675:
932:—created far out of equilibrium, in pairs of opposite circulation—revealing directly the process of superfluid breakdown in Bose–Einstein condensates. With a double light-roadblock setup, we can generate controlled collisions between shock waves resulting in completely unexpected, nonlinear excitations. We have observed hybrid structures consisting of vortex rings embedded in dark solitonic shells. The vortex rings act as 'phantom propellers' leading to very rich excitation dynamics.
42:
62:
688:
1975:
27:
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1852:
1864:
1033:. As the liquid helium shown above, light will travel along the surface of an obstacle before continuing along its trajectory. Since light is not affected by local gravity its "level" becomes its own trajectory and velocity. Another example is how a beam of light travels through the hole of an aperture and along its backside before diffraction.
802:, but neither phenomenon is directly related to the other; not all Bose–Einstein condensates can be regarded as superfluids, and not all superfluids are Bose–Einstein condensates. Superfluids have some potential practical uses, such as dissolving substances in a
45:
The liquid helium is in the superfluid phase. A thin invisible film creeps up the inside wall of the bowl and down on the outside. A drop forms. It will fall off into the liquid helium below. This will repeat until the cup is empty—provided the liquid remains
1014:
It is hoped that development of such a theory would unify into a single consistent model of all fundamental interactions, and to describe all known interactions and elementary particles as different manifestations of the same entity, superfluid vacuum.
863:
particle; it can form bosons only by pairing with another particle like itself, which occurs at much lower temperatures. The discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 was the basis for the award of the 1996
920:
atoms for the purpose of slowing light, and later stopping it completely. Her team subsequently used this system of compressed light to generate the superfluid analogue of shock waves and tornadoes:
967:
in a neutron star at sufficiently high density and low temperature can also form Cooper pairs because of the long-range attractive nuclear force and lead to superfluidity and superconductivity.
999:
The ultimate goal of the approach is to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics (describing three of the four known fundamental interactions) with
844:
on August 2 1911, the same day that he observed superconductivity in mercury. It has since been described through phenomenology and microscopic theories.
719:
1677:
Attanasi, A.; Cavagna, A.; Del
Castello, L.; Giardina, I.; Grigera, T. S.; Jelić, A.; Melillo, S.; Parisi, L.; Pohl, O.; Shen, E.; Viale, M. (2014).
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will "creep" along surfaces in order to find its own level—after a short while, the levels in the two containers will equalize. The
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1338:
Madison, K.; Chevy, F.; Wohlleben, W.; Dalibard, J. (2000). "Vortex
Formation in a Stirred Bose–Einstein Condensate".
1801:
705:
692:
1026:. The rapidity of change in flight patterns mimics the phase change leading to superfluidity in some liquid states.
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37:
also covers the interior of the larger container; if it were not sealed, the helium II would creep out and escape.
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in April 2005. Such vortices had previously been observed in an ultracold bosonic gas using
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In liquid helium-4, the superfluidity occurs at far higher temperatures than it does in
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On the macro-scale a larger similar phenomenon has been suggested as happening in the
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803:
784:
772:
607:
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427:
182:
94:
1626:
U. Lombardo & H.-J. Schulze (2001). "Superfluidity in
Neutron Star Matter".
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2014:
2009:
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825:
787:. The theory of superfluidity was developed by Soviet theoretical physicists
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1552:
A. B. Migdal (1959). "Superfluidity and the moments of inertia of nuclei".
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1442:"Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas"
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1974:
937:
Lene Hau, SIAM Conference on
Nonlinear Waves and Coherent Structures
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that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two
26:
2507:
2336:
2224:
2159:
2076:
2071:
1851:
1679:"Information transfer and behavioural inertia in starling flocks"
1163:
Allen, J. F.; Misener, A. D. (1938). "Flow of Liquid Helium II".
