W. Val
Metanomski; Jaroslav Kahovec; Michael Hess; Robert Stepto; Tatsuki Kitayama, eds. (2009).
3566:
Mengual, O (1999). "Characterisation of instability of concentrated dispersions by a new optical analyser: the TURBISCAN MA 1000".
3488:
Roland, I; Piel, G; Delattre, L; Evrard, B (2003). "Systematic characterisation of oil-in-water emulsions for formulation design".
2004:
suspension medium. This technique is used to stabilize colloidal particles in all types of solvents, including organic solvents.
1992:. The combined effect of van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion on aggregation is described quantitatively by the
2976:
694:
1139:
4061:
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designed to lock moisture in the skin and help the natural healing process of skin to reduce scarring, itching and soreness.
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1297:
are useful foods as well as rheology modifiers, others have limited nutritive value, usually providing a source of fiber.
1414:
acts upon colloidal particles. Therefore, if the colloidal particles are denser than the medium of suspension, they will
3379:
Genz, Ulrike; D'Aguanno, Bruno; Mewis, Jan; Klein, Rudolf (1 July 1994). "Structure of
Sterically Stabilized Colloids".
1980:
Electrostatic stabilization and steric stabilization are the two main mechanisms for stabilization against aggregation.
3449:
Bean, Elwood L.; Campbell, Sylvester J.; Anspach, Frederick R.; Ockershausen, Richard W.; Peterman, Charles J. (1964).
5238:
4909:
4227:
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1801:
687:
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A colloid is stable if the interaction energy due to attractive forces between the colloidal particles is less than
4857:
2577:
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Subcommittee on Polymer Terminology; Jones, Richard G. (2009).
1617:
656:
4614:
4051:
3065:
2908:
de Swaan Arons, J.; Diepen, G. A. M. (2010). "Immiscibility of gases. The system He-Xe: (Short communication)".
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by this difference, and much of the research related to this use of colloids is based on fraudulent research by
4999:
4684:
4609:
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Greenfield, Elad; Nemirovsky, Jonathan; El-Ganainy, Ramy; Christodoulides, Demetri N; Segev, Mordechai (2013).
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and gravitational forces. The periodic arrays of submicrometre spherical particles provide similar arrays of
1958:
790:
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5152:
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2754:. Page 183: "As gelatine appears to be its type, it is proposed to designate substances of the class as
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3268:"Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
1422:(float to the top). Larger particles also have a greater tendency to sediment because they have smaller
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onto colloids suspended in water. Various types of colloids are recognised: inorganic colloids (e.g.
2290:
2137:. Micrometre-scale colloidal particles are large enough to be observed by optical techniques such as
1962:
1928:
1895:
1861:
519:
194:
3451:"Zeta Potential Measurements in the Control of Coagulation Chemical Doses [with Discussion]"
1387:: A repulsive steric force typically occurring due to adsorbed polymers coating a colloid's surface.
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throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a
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van Anders, Greg; Klotsa, Daphne; Ahmed, N. Khalid; Engel, Michael; Glotzer, Sharon C. (2014).
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Tweney, Ryan D. (2006). "Discovering Discovery: How Faraday Found the First Metallic Colloid".
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Wold, Susanna; Trygve Eriksen (2007). "Diffusion of humic colloids in compacted bentonite".
2011:
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is the difference in mass density between the colloidal particle and the suspension medium.
1497:
1212:
it scatters blue light making it appear blue from the side, but orange light shines through.
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1345:, whereas colloidal particles are bigger. For example, in a solution of salt in water, the
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8:
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3760:"Shockwave based nonlinear optical manipulation in densely scattering opaque suspensions"
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substances). When heavy metals or radionuclides form their own pure colloids, the term "
2121:
populations of particles have been highlighted when using centrifugation and vibration.
16:
Mixture of an insoluble substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance
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Compendium of polymer terminology and nomenclature : IUPAC recommendations, 2008
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2159:
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The following forces play an important role in the interaction of colloid particles:
1218:
574:
419:
309:
229:
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Hiltner, P.A.; Krieger, I.M. (1969). "Diffraction of light by ordered suspensions".
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3293:
2887:
2833:
2714:
2639:
2524:. Another difference is that crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.
2008:
A combination of the two mechanisms is also possible (electrosteric stabilization).
1907:
1864:
if the rate of sedimentation is equal to the rate of movement from Brownian motion.
1249:
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5102:
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in the blood, and therefore, they should theoretically preferentially increase the
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1888:
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refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word
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199:
169:
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99:
59:
19:
4123:. Nagra Technical Report 02-14. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH ZĂĽrich: 47.
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3610:"Stability of colloidal systems - a review of the stability measurements methods"
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2489:
2469:
2439:
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2257:
2196:
2088:
Measurement principle of multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning
2056:
1996:. A common method of stabilising a colloid (converting it from a precipitate) is
1702:
is the volume of the colloidal particle, calculated using the volume of a sphere
1423:
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1366:
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1289:
1273:
1077:
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589:
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2430:. Colloids have been suspected for the long-range transport of plutonium on the
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and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
2777:
Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
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1989:
1911:
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Condensation of small dissolved molecules into larger colloidal particles by
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Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called
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2972:"Hydrocolloids as thickening and gelling agents in food: a critical review"
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Sanders, J.V.; Sanders, J. V.; Segnit, E. R. (1964). "Structure of Opal".
