Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate

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long time, especially among conservative Christian and Islamic circles. Families claiming honor and lineage, or those enjoying a religious position, did not marry except to "Al-Mjewīz", and the Mjewīz are the families who did not see any objection to giving them their daughters in marriage, or marrying their sons off to their daughters. In many cases, the elders and sheikhs of the family agreed to marry the son to the girl when they reached the age of maturity. The villagers held two parties on the night of the wedding: a party for men and a party for women, and on the day of the wedding a “incapacitation party” was held, which consisted in the bride’s family asking the groom himself to perform physical actions that demonstrate his manhood and the strength of his body in the bride’s house, or in the village square, and among these incapacitating actions is to raise a heavy stone jar with one or two hands, depending on the agreement, above his head with his arm outstretched, or to lift a heavy crowbar to pluck stones. Many men had nicknames before their marriage, and then called their male children the nickname that was given to them before marriage, and this custom still exists in Lebanon, for example: Elias is nicknamed Abu Nassif, Salim is nicknamed Abu Najib, Jurays is nicknamed Abu Assaf, and Hassan is nicknamed Abu Ali or Abu Yusuf, and Daoud is nicknamed Abu Suleiman, and Ibrahim is nicknamed Abu Ismail, and so on.

1161:) as the country's emir. He was known as Bashir III, and his first weakness was that the Ottomans chose him, and he was not elected by native Muslim and Christian notables, as was the case in choosing most of the previous princes, The Ottomans chose him because he was weak-willed, therefore making it easy for them to direct him to implement their policy without objection, especially since foreign interference in Lebanese and Syrian affairs, especially the French and British interference, had intensified since the era of Egyptian rule in the Levant, which made the Ottomans suffer greatly in preserving Arab lands from European ambitions. The situation worsened matters for Bashir III, as the nine years of Egyptian rule had left an atmosphere of suspicion between the Druze and the Maronites that was not easy to forget, furthermore, the Druze, led by their feudal lords, had been demanding the new prince to return to the old regime during the days of the former emir, that is, that system that ensured that their weapons would remain in their hands and the return of their lands to them, while the Maronites demanded to maintain the new system established by the Egyptians, which is to reduce the authority of the feudal lords and disarm them and not to submit the peasant to the authority of the owner of the land, and since most of the farmers were Maronite Christians, this seemed to be a challenge to the entire Druze community. 2382:"In the three days I spent in Lebanon... I saw what I did not imagine that I would see, in a country like Lebanon, which is the paradise of the East. I saw a yellow face like the peel of a sweet lemon, eyes that lost the light, swollen and puffy feet, worn and filthy clothes on the body, and weakness in the body is a harbinger of death. I watched boys, biting their mothers' breasts, whose milk dried up, sucking and sucking, without their mothers' breasts producing a drop of milk for them. I watched mothers begging for food for their children, so they were blessed with sustenance...Wheat is sold by rationing in the most unfair form... A kilo of rice or sugar, if available, costs thirty Syrian pounds. Meat was eaten by the rich only, coffee was absent from the markets... People, however they went and wherever they came, spoke only about bread... There was only one cheap thing in Lebanon at that time, and that thing was death... Typhus was killing the old and the young. Malaria was a heavy guest in every family. And the ghost of Azrael hovered over every house. The dead were buried wholesale. The poor among them, and o' were they many, are piled up in the drums, and they are buried one on top of the other in the pits, not coffins, nor shrouds, nor mourners, nor those for whom the death prayer is offered." 2286:," which they handed over to the French Consul in Beirut, in which they talked about the situation and the persecution the Christians are subjected to, the secret memorandum ended with France calling for the necessity of occupying Lebanon and the rest of the Syrian states in order to save the Christians of the East, despite this going against the will of the association. When the war broke out and the nationals of the enemy countries were expelled, the French consul withdrew from Beirut without burning the important political papers before leaving, rather, he deposited it in a secret hiding place in the wall of one of the rooms, when inspecting the place, the Ottoman soldiers discovered these papers bearing the signatures of 40 Lebanese and Syrians. All the signatories to the memorandum in Syria and Lebanon were arrested and referred to the Customary Court in Aley, where they were accused of high treason, and a large number of them were sentenced to death. The number of death sentences reached fifty-eight, in addition to other sentences of exile or life imprisonment. The largest execution convoy took place on 6 May 1916, when Jamal Pasha executed fourteen Beirut notables in 4709: 2988:, in which all members were included in a large house, from the grandfather to the married sons to their young children. Everyone owed obedience and loyalty to the grandfather as if he was a tribal sheikh, and considered him the "blessing of the family," the grandfather and the head of the family had an important and prominent opinion on sensitive issues such as marriage, divorce or separation, and he often had the final say. But the influence of European culture into Lebanon at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made the individual feel that he is a being distinct and independent from other members of his family, especially the elderly. Thus, the Lebanese family bond began to disintegrate little by little, so the son who marries creates a new family life, independent of his mother and father, headed by him, and his brother leans towards him, so family independence led to the demise of the idea of holiness that was surrounded by the father, and leads to a weak sense of obedience and respect for adults. 2185:) on 20 September of the same year and began his work as an administrator on Mount Lebanon under the command of the Wali of Beirut. Ali Munif devoted his works to the abolition of the Mount Lebanon regime and its privileges. He reorganized the districts of the Mutasarrifate, following the example of what was happening in the other Ottoman provinces. And he made many changes between employees, in coordination with the Ministry of Interior. He also began appointing secondary jobs to individuals who were not from Mount Lebanon whom he brought from the Wilayat of Beirut, with some of them being Lebanese or Turks. To complete the nullification of the Basic Law and the elimination of Lebanese autonomy, the government decided that Mount Lebanon, like all other states, would be represented in the Council of Representatives in Constantinople, and due to the difficulty of holding general elections in times of war, the administrator Ali Munif took the initiative to appoint Prince Haris Shehab, Prince 3000:

accompanied them, held luxurious parties and generous banquets for them, and gave them precious gifts. The Ottoman military rewarded the rich for these services, regardless of their violations, and left them to monopolize the necessary goods and make sustenance harder to guarantee, creating a black market in which prices rise exorbitantly, and which guarantees them an abundant profit. Indeed, most of those high-ranking officers were partners of the Lebanese monopolists and were responsible, like them, of the distress that the people suffered. And when the supplies decreased and the hunger intensified, and death by disaster began to become a norm, many of the middle-income people were forced to sell their lands, and homes, and the most expensive things they owned at the lowest prices to buy wheat from the black market and keep the risk of starvation away from them and their children and relatives. Some of these people lived until the end of the war only to find themselves poor and

1799:, a Melkite Greek Catholic of Aleppine origin, to succeed Daoud Pasha in agreement with the Six Nations, for a period of ten years, but he died before completing it. During his reign, calm and stability prevailed, and the Lebanese appreciated him for his justice, integrity, and humility, and because he did numerous works for the country such as setting up schools, planting barren lands, and sending a team of young men to Europe to complete their high studies. However, he is also blamed for giving up the Bekaa tax to the Ottoman government, depriving the Lebanese treasury of the important financial resource, and he was forced to reduce employees’ salaries by 10% to find a balance in the budget which led to the spread of bribery among employees. When he died, as demanded on his will, he was buried in the locality of Hazmieh, where his grave is still known today as the Pasha's grave. 2238: 1948:, known as Muzaffar Basha, was a Roman Catholic Polish count who was appointed to succeed Naoum Pasha, despite his good start, he soon dismissed employees, imposed new taxes, and tampered with the rights of the council. The members of the council resisted him with the help of the clergy, until they forced him to cancel his measures. Here a violent struggle arose between him and the Christian clergy, and he worked to establish non-religious associations to weaken their influence. What increased the corruption of his reign was the interference of his son and his wife in the affairs of the state until they had the power to appoint and dismiss employees according to the willingness of these employees to pay the money. Fearing the renewal of his mandate, his opponents tried to send a delegation to Constantinople to prevent this, but he died three months before its expiry. 2379:. Doctors were not available because they were conscripted to look after the health of the Ottoman army, and medicines were not available to the general public. Because of starvation and disease, people were dying by the hundreds and thousands, so that many of them did not have the opportunity to pray for them or bury them. The bodies were collected from the streets and roads in special vehicles and thrown into large pits that were made graves for the homeless. As soon as the war ended, death had claimed a hundred thousand people and afflicted Lebanon with nearly a quarter of its population. Dr. George Hanna, a doctor from the town of Choueifat, who served in the Fourth Army during the First World War, describes the misery he found in the mountain upon his return in December 1917 on a short vacation to see his family, saying: 3422: 4408: 2106:, compulsory conscription was imposed on young people, while in the Mutasarrifate, Jamal Pasha carried out several actions that violated the Mutasarrifate system, Jamal Pasha considered all the Lebanese to be enemies of the Sultanate, and he persecuted the intellectuals. He closed newspapers, dissolved associations, put everyone under the watch of spies, imposed forced labor and disrupted transportation., he also feared that the British and French would invade Mount Lebanon from the sea to strike the rear of the Ottoman army and cut off its communications, so he decided to occupy Lebanese lands, effectively turning the Mutasarrifate into a Vilayet (Wilayah). On 22 November, the first Ottoman regiment arrived from Damascus to Zahlé, and from there it set off westward, climbing the mountain to 2331:

circumstances, leniency and tolerance with them, and a tendency towards improving Lebanon's conditions and advancing it in various respects. Ismael Haqqi was religious, was known for being committed to generous morals, and he turned a blind eye to the food-smuggling to the inhabitants of Mount Lebanon who were ravaged by famine during his reign, and tried to lighten the burden on those who were beset by misfortunes during the war, and encouraged the affluent to establish associations to aid the needy. Therefore, the inhabitants of Mount Lebanon had a positive outlook towards Ismail Haqqi, and were saddened by decision of the Ottoman government to transfer him as governor of Beirut in July 1918 after only a year and a few months before he assumed the position of Mutasarrif of Mount Lebanon.

2323: 4654: 3538:"In the fall of that year, the news of the death of my eldest uncle Ibrahim came to us from Egypt. His death was a disaster... for my mother, who... was so saddened that she neglected herself, her home, and her children, including her infant child. And the drunkness goes and the contemplation comes. Died who had died...And the mulberry orchard in the village will not produce silk that fills the family treasury with pennies. Where is the exit? – America! With a heavy heart, my mother makes the decision to send my brother Adib to the United States...His father had traveled before him and had not succeeded. Perhaps he will be more fortunate than his father... Perhaps he will return after years to pull the family from the bottom to the top, as some of the sons of 1764:

who solved disputes in villages and mayors in cities, gathered them to elect members of the Mutasarrifate board of directors, counted the population and surveyed land, and took over the collection of Bekaa revenue for the Lebanese treasury, as well as supervising its management. Daoud Pasha composed a national force of a thousand Lebanese soldiers, and contracted with French officers to organize and train its personnel. He also obtained from the Ottoman government a warship that he called "Lubnān" (Lebanon). In the field of culture, he established the official "Lubnān" newspaper, in both Arabic and French, and established the Lebanese printing press in Deir al-Qamar, and established several free schools, the most famous of which was a school in the town of

3249: 2817:, and I bought a Ka'ak from him for ten piasters. When I gave him the price of a banknote, he looked at me with the most contempt and threw the paper in my face, saying: “We do not take strips of papers… We do not issue letters with the post.” By this he means that the currency is only suitable for buying postage stamps. And since I did not have the coins, I was about to return the Ka'ak to the seller... However, the simple and generous seller refused to return it when he knew from my words that I am an Arab from Lebanon. He gave me the Ka'ak...He started insulting the Turks and the enemies of the Arabs, and praying to God to undermine the Ottoman Empire so that the Arabs could rid themselves of its rule, oppression, and colonization." 3013: 357: 1285:, revolted against the feudal lords and burned their palaces and robbed their crops. Then the movement of revolution spread to the south of Mount Lebanon, where the farmers were a mixture of Druze and Christians, however, at that time, confidence was already lost between the two parties, making it impossible to unite the word of the peasants of the two communities for their common interest against their feudal leaders. The Druze feudal leaders took advantage of religious ties, and they convinced their peasants of their own sect that conflict between them and the Christians exists and that they could not be trusted, and urged them to support their leaders and rally around them to defend their followers of their faith. 1894:, and considered this an attempt to weaken the independence of the Lebanese judiciary, and as a burden on the Lebanese, who had to return to Constantinople in their cases, when in the past they all ended in Lebanon. In the last years of his tenure, chaos prevailed alongside corruption, bribery spread, and European interference in the affairs of the Mutasarrifate increased more than before, positions and ranks were sold to the person who increased the price the most to the son-in-law of the Mutasarrif and his wife. This situation prompted the Lebanese to demand the punishment of those responsible of corruption, however, Wassa Pasha died in 1892, eleven months before the end of his term, and was buried in Hazmieh. 2234:, since the Ottoman Empire did not work to combat it in the past, it multiplied after the authorities' attention was diverted from this problem. Due to the outbreak of the First World War, the locusts hatched, and multiplied without hindrance, then crawled north, and when they appeared in the sky of Mount Lebanon, the sun was blocked from the population for several days. And when the swarms landed on the ground, they destroyed the plants and crops, leaving the trees barren, without leaves or fruit. A large part of these trees soon withered or stopped producing for a long time. Because of the locusts, Mount Lebanon was deprived of most of its agricultural production throughout the war years. 4721: 1480: 1429: 3176: 2992: 1999:, a high ranking Ottoman Armenian Catholic official, was appointed governor of Mount Lebanon in 1912, and was an advisor in the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Firman of his appointment included some amendments to the Organic Statute, the most important of which were the following: First, the election of the members of the Administrative Council was not limited to elders as before, and the people’s participation in this election through delegates representing one hundred delegates each. Second, allowing the construction of three ports in Lebanon, the first in Jounieh, the second in Nabi Younis, and the third in 1108:

relatives, Ibrahim Pasha improved the situation of Christians and brought them closer to him and helped them in his work and included them in his entourage. He also confiscated the feudal lords’ weapons and contributed to reducing their power, and since most of the feudal lords were from the Druze, and they were originally fewer in number than Christians, they hated and resented the Egyptian rule, since they believed it distinguished them from the Christians. He reduced their influence and confiscated the weapons they needed to defend themselves, for these reasons, tensions rose up between the Druze and the Christians.