1000:
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925:
860:
752:
447:
432:
395:
386:
381:
1029:
Light behaves like a superfluid in various applications such as
1945:
1863:
1440:
Hau, L. V.; Harris, S. E.; Dutton, Z.; Behroozi, C. H. (1999).
993:
917:
756:
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400:
376:
107:
1954:
1940:
1337:
970:
963:
because of electron–lattice interaction, it is expected that
852:
736:
405:
102:
771:
temperatures. It is also a property of various other exotic
1630:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 578. pp. 30–53.
1950:
1829:. Int. Ser. Monogr. Phys. Vol. 117. pp. 1–507.
112:
1625:
1091:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 – Advanced Information"
1439:
924:
These dramatic excitations result in the formation of
1589:"Superfluidity and the Moments of Inertia of Nuclei"
1535:"Shocking Bose–Einstein Condensates with Slow Light"
1401:"Atomic physics: Cold gases venture into Flatland"
1541:. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
809:
2858:
1772:Superconductivity, superfluids, and condensates
1283:"Low-temperature physics: A quantum revolution"
1003:. This makes SVT a candidate for the theory of
16:Fluid which flows without losing kinetic energy
1751:An introduction to the theory of superfluidity
1116:"Viscosity of Liquid Helium Below the λ-Point"
942:
2423:
1906:
713:
1586:
1551:
1205:
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1920:
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2430:
2416:
1913:
1899:
1256:"MIT physicists create new form of matter"
1206:van Delft, Dirk; Kes, Peter (2010-09-01).
971:In high-energy physics and quantum gravity
947:The idea that superfluidity exists inside
743:which therefore flows without any loss of
720:
706:
60:
2437:
1720:
1694:
1635:
1424:
1351:
1306:
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1139:
879:
1789:
767:) when they are liquefied by cooling to
40:
25:
1822:
1398:
1113:
2859:
2695:Differential technological development
1768:
2411:
1894:
1884:recent 2021 observation relevant for
1280:
1882:Superfluidity seen in a 2d fermi gas
1208:"The discovery of superconductivity"
1085:
1083:
735:is the characteristic property of a
2784:Future-oriented technology analysis
1532:
1510:
955:. By analogy with electrons inside
798:Superfluidity often co-occurs with
747:. When stirred, a superfluid forms
13:
2543:High-temperature superconductivity
1876:Demonstration of superfluid helium
1741:
1533:Hau, Lene (September 9–12, 2006).
14:
2903:
1844:
1628:Physics of Neutron Star Interiors
1080:
868:. This process is similar to the
840:possibly observed the superfluid
2838:
2655:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
1973:
1862:
1850:
1826:The Universe in a helium droplet
1796:. London: Taylor & Francis.
916:created such a condensate using
820:Superfluidity was discovered in
687:
686:
673:
1878:(Alfred Leitner, 1963, 38 min.)
1670:
1619:
1580:
1545:
1526:
1504:
1480:
2548:High-temperature superfluidity
1775:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
1748:Khalatnikov, Isaac M. (2018).
1511:Hau, Lene Vestergaard (2003).
1433:
1392:
1331:
1274:
1248:
1199:
1156:
1107:
908:in 2000, and more recently in
884:Superfluidity in an ultracold
810:Superfluidity of liquid helium
1:
2811:Technology in science fiction
2362:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
1073:
1053:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
900:at a temperature of 50 nK at
888:was experimentally proven by
851:. Each atom of helium-4 is a
2372:Order and disorder (physics)
1823:Volovik, Grigory E. (2003).
1613:10.1016/0029-5582(59)90264-0
1574:10.1016/0029-5582(59)90264-0
7:
1817:Superfluid States of Matter
1036:
943:Superfluids in astrophysics
855:particle, by virtue of its
10:
2908:
2816:Technology readiness level
2752:Technological unemployment
1370:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.806
974:
892:and his team who observed
813:
800:Bose–Einstein condensation
273:Spin gapless semiconductor
18:
2834:
2799:Technological singularity
2759:Technological convergence
2677:
2630:
2575:Multi-function structures
2498:
2452:
2445:
2324:
2278:
2150:
2064:
2038:
1982:
1971:
1933:
1769:Annett, James F. (2005).