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is an important organising principle for compartmentalisation of both the
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4735:
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1997:
1993:
1935:
1369:: This refers to the impossibility of any overlap between hard particles.
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771:
584:
559:
529:
474:
469:
401:
43:
4001:
3641:
Salager, J-L (2000). Françoise Nielloud; Gilberte Marti-Mestres (eds.).
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that vary depending on the chemical conditions of the soil sample, i.e.
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4649:
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4546:
4480:
4459:
4028:
3307:
Park, Soo-Jin; Seo, Min-Kang (1 January 2011). "Intermolecular Force".
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978:
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4300:"Millions of surgery patients at risk in drug research fraud scandal"
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Frimmel, Fritz H.; Frank von der Kammer; Hans-Curt Flemming (2007).
2235:
5019:
4811:
4639:
4276:
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3522:
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de Swaan Arons, J.; Diepen, G. A. M. (1966). "Gas—Gas Equilibria".
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and elsewhere, and form these highly ordered arrays after years of
2025:
1906:
reactions. Such processes are used in the preparation of colloidal
1338:
1277:
1236:
960:
729:
109:
3129:
2516:. However, there is still controversy to the actual difference in
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Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio AA – Chemia
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2389:
2343:—similar in importance to compartmentalisation via lipid bilayer
2309:
2282:
2278:
2173:
2130:
2110:
2021:
1350:
1337:
constitute only one phase. A solute in a solution are individual
1334:
1207:
1059:
1031:
889:
741:
719:
429:
377:
368:
363:
3568:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
2652:
Selmi, Francesco "Studi sulla dimulsione di cloruro d'argento".
1429:
The sedimentation or creaming velocity is found by equating the
740:, while others extend the definition to include substances like
4380:
3448:
2409:
2200:
1581:
1406:
Brownian motion of 350 nm diameter polymer colloidal particles.
1330:
1043:
737:
382:
358:
89:
2367:
strongly enhances colloidal phase separation and formation of
2176:
examples of this ordering phenomenon can be found in precious
1879:
of large particles or droplets to the colloidal dimensions by
4944:
4389:
4375:
2458:
2405:
2302:
2289:(or play of colors) can be attributed to the diffraction and
2246:
2184:
2172:
to their atomic or molecular counterparts. One of the finest
1976:
Examples of a stable and of an unstable colloidal dispersion.
1903:
1285:
1281:
982:
925:
911:
899:
813:
387:
84:
2805:"Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)"
2758:, and to speak of their peculiar form of aggregation as the
2614:"Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)"
2252:, particularly when the interstitial spacing is of the same
782:
of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be
3593:
Bru, P.; et al. (2004). T. Provder; J. Texter (eds.).
3378:
3347:
Colloid stability : the role of surface forces. Part I
3264:
2853:
2454:
2450:
2397:
2249:
2177:
2134:
2084:
1795:
By rearranging, the sedimentation or creaming velocity is:
1418:(fall to the bottom), or if they are less dense, they will
1293:
1232:
1214:
1055:
970:
944:
907:
3987:
3882:
3753:
3751:
3110:
2036:
Destabilization can be accomplished by different methods:
4385:
3113:"Understanding shape entropy through local dense packing"
2970:
Saha, Dipjyoti; Bhattacharya, Suvendu (6 November 2010).
2730:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1342:
1049:
1004:
895:
745:
94:
3963:
Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft fĂĽr Physikalische Chemie
3487:
2928:
2901:
4217:
3748:
3608:
Matusiak, Jakub; GrzÄ…dka, ElĹĽbieta (8 December 2017).
2438:
and in deep clay formations because of the process of
2096:
coupled with vertical scanning. This method, known as
4114:"Stability and mobility of colloids in Opalinus Clay"
3187:
Colloid Science: Principles, Methods and Applications
2418:" is used to designate pure phases, i.e., pure Tc(OH)
1887:, or application of shear (e.g., shaking, mixing, or
1804:
1758:
1708:
1688:
1620:
1594:
1566:
1538:
1500:
1446:
722:
in which one substance consisting of microscopically
5163:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
3399:
2934:
2907:
2654:
Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali di Bologna, 1845
2539:
2537:
2263:
Thus, it has been known for many years that, due to
2145:
the behavior of a hard sphere colloidal suspension.
4111:
3800:
3063:
3020:
2000:, a process where it is shaken with an electrolyte.
1611:The mass of the colloidal particle is found using:
797:, who called them pseudosolutions, and expanded by
4182:
3705:"Colloidal matter: Packing, geometry, and entropy"
3343:
1872:There are two principal ways to prepare colloids:
1846:
1784:
1740:
1694:
1668:
1600:
1572:
1544:
1516:
1480:
3104:
2534:
2504:, whereas other types of volume expanders called
2068:properties. Viscoelastic colloidal gels, such as
5215:
3960:
3809:"Light-induced self-synchronizing flow patterns"
3064:Lekkerkerker, Henk N.W.; Tuinier, Remco (2011).
2969:
2548:(4rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
1357:
4185:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
4112:Voegelin, A.; Kretzschmar, R. (December 2002).