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main road, secondary roads branched north and south that linked the villages to each other. And the construction of the Beirut-Tripoli road, and Beirut-Sidon on the coast took place during the reign of the Mutasarrif Naoum Pasha. During the Mutasarrifate era, the Iron Company completed its railway between Beirut and Damascus (1895), Rayak and Aleppo (1902), and Tripoli and Homs (1912). During this era, the port of Beirut was repaired and prepared to receive large ships. However, all these projects were unable to solve the economic crisis faced by the poor in Lebanon, who are the majority of the population.

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produce enough grain and relied on the Bekaa, Hauran and its surroundings to secure its needs, the grains disappeared from the market and their prices skyrocketed, until the price of a pound of bread reached a golden lira, and the poor and middle-income population could not get it, and they began to die of hunger. People were enduring hardships and dangers in order to smuggle small quantities of wheat from Akkar, the Bekaa, or Hauran, in order to prevent the death of their families and loved ones, but the eyes of the observers were vigilant to prevent the smuggling of grain and punish the smugglers.

3261: 2052: 4690: 1112: 2262: 2122:, which is a supreme military court, to try those accused of being disloyal to the Ottoman Empire, and confiscate the property of foreign nationals of hostile countries after the federal government had announced the abolition of foreign privileges, and transformed some Lebanese facilities into military barracks and government departments. Jamal Pasha interfered in the internal affairs of the religious sects, he led an abolition of the privileges of the Maronite clergy, during which he forced the patriarch of the Maronite community and its metropolitans, to request a 1488:

was asking for tougher penalties, an increase in the value of compensation for Christians, and an expansion of Lebanon's borders to attract Maronites and their support for France. As for the British delegate, unlike the French delegate, he sought to reduce the provisions and narrow the area of Lebanon for fear of the expansion of French influence in the Levant. After several sessions that lasted a few months, the six countries participating in the committee agreed to make Mount Lebanon a "Mutasarrifate" and to narrow its borders by removing the cities of Beirut,

2890: 52: 4666: 2681: 2216: 1976:" (the Ottoman parliament that was established under the new constitution). However, the strong resistance that arose against this idea did not allow it to come into being, despite the encouragement of Yusuf Franco Pasha. His constant conflict with members of the Administrative Council was the cause of the public's resentment against him, and this resentment did not subside until the end of his term of office in 1912. One of the prominent events that occurred during the era of the Mutasarrif was the introduction of the first modern car into Beirut from 3039: 3106:, and someone from the village who had a melodious voice used to recite them, they called such poets "Qawwal", and the people of the village were proud of their abilities. The village qawwal was invited to weddings and feasts in other villages, so he would go with his "hawzah", that is, his disciples and companions, who would repeat his verses and applaud him with admiration and encouragement. Often, poetry reciting matches were played between two or more qawwals, and this custom is still in force in the villages of Lebanon until the present time. 2663: 69: 2198: 1476:

compensation to the afflicted, and establishing a new system of government in Lebanon. However, Fuad Pasha did not leave the committee much room to work in the first two fields, because he had established security, punished the guilty and provided some relief to the afflicted before the arrival of the international delegates to Beirut. Therefore, the committee spent little time on these matters, before moving on to the issue of the system of government, the preparation of which accounted for most of the delegates' efforts and time.

2519: 1779:, but the Ottoman government opposed him in that, so when he insisted on his opinion, Fuad Pasha deluded him that if he wanted to achieve his demand, he had only to wave his resignation from the Mutasarrifate, and then the government is forced to implement what he demanded. Daoud Pasha fell into the trap set by Fouad Pasha and submitted his demands accompanied by his resignation, but the Ottoman government rejected the demands and accepted the resignation immediately, thus ending Daoud Pasha's rule in the Mutasarrifate. 1257: 2672: 3479: 4678: 3453:, railways were developed in most countries, and cars have begun to replace transportation animals. As a result of this progress, the movement of travel between different countries increased as its dangers and expenses decreased while its speed increased. At the forefront of the beneficiaries of this development was the young population of Mount Lebanon during the era of the Mutasarrifate, who were encouraged to travel and began to migrate after being provided with modern means of transportation. 2736:

provide for the needs of the population. It was necessary for the people to import basic commodities such as sugar, rice, medicine, clothing, household appliances, machinery and other modern manufactures. Since the ports were outside the borders of the Mutasarrifate, trade flourished far from the mountain, and with the advancement of sea and land transportation, European goods began to flow into these ports. The arrival of European machinery-made goods led to the weakening and demise of the local

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situation in Lebanon deteriorated rapidly and dangerously, due to the Allied fleets striking a naval siege along the Ottoman shores, including the Levantine coast, preventing ships from entering or leaving, thus halting export and import work, thus, the movement of imports and exports died. Trade, local markets emptied of foreign goods, prices skyrocketed, and it was not possible for the poor and the middle-class segment of the population to secure their essential needs. With the interruption of

1143: 3237: 2207: 3091:. The dancers line up in either a row, an arc, or a circle. The dancers are male or female, and the dances are performed either together or separately. The dance is led by the first dancer, who generally determines the direction of the dance, and usually performs additional movements to demonstrate his skill. The dabkeh is a movement of the legs and is characterized by loud hitting on the ground. There are many types of dabkeh, which differ according to the region from which the dancers come. 1843:, the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Sidon and Tyre, he was expelled to Jerusalem. However, the intense protests sent by the people and the intervention of the French government forced the Sublime Porte to return him to the seat of his diocese. Rustem Pasha became angry with the Lebanese population, and took revenge on them by canceling schools, and persecuting the clergy. When his term expired, the Lebanese and the French objected to renewing it, so he was replaced by his vice president. 1265:

rulers being the subject of the Governor of Beirut, but the Europeans stood in the way of the Ottoman plan, as it entailed strengthening the Ottoman Islamic grip on Mount Lebanon, and since the influence of the Ottoman Empire was weakening at the time and unable to compete with the European influence, the Sultan accepted the proposals of representatives of the great powers to divide the mountain into a Christian and a Druze side and on 1 December 1843, the Sultan agreed to the proposal of

1989: 1182: 2793: 3442:, when the state had become very weak and European interference in its affairs intensified, and some countries wooed Ottoman subjects who served their interests, the Ottomans pursued and persecuted all those whom they suspected of tending to the Europeans or supporting them, and some of these suspects were caught working for France, Britain or Russia, while others were found innocent, and both groups found immigration the best way to get rid of the pressure of the Ottomans. 1957: 2359:, and most of them went to coastal cities such as Beirut, Tripoli and Sidon, and set out on its streets searching the dumps and piles of waste near the palaces of the rich for leftovers. Some of them went hunting for stray cats and dogs, or even ate dead ones. With reports going as far as recording stories of starving inhabitants kidnapping children, slaughtering them, and eating them, these types of incidents of this kind occurred in Mount Lebanon and the nearby areas. 2766: 3137: 1756: 3211:. And all these schools are still thriving until now. It was not long before there was a national or foreign school in every large Mutasarrifate village, and Beirut became the richest city in the Arab East in the number of schools. Although Beirut was outside the borders of the Mutasarrifate, a large part of its students were from the children of the Mutasarrifate. These schools have played their part in spreading knowledge in Lebanon and neighboring countries. 2110:, the regiment reached it in the midst of a severe snow storm. It did not take long after that, until the whole of Mount Lebanon came under the control of the Ottoman army and martial law. On 28 November, Jamal Pasha broadcast from his command center in Damascus a statement addressed to the people of Mount Lebanon telling them to implement martial law on their mountain and recommending that they be loyal to their state, remain calm, and go about their business. 1248:, who announced that he refused to cooperate with any non-Lebanese ruler or any ruler not chosen by the Lebanese themselves. The Pasha had hired agents to edit petitions that showed the people's support for him and their refusal to return to the Chehab rule. A number of people signed these petitions in exchange for a bribe, a promise or a threat, and some of them signed them with consent, when the matter of the petitions was exposed in Constantinople and the 1320: 3591: 3467: 3190: 886: 3132:

number of secondary schools. American missionaries established the “Syrian Evangelical College” in 1866, which later became the American University of Beirut, and the Jesuits founded Saint Joseph University in 1874. In addition to these schools, the American and Jesuit missionaries had two printing houses in Beirut. These schools and printing presses had a great advantage in spreading knowledge and advancing intellectual life in Lebanon.

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persecution of the authorities. In terms of their goals, the patriots were divided into two parts: a section demanding autonomy within the Ottoman League, and the advocates of this view were generally known as the Decentralization Party, and another section that wanted complete independence and complete separation from the Ottomans. The unionists hated both sides, and persecuted them and anyone they suspected of belonging to them.

2710:, and grains, their production was very weak in the lands of the Mutasarrifate, due to the narrowness of the lands and the harsh climate, after the 1861 Protocol separated from Mount Lebanon the plains of Akkar, the Bekaa and the south, the mountain's production of wheat has become so small that it only fills a very small part of the people's need for this basic material in their daily diet. Therefore, they had to buy wheat from 1289: 2631: 3162: 2347:. Anxiety dominated people's thoughts, visits were cut off, parties were neglected, holidays lost their significance, and life became harsh and monotonous, causing fear and anxiety. Because of the disappearance of foodstuffs and the inability to obtain them, many Lebanese did not find anything to eat. So they abandoned their homes and villages in the mountain, and scattered in various parts, some of them reached the 2143:

Lebanon and resisted the interference of the military authority in its affairs as much as possible, but he did not succeed, and he had lost the confidence of the federal government due to his Armenian origin, so the rulers and soldiers harassed him until he submitted his resignation in the month of June 1915. After the departure of Ohannes Pasha, Three Turkish Muslim administrators were appointed to succeed him:

7044: 1808: 1281:, in which he equalized all Ottoman subjects, regardless of their different religious beliefs, and abolished the political and social privileges enjoyed by a group or a sect. The Christians were at the forefront of those adhering to the provisions of this decree, as they constituted most of the peasants and the majority of the working class consisted of them. The peasants in the Christian areas, led by 1852: 2957: 1631: 2834:. But the complicity of the military figures with the company's staff and the monopolists who sell wheat on the free black market, disrupted the catering business and made it useless. For example, they used various tricks and excuses to evade handing over the subsistence allowances to their owners, and when they had to deliver them, they covered the wheat with gravel, dirt, cornstarch and weeds. 1903: 3102:", and these two folk singing types are the two types of purely Lebanese singing and the most common among villagers, these are verses from colloquial poetry that are recited in the Lebanese dialect and usually sing of a distant lover, the motherland, or longing. The word mījānā comes from the Aramaic root "najn", meaning melody and singing. The Mijana verses are based on the principle of the 2314:, and this army was fighting with the Allied States in return for their promise of Arab independence. Other Lebanese were dependent on France, and a large number of Lebanese expatriates volunteered in the Allied armies, especially in the French army. In May 1917, Ali Munif was appointed governor of the Wilayat of Beirut, leaving the position of the Mutasarrifate to his successor, Ismail Haqi. 1965:

helping him, this situation did not last long, as he violated the Basic system, interfered in judicial affairs, assaulted the powers of the Administrative Council, abolished some opposition newspapers, and tried to force every Lebanese resident of the mountain to take an Ottoman identity card. But the strong opposition that stood in his face forced him to make it optional for whoever wanted.

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the statute. The Sublime Porte agreed to a part of his proposals, and his mandate was renewed for another five years. The Basic Law of Mount Lebanon, after being amended and signed by the great powers, was published on the sixth of September 1864 in eighteen articles, which included the organization of the administration in the Mutasarrifate, and the most important of which was stated:

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cities, so the cities grew and became large and vast, and the prosperity of the cities helped the emergence of a new third class in Lebanese society, after people were two classes: the class of princes, feudal lords and senior clerics, and the class of workers and peasants, in the cities there appeared a middle class of merchants, doctors, lawyers, teachers, and other professions.

