631:. 'Bardha of Temal,' though not written in Albanian, is, after Sami Frashëri's much shorter prose work 'Love of Tal'at and Fitnat,' the oldest novel written and published by an Albanian and is certainly the oldest such novel with an Albanian theme. Focusing on the habits and customs of Gheg Albanians in Northern Albania the novel set in Shkodra during 1842, is classically structured roman-feuilleton, rather excessively sentimental for modern tastes and follows the tribulations of the fair but married Bardha and her lover, the young Aradi. It was written not only as an entertaining love story but also with a view to informing the western reader of the customs and habits of the northern Albanians. Bardha is no doubt the personification of Albania itself, married off against her will to the powers that be. Above and beyond its didactic character and any possible literary pretensions the author might have had, 'Bardha of Temal' also has a more specific political background. It was interpreted by some Albanian intellectuals at the time as a vehicle for discrediting the Gjonmarkaj clan who, in cahoots with the powerful abbots of
512:
governance in
Albania of sending non-Albanian Ottoman officials to administer Albanians who were ineffective as they were unfamiliar with the local language, customs and other societal factors. Vasa suggested indirectly that either local Albanians could be appointed or Ottoman officials trained in the local ways of the Albanians as a solution to those issues. He attempted to impress on readers the unity of Albanians as a people with a common language, customs, history and aspirations while sidelining religious divisions and differences between the areas of Gegalik (Gegënia) and Toskalik (Toskëria). Vasa also advocated for the unification of various vilayets with Albanian populations into one administrative unit claiming that it would assist Ottoman interests as Muslim Albanians had no desire to revolt against the empire. The political Albanianism of the book overall was a response to geopolitical threats posed to Albanian inhabited territories within the empire and issues relating to the notion of rights regarding nationality for Albanians. Various outlets of the European press like
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336:
31:
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while celebrating
Albanian military prowess as a natural fighters and ability to defend the empire. He also mentioned that after those events Albanians were an integral and loyal part of the empire having contributed many statesmen, bureaucrats, commanders and soldiers. His book criticised Ottoman
481:
by publishing books on
Albania in French and other publications on the Albanian language. In his post as Mutassarıf, he was initially more willing to accept French consular authority, but over his nine years in office, he came to distrust both the French Consul and the Maronite Clergy, who closely
506:
also appeared in
Ottoman Turkish. The book discussed the origins of Albanians, who they were and their living conditions while arguing that they were the oldest people in the Balkans and separate from the Greeks. Vasa glorified medieval era Albanian resistance for independence and freedom to the
406:
in 1878. He was probably the author of the
Memorandum on Albanian Autonomy which had his signature alongside those of other Albanian notables and the document was submitted to the British Embassy in Constantinople. Vasa favoured the unification of Albanian inhabited vilayets or provinces into a
645:(Oh Albania, Poor Albania). Frustrated by Albanian societal divisions, this stirring appeal by Vasa for a national awakening and unity transcending religious and other identities is thought to have been written in the period between 1878, the dramatic year of the
583:
1887 (Albanian grammar for those wishing to learn this language without the aid of a teacher), one of the rare grammars of the period. Pashko Vasa was also the author of a number of literary works of note. The first of these is a volume of
Italian verse entitled
608:, are life in exile and family tragedy, a reflection of Pashko Vasa's own personal life. His first wife, Drande, whom he had married in 1855, and four of their five children died before him, and in later years too, personal misfortune continued to haunt him.
638:
Though most of Pashko Vasa's publications were in French and
Italian, there is one poem, the most influential and perhaps the most popular ever written in Albanian, which has ensured him his deserved place in Albanian literary history, the famous
397:
in
Istanbul which was a group of Albanian intelligentsia advocating for the territorial integrity and unity of Albanian inhabited areas in the Ottoman Empire. As a member of the Committee he met during mid March with British ambassador
588:, Constantinople 1873 (Roses and thorns), forty-one emotionally charged poems (a total of ca. 1,600 lines) devoted to themes of love, suffering, solitude and death in the traditions of the romantic verse of his European predecessors
501:
was a book published by Vasa and appeared in French, English, German, Greek and
Albanian translations that advocated for the Albanian cause and to inform a European readership about Albanians. In 1880 the book with a shortened title
635:, held sway in the Shkodra region. It is for this reason perhaps that Pashko Vasa published the novel under the pseudonym Albanus Albano. The work is not known to have had any particular echo in the French press of the period.