4079:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
3607:
3225:
3223:
3180:
3178:
3176:
2133:, colloids are an interesting model system for
2059:that cause aggregation due to entropic effects.
1847:{\displaystyle v={\frac {m_{A}g}{6\pi \eta r}}}
1217:is a gel in which water is dispersed in silica
4220:Elements of the nature and properties of soils
4158:"Diffusion of colloids in compacted bentonite"
3667:
2308:The large number of experiments exploring the
2124:
2111:Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction
1927:, because they both contribute to the overall
4858:
4341:
4218:Weil, Ray; Brady, Nyle C. (11 October 2018).
3925:
3847:
2543:
2359:that arise via liquid-liquid or liquid-solid
695:
3926:Darragh, P.J.; et al. (1976). "Opals".
3848:Pieranski, P. (1983). "Colloidal Crystals".
3640:
3220:
3173:
3057:
1669:{\displaystyle m_{A}=V(\rho _{1}-\rho _{2})}
4355:
4014:
2728:"X. Liquid diffusion applied to analysis".
1608:is the sedimentation or creaming velocity.
4865:
4851:
4348:
4334:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4250:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3455:Journal (American Water Works Association)
3405:
2910:Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas
2468:and carry either positive and/or negative
1860:The colloidal particles are said to be in
702:
688:
42:
3832:
3783:
3723:
3702:
3625:
3283:
3156:
3146:
3128:
2997:
2798:
2796:
2770:
2768:
2629:
2583:. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
2392:). Radionuclides and heavy metals easily
2055:Addition of non-adsorbed polymers called
1741:{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}
1397:
1316:
789:Colloidal suspensions are the subject of
3644:Pharmaceutical emulsions and suspensions
3184:
2083:
2010:
1971:
1401:
18:
4258:
3592:
3565:
3306:
3229:
2779:(2nd ed.). RSC Publ. p. 464.
2612:Stepto, Robert F. T. (1 January 2009).
2079:
843:Colloids can be classified as follows:
793:. This field of study began in 1845 by
5216:
4872:
4269:
3490:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
3236:. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
3067:Colloids and the Depletion Interaction
2977:Journal of Food Science and Technology
2802:
2793:
2765:
2692:
2611:
2479:
2355:has been used to refer to clusters of
1300:The term hydrocolloids also refers to
1280:) that are colloidally dispersible in
4846:
4329:
4297:
4056:(1 ed.). Springer. p. 292.
2374:
2180:, in which brilliant regions of pure
2015:Steric and gel network stabilization.
1325:and a continuous phase, whereas in a
848:
4270:Martin, Gregory S. (19 April 2005).
3595:Particle sizing and characterisation
2897:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2843:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4053:Colloidal transport in porous media
3233:Basic principles of colloid science
2293:of visible lightwaves that satisfy
2281:environment can exhibit long-range
1785:{\displaystyle \rho _{1}-\rho _{2}}
1481:{\displaystyle m_{A}g=6\pi \eta rv}
13:
3467:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1964.tb01202.x
3321:10.1016/B978-0-12-375049-5.00001-3
2492:, and can be used for intravenous
2031:
14:
5260:
4272:"An Update on Intravenous Fluids"
4222:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY.
3948:10.1038/scientificamerican0476-84
2546:Intermolecular and surface forces
880:Helium and xenon are known to be
838:
4408:
3309:Interface Science and Technology
2544:Israelachvili, Jacob N. (2011).
2164:A colloidal crystal is a highly
1918:
1260:
1248:
1225:
1196:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1138:
1126:
1114:
875:
669:
668:
655:
4291:
4211:
4176:
4150:
4105:
4070:
4043:
4008:
3981:
3954:
3919:
3876:
3841:
3703:Manoharan, Vinothan N. (2015).
3696:
3661:
3634:
3601:
3586:
3559:
3516:
3481:
3442:
3372:
3337:
3300:
3258:
3207:
3014:
2963:
2847:
2297:, in a matter analogous to the
2721:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2646:
2605:
2570:
1867:
1663:
1637:
934:atmospheric particulate matter
1:
4797:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
4298:Blake, Heidi (3 March 2011).
3834:10.1088/1367-2630/13/5/053021
3580:10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00680-3
3502:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00364-8
2803:Stepto, Robert F. T. (2009).
2760:colloidal condition of matter
2527:
2320:
2207:). These spherical particles
1953:, but is also referred to as
1426:to counteract this movement.
1358:Interaction between particles
1307:
791:interface and colloid science
5153:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
4807:Order and disorder (physics)
3428:10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.046
3035:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01139
2449:, the colloidal fraction in
7:
3344:Tadros, Tharwat F. (2007).
2496:. Colloids preserve a high
2488:belong to a major group of
2153:
2125:As a model system for atoms
1528:of the colloidal particles,
1243:globules dispersed in water
877:No such colloids are known.
10:
5265:
5138:Acid dissociation constant
3272:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3185:Cosgrove, Terence (2010).
2867:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2813:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2618:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2484:Colloid solutions used in
2464:that are less than 1ÎĽm in
2157:
1584:of the colloidal particle,
884:under certain conditions.