1594:(governor) appointed by the Ottoman sultan, with the approval of the European powers. Mount Lebanon became a semi-autonomous mutasarrifate. In September 1864, the statute became permanent. The mutasarrıf was to be assisted by an administrative council of twelve members from the various religious communities in Lebanon. Each of the six religious groups inhabiting the Lebanon ( 1269:, Chancellor of Austria, and asked Asaad Pasha, the governor of Beirut, to divide Mount Lebanon into two provinces: a northern province ruled by a Christian Qa’im-Maqam and a southern province governed by a Druze Qa’im-Maqam, both of whom are chosen by the notables, and are subject to the Governor of Beirut, this system was later known as the double Qa’im-Maqamate system. 1208:") would have intervened to solve it, and if they were not successful, they would raise the matter to the emir, who would issue his ruling and restore things to normal, but anxiety and tension among the population and the emir being unable to impose his will on a party that does not recognize him prevented such solutions. The conflict moved to some areas in the 5998: 2848: 2457:, ordered the lowering of the Arab flag, the return of Major General Shukri al-Ayyubi, Faisal's representative, to Damascus, and the dissolution of the Arab governments in Beirut, Baabda, and other coastal cities, and appointing French military governors there. Thus, the Arab rule in these areas ended after only a few days of its establishment. 2395:, where he joined the remnants of the Ottoman army retreating to the north. With the withdrawal of Mumtaz Bey, the era of the Turkish Mutasarrif ended, as did the Ottoman rule in Mount Lebanon and the rest of the Levant, after it lasted a little more than four centuries, and the French and British mandate over the countries of the region began. 1034:

national consciousness, science and culture among the Lebanese, for many reasons, including: the spread of schools in numerous villages, towns and cities, and the opening of two large universities that are still among the oldest and most prestigious universities in the Middle East, namely the Syrian Evangelical College, which became the

3493: 1384:, and the strife occurred during the silk season, which was the mainstay of the Levantine economy in general and the Lebanese mountainous economy in particular, the war destroyed it and eliminated it, and many Christian craftsmen emigrated from Damascus, fearing for their lives, leading to the dramatic decline of the famous 6994: 2876:, their presence was, and still is, very insignificant. The Shiites spread in a few villages in the Matn and Kesrouan, and the Sunnis lived on the Chouf coast and in Zahle. As a result of this closeness and convergence, a number of Lebanese embraced the religion of their neighbors or their religious sect, and the 5679: 2805:

relation to gold and silver money fell significantly, but the government was insisting on considering the paper lira as equal to the gold lira, and it used to force people to take it and deal with it. The country's catastrophe with this cash was double, as it lost part of the wealth of the Lebanese, and caused a

2477:, i.e., that a victorious country takes over the affairs of one of the colonies or lands formerly belonging to a defeated country, on the pretext that this colony is not yet able to manage its affairs on its own. When this principle was approved and it was decided that Syria and Lebanon would be under the 2497:. As a result of the Battle of Maysaloun, all of Syria was owed to the French, subsequently, General Gouraud went to organize Lebanon politically and administratively, and on 31 August 1920, he issued a decree in which he included in Mount Lebanon the cities of Beirut, Sidon, Tyre, Marjayoun, Tripoli and 1728: 2003:. Ohannes Pasha had the reputation of being just, generous and polite, and working for the improvement of the conditions of Lebanon, but he was unable to achieve any important work because he was not able to take over the tasks of the Mutasarrifate until the international conditions worsened, when the 3602:

The expatriate figures of literature had a great impact on the renaissance and development of Arabic literature. They developed a literary school of a special character of a mixture of inspiration from the East and the thought of the West. A large number of writers emerged in this field at the end of

3509:

and settled there. In 1869, the Suez Canal was opened, shortening the road between Europe and the countries of the Ottoman Arab East. When Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, security prevailed and trade flourished greatly, so Lebanese immigrants came to the region, either to escape the oppression of the

3046:

As for the typical houses that were inhabited by the common people, they differed in shape and material, some of them were built out of stone, marble, tiles, red bricks, and others were made of mud. The rich and middle class Lebanese lived in houses of two floors: the upper floor was the attic, which

3034:

were carried out, perhaps the most important of which was the construction of palaces and the construction of transportation routes that were built between villages and cities. In the year 1863 a French company completed the construction of the carriage road between Beirut and Damascus, and from this

2859:

Maronite sect. The Maronites were concentrated in the region since they settled in northern Mount Lebanon, and during the era of the Mutasarrifate, the Maronites were spread in the north, i.e. in the districts of Kesrouan, Batroun, Koura, Zahle and in the Deir al-Qamar district, these areas are still

2334:

Despite Ismail Haqqi's tolerance and understanding of the conditions of the locals, his reign was marked by the suffering of the inhabitants, a severe suffering they had never experienced before. As soon as the year 1917 came, the economic crisis had reached its climax, and the Lebanese economic life

2047:

in Constantinople from violating the Basic Law of Mount Lebanon, or to prevent it from interfering in its internal affairs. In addition, the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the central axis countries, made all the lands belonging to the state in a state of war with the Allies,

1823:

Italian roots, and a naturalized Ottoman citizen, and was known for his firmness and severity in applying the law, establishing justice, and fighting bribery. He made Mount Lebanon and Beirut respectively his place of stay during the summer and for the winter, and he did several construction projects

1414:

to their afflicted Christian owners, and collected many donations, which he spent on restoring villages. The major European countries pressured the Sultan and urged him to accept the formation of an international committee entrusted with restoring stability to Mount Lebanon, liquidating the sedition,

1095:

had been ruling since 1788, and he consolidated his authority over the country by eliminating his rivals from the feudal lords. His political cunning always managed to absorb the resentment, and the Druze and Christians alike continued to willingly submit to him. At the end of the reign of Bashir II,

3109:

Among the Lebanese folklore traditions that were prevalent in the Mutasarrifate, and have disappeared today, or have only survived in some remote villages, are those customs related to marriage and childbearing. Intermarriage between one family and another has been an issue under consideration for a

2999:

The First World War further widened the social inequalities among the Lebanese, because its conditions enabled the rich to become richer, and made the poor poorer. Some of the rich people approached the senior military officers and rulers, who were able to be contacted by them, they befriended them,

2934:

and the neighboring villages in the north of the mountain, the Syriac language remained the language of communication in the nineteenth century; Despite its decline in power, the Syriac language remained the official language of the Church and the language of its rituals and liturgical books. During

2809:

in the movement of buying and selling, because people were evading its grip and preferred to keep what they had of goods and grain instead of selling them with papers issued by a state burdened with exorbitant war expenses. The financial crisis was made worse by the loss of small coins from people's

2726:

to Lebanon: "Bread is the basic food item... So the first thing the villager took care of was the wheat supply... In every Lebanese village, few people produce their own wheat. But most of them buy wheat from abroad... Those who do not produce their own wheat are accepted and buy what is sufficient

2509:

Before the First World War, the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate economy was based on three main pillars: olive cultivation, silk production, and expatriate money. However, these three elements were not enough to make the mountain's economy strong, sound, and integrated. The weakness of Lebanon's economy

1964:

Of Aleppine origins and Melkite in faith, Yusuf Pasha was the son of second mutasarrif Nasri Franco Coussa (Franko Pasha), his reputation was not better than that of his predecessor, although he had a good start, and was thoughtful about his relations with various parties and trends, with the clergy

1678:

All feudal privileges are abolished, and the equality of all before the law is proclaimed. All other articles of the Basic Law provide for the various court systems, the method for appointing judges, etc. The fourteenth article stipulates that security shall be preserved by Lebanese soldiers, as for

1033:

among Muslims and Christians in general, and the Druze and Maronites in particular; the European countries exploited the sectarian tensions to pressure the Sultan in a way that achieves their economic and ideological interests in the Arab East. The Mutasarrifate era is characterized by the spread of

3634:

in Egypt. However, this migratory literary school reached the peak of its glory after the Mutasarrifate era. Although emigration allowed a group of Mount Lebanon residents to occupy the highest positions and gain a great deal of success and wealth, the region was losing ambitious citizens as result

3586:

from foreign countries. Thus, the lives of some groups improved, and they were able to establish industrial, commercial and agricultural projects with the money their children earned, benefitting Lebanon's economy. Naturally, the abundant money would not have reached Lebanon if these immigrants had

3437:

While the Lebanese were suffering under the impact of poverty and destitution, it wasn't until news spread on the advanced economy of the countries abroad, in which they could realize their ambitions in a short time, that they thought of emigrating outside. The Ottoman government did not pursue its

3206:

The literary and scientific renaissance during the Mutasarrifate era was manifested in a number of ways, the most important of which was: the establishment of national schools. The establishment of foreign schools was an incentive for patriots and rulers to establish national schools, and to revive

3148:

Missions: This cultural activity, which was led by Western missionaries, was accompanied by the establishment of scientific missions to specialize outside the country. The American missionaries sent Anthony Al-Amiouni, Abdullah Azār and Ismail Jumblatt to London to gain further knowledge. Then four

3063:

of the Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon continued to be the same as the traditional Lebanese folklore until the present era, and it is a common folklore in many respects with the rest of the Levant, Turkey, Cyprus and Greece, and is unique to Lebanon in other respects. One of the most prominent forms

2908:

enjoyed stability, and security after a long period of constant persecutions and forced migrations, as they were given several rights. They also had two members in the Lebanese council, and had members in all the courts, and bodies affiliated to the Mutasarrifate. Notable Shias of the Mutasarrifate

2880:

became shared among Christians and Muslims. The ruling and social system in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate was formed from the Maronite-Druze dualism, and the security stability and Druze-Maronite coexistence in the Mutasarrifate allowed the development of the economy and the system of government.

2735:

The industry in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate was primitive and backward, confined to villages for local consumption. Almost every home had a loom to sew what they needed from the fabric. With the exception of the oil, soap and silk industries, there was no advanced industry in Lebanon that could

2390:

Mumtaz Bey assumed the position of Mutasarrif on 31 July 1918, after Ismail Haqqi, however, as soon as he took over his duties, the Ottoman army began to retreat, defeated by the allied armies advancing from Egypt and Palestine. On 30 September, he left his work station in Baabda, fleeing to Zahle,

2034:

created a new political situation in Mount Lebanon fraught with danger to its security, stability and internal independence. The international guarantee that was available to it under the Protocol of 1861 lost its practical value with the division of the signatory states into two warring divisions:

1763:

In addition to achieving security and stability in the country, Daoud Pasha had to organize the organs of the government according to the text of the Basic Law, and he carried out these tasks efficiently and quickly. He appointed officials in the various departments, conducted elections for Sheikhs

1718:

was the last Maronite mayor to aspire to become the mutasarrif. As soon that Daoud Pasha assumed his position in Deir al-Qamar, several feudal lords and clerics opposed him, he was able to satisfy them by appointing them to senior positions in the government of Mount Lebanon. But Youssef Karam, one

1657:

of Armenian origin, would be appointed as administrator for a period of three years, at the end of which he would report on the validity and success of this system. When Dawud Pasha's experimental mandate ended in 1864, he carried to Constantinople a report requesting the amendment of some texts of

1487:

Each delegate in the International Committee sought to make the decisions of the Committee serve the interests of their country in Lebanon. Fuad Pasha tried to narrow the scope of European intervention and remove all solutions that weaken the Ottoman sovereignty over Lebanon. The delegate of France

1299:

Foreign countries played a major role in worsening sectarian hatreds. The British, after their Protestant missionaries were unable to win a large audience of native Lebanese Christians, supported and encouraged the Druze and supplied them with money and weapons, as did the French for the Maronites,

1239:

After the removal of Prince Bashir III, the Lebanese Chehab emirate, which had been the ruling entity of the country and its population for many years, collapsed. The Ottomans appointed one of the most senior officials as direct ruler on the mountain, with the ruler being a Sunni Muslim of Austrian

1216:

Palace and then stormed him and arrested the emir and mistreated him. The Ottomans seized this opportunity and dealt their final blow. On 13 December 1842, that is, three months after the start of the unrest, the governor of Beirut summoned Prince Bashir III from Deir al-Qamar to Beirut, from which

1173:

princes who converted to Christianity at an earlier time, the Druze considered him an apostate, a traitor to Islam and the Druze community in particular, before others, and the mutual hatred between them and Christians increased, until it turned in the year 1841 into a bloody conflict between Druze

1164:

Bashir III did not care about the demands of the Druze, as he refused to extract the land from the new owners who bought it from the previous emir, and he was not satisfied with that, but stripped a number of other feudal lords of their remaining privileges in collecting taxes, maintaining security

1107:

He restored to him his previous position and left him free to dispose of his emirate, subsequently, Bashir continued to pursue his opponents from the feudal lords and eliminated their influence, confiscated their property and displaced them, and established on their fiefs some of his supporters and

3429:

After the country was hit by a number of bloody strifes in the middle of the nineteenth century, and after Mount Lebanon became a small Mutasarrifate with limited production, the doors of livelihood narrowed in the faces of a large number of unemployed youth, so they searched for a way out to save

3127:

Contact with the West: Lebanon's proximity to the sea and its ancient connection with the West had a great impact on creating its modern renaissance. The digging of the Suez Canal in 1869, and the rapid development that followed in the use of railways, steam ships, and cars, connected the East and

2330:

The Ottoman rule in Lebanon continued during the reign of Ismail Haqqi with the political rules that had been established during the reign of his predecessor. However, the treatment of the new administrator towards the local population was characterized by understanding of their position and their

2061:

Due to the big number of French, British and Russian orientalists who were residing in the Levant, including Mount Lebanon, and due to the presence of a significant number of missionaries and dispatches affiliated with the Allied Powers, the Ottomans decided to invoke military necessities to enter

2007:

soon broke out. And with the participation of the Ottoman empire in the war, it violated the Basic system, and the Ottoman army entered Mount Lebanon, which led to what is considered as the end of the era of the legitimate administrators, and the beginning of the era of the Turkish administrators.