996:is viewed as superfluid.
213:Electronic band structure
2590:Molecular nanotechnology
2553:Linear acetylenic carbon
2397:Thermo-dielectric effect
2296:Enthalpy of vaporization
1990:Bose–Einstein condensate
1048:Condensed matter physics
1007:and an extension of the
984:(SVT) is an approach in
982:Superfluid vacuum theory
977:Superfluid vacuum theory
928:that in turn decay into
123:Bose–Einstein condensate
54:Condensed matter physics
19:Not to be confused with
2764:Technological evolution
2737:Exploratory engineering
2291:Enthalpy of sublimation
1886:Cuprate superconductors
1790:Guénault, Tony (2003).
1646:10.1007/3-540-44578-1_2
1340:Physical Review Letters
859:. A helium-3 atom is a
2774:Technology forecasting
2769:Technological paradigm
2742:Proactionary principle
2306:Latent internal energy
2056:Color-glass condensate
1855:Quotations related to
1043:Boojum (superfluidity)
951:was first proposed by
940:
880:Ultracold atomic gases
866:Nobel Prize in Physics
775:theorized to exist in
47:
38:
2700:Disruptive innovation
2563:Metamaterial cloaking
2439:Emerging technologies
2116:Magnetically ordered
1587:A. B. Migdal (1960).
1058:Quantum hydrodynamics
922:
910:two-dimensional gases
828:and independently by
268:Topological insulator
44:
29:
2747:Technological change
2690:Collingridge dilemma
1995:Fermionic condensate
1871:at Wikimedia Commons
1399:Burnett, K. (2007).
1114:Kapitza, P. (1938).
912:. As early as 1999,
286:Electronic phenomena
133:Fermionic condensate
2804:Technology scouting
2779:Accelerating change
2650:Powered exoskeleton
2607:Programmable matter
2485:Smart manufacturing
2480:Molecular assembler
2460:3D microfabrication
2210:Chemical ionization
2102:Programmable matter
2092:Quantum spin liquid
1960:Supercritical fluid
1705:2014NatPh..10..691A
1605:1959NucPh..13..655M
1566:1959NucPh..13..655M
1520:Scientific American
1458:1999Natur.397..594V
1417:2007NatPh...3..589B
1362:2000PhRvL..84..806M
1299:2005Natur.435.1035G
1293:(7045): 1035–1036.
1224:2010PhT....63i..38V
1177:1938Natur.142..643A
1132:1938Natur.141...74K
992:where the physical
986:theoretical physics
816:Superfluid helium-4
781:high-energy physics
293:Quantum Hall effect
21:supercritical fluid
2872:Physical phenomena
2821:Technology roadmap
2523:Conductive polymer
2357:Leidenfrost effect
2286:Enthalpy of fusion
2051:Quark–gluon plasma
1814:, Prokof'ev N. V.
1810:Svistunov, B. V.,
1492:Physicscentral.com
1281:Grimm, R. (2005).
1095:www.nobelprize.org
930:quantized vortices
783:, and theories of
680:Physics portal
48:
39:
2854:
2853:
2673:
2672:
2622:Synthetic diamond
2518:Artificial muscle
2500:Materials science
2405:
2404:
2387:Superheated vapor
2382:Superconductivity
2352:Equation of state
2200:Flash evaporation
2152:Phase transitions
2137:String-net liquid
2030:Photonic molecule
2000:Degenerate matter
1867:Media related to
1836:978-0-19-850782-6
1793:Basic superfluids
1782:978-0-19-850756-7
1761:978-0-42-997144-0
1713:10.1038/nphys3035
1655:978-3-540-42340-9
1593:Soviet Phys. JETP
1452:(6720): 594–598.