255:Spin gapless semiconductor
5121:
5053:
4983:
4880:
4759:
4713:
4585:
4499:
4473:
4417:
4406:
4368:
4205:10.1016/j.pce.2006.05.002
4121:Technischer Bericht / NTB
4099:10.1016/j.pce.2006.04.021
3870:10.1080/00107518308227471
3647:. CRC press. p. 89.
3076:10.1007/978-94-007-1223-2
2990:10.1007/s13197-010-0162-6
2707:10.1162/posc.2006.14.1.97
2291:constructive interference
2238:, which act as a natural
1862:sedimentation equilibrium
1556:of the suspension medium,
1373:Electrostatic interaction
1367:Excluded volume repulsion
867:
851:
195:Electronic band structure
5239:Condensed matter physics
4832:Thermo-dielectric effect
4731:Enthalpy of vaporization
4425:Bose–Einstein condensate
4017:Chemical Society Reviews
3975:10.1002/bbpc.19630670114
3627:10.17951/aa.2017.72.1.33
3285:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
3070:. Heidelberg: Springer.
2922:10.1002/recl.19630820810
2880:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
2857:"Terminology of polymers
2826:10.1351/PAC-REC-08-05-02
2631:10.1351/PAC-REC-08-05-02
2498:colloid osmotic pressure
2432:Nevada Nuclear Test Site
2369:biomolecular condensates
2340:biomolecular condensates
2104:Dynamic light scattering
786:or have a slight color.
105:Bose–Einstein condensate
36:Condensed matter physics
5103:Solubility table (data)
4970:Apparent molar property
4726:Enthalpy of sublimation
3725:10.1126/science.1253751
3537:10.1023/A:1025017502379
3525:Pharmaceutical Research
3350:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3230:Everett, D. H. (1988).
3215:Preparation of colloids
3148:10.1073/pnas.1418159111
2695:Perspectives on Science
2365:Macromolecular crowding
2353:biomolecular condensate
2305:in crystalline solids.
1986:electrical double layer
1068:biomolecular condensate
1017:biomolecular condensate
993:biomolecular condensate
5068:Total dissolved solids
5063:Solubility equilibrium
4988:and related quantities
4741:Latent internal energy
4491:Color-glass condensate
3813:New Journal of Physics
3213:Kopeliovich, Dmitri.
3117:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2742:10.1098/rstl.1861.0011
2400:particles, silicates,
2089:
2042:Debye screening length
2016:
1977:
1848:
1786:
1742:
1696:
1670:
1602:
1574:
1546:
1518:
1517:{\displaystyle m_{A}g}
1482:
1407:
1398:Sedimentation velocity
1317:Compared with solution
835:
805:, who coined the term
27:
5168:Partition coefficient
5148:Polar aprotic solvent
4551:Magnetically ordered
3191:John Wiley & Sons
2470:electrostatic charges
2404:), organic colloids (
2195:colloidal spheres of
2087:
2014:
1975:
1849:
1787:
1743:
1697:
1671:
1603:
1575:
1547:
1545:{\displaystyle \eta }
1519:
1483:
1405:
1103:colloidal dispersions
1095:colloidal suspensions
818:
250:Topological insulator
22:
5083:Enthalpy of solution
5010:Volume concentration
5005:Number concentration
4430:Fermionic condensate
4306:. UK. Archived from
3850:Contemporary Physics
3785:10.1364/OE.21.023785
2514:intracellular volume
2502:intravascular volume
2272:electrically charged
2080:Monitoring stability
1944:absolute temperature
1925:van der Waals forces
1802:
1756:
1706:
1686:
1618:
1592:
1564:
1536:
1498:
1444:
1379:van der Waals forces
1176:A dollop of hair gel
988:biological membranes
823:: Short synonym for
750:colloidal suspension
268:Electronic phenomena
115:Fermionic condensate
5234:Colloidal chemistry
4995:Molar concentration
4965:Dilution (equation)
4645:Chemical ionization
4537:Programmable matter
4527:Quantum spin liquid
4395:Supercritical fluid
4197:2007PCE....32..477W
4091:2007PCE....32..469A
4002:10.1021/j100727a049
3940:1976SciAm.234d..84D
3928:Scientific American
3897:1964Natur.204..990J
3862:1983ConPh..24...25P
3825:2011NJPh...13e3021G
3776:2013OExpr..2123785G
3770:(20): 23785–23802.
3420:2009WatRe..43.3717C
3393:10.1021/la00019a029
3139:2014PNAS..111E4812V
3123:(45): E4812–E4821.
3029:(40): 11732–11741.
2949:1966JChPh..44.2322D
2510:interstitial volume
2486:intravenous therapy
2480:Intravenous therapy
2402:iron oxy-hydroxides
2240:diffraction grating
2139:confocal microscopy
1435:gravitational force
1412:gravitational field
1091:colloidal emulsions
275:Quantum Hall effect
26:image of a colloid.