1869:

origin, ruled as Mutasarrif of Mount Lebanon in the early years of his tenure firmly, impartially and justly, he was a passionate reformer and was willing to improve the conditions of Mount Lebanon, preserving its autonomy and the dignity of its population, preventing the consuls of countries from

1723:

and one of the national leaders, who was calling for the restoration of national rule, stood in the face of Daoud Pasha stubbornly and resisted him vehemently, and refused the positions he was offered. The members of the International Committee promised him to reconsider his demands, and persuaded

1343:

at the entrance to Beirut, killing one and wounding two. This sparked a torrent of violence which swept through Lebanon. In a mere three days, from 29 to 31 May 60 villages were destroyed in the vicinity of Beirut. 33 Christians and 48 Druze were killed. By June, the disturbances had spread to the

1272:

The defects of the double Qa’im-Maqamate system became clear when sectarian strife continued under it, the reason for this is that this system not only failed to eliminate the causes of discord among the inhabitants of the mountain, but also added to it a new factor of discrimination and conflict,

2829:

After many revisions and extensive deliberations, Jamal Pasha allowed a number of Beiruti notables to establish a company to import and distribute grain at moderate prices under the supervision of military leaders. At the beginning of 1917, the subsistence centers began their work in all Lebanese

2452:

During the first ten days of October 1918, the British army advancing from Palestine reached Beirut, following the coastal road, with a French detachment led by Colonel De Piépape. The French fleet landed in Beirut a group of French soldiers as well. Upon a French protest, the Commander in Chief,

2444:

was sent as governor-general of the Wilayat of Beirut and Mount Lebanon, he came to Beirut on 7 October and announced the country's entry under Faysal's rule, then he went to the government center in Baabda and announced, in a massive celebration, the establishment of the Arab government in Mount

3530:

named Antoine Al-Busha'lāni, who landed in Boston in 1854, and died in New York two years later. In commemoration of his 100th anniversary, the Lebanese government considered 1955 the year of expatriates, so it received their delegations in that year and held large festivals in their honour. The

2756:

to their families was interrupted. As some families lived on the financial aid they received from the countries of expatriation, they became in a deplorable state of destitution and poverty. The interruption of this important financial resource affected the general economic situation in Lebanon,

2747:

In 1913, the Mutasarrif Ohannes Pasha tried to establish 3 commercial ports belonging to the Mutasarrifate to revive the movement of imports and exports, but the outbreak of the First World War a year later prevented that. And when the Ottoman Empire entered the war in October 1914, the economic

1751:

to overthrow the Mutasarrifate government, and while he was on his way to Beiteddine, the Consul of France intervened and convinced him that he should stop resisting, otherwise the signatory states would have to help the Mutasarrifate. At that time, Youssef Bey Karam decided to leave Lebanon, he

3587:

not achieved for themselves a great wealth and a prestigious position in the countries to which they immigrated, as many Lebanese people have attained a high position in the social and economic fields and have occupied great positions in the administration, the judiciary, the army and politics.

3549:

In the era of the Mutasarrifate, the number of Lebanese immigrants to Australia and the New World began to increase steadily, and their money continued to flow to their families, so immigration became a highly talked-about topic among the people in the mountain villages. It is narrated that the

3131:

Foreign missions: The foreign missions that came to Lebanon for religious purposes had a far-reaching impact on the development of intellectual life. The missionaries saw that the best way to spread their religious doctrines was to establish schools. They founded dozens of primary schools and a

2825:

The economic situation in Mount Lebanon worsened during the First World War due to the measures taken by the Ottoman military authorities. At the beginning of the war, the leadership of the Fourth Army prevented the transfer of grain of all kinds to Mount Lebanon, and since the mountain did not

2804:

and forced the people to circulate it. This is because the Ottoman Empire spent huge sums on the war, which led to it being forced to issue banknotes for the first time in the country's history, and to increase the quantities that it brought to the market, so the value of this paper currency in

1916:

Basha was the nephew of Franco Nasri Pasha. He was known as honest, and firm. He began his tenure by reforming the administration, dismissing employees who were accused of bribery. And he organized the mutasarrifate's finances. Naoum Pasha launched several construction works, repairing bridges,

1264:

After dismissing Omar Pasha of his position, the Ottoman government tried to appoint two non-Lebanese Ottoman rulers in his place, one on the south of the mountain, that is, on the Druze-majority side, and the other on the north of the mountain, that is, on the Christian-majority side, with the

3227:

and Zahle. The large number of printing presses indicates the spread of the means of writing culture, and their distribution in different parts of the country indicates that attention to the causes of the culture was not limited to cities only, but also included district centers and some small

2980:

and European ways began to impact the lives of the Lebanese and change their culture in clothing, food and furniture in a way that further made them different from the neighboring Arab nations. The era of the Mutasarrifate was characterized by the migration of the mountaineers from villages to

2538:

groves spread widely on the coasts and foothills of the West Lebanon mountain range, providing work for workers and a decent income for their owners. Olive is an important component of the mountain people's diet and a raw material for oil production and soap industry. The largest part of olive

2297:

As a result of these executions and the propaganda against the Lebanese political assosiations and the policy of Turkification, the saw that there was no way for their movement to succeed except by relying on an external support. The nationalists opinions differed in alliances, as some of them

2142:

to the Maronite community during his conquest of the Levant in 1516. The Unionists went even further in undermining the autonomy of Mount Lebanon when they disrupted the work of the Basic System and made it practically nullified, although Ohannes Pasha tried to preserve the privileges of Mount

1713:

in faith, he was highly educated and was holding the position of post and telegraph director in Constantinople when, in 1861, a decision was issued to appoint him as administrator of Mount Lebanon for a period of three years. He was welcomed by leading Roman Catholic clergy as well as by Greek

1688:

After the adoption of the Basic Law of Mount Lebanon, the Mutasarrifate became legally and effectively existent, and it was ruled by eight legitimate Mutasarrifs, with their legitimacy being ruled according to the laws stated in the Protocol of 1861. The mnemonic word "DaFRuWNaMYO" (in Arabic,

1405:

When Sultan Abd al-Majid I feared that this sedition would lead to the military intervention of foreign countries in the Ottoman affairs, he instructed the Ottoman officials in Beirut and Damascus to put the civil war down immediately, and at the same time he dispatched the Minister of Foreign

1252:

got determined to dismiss the Austrian, the Pasha tried to lure the Druze to him and persuade them to fight the Christians population, but the Druze, feeling that the Pasha had taken advantage of them, led forces against him and almost stormed his palace, had it not been for a battalion of the

3581:

Migration had several positive and negative consequences on Mount Lebanon. Many of the immigrants achieved what they wanted from their immigration, with many of them striking it rich while living abroad. As a result, money flowed to residents from their expatriate children and relatives. Many

2257:

all non-Turkish Ottomans, resisted this policy with all possible means. Some educated youth formed secret societies that called for political and social reform in the Ottoman Empire. These associations used to cover up for scientific, literary, and religious goals to escape the monitoring and

1674:

The mountain shall have a board of directors of twelve members as follows: 4 for the Maronites, 3 for the Druze, 2 for the Greek Orthodox, and one for each of the Sunnis, Shiites, and Melkite Greek Catholics. Its task is to distribute taxes, regulate imports, and express an opinion on issues

1368: 3562:

shawl, and started strutting in the Shweir market. The town was shocked and eighty people rushed to America in one year and traveled at once. It is said that, between 1900 and 1915, 100,000 citizens left Mount Lebanon, a number that amounted to a quarter of the total population at the time.

1475:

met to investigate the causes of the events of 1860 and to recommend a new administrative and judicial system for Lebanon that would prevent the recurrence of such events. The mission of the committee included three fields: establishing security, punishing the guilty, providing relief and

2975:

In the early nineteenth century, Western visitor would see scenes in Lebanon of a distinctive local character in the fashion of men and women, and in the style of furniture, the types of food, and the types of customs and traditions. The nineteenth century did not end until many of these

1735:

In the year 1864, when some articles of the Basic Law were amended, and the mandate of Daoud Pasha was renewed for five years, contrary to what Youssef Bey Karam expected, he left Turkey for Ehden and declared his opposition to the Mutasarrifate government and allied himself with Prince

2362:

In addition to famine, epidemics and diseases struck the inhabitants. The lack of food and clothing weakened the body's immunity, and the lack of attention to hygiene helped spread epidemics and diseases that utterly killed the population, the poor and the rich alike. Flies transmitted

6688: 1788: 1084: 1929:. His reign was characterized by security, calm, and stability, and during this period, migration from Mount Lebanon to abroad began on a large scale. He was known for treating both Christians and Muslims equally, he returned to Constantinople after the end of his mandate in 1902. 3434:, so the Mutasarrifate government was obliged to distribute the total required taxes to the rest of the peasants who owned the remaining lands, so they fell under the weight of these taxes and waited for the opportunity to be given to them to take this weight off their shoulders. 2539:

production and its derivatives was consumed in Lebanon, while the surplus was exported abroad, generating an important financial profit for the country. The Lebanese considered the olive tree a sacred tree and its oil sacred, due to its frequent mention in the Bible and in the

3047:

is the formal room of the guest, and in many cases it was the ordinary dwelling in which the family always inhabited. As for the ground or second floor, it is the basement, and in it the peasants used to shelter their animals, put farming tools, and store firewood and animal

3207:

and strengthen old schools. Among the most famous schools that were established in Beirut during this era were the Patriarchal School in 1865, the Thalāth Aqmār School in 1866, and the Hikma School in 1872, then the Zahrat Al Ihsan School for Girls and the Daoudia School in

2461: 1273:

the factor being the class struggle between the feudal lords and the common people, after taking away from the Druze and Christian feudal leaders their judicial and financial powers, and making them the prerogative of the Qaimaqam and the Qaimaqam Council. In the year 1856,

1253:

Ottoman soldiers had rescued him, then he was sent to Beirut, where he was dismissed from his position, on the same day, the Porte and representatives of European countries reached in Constantinople a new project to govern Mount Lebanon, and to be implemented in early 1843.

3122:

After Lebanon went through a long period of intellectual stagnation, in the nineteenth century there was an apparent activity in various sciences and literature, and the era of the Mutasarrifate witnessed a literary renaissance whose main causes were the following factors:

4415:

The total population in 1895 was estimated as 399,530, with 30,422 (7.8%) Muslims, 49,812 (12.5%) Druze and 319,296 (79.9%) Christians. In 1913, the total population was estimated as 414,747, with 37,741 (9.1%) Muslims, 47,290 (11.3%) Druze and 329,482 (79.4%) Christians.

3153:

Institute in Egypt to specialize in medicine. The Mutasarrif Franco Nasri Pasha sent some of the Mutasarrif's youth to Europe to complete their higher studies. Then the missions abroad multiplied, and returned to contribute to the dissemination of science and culture in

3358: 1335:, the parents of each of the kids participated in the dispute, and it turned into a bloody quarrel in which the people of the two sects from Beit Meri, then from all the villages of Matn, participated. The fighting got reignited on 22 May 1860, when a small group of 1397:

protected the Christians, sheltering them in his house and in a citadel, he also took advantage of his influence in Beirut to protect them, Muslim clerics and a number of Beirut notables opened their homes to the afflicted Maronites, as did the Shiite leaders in

3554:"Faddūl Mitrī Bshāra" immigrated from the town of Shweir to Brazil around the year 1885. No sooner had two years passed since his emigration until he sent to his father in Lebanon fifty pounds in gold. His father was given the money sent to him, so he bought 5722: 2939:

script was still used, which is the Arabic language written in Syriac letters, as most Maronites, although they had mastered the Arabic language, were not yet proficient in it. The liturgical books and the Bible, permitted to be used liturgically, continued

1662:

Mount Lebanon shall be administered by a non-Turkish, non-Lebanese Ottoman Christian administrator who is appointed by the Ottoman government and whose source to follow is the Sublime Porte directly, that is, he is not affiliated with the governor of Sidon,

6736: 1889:

During his reign, the Ottoman government adopted a modern system of the judiciary, this system was ordered for application in Lebanon, in violation of the Basic Law. The Lebanese objected to the new system, because it made Constantinople a center for the

2917:

members who held the position of membership of the board of directors: Sheikh Abbas Melhem Hamadeh, Abdullah Berro, Hajj Kazem Amr, Sheikh Hassan Awad, Sheikh Hassan Hamadar, Ali Hajj Hammoud, Muhammad Effendi Muhsin Abi Haidar, and Hajj Ali Muslim Amr.

2860:

inhabited today by a Maronite majority. As for the rest of the districts, the Maronites mixed with other Christian sects and with the Druze, who formed the second largest sect in the mountain, and the majority of the residents of the Chouf and the Matn

2489:, after he declared his accession to the throne of Syria, and asked him to recognize the French mandate, But King Faisal refused the warning, and Gouraud's response was his order to the French army to march to Damascus in Syria, where he arrived at the 1410:, who was known for his cunning and firmness, and who gave him absolute powers, to deal with the situation. With his mission succeeding, he executed most of those who caused the massacres, imprisoned the rest, exiled some of them, returned some of the 1049:

to Egypt, Western European countries, North and South America, where a number of immigrants achieved great success that weren't possible to achieve in their homeland, and many of these immigrants contributed to the revival of the Arabic Language and

2626:

and turned some of these threads into valuable silk textiles suitable for making clothes and furnishings. But the bulk of the silk threads were exported to European countries, especially to France, which was buying most of the Lebanese production.

2277:

members. This association was a reformist association that aimed to preserve the unity of the Ottoman Empire while carrying out some administrative and social reforms in it, but some documents revealed that a number of its members, most notably

3546:" remains – the air ticket. It was about twenty gold pounds. My father owes the sum from my uncle Suleiman... My brother Adib, upon the blessings of God, travels with a group of Baskinta's sons and daughters, and he is the youngest of them." 2473:, which resulted in the signing of a peace treaty between them and the losing countries, which relinquished their colonies and parts of their lands to the Allies, It also included the adoption of a new system of government, which is the 1304:

who spent many years in the Levant. For all of these reasons, the atmosphere in Mount Lebanon had become filled with tensions between the Maronites and the Druze, and was liable to explode at any moment for the most trivial of reasons.

7538: 7497: 7433: 7229: 7108: 7076: 6909: 6869: 6837: 6712: 6668: 6636: 6593: 6554: 6522: 6486: 6433: 6309: 6254: 6204: 6108: 6029: 5760: 5702: 5621: 5423: 5292: 5210: 5172: 5143: 5067: 3635:

and a youth capable of building and advancing their own homeland, rather than outside of it. Today, the number of Lebanese immigrants, whether recent immigrants or those of Lebanese descent, exceeds the number of Lebanese themselves.