291:
In
Istanbul, after an initial period of poverty and hardship, he obtained a position at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, whence he was seconded to London for a time, to the Imperial Ottoman Embassy to the
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in Istanbul and urged that Albanian inhabited territories not be given to newly independent Slavic states. Through his contacts at the Committee, he also participated in the organization of the
394:
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guarded their privileges. This earned him accusations of corruption, in association with his son-in-law and deputy Kupelyan Effendi. Nevertheless, he remained in office until his death in
611:
In 1884, shortly after his appointment as Governor General of the Lebanon, his second wife from Shkodër, Katerina Bonati, died of tuberculosis, as did his surviving daughter Roza in 1887.
649:, and 1880. Vasa overall continued to inform European readers on Albanians and Albania through his French publications, as he had done from the time of the Unionist Societies.
435:, Constantinople 1878 (The Latin alphabet applied to the Albanian language). Vasa expressed support of an alphabet of purely Latin characters. He was also a member of the
248:
In 1847, he set off for Italy on the eve of turbulent events that were to take place there and elsewhere in Europe in 1848. There are two letters written by him in
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which by 19 March 1879 the group approved Frashëri's 36 letter alphabet consisting mostly of Latin characters. As such Vasa published a 16-page brochure entitled
2068:
407:
single vilayet of Albania within the Ottoman empire and having a "compact and strong organisation" with Albanian participation in its public administration.
1116:
1032:
Liestman, Daniel (July 1999). "Product name POTUS:9974editor of reviewed resource. Product name POTUS: Presidents of the United States . Publisher address:
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827:
2113:
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Despite his functions on behalf of the Porte, Pashko Vasa never forgot his Albanian homeland. In the autumn of 1877 he became a founding member of the
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for a Catholic of Ottoman nationality after the civil unrest and French occupation of 1860. While in Lebanon as governor, Vasa continued his work for
2143:
436:
615:, Paris 1890 (Bardha of Temal, scenes from Albanian life), is a French-language novel which Pashko Vasa published in Paris under the pseudonym of
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1501:
1299:
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2138:
1166:
2158:
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In 1978, the centenary of the League of Prizren, his remains were transferred from the Lebanon back to a modest grave in Shkodra.
2073:
1171:
Images of imperial legacy: Modern discourses on the social and cultural impact of Ottoman and Habsburg rule in Southeast Europe
935:
2093:
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which lasted for twenty months, from the spring of 1863 to October 1864. The events of this mission were recorded in his
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reviewed his book and explained its contents, themes and other details about Albania and Albanians to their readership.
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809:
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2078:
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1208:
1178:
896:
2098:
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To make the Albanian language better known and to give other Europeans an opportunity to learn it, he published a
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2118:
1465:
600:. Among the subjects treated in these meditative Italian poems, two of which are dedicated to the Italian poets
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2108:
1285:
1260:
1952:
1521:
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Against this hostility and enmity, we found ourselves in defense of the rights of ethnicity-nationality.
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In 1863, thanks to his knowledge of Serbian, he was appointed to serve as a secretary and interpreter to
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uprising against the Austrians. After the arrival of Austrian troops, Pashko Vasa was obliged to flee to
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in the summer of 1848 in which he expresses openly republican and anti-clerical views. He later went to
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1266:
1621:
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on September 17, 1825. He was a Catholic Albanian who held high positions within the Ottoman Empire.
2103:
1327:
675:
Grammaire albanaise à l'usage de ceux qui désirent apprendre cette langue sans l'aide d'un maître
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Grammaire albanaise à l'usage de ceux qui désirent apprendre cette langue sans l'aide d'un maître
293:
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Vasa (centre, between the counsel for the prisoner and Pertev Effendi) at an Ottoman trial, 1877
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on October 12, 1879, to promote the printing and distribution of the Albanian-language books.
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1837:
1727:
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327:, Constantinople 1872 (Historical sketch of Montenegro according to Albanian traditions).
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He published an account of his experience in Italy the following year in Italian-language
216:. He there had the opportunity to perfect his knowledge of a number of foreign languages:
8:
1430:
1308:
749:
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Vasa as a member of the Committee for Defending Albanian Rights was appointed along with
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2007:
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1932:
1682:
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320:, Constantinople 1865 (Bosnia and Herzegovina during the mission of Jevdet Efendi).