5035:Isotopic abundance
5000:Mass concentration
4874:Chemical solutions
4792:Leidenfrost effect
4721:Enthalpy of fusion
4486:Quark–gluon plasma
4310:on 4 November 2011
4029:10.1039/C3CS60078E
2508:also increase the
2375:In the environment
2254:order of magnitude
2090:
2017:
1978:
1940:Boltzmann constant
1844:
1782:
1738:
1692:
1666:
1598:
1570:
1542:
1526:Archimedean weight
1514:
1478:
1408:
1302:a type of dressing
1087:colloidal aerosols
770:Some colloids are
662:Physics portal
28:
5229:Chemical mixtures
5211:
5210:
4840:
4839:
4822:Superheated vapor
4817:Superconductivity
4787:Equation of state
4635:Flash evaporation
4587:Phase transitions
4572:String-net liquid
4465:Photonic molecule
4435:Degenerate matter
4063:978-3-540-71338-8
4023:(19): 7774–7800.
3718:(6251): 1253751.
3682:10.1021/la802459u
3654:978-0-8247-0304-2
3414:(15): 3717–3726.
3357:978-3-527-63107-0
3278:(12): 2229–2259.
3243:978-1-84755-020-0
2957:10.1063/1.1727043
2874:(12): 2229–2259.
2786:978-0-85404-491-7
2736:: 183–224. 1861.
2590:978-1-84755-942-5
2555:978-0-08-092363-5
2494:fluid replacement
2453:consists of tiny
2160:Colloidal crystal
2147:Phase transitions
1938:, where k is the
1889:high shear mixing
1842:
1723:
1695:{\displaystyle V}
1601:{\displaystyle v}
1573:{\displaystyle r}
1431:Stokes drag force
1268:describe certain
1083:
1082:
712:
711:
420:Granular material
188:Electronic phases
5256:
5108:Solubility chart
4935:Phase separation
4895:Aqueous solution
4867:
4860:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4777:Compressed fluid
4412:
4357:States of matter
4350:
4343:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4267:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4191:(1–7): 477–484.
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4160:. Archived from
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4131:. Archived from
4118:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4085:(1–7): 469–476.
4074:
4068:
4067:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3905:10.1038/204990a0
3880:
3874:
3873:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3709:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3676:(23): 13338–47.
3665:
3659:
3658:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3574:(1–2): 111–123.
3563:
3557:
3556:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3387:(7): 2206–2212.
3376:
3370:
3369:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3132:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:on 14 April 2019
3088:. Archived from
3061:
3055:
3054:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2863:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2772:
2763:
2753:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2541:
2490:volume expanders
2361:phase separation
2327:phase separation
2094:light scattering
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1716:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1629:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1456:
1455:
1391:Depletion forces
1321:A colloid has a
1252:
1229:
1200:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1142:
1130:
1118:
990:
852:Dispersed phase
846:
845:
704:
697:
690:
677:
672:
671:
664:
660:
659:
280:Spin Hall effect
170:Phase transition
140:Luttinger liquid
77:States of matter
60:Phase transition
46:
32:
31:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5117:
5078:Solvation shell
5049:
4987:
4979:
4975:Miscibility gap
4960:Serial dilution
4955:Supersaturation
4905:Buffer solution
4876:
4871:
4841:
4836:
4767:Baryonic matter
4755:
4709:
4680:Saturated fluid
4620:Crystallization
4581:
4555:Antiferromagnet
4495:
4469:
4413:
4404:
4364:
4354:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4268:
4259:
4243:
4242:
4230:
4216:
4212:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4164:on 4 March 2009
4156:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4138:on 9 March 2009
4135:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4048:
4044:
4013:
4009:
3986:
3982:
3959:
3955:
3924:
3920:
3881:
3877:
3846:
3842:
3805:
3801:
3756:
3749:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3639:
3635:
3606:
3602:
3591:
3587:
3564:
3560:
3521:
3517:
3486:
3482:
3447:
3443:
3404:
3400:
3377:
3373:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3305:
3301:
3263:
3259:
3244:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3183:
3174:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3062:
3058:
3019:
3015:
2968:
2964:
2933:
2929:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2773:
2766:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2610:
2606:
2591:
2575:
2571:
2556:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2482:
2440:ultrafiltration
2429:
2425:
2421:
2377:
2323:
2206:
2197:silicon dioxide
2162:
2156:
2127:
2113:
2082:
2034:
2032:Destabilization
1931:of the system.
1921:
1870:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1732:
1728:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1424:Brownian motion
1400:
1360:
1347:sodium chloride
1323:dispersed phase
1319:
1310:
1290:pharmaceuticals
1274:polysaccharides
1263:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1099:colloidal foams
1078:cranberry glass
1075:
1053:
1029:
1002:
986:
968:
948:
923:
893:
879:
869:
841:
836:
817:
799:Michael Faraday
795:Francesco Selmi
778:, which is the
774:because of the
708:
667:
654:
653:
646:
645:
644:
444:
436:
435:
434:
410:Amorphous solid
404:
394:
393:
392:
371:
353:
343:
342:
341:
330:
328:Antiferromagnet
321:
319:Superparamagnet
312:
299:
298:Magnetic phases
291:
290:
289:
269:
261:
260:
259:
189:
181:
180:
179:
165:Order parameter
159:
158:Phase phenomena
151:
150:
149:
79:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5143:Protic solvent
5140:
5135:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5088:Lattice energy
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4940:Eutectic point
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:Solid solution
4897:
4892:
4890:Ideal solution
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4746:Trouton's rule
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Critical point
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:Liquid crystal
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4450:Strange matter
4447:
4445:Rydberg matter
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4321:
4290:
4257:
4228:
4210:
4175:
4149:
4104:
4069:
4062:
4042:
4007:
3980:
3953:
3918:
3891:(4962): 1151.