2722:, one of the Lebanese historians who lived through the era of the Mutasarrifate, talks about the necessity of wheat in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, he mentions the presence of wheat sellers coming from the Bekaa, Hauran and 2322: 6381: 3430:

them from what they were suffering from poverty and destitution. Some peasants were growing tired of the taxes that were imposed on them, so a group of them got rid of it by resorting to protecting the monasteries that were

2810:

hands, making it impossible for citizens to pay the values of business and small things, such as a porter's fare, or the price of a postage stamp, or an electric locomotive ticket, or anything else. Dr. George Hanna states:

2699:, as these trees had a great economic benefit, and the richest mountain peasants were the ones who owned the pine forests, in addition to the fact that its fruit is expensive, it provides the farmer with firewood and 4720: 5242: 3521:

After Egypt, Lebanese immigrants headed to North and South American countries such as the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. The news about the fertility of the soil and richness of life in the

3218:

printing presses. A printing press was established in Beiteddine and another in Deir al-Qamar. Soon the printing presses spread to the various regions of the Mutasarrifate, such as Baabda, Jounieh, Aley, Aabey,

2971:, Lebanon – 1870s. It is the traditional women's dress in Lebanon. This costume was no longer common in the coastal towns of Lebanon after 1840, and had become extinct in the mountain by the late 19th century. 2785:, from which the money acquired the words "Maṣāri" and "Miṣriyyāt" (from the Arabic name for Egypt, "Miṣr") which are still used in the Levant meaning "currency". The Turkish currency was also divided into a 2464:

General Henry Gouraud inspects his soldiers in Maysaloun, before the decisive battle with the Faisali army, which resulted in the expansion of the borders of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate to become Greater

3309:" newspaper by Khalil Sarkis in 1877, and "Bayrūt" newspaper by Muhammad Al-Dana in 1886. This is in addition to the Lebanese press that appeared and flourished outside Lebanon, especially in Egypt, such as 1360:. The Druze peasants laid siege to Catholic monasteries and missions, burnt them, and killed the monks. France intervened on behalf of the local Christian population and Britain on behalf of the Druze after 3510:

feudal lords and governors, or to seek livelihood. Many of them have succeeded, amassing huge fortunes and occupying prominent positions in administration, journalism and commerce. Among the most prominent

2885:

has been the seat of the Maronite Patriarchal See since 1823, and it has continued so throughout the Mutasarrifate era until now. The word Bkerke in Arabic means "the place of keeping documents and books."

1379:

The number of dead reached twelve thousand, and the Druze were the fiercest fighters, it was said that out of the 12,000 dead, 10,000 of them were Christians. Property losses were estimated at four million

7554: 7513: 7449: 7245: 7124: 7092: 6925: 6885: 6853: 6728: 6684: 6652: 6609: 6538: 6502: 6449: 6325: 6270: 6220: 6124: 6045: 5776: 5718: 5637: 5439: 5308: 5226: 5188: 5159: 5097: 1870:

interfering in its affairs, and was sincere in loyalty to the Sultan and the Ottoman government at the same time. He carried out several construction works, established a hospital in Beiteddine, built the

2113:

Jamal Pasha assumed power, and the mutasarrif Ohannes Pasha and all the employees of the Government of Mount Lebanon became subject to his orders, acting on his instructions. Jamal Pasha established the

1392:

Talhouq defending Christian monks and sheltering them in their homes, and some Christians remained in the protection of the Druze sheikhs, safe from any harm that might befall on them. In Damascus, Emir

1295:, a British orientalist who lived for 29 years in Mount Lebanon and had a prominent role in igniting the Druze revolt against the Egyptians and fueling sectarian hatred between the Druze and Christians. 3379:. Another manifestation of the cultural renaissance is the emergence of a number of prominent writers and scholars who have emerged in various fields, including: the field of language and literature; 1839:, he reduced his salary and the salaries of employees and proceeded to increase taxes. Because of the increase in taxes, and several other factors, a severe dispute occurred between him and Archbishop 6947: 4708: 1742: 7676: 1698: 2449:, to head the government in Mount Lebanon by Prince Faisal in the name of his father, Sharif Hussein. Saad accepted this assignment and swore an oath of loyalty and devotion to Sharif Hussein. 1752:

traveled to France and Belgium, and finally settled in Italy, where he died in 1889, his embalmed body was taken to the town of Ehden, where it is still preserved in its church in a glass box.

1021:

in an attempt to extricate the Ottoman State from its internal problems, and it was approved after the major sectarian strife of 1860 and the numerous massacres that occurred in Mount Lebanon,

7266: 3353: 2703:

for the roof of his house, and wooden panels for his furniture and seats, and other things necessary for his life. Most of the pine was consumed locally, and very little of it was exported.

3128:

the West, and restored the region to its traditional role as a natural bridge where peoples meet and civilizations interact. This contact prompted Lebanon steadily on the way to progress.

2634:

Vineyards near the city of Zahlé in the Bekaa Valley. This city has been famous since ancient times for the cultivation of grapes and the extraction of wine and other alcoholic beverages.

7048: 2948:

language, it was widespread in government departments and official institutions, and it was spoken by the intellectuals of the Mutasarrifate, usually in addition to the French language.

7550: 7509: 7445: 7241: 7120: 7088: 6921: 6881: 6849: 6724: 6680: 6648: 6605: 6534: 6498: 6445: 6321: 6266: 6216: 6120: 6041: 5772: 5714: 5633: 5435: 5304: 5222: 5184: 5155: 5086: 3526:

and Australia was spread, expanded and magnified, to the Arab East, tempting people and pushing them to migrate. It is said that the first of these was a young man from the village of

2170: 1679:

the Beirut-Damascus road, and the coastal road between Sidon and Tripoli, they are maintained by the Ottoman soldiers. The currency in circulation was the same as that of the Ottomans.

1548:(والي) also fell from consideration because the commission members wanted to convey the importance of the rank of the new title which was above that of the Ottoman governors of nearby 2830:

districts, giving two hundred and fifty grams of wheat to each person per day at the price of seven piasters per pound, while the price of a pound reached one hundred piasters on the

1139:

when he died in 1850, thus, those who had emigrated from the Druze leaders and their fiefs, fleeing from the oppression of the previous Emir and the Egyptians, returned to Lebanon.

2493:

passageway, meeting with the Syrian army, and a violent battle took place, which resulted in the victory of the French majority after the fall of the resistance and of their leader

1938: 3273:

Lebanon took the lead in the world of journalism. During the period of the Mutasarrifate, a large number of newspapers and magazines were published, the most famous of which were:

6386: 6377: 6732: 2530:

Most of the residents of the Mutasarrifate were farmers who practiced agriculture using traditional methods and with a characteristic specific to Mount Lebanon, in harmony with

1737: 7327: 1100:

before the Egyptian occupation, and his supporters enthusiastically assisted the Egyptian army and fought under its banner and fought the battles that he fought, subsequently,

6387:"ข่าวสด ข่าววันนี้ ข่าวเด่นล่าสุด ข่าวออนไลน์ ข่าวบันเทิง หนัง เกม การ์ตูน – เกาะติดข่าวสดวันนี้ ข่าวเด่นล่าสุด ข่าวบันเทิง ข่าวดารา ทันเหตุการณ์ ข่าวออนไลน์ หนัง เกม การ์ตูน" 4689: 1828: 2930:

words, due to the prevalence of that language among them in the past. The Syriac language continued to be a liturgical language only used in the Maronite religious hymns. In

5072: 2421:, the mayor of Beirut, who announced the establishment of an Arab government after receiving a telegram from Damascus in this regard, and raised the Arab flag on the city's 1512:

and Jabal Amel, and to be governed by a non-Lebanese and non-Turkish Ottoman Christian administrator appointed by the Sublime Porte with the approval of the five countries.

2789:(smallest Ottoman coin) and a bashlik, a matleek is minted from iron, copper or bronze, and a bashlik is a copper-bronze coin, which is equal to 10 matleeks or 3 piasters. 2638:

In addition, grapes and what was extracted from them were among the main produce on which a large part of the villagers depended. The wine industry of Lebanon is among the

7669: 2417:

The Ottoman rule collapsed in Beirut, Damascus and Baabda in one day, and before Ismail Haqqi, the governor of Beirut, withdrew, he handed over the means of state rule to

2062:

Mount Lebanon, due to the fear of what these foreigners could do to incite the public against the Ottomans. The Federal Government sent the Minister of the Ottoman Navy,

1747:, he gathered around him men for the resistance, and many battles took place between him and the soldiers of the Mutasarrif. Finally, he went at the head of a force to 6770: 2335:

had completely changed. Many of the Lebanese were forced to wear rags to cover their bodies and ward off the cold, and they returned to using pottery saddles lit with

305: 280: 266: 252: 2439: 6061: 2126:

for the appointment of the Patriarch from the Ottoman Sultan, the Pasha also practiced several pressures on the Maronite clergy. Bishop Boutros Shebli was exiled to

3398:, the author of the two books "Principles of Anatomy" and "The Industry of the Surgeon," and Dr. Amin Gemayel, the author of the book "The Health." And the teacher 2510:

was highlighted in a number of respects, the most important of which were the weakness of grain production, the backwardness of industry and restrictions on trade.

705: 1119:

The Egyptians remained in Lebanon and the rest of the Levant for 9 years, and eventually the Egyptian army was defeated by an international alliance consisting of

6553:مناهج الفكر والبحث التاريخي والعلوم المساعدة وتحقيق المخطوطات، مع دراسة للارشيف العثماني واللبناني والعربي والدولي. دار النهضة العربية، الدكتور حسان حلاّق، 2010. 3438:

citizens only to collect taxes from them, but sometimes it pursued the presence of those citizens themselves in the empire, especially during the reign of Sultan

2425:. Mumtaz Bey, the governor of Mount Lebanon, had, prior to his withdrawal from Baabda, handed over administration affairs in Mount Lebanon to the mayor of Baabda 1824:

such as opening schools, building roads, and building bridges and establishing outposts to consolidate security, which necessitated an increase in expenditures.

7662: 3643:

Eight mutasarrifs were appointed and ruled according to the basic mutasarrifate regulation that was issued in 1861 then modified by the 1864 reform. These were:

1058:

among Arabs, whether in Lebanon or in neighboring countries. The autonomy of Mount Lebanon (Mutasarrifate) ended with the Ottoman occupation at the beginning of

6986: 1552:; "Governor" (حاكم) was also abandoned because they thought the title was commonplace and widespread. The commission members also ruminated over the title of " 5463: 2181:, one of the senior officials of the Ottoman Ministry of Interior, as administrator of Mount Lebanon, Ali Munif arrived in Beirut (where he took residence in 6939: 3094:

Among the other aspects of folklore is the Lebanese village singing, which is a singing of a special nature, including what is known as "Mijānā" (a type of

2282:, Who later became President of the Republic under the French Mandate, he and a few other Christian members had signed a secret memorandum under the title " 5396: 7592: 3068:". This dance is often practiced at festivals, celebrations, and weddings. The dabkeh ensemble consists of a group of no less than ten people called the 2445:

Lebanon, and the Arab flag was raised over the Serail. The legitimate board of directors elected in 1912 came to a meeting, and assigned its president,

8552: 5276: 3143:

around 1890. One of the oldest schools in Lebanon, it was founded by a Swiss mission, and several famous Arab and Lebanese personalities studied there.

3016:

Laying the last rail of the Beirut–Damascus line on 25 June 1895. By this time, the railway had become known as the Damascus–Hama and Extensions (DHP).

2618:. The cultivation of mulberry was spread all over Lebanon, the coast and the mountains. Several factories were established in Mount Lebanon to extract 2434: 5247: 8373: 7258: 5933: 2646:, and some ancient inscriptions stated that it was made as tribute which the Lebanese population gave to the conquerors, and the quality of Lebanese 1520:

The members of the international commission researched many names for the new administrative division and its governor. Many titles were considered;

2043:

countries, which included the signatory state of Austria, and the Ottoman Empire. There was nothing left after the outbreak of the war to deter the

1415:

and setting up a new system of governance. Thus, the reign of the double Qa’im-Maqamate ended in the year 1861, after it lasted for nineteen years.

6081: 2418: 2189:

and Rashid Al-Rami appointed deputies to represent Lebanon in the aforementioned council, and they carried out this task until the end of the war.

7734: 3624: 3388: 3167: 2253:

policy pursued by the federalists intensified, and the Lebanese, like most Arabs before the war and since the Unionists declared their desire to

2237: 3857:

occupied Mount Lebanon militarily and revoked the mutasarrifate system. He appointed the mutasarrifs during this period. Those governors were:

2727:

for them for at least half a year. And some of them do not have their heart reassured until they buy for a whole year. But some of them can't."

2230:

At the beginning of the reign of Ali Munif, a natural disaster befell on Mount Lebanon, dense locust swarms appeared in the skies of the Levant

7685: 5102: 2426: 1096:

the Egyptian army entered modern-day Lebanon after May 1832, expelling the Ottomans from it, and Bashir had allied with the governor of Egypt,

745: 6162: 5816: 1649:) and signed on 9 June of the same year. It was also agreed that the system stipulated in the protocol would be put to trial until 1864, and 5455: 8557: 8445: 1054:

after a stalemate that lasted for many years, and contributed to raising the Arab national spirit and political awareness in the period of

914: 6813:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 150–154؛ زراعة القرية، الخلفة أو شجرة الصنوبر. 2294:, and these became known as the martyrs of the sixth of May, and the Syrian and Lebanese governments commemorate their memory every year. 5870: 5496: 5376: 4864: 3077: 2310:

against the Ottomans, it was the only Arab force that existed at the time, and a team of the Lebanese joined the Arab army led by Prince

1456: 5842: 3629: 3393: 7152: 3421: 2526:, Koura district. Since the era of the Mutasarrifate, this region has been characterized by the abundance of oil and olive production. 2048:

and since Mount Lebanon was part of this state, it became subject to the conditions of the war and exposed to its woes and disasters.