1947:
1631:
1616:
1049:
888:
Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)
828:"190 vjet Pashko Vasa, Labirinthete jetës së një patrioti të madh - Shqiptarja.com"
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1922:
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891:, vol. 2, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, p. 119,
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1982:
1907:
1827:
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283:, Istanbul 1850 (My imprisonment, historical episode from the siege of Venice).
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2012:
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1822:
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A few years later he published another now rare work of historical interest,
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1902:
1762:
1227:
The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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1992:
1967:
1962:
1942:
1912:
1867:
1852:
1812:
1792:
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1752:
1747:
1651:
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1370:
1121:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. Chapter 7, footnote 1.
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1892:
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1832:
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1787:
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Esquisse historique sur le Monténégro d'après les traditions de l'Albanie
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Esquisse historique sur le Monténégro d'après les traditions de l'Albanie
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1937:
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30:
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Central Committee for the Defence of the Rights of the Albanian People
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903:
Italian, French, English, Serbian, Arabic and, of course, Turkish
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312:, Ottoman statesman and historian, on a fact-finding mission to
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La Bosnie et l'Herzégovine pendant la mission de Djevdet Efendi
265:
261:
253:
80:
1274:: text, concordances and frequency list (Albanian and English)
451:
736:
708:
360:
1203:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 169–170.
1104:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 51–52.
695:
Bosnie et Hercegovine pendant la mission de Djevdet Effendi
281:
La mia prigionia, episodio storico dell'assedio di Venezia
1033:
203:
410:
1167:"Diverging images of the Ottoman legacy in Albania"
303:
300:in various positions of authority as a bureaucrat.
208:From 1842 to 1847 he worked as a secretary for the
148:(17 September 1825 – 29 June 1892), known as
330:
115:, Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings
371:
2060:
976:
974:
437:Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings
1192:
1190:
1148:
1036:: Produced by the Internet Public Library URL:
685:L'alphabet Latin appliqué à la langue albanaise
433:L'alphabet Latin appliqué à la langue albanaise
113:Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights
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1079:
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1075:
1073:
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243:
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927:A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History
790:
2069:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
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1217:
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986:
961:
959:
919:
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911:
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613:Bardha de Témal, scènes de la vie albanaise
1300:
1286:
1158:
553:To fall under foreign boot heels ?...
29:
2114:Writers from the Ottoman Empire in French
1102:The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon 1861-1920
1013:
998:
543:You have been duped by priests and hodjas
286:
1164:
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2144:Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
1307:
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965:
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884:
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705:La vérité sur l'Albanie et les Albanais
486:after a long illness on June 29, 1892.
2061:
1196:
1114:
1099:
1019:
980:
851:
810:"Études Sur L'Albanie Et Les Albanais"
561:The Albanian's faith is Albanianism !
446:
1281:
1230:. London: IB Tauris. pp. 69–70.
781:
473:on June 18, 1882, a post reserved by
794:Études Sur L'Albanie Et Les Albanais
665:Études Sur L'Albanie Et Les Albanais
627:(The Flowers of Spring) appeared in
551:Well-loved mother, dare we leave her
547:Who has the heart to let her perish,
545:To divide you, keep you wretched....
541:But you're brothers, hapless people!
531:"Albanians, you are killing kinfolk,
533:You're split in a hundred factions,
351:coast in the administration of the
161:
13:
2129:Ottoman governors of Mount Lebanon
807:
652:
555:Wake, Albanian, from your slumber,
539:Say "I'm Greek," or "I am Slavic,"
499:The Truth on Albania and Albanians
204:Secretary in the British Consulate
176:writer, poet and publicist of the
14:
2170:
2154:Albanian male non-fiction writers
1248:
1169:. In Hartmuth, Maximilian (ed.).
924:Robert Elsie (24 December 2012).
559:And not look to church or mosque,
557:Let us, brothers, swear in common
492:
411:Creation of the Albanian alphabet
2139:19th-century Albanian historians
1254:
930:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 459–461.
885:Kopeček, Michal (January 2006),
549:Once a heroine, now so weakened!
537:Say "I'm Turk," or "I am Latin,"
359:. He also acquired the title of
304:1863-1864: In Bosnia-Herzegovina
232:. He also knew some English and
135:
2159:Writers from the Ottoman Empire
1200:The Albanian national awakening
1108:
1093:
1025:
343:In 1879, Pashko Vasa worked in
331:Administrator of Edirne vilayet
878:
820:
801:
372:League of Prizren Organization
1:
2074:19th-century Albanian writers
1038:http://www.ipl.org/ref/POTUS/
774:
642:O moj Shqypni e mjera Shqypni
535:Some believe in God or Allah,
236:, and in later years learned
1466:Giuseppe Schirò (archbishop)
272:citizen, he was expelled to
191:
7:
2094:19th-century Albanian poets
1350:Albanian National Awakening
1042:Electronic Resources Review
743:
260:in October 1848, part of a
244:1847-1848: The Italian Year
188:from 1882 until his death.
186:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
178:Albanian National Awakening
124:Albanian National Awakening
16:Albanian writer (1825–1892)
10:
2175:
1173:. Lit Verlag. p. 39.
1165:Endresen, Cecilie (2011).
1054:10.1108/err.1999.3.7.81.74
623:'s noted verse collection
526:O moj Shqypni (Oh Albania)
375:
2149:19th-century male writers
1953:Giuseppe Schirò Di Maggio
1675:
1622:Francesco Antonio Santori
1494:
1363:
1315:
1267:Robert Elsie, Pashko Vasa
134:
129:
119:
108:
92:
69:
40:
28:
21:
2124:Albanian revolutionaries
2079:Albanian Roman Catholics
1328:List of Albanian writers
1224:Gawrych, George (2006).
1197:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
196:Vaso Pasha was born in
2119:Italian-language poets
1115:Akarlı, Engin (1993).
1100:Akarlı, Engin (1993).
983:, pp. 90–91, 170.
791:Effendi WASSA (1879).
563:
456:
391:
340:
314:Bosnia and Herzegovina
296:. He later served the
287:1848-1863: In Istanbul
256:where he took part in
169:
594:Alphonse de Lamartine
521:
504:Albania and Albanians
454:
381:
376:Further information:
367:Importance to Albania
338:
2099:Writers from Shkodër
1728:Maria Antonia Braile
1381:Constantine of Berat
1263:at Wikimedia Commons
570:by Vaso Pasha, 1878.
475:international treaty
455:Photo from the 1880s
294:Court of St. James's
258:fighting in Marghera
170:Vaso pashë Shkodrani
100:Vaso Pashë Shkodrani
2109:Albanian male poets
1431:Tahir Efendi Jakova
1309:Albanian literature
1272:Pashko Vasa's works
750:Albanian literature
447:Governor of Lebanon
400:Austen Henry Layard
388:Pashko Vasa, 1880,
2134:Albanian novelists
1958:Dhimitër Shuteriqi
1878:Sejfulla Malëshova
1873:Luljeta Lleshanaku
1441:Haxhi Ymer Kashari
1436:Hasan Zyko Kamberi
1345:History of Albania
1034:http://www.ipl.org
755:Rilindja Kombëtare
602:Francesco Petrarch
515:The (London) Times
465:appointed Vasa as
457:
341:
310:Ahmet Cevdet Pasha
59:Vilayet of Scutari
35:Vaso Pasha in 1878
2056:
2055:
1718:Domenico Bellizzi
1557:Milto Sotir Gurra
1507:Andon Zako Çajupi
1495:Classical authors
1456:Etëhem Bey Mollaj
1340:Albanian folklore
1323:Albanian language
1259:Media related to
1155:, pp. 57–59.
1090:, pp. 85–86.
995:, pp. 47–48.
937:978-1-78076-431-3
647:League of Prizren
619:the same year as
429:Albanian alphabet
404:League of Prizren
378:League of Prizren
353:vilayet of Edirne
143:
142:
85:Vilayet of Beirut
51:17 September 1825
2166:
2033:Dhimitër Xhuvani
2008:Kasëm Trebeshina
1948:Lasgush Poradeci
1632:Giuseppe Serembe
1617:Girolamo de Rada
1471:Tahir Skënderasi
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1421:Dalip Frashëri
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1249:External links
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1118:The Long Peace
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669:Constantinopol
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617:Albanus Albano
606:Torquato Tasso
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2023:Ornela Vorpsi
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2019:
2018:Ardian Vehbiu
2016:
2014:
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1542:Sami Frashëri
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1537:Naim Frashëri
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1364:Early authors
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875:, p. 57.