3875:
3840:
3799:
3764:Optics Express
3747:
3695:
3660:
3653:
3633:
3600:
3585:
3558:
3531:(8): 1284–92.
3515:
3496:(1–2): 85–94.
3480:
3461:(2): 214–227.
3441:
3408:Water Research
3398:
3371:
3356:
3336:
3329:
3299:
3257:
3242:
3219:
3217:. substech.com
3206:
3199:
3172:
3103:
3084:
3056:
3013:
2984:(6): 587–597.
2962:
2927:
2900:
2846:
2820:(2): 351–353.
2792:
2785:
2764:
2720:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2645:
2624:(2): 351–353.
2604:
2589:
2569:
2554:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2481:
2478:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2376:
2373:
2363:within cells.
2357:macromolecules
2349:liquid crystal
2337:of cells into
2322:
2319:
2275:macromolecules
2270:interactions,
2204:
2158:Main article:
2155:
2152:
2126:
2123:
2118:centrifugation
2112:
2109:
2081:
2078:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2046:zeta potential
2033:
2030:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1990:zeta potential
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1892:
1869:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1691:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1569:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1204:Tyndall effect
1202:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1046:
1024:
1020:
1019:
995:
965:Liquid crystal
957:
941:
937:
936:
918:
885:
874:
871:
865:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
840:
839:Classification
837:
812:
811:
776:Tyndall effect
710:
709:
707:
706:
699:
692:
684:
681:
680:
679:
678:
665:
648:
647:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:
432:
427:
425:Liquid crystal
422:
417:
412:
406:
405:
400:
399:
396:
395:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
366:
361:
355:
354:
351:Quasiparticles
349:
348:
345:
344:
340:
339:
334:
325:
316:
310:Superdiamagnet
307:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
288:
287:
282:
277:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
235:Thermoelectric
232:
230:Superconductor
227:
222:
217:
212:
210:Mott insulator
207:
202:
197:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
172:
167:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5261:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:Mass fraction
5028:
5026:
5025:Mole fraction
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:Concentration
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Phase diagram
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Flory–Huggins
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Mpemba effect
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Cooling curve
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4705:Vitrification
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Recombination
4668:
4666:
4665:Melting point
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:Critical line
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:Boiling point
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Exotic matter
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4309:
4305:
4304:The Telegraph
4301:
4294:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4229:9780133254594
4225:
4221:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3990:J. Phys. Chem
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:(5): 053021.
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3330:9780123750495
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3274:(in German).
3273:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3200:9781444320183
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3091:
3087:
3085:9789400712225
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:J. Chem. Phys
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2850:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2522:Joachim Boldt
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:sedimentation
2218:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:precipitation
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1942:and T is the
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1919:Stabilization
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:precipitation
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1595:
1583:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:Steric forces
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Hydrocolloids
1261:Hydrocolloids
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1164:Whipped cream
1160:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:floating soap
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:pigmented ink
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
966:
962:
958:
956:
955:shaving cream
952:
951:whipped cream
947:
946:
942:
939:
938:
935:
931:
927:
922:
921:Solid aerosol
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
891:
886:
883:
878:
872:
866:
862:
859:
856:
855:
849:Medium/phase
847:
844:
834:
832:
828:
826:
822:
815:
810:
808:
804:
803:Thomas Graham
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
757:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
725:
721:
717:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
686:
685:
683:
682:
676:
666:
663:
658:
652:
651:
650:
649:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Van der Waals
448:
447:
440:
439:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
403:
398:
397:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
347:
346:
338:
335:
333:
329:
326:
324:
320:
317:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
295:
294:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
265:
264:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Ferroelectric
243:
241:
240:Piezoelectric
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
215:Semiconductor
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
185:
184:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
155:
154:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
135:Superfluidity
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
78:
73:
72:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
25:
21:
5249:Dosage forms
5093:Raoult's law
5045:Ternary plot
5040:Mixing ratio
4924:
4827:Superheating
4700:Vaporization
4695:Triple point
4690:Supercooling
4655:Lambda point
4605:Condensation
4522:Time crystal
4506:
4500:Other states
4440:Quantum Hall
4312:. Retrieved
4308:the original
4303:
4293:
4281:. Retrieved
4275:
4219:
4213:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4133:the original
4120:
4107:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4052:
4045:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3969:(1): 84–85.
3966:
3962:
3956:
3934:(4): 84–95.