1233:10.1063/1.3490499
990:quantum mechanics
890:Wolfgang Ketterle
874:superconductivity
793:Isaak Khalatnikov
730:
729:
438:Granular material
206:Electronic phases
2899:
2887:Phases of matter
2842:
2841:
2789:Horizon scanning
2705:Ephemeralization
2665:Uncrewed vehicle
2585:Carbon nanotubes
2450:
2449:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2342:Compressed fluid
1977:
1922:States of matter
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1866:
1854:
1840:
1807:
1786:
1765:
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1639:
1637:astro-ph/0012209
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1426:10.1038/nphys704
1396:
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1355:
1353:cond-mat/9912015
1335:
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1308:10.1038/4351035a
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1185:10.1038/142643a0
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1143:
1141:10.1038/141074a0
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1087:
938:
894:quantum vortices
870:electron pairing
842:phase transition
773:states of matter
722:
715:
708:
695:
690:
689:
682:
678:
677:
298:Spin Hall effect
188:Phase transition
158:Luttinger liquid
95:States of matter
78:Phase transition
64:
50:
49:
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2900:
2898:
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2830:
2669:
2626:
2528:Femtotechnology
2513:Amorphous metal
2494:
2441:
2436:
2406:
2401:
2332:Baryonic matter
2320:
2274:
2245:Saturated fluid
2185:Crystallization
2146:
2120:Antiferromagnet
2060:
2034:
1978:
1969:
1929:
1919:
1847:
1837:
1804:
1783:
1762:
1744:
1742:Further reading
1739:
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1200:
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1108:
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1081:
1076:
1039:
1005:quantum gravity
979:
973:
957:superconductors
945:
939:
936:
882:
818:
812:
804:quantum solvent
785:quantum gravity
726:
685:
672:
671:
664:
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462:
454:
453:
452:
428:Amorphous solid
422:
412:
411:
410:
389:
371:
361:
360:
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348:
346:Antiferromagnet
339:
337:Superparamagnet
330:
317:
316:Magnetic phases
309:
308:
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279:
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277:
207:
199:
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183:Order parameter
177:
176:Phase phenomena
169:
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97:
87:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2879:
2877:Fluid dynamics
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2660:Swarm robotics
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2609:
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2602:Picotechnology
2599:
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2587:
2580:Nanotechnology
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2311:Trouton's rule
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2180:Critical point
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2645:Nanorobotics
2612:Quantum dots
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2392:Superheating
2265:Vaporization
2260:Triple point
2255:Supercooling
2220:Lambda point
2170:Condensation
2087:Time crystal
2065:Other states
2019:
2005:Quantum Hall
1859:at Wikiquote
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1266:November 22,
1264:. Retrieved
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1218:(9): 38–43.
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1126:(3558): 74.
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1098:. Retrieved
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1020:murmurations
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961:Cooper pairs
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883:
857:integer spin
846:
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797:
777:astrophysics
732:
731:
598:von Klitzing
303:Kondo effect
163:Time crystal
152:
143:Fermi liquid
2794:Moore's law
2725:Neuroethics
2720:Cyberethics
2490:Utility fog
2475:Claytronics
2465:3D printing
2301:Latent heat
2250:Sublimation
2195:Evaporation
2130:Ferromagnet
2125:Ferrimagnet
2107:Dark matter
2039:High energy
906:rubidium-87
834:Don Misener
420:Soft matter
341:Ferromagnet
46:superfluid.
35:Rollin film
2892:Lev Landau
2861:Categories
2685:Automation
2570:Metal foam
2316:Volatility
2279:Quantities
2240:Regelation
2215:Ionization
2190:Deposition
2142:Superglass
2112:Antimatter
2046:QCD matter
2025:Supersolid
2020:Superfluid
1983:Low energy
1599:(5): 176.