6065: 3348:

Among the manifestations of the cultural renaissance was also the emergence of literary societies, the most famous of which were the

2786: 1926: 455: 7361: 1980:

on 24 June 1908, it crossed the Beirut-Sidon road in two and a third hours, which astonished the population of Lebanon at the time.

4407: 7010: 6804:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 143–150؛ زراعة القرية، الكرمة والتينة. 5686: 1556:" (رئيس جمهورية) but the designation was not approved by the Ottoman government. After two weeks of deliberation, the French term 6181: 1724:

him to calm down until the end of Daoud Pasha's term, the rebel was taken by Foreign Minister Fuad Pasha to be exiled to Turkey.

680: 641: 298: 7323: 7210:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 196 – 197؛ عندما يولد طفل في القرية. 7383: 4818:

The Patriarch paid fifty Ottoman liras in gold as the price of the firman, and each metropolitan paid 15 Ottoman liras in gold.

4566: 2773:

The Lebanese have been dealing with the Ottoman currency since the beginning of the Mutasarrifate era, and they called it the "

1968:

When the Ottoman constitution was published in 1908, some groups in Lebanon demanded that the Mutasarrifate be included in the

1611: 695: 5964: 3345:

in 1898. The Arab press was one of the most important manifestations of the Nahda and the causes of advancement and progress.

2855:

Christians constituted the majority of the population of the Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon, and most of them belonged to the

1775:

Daoud Pasha wanted to conclude his work by expanding the boundaries of the Mutasarrifate, to include Beirut, Sidon, Bekaa and

1587: 1010:

in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon.

196: 6766: 6757:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 154 – زراعة القرية، شجرة الزيتون. 5903: 5564: 5529: 5023: 4983: 4906: 4737: 4653: 2777:" or "Osmeliyyeh" for short, and the Ottoman lira was minted from gold and silver and divided into one hundred and sixty-two 2231: 1244:, the Druze welcomed him and the Christians rejected him, and the majority of the Christians stood by the Maronite Patriarch 1226: 735: 623: 587: 271: 8440: 4949: 2926:

The Arabic language was the language spoken daily among the population, and the Mount Lebanon dialect was grafted with many

2102:, through which most of the war supplies to the allies from Australia, Asia, and eastern and southern Africa passed. In the 1671:

princes, the Shihabis, and the previous double Qa’im-Maqamate. He must maintain security, appoint judges, and collect taxes.

1331:(although some sources believe that the cause of the dispute isn't known) between a Druze and a Maronite kid in the town of 7288: 6140: 5994: 2454: 1973: 32: 7343: 7306: 6465: 5091: 2813:"I had spent an entire night on the train with nothing to feed. When I got off at Daraa station, I met a seller of sesame 7192:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 277 – 282؛ معاز قوّال الضيعة. 3214:

During the Mutasarrifate era, printing presses spread throughout Mount Lebanon, after they were limited to the Shwer and

2164: 422: 7567: 8547: 8434: 7470:روجر أوين، الشرق الأوسط في الاقتصاد العالمي 1800–1914، ترجمة سامي الرزاز، مؤسسة الأبحاث العربية، بيروت 1990، صفحة: 234. 7461:روجر أوين، الشرق الأوسط في الاقتصاد العالمي 1800–1914، ترجمة سامي الرزاز، مؤسسة الأبحاث العربية، بيروت 1990، صفحة: 231. 5125: 4300: 4215: 4051: 3925: 2865: 2654:, raisins, and vinegar for local consumption, as was the case with the fig, which was a well-known and desirable tree. 7136:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 49 – 51؛ القرية اللبنانية. 5882: 5854: 5650: 5594: 5331: 5048: 4943: 2744:

and a few other places remain, table covers, clothes, mattresses, curtains, and others are produced in these places.

2478: 7642: 6789: 6338: 356: 4726:

A map showing the administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in 1899, including the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate

4520: 3841:

The mnemonic word "DaFRuWNaMYO" (in Arabic, دفرونميا) helped school children memorize the name of the mutasarrifs.

2433:

to run the interim government. And when the Arab government of Prince Faisal was formed in Damascus, major General

1595: 1361: 1336: 1327:

The events of this civil war began in the summer of 30 August 1859, with a simple dispute, possibly over a game of

992: 907: 443: 7201:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 162 – 173؛ عرس القرية. 3248: 1878:

and made it the permanent winter-lodging place for the districts of the Mutasarrifate, he also built the Saray of

8562: 7409:شارل عيساوي، التاريخ الاقتصادي للهلال الخصيب 1800–1914، منشورات مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية، بيروت 1990، صفحة: 60. 4780: 4543: 3012: 2044: 1615: 1394: 961: 416: 5404: 5272: 7588: 6748:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 120 – زراعة القرية. 2274: 2265:

The Martyrs' Monument in Al-Burj Square in downtown Beirut. The square became known today as "Martyrs' Square".

1819:, who was the ambassador of the Ottoman Empire in Moscow, was appointed in his place, he was of Roman Catholic 1619: 6822:القرية اللبنانية: حضارة في طريق الزوال. الدكتور أنيس فريحة، جروس برس، طرابلس – لبنان. صفحة: 73–74؛ سوق القرية. 1618:) elected two members to the council. Young men in the Mutasarrifate were exempted from military service. The 6408: 3809: 3769: 3701: 3004:, only to see that the rich had multiplied their wealth by extracting money, land and real estate from them. 2156: 2021: 1622:

was not allowed to station itself in the lands of the Mutasarrifate except at the request of the Mutasarrif.

1063: 1035: 754: 720: 410: 3535:

talks about immigration during the Mutasarrifate era during the year 1900 and how it tore his family apart:

2138:

in which he was threatened with exile. Thus, Jamal Pasha has eliminated the old privilege granted by Sultan

6286: 5929: 4324: 4288: 4276: 4240: 4137: 4113: 3979: 2095: 1553: 1314: 740: 700: 365: 4842: 3082: 7418:

IRFED, Besoins et possibilités de developpement au Liban 1960– 1961, éd. Ministère du plan Tome I, p. 49.

4312: 4125: 3999: 3989: 3368: 1544: 1372: 900: 809: 784: 336: 7008:حلقة منتدى النور مع الأب جورج رحمه، على شاشة تيلي لوميير، مساء الجمعة بتاريخ 2/9/2005 بعنوان: هوية لبنان 2984:

The Lebanese family had undergone significant changes in its lifestyle. The large family was a cohesive

1479: 8301: 8144: 5355: 4752: 4665: 2287: 1863: 1428: 449: 375: 3861: 2991: 2178: 2144: 1572:

was adopted as the new title for the governor and for the division, which was dubbed in Arabic as the

1539: 8170: 7863: 5452: 3025: 1945: 1292: 750: 8465: 7807: 4838: 4771: 4592: 3830: 3677: 2404: 1710: 1590:, Mount Lebanon was preliminarily separated from Syria and reunited under a non-Lebanese Christian 1563: 1174:

and Maronite peasants because of a dispute over the eligibility of a Maronite crossing and hunting

1067: 952: 804: 730: 689: 593: 548: 6158: 5812: 2429:. Two days later, government officials met in Baabda and elected the two princes Malik Shehab and 1066:). The defeat of the Ottoman Empire led to a French military invasion in 1918, this initiated the 383: 8185: 7654: 7259:"REV. HENRY H. JESSUP DEAD.; Missionary Dies in Syria, Where He Labored Amid Perils for 54 Years" 3672: 3175: 3021: 2482: 1706: 1650: 1039: 872: 3445:

Global transportation was slow, dangerous, and expensive until the mid-nineteenth century, when

1388:

industry. The violence of the sedition was mitigated by inter-religious support, with the Druze

1131:

and the Ottoman Empire, after the withdrawal of the Egyptian army, Emir Bashir II was exiled to

8460: 8228: 8154: 4800: 4451: 4264: 4089: 4067: 3943: 3511: 3384: 3314: 3301: 3181: 2873: 2303: 2051: 2025: 1603: 1444: 1101: 941: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 5893: 5865: 5519: 5492: 5380: 4858: 3260: 8516: 8506: 8455: 8044: 7996: 5837: 5326:. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. : Kessinger Publishing. 2005. p. 264. 4896: 4742: 4474: 4336: 4149: 3915: 3150: 2869: 2749: 2486: 2485:

was appointed as its high commissioner, and he issued a warning to King Faisal, ruler of the

2270: 2036: 1689:دفرونميا) helped school children memorize the name of the mutasarrifs, and these rulers are: 1607: 1097: 760: 725: 3287:" newspaper, which appeared in 1867 by order of Daoud Pasha, the newspaper Al-Bashir of the 1111: 8475: 8112: 7858: 7746: 5741:

the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..

4677: 4351:

Following the Basic Law, the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate was divided into seven districts:

3825: 3604: 3595: 3215: 3140: 2639: 1996: 1452: 1245: 789: 536: 398: 3387:. In the field of history, Bishop Youssef Al-Debs. In the field of scientific authorship, 2261: 8: 7369: 3785: 3334: 2889: 2856: 2806: 2531: 2039:, which included the signatory states of Britain, France and Russia, and the side of the 670: 51: 7400:محمد عبد الغني حسن: جرجي زيدان – الهيئة المصرية العامة للتأليف والنشر – القاهرة – 1970م. 4008:

The 1861–1864 Administrative Council was later amended to include the following members:

3402:, the publisher of the "Encyclopedia of Knowledge" and the author of the dictionary of " 1714:

Orthodox clergy. However, the Maronite community did not welcome him during his tenure.

8496: 8470: 8424: 8419: 8217: 8160: 7888: 7007: 6057: 5675: 5349: 3038: 2893: 2412: 2215: 2131: 1891: 1638:

The principles reached by the delegates were written in an official form known as the "

1464: 685: 476: 345: 7933: 7546: 7542: 7505: 7501: 7441: 7437: 7237: 7233: 7116: 7112: 7084: 7080: 6917: 6913: 6877: 6873: 6845: 6841: 6720: 6716: 6676: 6672: 6644: 6640: 6601: 6597: 6574:سوريا صنع دولة وولادة أمة، وديع بشور، دار اليازجي، دمشق 1994، طبعة أولى، صفحة: 230–235 6530: 6526: 6494: 6490: 6441: 6437: 6317: 6313: 6262: 6258: 6212: 6208: 6177: 6116: 6112: 6037: 6033: 5930:

Armenians in the Service of the Ottoman State Apparatus: Armenian Governors of Lebanon

5768: 5764: 5710: 5706: 5629: 5625: 5431: 5427: 5300: 5296: 5257: 5253: 5218: 5214: 5180: 5176: 5151: 5147: 5082: 5078: 8429: 8392: 8195: 8175: 7792: 7384:"موقع مؤسسة الأهرام: تاريخ المؤسسة – رؤساء الأهرام: السيرة الذاتية للأستاذ سليم تقلا" 6402: 5899: 5878: 5850: 5560: 5525: 5337: 5327: 5121: 5044: 5019: 4979: 4939: 4929: 4902: 4364: 4057: 3572: 3399: 3342: 3296: 3275: 3195: 2944:

only in the Syriac language until the beginning of the twentieth century. As for the

2914: 2662: 2197: 1715: 1436: 1266: 1051: 1046: 779: 530: 512: 506: 488: 482: 7387: 3720: 2249:

During the era of the Turkish administrators, the resistance of the Lebanese to the

1886:, he also built roads and bridges, and was the first ruler to excavate antiquities. 1816: 68: 8501: 8409: 8258: 8253: 8065: 7984: 7837: 7827: 7822: 6987:"السلطة في لبنان وخريطة الديموغرافيا التمايزية | الموقع الرسمي للجيش اللبناني" 5972: 4497: 3696: 2945: 2680: 2534:

of the mountainous land and its surface, its soil and the seasons of the year. The

2518: 2446: 2372: 2311: 2107: 1871: 1796: 1599: 1489: 1432: 1340: 1092: 794: 715: 710: 617: 518: 500: 3425:

Beirut port in the era of the Mutasarrifate: from here, citizens left the country.

1189: 8511: 8404: 8397: 8340: 8263: 8165: 7979: 7953: 7928: 7923: 7797: 7777: 7751: 7724: 7646: 7596: 7331: 7156: 7034:الموارنة في التاريخ، متّى موسى، دار قدمس للنشر والتوزيع، دمشق 2004، صفحة: 400–402 7014: 6967:الدكتور أنيس فريحة، إسمع يا رضا، المنشورات المصورة: عيدنا أحسن من عيدكم، صفحة: 92 6793: 6774: 6290: 6235:متصرفية جبل لبنان في عهد مظفّر باشا، الطبعة رقم 1، لـ عبد الله الملاح، 1985/01/01 6185: 6166: 6144: 6136: 6069: 6002: 5937: 5874: 5846: 5690: 5459: 5280: 5055:

the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.