3931:
3927:
3921:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3767:
3763:
3715:
3711:
3698:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3643:
3636:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3346:
3339:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3275:
3271:
3260:
3232:
3209:
3186:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:the original
3066:
3059:
3026:
3022:
3016:
2981:
2975:
2965:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2871:
2865:
2849:
2817:
2811:
2776:
2759:
2755:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2579:
2572:
2545:
2506:crystalloids
2483:
2447:soil science
2444:
2415:eigencolloid
2413:
2378:
2347:, a type of
2338:
2324:
2307:
2262:
2233:interstitial
2189:close-packed
2187:result from
2163:
2128:
2114:
2102:
2098:turbidimetry
2091:
2066:viscoelastic
2062:
2035:
2018:
2007:
1979:
1966:
1955:flocculation
1948:
1933:
1922:
1900:condensation
1871:
1859:
1856:
1794:
1751:
1678:
1610:
1587:
1490:
1428:
1410:The Earth’s
1409:
1361:
1320:
1311:
1299:
1265:
1264:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1072:
1048:
1026:
1013:precipitates
997:
959:
943:
920:
904:condensation
887:
876:
842:
830:
829:
824:
820:
819:
806:
788:
769:
753:
749:
715:
713:
580:von Klitzing
414:
285:Kondo effect
145:Time crystal
125:Fermi liquid
29:
5244:Soft matter
5198:Lyonium ion
5113:Miscibility
5098:Henry's law
4736:Latent heat
4685:Sublimation
4630:Evaporation
4565:Ferromagnet
4560:Ferrimagnet
4542:Dark matter
4474:High energy
4168:12 February
4142:22 February
3996:(7): 2306.
3096:5 September
2943:(6): 2322.
2426:, or Am(OH)
2351:. The term
2317:formation.
2295:Bragg’s law
2287:iridescence
2260:lightwave.
2229:hydrostatic
2225:compression
2209:precipitate
2191:domains of
1998:peptization
1994:DLVO theory
1959:coagulation
1951:aggregation
1929:free energy
1868:Preparation
1151:opalescence
1149:with light
1133:Jello cubes
1066:, gel-like
916:hair sprays
868:Dispersion
772:translucent
748:. The term
402:Soft matter
323:Ferromagnet
5218:Categories
5193:Amphiphile
5188:Lipophilic
5183:Hydrophile
5178:Hydrophobe
5055:Solubility
4950:Saturation
4920:Suspension
4751:Volatility
4714:Quantities
4675:Regelation
4650:Ionization
4625:Deposition
4577:Superglass
4547:Antimatter
4481:QCD matter
4460:Supersolid
4455:Superfluid
4418:Low energy
4314:4 November
4238:1035317420
2916:(8): 806.
2701:: 97–121.
2528:References
2436:bentonites
2325:Colloidal
2321:In biology
2299:scattering
2211:in highly
2074:toothpaste
2057:depletants
1877:Dispersion
1354:solution.
1308:Components
1239:of liquid
1147:silica gel
1145:Colloidal
1054:Examples:
1030:Examples:
1027:Solid foam
1003:Examples:
979:hand cream
975:mayonnaise
969:Examples:
924:Examples:
894:Examples:
882:immiscible
816:definition
780:scattering
765:micrometre
755:suspension
545:Louis NĂ©el
535:Schrieffer
443:Scientists
337:Spin glass
332:Metamagnet
314:Paramagnet
130:Supersolid
5203:Lyate ion
5158:Solvation
5073:Solvation
5015:Normality
4246:cite book
4129:1015-2636
3856:: 25–73.
3620:(1): 33.
3366:701308697
3252:232632488
3130:1309.1187
3051:221770585
2750:186208563
2599:406528399
2564:706803091
2462:particles
2386:sandstone
2382:limestone
2345:membranes
2331:cytoplasm
2314:chemistry
2268:Coulombic
2265:repulsive
2217:Australia
2215:pools in
2213:siliceous
2193:amorphous
2170:analogous
2070:bentonite
1836:η
1833:π
1774:ρ
1770:−
1761:ρ
1726:π
1655:ρ
1651:−
1642:ρ
1554:viscosity
1540:η
1470:η
1467:π
1433:with the
1339:molecules
1270:chemicals
1241:butterfat
1107:hydrosols
1076:Example:
1073:Solid sol
1040:styrofoam
991:, liquid
949:Example:
930:ice cloud
831:Colloidal
825:colloidal
761:nanometre
734:suspended
730:particles
727:insoluble
724:dispersed
625:Abrikosov
540:Josephson
510:Van Vleck
500:Luttinger
373:Polariton
305:Diamagnet
225:Conductor
220:Semimetal
205:Insulator
120:Fermi gas
5224:Colloids
5173:Polarity
5132:Category
5020:Molality
4882:Solution
4812:Spinodal
4760:Concepts
4640:Freezing
4277:Medscape
4037:23836297
3794:24104290
3734:26315444
3690:18986182
3670:Langmuir
3553:24157992
3545:12948027
3510:12954183
3475:41264141
3436:19577785
3381:Langmuir
3315:: 1–57.
3294:96812603
3167:25344532
3043:32937070
3023:Langmuir
3008:23572691
2892:Archived
2888:96812603
2838:Archived
2834:95122531
2756:colloids
2715:55882753
2640:95122531
2518:efficacy
2466:diameter
2258:incident
2182:spectral
2154:Crystals
2052:polymer.
2026:guar gum
1885:spraying
1416:sediment
1327:solution
1288:through
1278:proteins
1272:(mostly
1237:emulsion
1219:crystals
1015:, solid
1009:sediment
961:Emulsion
827:system.
809:in 1861.