1554:Nucl. Phys
1497:2013-02-10
1488:"Lene Hau"
1411:(9): 589.
1100:2017-02-10
1074:References
1068:Supersolid
1063:Slow light
789:Lev Landau
739:with zero
563:Louis NĂ©el
553:Schrieffer
461:Scientists
355:Spin glass
350:Metamagnet
332:Paramagnet
148:Supersolid
2715:Bioethics
2533:Fullerene
1696:1303.7097
1242:0031-9228
1024:starlings
898:lithium-6
836:in 1937.
769:cryogenic
741:viscosity
643:Abrikosov
558:Josephson
528:Van Vleck
518:Luttinger
391:Polariton
323:Diamagnet
243:Conductor
238:Semimetal
223:Insulator
138:Fermi gas
31:Helium II
2640:Domotics
2632:Robotics
2617:Silicene
2538:Graphene
2377:Spinodal
2325:Concepts
2205:Freezing
1731:25264452
1539:SIAM.org
1522:: 44–51.
1378:11017378
1317:15973388
1037:See also
965:nucleons
959:forming
935:—
926:solitons
914:Lene Hau
849:helium-3
822:helium-4
765:helium-4
761:helium-3
753:isotopes
749:vortices
693:Category
648:Ginzburg
623:Laughlin
583:Kadanoff
538:Shockley
523:Anderson
478:von Laue
128:Bose gas
2508:Aerogel
2337:Binodal
2225:Melting
2160:Boiling
2077:Crystal
2072:Colloid
1874:Video:
1722:4173114
1701:Bibcode
1601:Bibcode
1562:Bibcode
1474:4423307
1454:Bibcode
1413:Bibcode
1386:9128694
1358:Bibcode
1325:7262637
1295:Bibcode
1260:mit.edu
1220:Bibcode
1193:4135906
1173:Bibcode
1150:3997900
1128:Bibcode
1001:gravity
861:fermion
653:Leggett
628:Störmer
613:Bednorz
573:Giaever
543:Bardeen
533:Hubbard
508:Peierls
498:Onsager
448:Polymer
433:Colloid
396:Polaron
387:Plasmon
382:Exciton
2710:Ethics
2678:Topics
2446:Fields
1965:Plasma
1946:Liquid
1833:
1800:
1779:
1758:
1729:
1719:
1664:586149
1662:
1652:
1472:
1446:Nature
1384:
1376:
1323:
1315:
1287:Nature
1240:
1191:
1165:Nature
1148:
1120:Nature
994:vacuum
918:sodium
757:helium
691:
658:Parisi
618:MĂĽller
608:Rohrer
603:Binnig
593:Wilson
588:Fisher
548:Cooper
513:Landau
401:Magnon
377:Phonon
218:Plasma
118:Plasma
108:Liquid
73:Phases
1955:Vapor
1941:Solid
1934:State
1691:arXiv
1660:S2CID
1632:arXiv
1516:(PDF)
1470:S2CID
1382:S2CID
1348:arXiv
1321:S2CID
1189:S2CID
1146:S2CID
853:boson
838:Onnes
737:fluid
568:Esaki
493:Bloch
488:Debye
483:Bragg
473:Onnes
406:Roton
103:Solid
2845:List
1926:list
1831:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1727:PMID
1650:ISBN
1374:PMID
1313:PMID
1268:2010
1238:ISSN
988:and
832:and
791:and
763:and
638:Tsui
633:Yang
578:Kohn
503:Mott
1951:Gas
1717:PMC
1709:doi
1642:doi
1609:doi
1570:doi
1462:doi
1450:397
1421:doi
1366:doi
1303:doi
1291:435
1228:doi
1181:doi
1169:142
1136:doi
1124:141
1022:of
902:MIT
896:in
872:in
824:by
755:of
193:QCP
113:Gas
83:QCP
2863::
1953:/
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