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853:
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834:(in Albanian)
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761:O moj Shqypni
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621:Naim Frashëri
618:
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568:O moj Shqypni
566:Excerpt from
562:
529:
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490:
487:
485:
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476:
472:
471:Mount Lebanon
468:
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463:Abdulhamid II
461:
453:
444:
442:
439:, founded in
438:
434:
430:
427:to create an
426:
425:Hasan Tahsini
422:
418:
417:Sami Frashëri
408:
405:
401:
396:
384:
379:
364:
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357:Ismail Qemali
354:
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328:
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298:Sublime Porte
295:
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268:where, as an
267:
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91:
86:
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1993:Luan Starova
1968:Drago Siliqi
1963:Azem Shkreli
1943:Ali Podrimja
1913:Faruk Myrtaj
1868:Natasha Lako
1853:Vath Koreshi
1813:Ervin Hatibi
1793:Fatmir Gjata
1783:Elvira Dones
1773:Ridvan Dibra
1758:Spiro Çomora
1753:Selfixhe Ciu
1748:Martin Camaj
1652:Risto Siliqi
1577:Faik Konitza
1532:Kristo Floqi
1502:Josif Bageri
1371:Frang Bardhi
1226:
1219:
1199:
1170:
1160:
1153:Gawrych 2006
1117:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1088:Gawrych 2006
1045:
1041:
1027:
1015:
1008:Gawrych 2006
993:Gawrych 2006
988:
966:Gawrych 2006
951:Gawrych 2006
946:
926:
902:
887:
880:
873:Gawrych 2006
847:
836:. Retrieved
831:
822:
813:
803:
797:(in French).
793:
768:
732:
724:
714:
704:
694:
684:
674:
664:
659:Rose e spine
658:
640:
637:
624:
612:
610:
586:Rose e spine
585:
581:Ludgate Hill
576:
574:
567:
564:
524:
523:
522:
513:
503:
498:
497:During 1879
496:
488:
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432:
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322:
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290:
280:
278:
247:
207:
195:
153:
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144:
104:Wassa Efendi
75:(1892-06-29)
73:29 June 1892
2089:1892 deaths
2084:1825 births
2048:Petraq Zoto
1898:Esad Mekuli
1893:Din Mehmeti
1888:Petro Marko
1863:Teodor Laço
1858:Rifat Kukaj
1833:Teodor Keko
1798:Ndoc Gjetja
1788:Mirko Gashi
1713:Eqrem Basha
1703:Fatos Arapi
1698:Ag Apolloni
1582:Loni Logori
1486:Ali Asllani
1396:Gjon Buzuku
1391:Pjetër Budi
1261:Pashko Vasa
1020:Skendi 1967
981:Skendi 1967
852:Skendi 1967
479:Albanianism
154:Wassa Pasha
146:Pashko Vasa
98:Pashko Vasa
2063:Categories
2038:Jakov Xoxa
1938:Arshi Pipa
1903:Betim Muço
1803:Sabri Godo
1763:Diana Çuli
1743:Aleks Çaçi
1723:Ben Blushi
1662:Jani Vreto
1657:Vaso Pasha
1602:Ndoc Nikaj
1592:Ndre Mjeda
1517:Spiro Dine
1355:Albanology
838:2020-07-09
775:References
769:(Albanian)
509:Skanderbeg
467:Mutessarıf
421:Jani Vreto
182:mutasarrif
172:), was an
150:Vaso Pasha
102:Wasa Pasha
47:1825-09-17
23:Vaso Pasha
1481:Muçi Zade
1062:1364-5137
1048:(7): 81.
629:Bucharest
349:Black Sea
192:Biography
162:واصه باشا
130:Signature
1607:Fan Noli
744:See also
386:—
274:Istanbul
262:Venetian
174:Albanian
166:Albanian
120:Movement
1587:Migjeni
1522:Asdreni
1040:free".
766:YouTube
739:, 1890)
721:, 1872)
711:, 1879)
701:, 1865)
691:, 1878)
681:, 1887)
671:, 1879)
633:Mirdita
347:on the
270:Ottoman
250:Bologna
234:Serbian
226:Turkish
218:Italian
214:Shkodër
210:British
198:Shkodër
55:Shkodër
1676:Modern
1234:
1207:
1177:
1060:
934:
895:
729:(1880)
679:London
661:(1873)
484:Beirut
460:Sultan
266:Ancona
254:Venice
238:Arabic
222:French
158:Arabic
81:Beirut
1333:women
737:Paris
709:Paris
361:Pasha
355:with
345:Varna
230:Greek
1232:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1058:ISSN
932:ISBN
893:ISBN
604:and
596:and
423:and
228:and
70:Died
41:Born
1050:doi
764:on
735:, (
717:, (
707:, (
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