4933: 4791: 4384: 3790: 3725: 3527: 3505:

Following the events of 1860, a large number of the Druze migrated to Hauran and

3380: 3224: 3001: 2927: 2408: 2031: 2004: 1668: 1654: 1558: 1460: 1256: 1124: 932: 647: 566: 560: 7347: 7310: 7292: 6469: 4411:

Territory of the Mutasarrifate over a map of the current demographics of Lebanon

1917:

constructing more than 480 kilometers of roads, and erecting several Sarayah in

1697: 8284: 8279: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8223: 8149: 8138: 8040: 8003: 7974: 7918: 7913: 7812: 7802: 7787: 5682: 4747: 4372: 4356: 4252: 4227: 4203: 4191: 4101: 4039: 3961: 3905: 3506: 3439: 3404: 2977: 2897: 2782: 2723: 2615: 2543:, they also produced different types of the olive tree, most notably: Al-Ṣūrī ( 2474: 2103: 2040: 1840: 1836: 1535: 1501: 1472: 1468: 1440: 1385: 1381: 1319: 1170: 1136: 1128: 1120: 972: 890: 635: 611: 599: 542: 257: 36: 7883: 5932:: Garabed Artin Pasha Davoudian (Davoud Pasha: 1816–1873), 2010/04/12 | 15:23 3478: 1483:

Lebanese soldiers with their full set of weapons during the Mutasarrifate era.

1142: 8541: 8350: 8345: 8324: 8319: 8296: 8233: 8190: 8180: 8133: 8128: 7969: 7948: 7893: 7878: 7868: 7842: 7782: 7741: 7729: 7575: 7148: 4699: 4388: 4360: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3559: 3532: 3431: 3236: 2643: 2494: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2291: 2254: 2250: 2206: 2182: 2115: 1988: 1969: 1527: 1497: 1389: 1375:, who had come to help end the conflict between the Druze and the Christians. 1353: 1282: 1249: 1213: 980: 554: 524: 85: 8093: 7908: 7832: 7324:الاتحاد الكاثوليكي العالمي للصحافة، لبنان: 175 عامًا لمدرسة "الثلاثة اقمار". 7061:النص الثالث للمجمع البطريركي الماروني، علاقة الكنيسة المارونية، قانون عدد 15 5341: 2339:, due to the inability to obtain fuel, they roasted barley and made it into 2273:," which consisted equally of Muslims and Christians, and also included two 1591: 1568: 8491: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8024: 8019: 7991: 7943: 7938: 7903: 7873: 7772: 7767: 6273:: المتصرفون وأعمالهم: يوسف فرانكو باشا وأوهانس قيومجيان باشا، صفحة: 218–219 4970: 4695: 3854: 3450: 3364: 3338: 3326: 3306: 3031: 2985: 2831: 2792: 2774: 2651: 2422: 2067: 2063: 1776: 1748: 1664: 1505: 1344:"mixed" neighbourhoods of southern Lebanon and the Anti Lebanon, to Sidon, 1274: 1209: 1181: 1166: 1026: 1018: 799: 605: 285: 7095:: الأوضاع الاجتماعية والثقافية والاقتصادية في عهد المتصرفية، صفحة: 221–222 5676:جريدة النور: حوادث 1860 في لبنان ودمشق فتنة دينية أم مؤامرة سياسية غربية؟! 5654: 5586: 2765: 2671: 1956: 8201: 7898: 7817: 7638: 6785: 6367:, Habib Publishers s.a.r.l., 2015, ISBN 978-9953-522-32-6, page 44-45-46. 6346: 5895:

The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History

5321: 4971: 3850: 3774:

Syrian, stepson of second mutassarrif Nasri Franco Coussa (Franko Pasha)

3741: 3608: 3515: 3492: 3484: 3466: 3322: 3136: 2741: 2719: 2610:

In the spring days, the majority of the Lebanese were devoted to raising

2430: 2299: 2242: 2186: 2160: 2071: 2055: 2017: 1913: 1906: 1859: 1755: 1301: 1059: 5793:عهد المتصرفين في لبنان، لحد خاطر: "لماذا سُميت المتصرفيّة"، صفحة: 11–12 2757:

which led to the intensification and complexity of the economic crisis.

6565:

A. ISMAIL; Documents Diplomatiques et Consulaires, vol. 19, pp: 260–265

4860:

Reports by Her Majesty's secretaries of embassy and legation on the ...

3590: 3583: 3555: 3551: 3376: 3330: 2905: 2753: 2737: 2501:, in addition to the districts of Bekaa, Baalbek, Hasbaya and Rashaya. 2470: 2279: 2099: 1977: 1811:

Rostam Pasha "the Italian", 3rd Mutasarrif of Mount Lebanon (1873–1883)

1407: 1399: 1241: 1151: 1030: 984: 7641:, Master's thesis, Uğur Ü. Üngör, University of Amsterdam, June 2005. 7149:سورية الحرّة: الدبكة الشعبية في سوريا: تراث عريق يعكس التنوع الاجتماعي 5041:

Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon

3753: 3367:, the Wali of Syria in 1880, the Eastern Scientific Academy headed by 2650:

in monasteries is famous. Most of the grape production was from wine,

2269:

Among the associations that were established during this era was the "

1866: 1727: 1644: 1104:

rewarded Bashir for the assistance provided to him by his supporters.

8450: 4380: 3814:

Syrian, son of second mutassarrif Nasri Franco Coussa (Franko Pasha)

3746: 3576: 3523: 3446: 2647: 2611: 2376: 2336: 2169: 1509: 1411: 1332: 1212:, and it reached its climax when some Druze besieged the emir in the 1175: 988: 675: 392: 3189: 2882: 1231: 1045:

The Mutasarrifate era is also characterized by the beginning of the

8414: 5920:, Habib Publishers s.a.r.l., 2015, ISBN 978-9953-522-32-6, page 42. 5877:, p. 414. Gabor Agoston, Bruce Masters, Infobase Publishing, 2009. 5476:

An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860

3683: 3539: 3310: 3060: 2956: 2941: 2936: 2814: 2801: 2490: 1918: 1855:

Photo from the 1880s of Wassa Pasha as Mutasarrif of Mount Lebanon.

1820: 1630: 1055: 1022: 1014: 999: 996: 976: 494: 404: 7684: 4376: 2877: 1937: 1879: 1367: 1357: 1288: 8089: 6282: 6048:: المتصرفون وأعمالهم: داود باشا – فرانكو نصري باشا، صفحة: 212–214 5238: 4396: 4368: 4352: 3542:

did. My father reluctantly acquiesces... But the problem of the "

3288: 3220: 2960: 2931: 2778: 2630: 2348: 2139: 1883: 1827: 1549: 1349: 1345: 1328: 1007: 662: 323: 92: 5898:, pp. 181–182. Bruce Masters, Cambridge University Press, 2013. 5557:

Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860

5138: 5136: 5134: 3161: 2098:, to attack the British, drive them out of Egypt, and seize the 7705: 6089: 5559:(illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris & Company. p. 320. 3707: 3103: 3099: 3073: 3065: 3048: 2711: 2700: 2523: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2135: 2123: 2000: 1922: 1875: 1807: 1787: 1278: 1197: 1083: 388: 6178:سراي بعبدا الحكومي لوحة معمارية عثمانية من ينقذه ويداوي جراحه؟ 5678:؛ صفحة الرأي- بقلم الأستاذ إلياس بولاد، محاضرة في مركز اللقاء 1851: 5995:

The politics of interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830–1861

5131: 4785: 3208: 3115: 3095: 3088: 2968: 2964: 2740:, and only the valuable fabrics that are made in the town of 2715: 2707: 2540: 2535: 2498: 2392: 2307: 2127: 1902: 1765: 1720: 1493: 1451:

On 5 September 1860, an international commission composed of

1220: 1132: 1003: 966: 6137:يا بيروت: بداية مدينة بيروت الحديثة، 1278–1306هـ/1860-1888م: 5849:, p. 99. Carol Hakim, University of California Press, 2013. 3598:, him being on the left, Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, 1880s. 3514:

were Salim and Bishara Taqla, Yaqoub Sarouf and Faris Nimr,

2976:

manifestations changed, especially in the major cities, and

2460: 8087: 7591:؛ تاريخ التحرير: الأربعاء 1429/1/16هـ – الموافق 2008/1/23م 6466:"يا بيروت: المنعطفات الرئيسية في تاريخ بيروت، الفصل الثاني" 4898:

Religion and Fertility: Arab Christian-Muslim Differentials

4392: 2910: 2861: 2696: 2623: 2619: 2119: 1972:

and that two members would be sent to represent it in the "

1683: 1526:(أمير) was quickly refuted because it was offensive to the 1522: 1260:

Klemens von Metternich, architect of the Kaimakamat System.

6223:: المتصرفون وأعمالهم: واصه باشا ونعّوم باشا، صفحة: 216–217 4998: 6159:"وثيقة خطيرة تبيّن أهمية سورية والأسر الدرزية والمارونية" 5789: 5787: 5785: 5521:

Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830–1861

5252:، ترجمة: د. يسر جابر، مراجعة: د. منذر جابر، دار الحداثة، 5116:

Trevor N. Dupuy. (1993). "The First Turko-Egyptian War."

3873: 3603:

the period of the Mutasarrifate, including, for example:

2847: 2130:, where he died, and the seventy-two years old Patriarch 987:(governor), which had been created as a homeland for the 7289:"الموقع الرسمي لجامعة القديس يوسف: لَمْحَة تارِيـخِيَّة" 5273:العمامة: موسوعة التوحيد الدرزية، سيرة البطل شبلي العريان 3064:

of Lebanese folklore is the popular dance known as the "

2820: 2177:

In September 1915, a royal decree was issued appointing

5997:. London: Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain). 2896:, the oldest mosque in Mount Lebanon, built in 1493 by 2469:

The victorious Allies held a conference in the city of

1709:, better known as Daoud Pasha. Armenian in origin, and 6655:: لبنان في المرحلة الانتقالية (1918–1920)، صفحة: 17–18 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6139:بيروت تمتد خارج أبوابها لتضم الضواحي والأحياء الجديدة 5813:"Modern History of the Arab Countries, sections 11–12" 5782: 5616: 5614: 5612: 2995:

Lebanese Villagers of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.

2718:

and other areas to secure their essential sustenance.

2290:

in the city center, and seven notables of Damascus in

6888:: تأثير الحصار البحري على الاقتصاد اللبناني، صفحة: 44 6631: 6629: 6627: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 5739:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. 2011: 1371:

Beirut in 1860, in the center of the picture is Emir

1062:. The Ottomans started an organized famine (known as 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6283:موقع بلدية برجا: من عربة الحنطور إلى الطمبر والموتور 5859: 5839:

The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea, 1840–1920

5584: 5453:صورة الليدي الإنكليزية حرّضت الدروز على الحكم المصري 4805: 946: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6238: 5609: 5241:تحت الحكم التركي من الناحيتين السياسية والتاريخية، 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4837: 3730:Italian from Florence, naturalized Ottoman citizen 2245:

as a result of the Great Famine of Lebanon in 1916.