742:aerosols
675:Category
630:Ginzburg
605:Laughlin
565:Kadanoff
520:Shockley
505:Anderson
460:von Laue
110:Bose gas
5123:Solvent
4925:Colloid
4915:Mixture
4772:Binodal
4660:Melting
4595:Boiling
4512:Crystal
4507:Colloid
4193:Bibcode
4087:Bibcode
3936:Bibcode
3913:4191566
3893:Bibcode
3858:Bibcode
3821:Bibcode
3772:Bibcode
3742:5727282
3712:Science
3416:Bibcode
3158:4234574
3135:Bibcode
2999:3551143
2945:Bibcode
2474:soil pH
2422:, U(OH)
2390:granite
2335:nucleus
2310:physics
2283:crystal
2279:aqueous
2256:as the
2244:visible
2174:natural
2166:ordered
2131:physics
2022:xanthan
1881:milling
1580:is the
1552:is the
1524:is the
1351:crystal
1349:(NaCl)
1335:solvent
1208:opalite
1121:Aerogel
1060:gelatin
1032:aerogel
940:Liquid
890:aerosol
888:Liquid
870:medium
860:Liquid
821:Colloid
807:colloid
720:mixture
716:colloid
635:Leggett
610:Störmer
595:Bednorz
555:Giaever
525:Bardeen
515:Hubbard
490:Peierls
480:Onsager
430:Polymer
415:Colloid
378:Polaron
369:Plasmon
364:Exciton
4400:Plasma
4381:Liquid
4283:6 July
4236:
4226:
4127:
4060:
4035:
3911:
3885:Nature
3792:
3740:
3732:
3688:
3651:
3551:
3543:
3508:
3473:
3434:
3364:
3354:
3327:
3292:
3250:
3240:
3197:
3165:
3155:
3082:
3049:
3041:
3006:
2996:
2886:
2832:
2783:
2748:
2713:
2638:
2597:
2587:
2562:
2552:
2410:fulvic
2303:X-rays
2277:in an
2227:under
2201:silica
1908:silica
1679:where
1582:radius
1491:where
1331:solute
1329:, the
1206:in an
1189:Creams
1044:pumice
1023:Solid
900:clouds
863:Solid
784:opaque
738:liquid
673:
640:Parisi
600:MĂĽller
590:Rohrer
585:Binnig
575:Wilson
570:Fisher
530:Cooper
495:Landau
383:Magnon
359:Phonon
200:Plasma
100:Plasma
90:Liquid
55:Phases
4945:Alloy
4390:Vapor
4376:Solid
4369:State
4136:(PDF)
4117:(PDF)
3909:S2CID
3738:S2CID
3708:(PDF)
3549:S2CID
3471:JSTOR
3290:S2CID
3125:arXiv
3047:S2CID
2895:(PDF)
2884:S2CID
2862:(PDF)
2841:(PDF)
2830:S2CID
2808:(PDF)
2746:S2CID
2711:S2CID
2636:S2CID
2459:humus
2451:soils
2406:humic
2250:waves
2247:light
2236:voids
2203:, SiO
2185:color
2143:model
2135:atoms
2064:with
1904:redox
1902:, or
1420:cream
1286:foods
1282:water
1105:, or
1064:jelly
983:latex
926:smoke
912:steam
814:IUPAC
763:to 1
718:is a
550:Esaki
475:Bloch
470:Debye
465:Bragg
455:Onnes
388:Roton
85:Solid
4361:list
4316:2011
4285:2016
4252:link
4234:OCLC
4224:ISBN
4170:2009
4144:2009
4125:ISSN
4058:ISBN
4033:PMID
3790:PMID
3730:PMID
3686:PMID
3649:ISBN
3541:PMID
3506:PMID
3432:PMID
3362:OCLC
3352:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3248:OCLC
3238:ISBN
3195:ISBN
3163:PMID
3098:2018
3080:ISBN
3039:PMID
3004:PMID
2781:ISBN
2595:OCLC
2585:ISBN
2560:OCLC
2550:ISBN
2512:and
2457:and
2455:clay
2408:and
2398:clay
2394:sorb
2333:and
2312:and
2242:for
2223:and
2199:(or
2178:opal
2072:and
2024:and
1967:floc
1912:gold
1752:and
1588:and
1343:ions
1333:and
1294:skin
1276:and
1255:Mist
1233:Milk
1215:opal
1056:agar
971:milk
945:Foam
908:mist
873:Gas
857:Gas
801:and
746:gels
744:and
620:Tsui
615:Yang
560:Kohn
485:Mott
4386:Gas
4201:doi
4095:doi
4025:doi
3998:doi
3971:doi
3944:doi
3932:234
3901:doi
3889:204
3866:doi
3829:doi
3780:doi
3720:doi
3716:349
3678:doi
3622:doi
3576:doi
3572:152
3533:doi
3498:doi
3494:263
3463:doi
3424:doi
3389:doi
3317:doi
3280:doi
3153:PMC
3143:doi
3121:111
3072:doi
3031:doi
2994:PMC
2986:doi
2953:doi
2918:doi
2876:doi
2822:doi
2738:doi
2734:151
2703:doi
2626:doi
2445:In
2301:of
2129:In
1961:or
1910:or
1341:or
1050:Gel
999:Sol
963:or
896:fog
732:is
175:QCP
95:Gas
65:QCP
24:SEM
5220::
4388:/
4302:.
4274:.
4260:^
4248:}}
4244:{{
4232:.
4199:.
4189:32
4187:.
4119:.
4093:.
4083:32
4081:.
4031:.
4021:42
4019:.
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