7625:Al Barlaman : Democracy in Lebanon since 1861 7610:Al Barlaman : Democracy in Lebanon since 1861 7344:"يا بيروت، مدرسة زهرة الإحسان للطائفة الأرثوذكسية" 6624: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6295: 5383:في 16 يوليو 2018، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 12 نوفمبر 2009. 4863:Great Britain. Foreign office. 1870. p. 176. 3352:, which was headed by Prince Muhammad Arslan, the 3007: 2800:During World War I, the federal government issued 7589:أخبار الجزيرة: هجرة اللبنانيين.. من نكبة إلى نعمة 7213: 6944:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936) 6415: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5016:Lebanon: war and politics in a fragmented society 4232:He replaced Daher Abou Chacra due to his old age 3383:, Abdullah Al-Bustani, Sheikh Yusef Al-Asir, and 2391:and from there he went to the railway station in 1447:in the Shuf Mountains lived in complete harmony. 991:under European diplomatic pressure following the 8539: 7533: 7531: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7151:؛ تاريخ التحرير 22 September 2010 (ثقافة وفنون) 6825: 6389:. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 5162:: اللبنانيون في ظل الحكم المصري، صفحة: 161 – 168 5013: 4879: 1423: 1087:Painting of the Emir of Mount Lebanon Bashir II. 979:reform. After 1861, there existed an autonomous 7473: 6508: 5517: 2398: 2317: 1831:Archbishop of Tyre and Sidon Pierre Al-Bustani. 1667:, Beirut or Damascus, as was the case with the 1364:, in which over 10,000 Christians were killed. 1300:with most of Britain and France's agents being 7686:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire 7307:"يا بيروت: المدرسة البطريركية للروم الكاثوليك" 6231: 6229: 5746: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 4978:. University of California Press. p. 94. 3313:newspaper by Salim and Bshara Takla in 1875, " 2864:. There was also a noticeable presence of the 2224:Photos of victims of the Mount Lebanon famine. 2074:-era Ottoman leadership, he is also known as " 1078: 7670: 7528: 7421: 7045:"الكرشونية: رباط لغوي بين السريانية والعربية" 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 5462:. جريدة القبس الكويتية. وُصِل لهذا المسار في 5391: 5389: 4894: 3030:During the period of the Mutasarrifate, many 2622:from the silkworms, and housewives worked on 1932: 1152:Prince Bashir bin Qasim bin Melhem al-Shihabi 908: 7697: 7180:. سلسلة التراث الشفوي الفلسطيني الجزء الأول. 6621:الدكتور جورج حنّا، قبل الغروب، صفحة: 167–169 6612:: المجاعة والمرض وأعمال الإغاثة، صفحة: 49–50 6103: 6101: 6099: 6082:"مدينة الحازمية | Hazmieh Municipality" 4974:; Debevoise, Malcolm; Kassir, Samir (2010). 4702:, including the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. 2150: 1983: 1217:an Ottoman ship took him to Constantinople. 7492: 7490: 7488: 6663: 6661: 6505:: الجراد يُتلف المحصول الزراعي، صفحة: 45–46 6460: 6458: 6226: 5887: 5411: 5268: 5266: 5260:. اعتناق الشهابيين للمسيحية، صفحة 118 – 123 5194: 5118:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History 3566: 2592: 2576: 2560: 2544: 2079: 1912:Of Aleppine origins, and Melkite in faith, 1802: 1782: 102: 8372: 7677: 7663: 7622: 7607: 7480:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 7103: 7101: 6856:: الأحوال الإقتصادية والعمرانية، صفحة: 223 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6549: 6547: 6190: 6127:: المتصرفون وأعمالهم: رستم باشا، صفحة: 215 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5831: 5386: 4847:(in French). J. Dumaine. pp. 112–113. 2868:in both parts of the mountain. As for the 1951: 1897: 1846: 1692: 1221:The double Qa’im-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 1196:Usually, in these types of incidents, the 915: 901: 67: 50: 8553:1861 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 7161: 7071: 7069: 7067: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6096: 5948:د. أسد رستم : لبنان في عهد المتصرفية 5923: 5229:: نهاية الإمارة الشهابية، صفحة: 181 – 183 4419: 4170:1864–1869 Administrative Council members: 3879:1861–1864 Administrative Council members: 3416: 2375:, and contaminated drinking water spread 1323:Christian refugees during the 1860 strife 7485: 7188: 7186: 7178:فوكلور العرس والغناء الشعبي: ليلة الحناء 7144: 7142: 6767:Baalbec – Ruins of the Temple of Bacchus 6689:لبنان في عهد الانتداب، دولة لبنان الكبير 6658: 6455: 6365:التاريخ العلمي السنة التاسعة تعليم أساسي 6154: 6152: 5918:التاريخ العلمي السنة التاسعة تعليم أساسي 5263: 5032: 5003:. Beirut: Librarie du Liban. p. 74. 4938:. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 4831: 4770:Also known as the Mount Lebanon Sanjak; 4406: 3589: 3420: 3135: 3037: 3011: 2990: 2955: 2888: 2846: 2791: 2764: 2730: 2642:. Lebanon's wines were mentioned in the 2629: 2517: 2459: 2321: 2260: 2236: 2168: 2050: 1987: 1955: 1936: 1901: 1850: 1826: 1806: 1786: 1754: 1726: 1696: 1684:The era of the legitimate administrators 1629: 1478: 1427: 1366: 1318: 1287: 1255: 1230: 1180: 1141: 1110: 1082: 55: 7568:"القصة السورية – أدباء الرابطة القلمية" 7098: 6976:قبل الغروب، الدكتور جورج حنّا، صفحة 164 6864: 6862: 6577: 6544: 6481: 6479: 6007: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5311:: نهاية الإمارة الشهابية، صفحة: 186 183 3054: 1815:After the death of Franco Nasri Pasha, 299:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 56:Map of the Mount Lebanon Mutassarifate 8540: 7064: 6891: 6694: 5913: 5911: 5493:"Modern History of the Arab Countries" 5490: 5397:"Al Moqatel – الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية" 5191:: أدوار حكم الأمير بشير، صفحة: 170–171 4992: 4928: 3874:List of Administrative Council members 3638: 3305:" by Abdel Qader Al-Qabbani in 1875, " 2837: 1579: 1169:. And since this prince was among the 696:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon 8371: 8086: 7696: 7658: 7183: 7176:هشام عارف الموعد ومأمون أحمد الموعد. 7170: 7139: 6937: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6339:"أحمد جمال باشا السفاح – اكتشف سورية" 6149: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5734: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5375:Lutsky, Vladimir Borisovich (1969)، " 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5275:؛ بقلم الشيخ أبو غالب حاتم قاسم حلبي 4738:History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule 3363:, which was established in Beirut by 2821:Economic situation during World War I 2781:. The population also dealt with the 1675:presented to it by the administrator. 1542:that the Ottomans fought to abolish. 1227:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 1150:At that time, the Ottomans appointed 736:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 624:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 272:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 7269:from the original on 5 November 2022 7127:: اتساع الفوارق الاجتماعية، صفحة: 49 6950:from the original on 4 November 2022 6859: 6476: 6452:: عهد المتصرفين الأتراك، صفحة: 32–33 5819:from the original on 12 January 2020 5799: 5573: 5499:from the original on 12 January 2020 5491:Lutsky, Vladimir Borisovich (1969). 5486: 5484: 5377:Modern History of the Arab Countries 5038: 4775: 3844: 2951: 2385: 2284:The Situation of Christians in Syria 2147:, Ismail Haqqi Bey, and Mumtaz Bey. 2094:), to the Levant at the head of the 2045:newly established federal government 1882:, and began constructing a Saray in 1719:of the young sheikhs of the town of 1634:Mutasarrifate-era Lebanese soldiers. 956: 8558:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire 7195: 5965:"The system of Moutasarrifiat rule" 5908: 5643: 5640:: الفتنة الكبرى 1860، صفحة: 198–199 5442:: الفتنة الكبرى 1860، صفحة: 196–197 4999:Salwa C. Nassar Foundation (1969). 4952:from the original on 17 August 2023 4867:from the original on 17 August 2023 4851: 4795: 2909:include: Sayyid Ali al-Husseini (a 1013:This system came during the era of 936: 13: 6928:: تدابير عثمانية ضارة، صفحة: 44–45 6353: 6180:تحقيق: عبيدة محروم ونظيرة فرنسيس 5951: 5867:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 5810: 5545: 5362: 5110: 5107:: أدوار حكم الأمير بشير، صفحة: 127 5007: 4964: 3558:pants, a precious overcoat, and a 3411: 3354:Islamic Charitable Maqāsed Society 3321:newspaper by Adeeb Ishaq in 1877, 2355:, and some of them took refuge in 2232:during the beginning of April 1915 2012:The era of the Turkish Mutasarrifs 14: 8574: 7627:. Manchourat Al Harf. p. 13. 7612:. Manchourat Al Harf. p. 11. 7537:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 7525:ميخائيل نعيمة، سبعون، صفحة: 94–96 7496:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 7432:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 7228:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 7107:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 7075:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 6908:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6868:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6836:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 6711:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6667:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6635:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء العاشر، 6592:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6521:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء العاشر، 6485:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6432:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6328:: خرق النظام الأساسي، صفحة: 30–31 6308:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء الثامن، 6253:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 6203:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 6107:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 6028:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5759:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5701:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5653:. 3 November 2016. Archived from 5620:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5597:from the original on 23 June 2011 5481: 5422:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5379:"، Progress Publishers، مؤرشف من 5291:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5209:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5171:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5142:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 5066:المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السابع، 4402: 2796:Ottoman Turkish 100 Lira Banknote 1308: 1115:Muhammad Ali Pasha and Bashir II. 16:Subdivision of the Ottoman Empire 7631: 7616: 7601: 7582: 7560: 7519: 7464: 7455: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7376: 7354: 7336: 7317: 7299: 7281: 7251: 7248:: النهضة الثقافية، صفحة: 224–225 7025:المسلمون في جبيل وكسروان ص ٥٦–٥٧ 6541:: خرق النظام الأساسي، صفحة: 9-11 6376:عبد الله حسين، يوسف الأمير علي. 4844:État présent de l'empire ottoman 4719: 4707: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 3491: 3477: 3465: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3188: 3174: 3160: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2298:considered cooperating with the 2241:Partial list of the deceased in 2214: 2205: 2196: 2165:Martyrs' Day (Lebanon and Syria) 884: 355: 303: 278: 264: 250: 7204: 7167:Cohen, Katz, 2006, pp. 271–274. 7130: 7055: 7037: 7028: 7019: 7001: 6979: 6970: 6961: 6931: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6779: 6760: 6751: 6742: 6615: 6568: 6559: 6370: 6331: 6276: 6171: 6130: 6074: 6051: 5987: 5942: 5779:: قيام المتصرفية، صفحة: 203–206 5728: 5695: 5669: 5651:"Lebanon – Religious Conflicts" 5587:"Lebanon - Religious Conflicts" 5511: 5469: 5445: 5314: 5285: 5232: 5165: 5060: 4895:Joseph Chamie (30 April 1981). 4812: 3697:Nasrallah (Nasri) Franco Coussa 3008:Construction and transportation 2913:in Baabda and Jounieh), Shiite 2842: 1797:Nasrallah (Nasri) Franco Coussa 1625: 1165:in their areas, and exercising 1156: 957:جَبَلِ لُبْنَان مُتَصَرِّفلِيغى 8435:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7326:تاريخ التحرير: 20 / 04 / 2010 6285:، بقلم الأستاذ شفيق أحمد دمج. 5323:Lebanon : a country study 4922: 4764: 2695:Some mountain peasants raised 2614:, which feed on the leaves of 2513: 975:'s subdivisions following the 937:مُتَصَرِّفِيَّة جَبَل لُبْنَان 26:مُتَصَرِّفِيَّة جَبَل لُبْنَان 1: 7698: 7557:: أسباب الهجرة، صفحة: 235–236 7516:: أسباب الهجرة، صفحة: 233–234 7452:: أسباب الهجرة، صفحة: 231–232 5811:Lutsky, Vladimir Borisovich. 5001:Cultural resources in Lebanon 4824: 4698:'s 1896 map of the region of 2904:Under the Mutasarrifate, the 2851:Bkerke, Maronite Patriarchate 2157:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 2022:Ottoman Empire in World War I 1921:, Jezzine, Jounieh, Batroun, 1738:Salman ibn Melhem Al-Harfushi 1701:Garabet Artin Pasha Davoudian 1538:) and was reminiscent of the 1424:Creation of the Mutasarrifate 1146:Bashir II Shihab's last will. 1073: 1036:American University of Beirut 968:Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı 57: 8446:Principality of Transylvania 7482:, Thomson Gale (2004), p.597 5555:Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (1995). 5120:. HarperCollins Publishers, 4935:Lebanon: A History, 600–2011 4786: 4346: 2689:Pine trees in Mount Lebanon. 2522:Olive groves in the town of 2399:Decline of the Mutasarrifate 2318:Ismail Haqqi Bey (1917–1918) 1795:The Sublime Porte appointed 1315:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 1017:reforms initiated by Sultan 993:1860 Druze–Maronite conflict 967: 948:Mutaṣarrifiyyat Jabal Lubnān 741:Lebanese presidential crisis 701:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 7: 6938:Giese, F. (24 April 2012), 5737:Near East/South Asia Report 5524:. I.B.Tauris. p. 564. 4901:. CUP Archive. p. 29. 4806: 4731: 3456: 3113: 2921: 2760: 2134:was forced to visit him in 1079:Mount Lebanon as an emirate 947: 929:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 726:2007 North Lebanon conflict 630:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 24:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 10: 8579: 7623:Abou Fadel, Henry (1985). 7608:Abou Fadel, Henry (1985). 6161:، ترجمة الأستاذ كمال خوجة 5680:ببطريريكية الروم الكاثوليك 5585:U.S. Library of Congress. 5451:حمزة عليان (5 July 2009). 5018:. Routledge. p. 291. 4753:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem 3619:in the United States, and 3570: 3042:Traditional Lebanese house 3019: 2894:Masjid al-amir Fakhreddine 2504: 2402: 2154: 2015: 1992:Ohannes Kouyoumdjian Pasha 1933:Muzaffar Pasha (1902–1907) 1835:Since the budget was in a 1770:Al-Madrasah al-Dāwūdiyyah. 1418: 1312: 1224: 1178:on land owned by a Druze. 721:2006–08 political protests 209:• Ottoman occupation 73:The Mutasarrifate in 1914. 43:9 June 1861–September 1918 8548:Ottoman period in Lebanon 8484: 8451:Principality of Wallachia 8385: 8381: 8367: 8333: 8312: 8272: 8210: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8082: 8033: 8012: 7962: 7851: 7760: 7717: 7713: 7692: 6786:Roberts prints of Baalbek 6407:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5993:Caesar E. Farah, (2000). 5014:Winslow, Charles (1996). 4839:Pavet de Courteille, Abel 4776:جَبَلِ لُبْنَان سَنْجَاغى 3026:Rail transport in Lebanon 2640:most ancient in the world 2151:Ali Münif Bey (1915–1917) 1984:Ohannes Pasha (1912–1915) 1759:Body of Youssef Bey Karam 1515: 1445:Druzes and the Christians 1293:Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope 746:Maritime boundary dispute 319: 229: 225: 221: 217: 207: 203:3 August 1860 9 June 1861 192: 188: 180: 176: 172: 162: 152: 142: 132: 128: 120: 91: 81: 47: 42: 31: 23: 8466:Principality of Bulgaria 8415:Principality of Moldavia 6058:يوسف بك كرم: قداسة ونضال 5518:Ceasar E. Farah (2000). 4758: 4387:and the other being the 4383:, one of them being the 3810:Greek Catholic (Melkite) 3770:Greek Catholic (Melkite) 3702:Greek Catholic (Melkite) 3567:Results of the migration 3341:in 1892, and Al-Dia’ by 2405:French Mandate (Lebanon) 1803:Rüstem Pasha (1873–1883) 1783:Franko Pasha (1868–1873) 1562:was agreed upon and its 1395:Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza’iri 1373:Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri 731:2008 conflict in Lebanon 594:Emirate of Mount Lebanon 8456:Principality of Romania 5495:. Progress Publishers. 4645: 3673:Garabet Artin Davoudian 3022:Architecture of Lebanon 2371:, rats transmitted the 1952:Yusuf Pasha (1907–1912) 1898:Naoum Pasha (1892–1902) 1847:Wassa Pasha (1883–1892) 1707:Garabet Artin Davoudian 1693:Daoud Pasha (1861–1868) 1246:Youssef Boutros Hobeish 1235:Omar Pasha – Lithograph 1040:Saint Joseph University 8563:Christianity and Druze 8461:Principality of Serbia 6555:ISBN 978-614-402-139-2 6343:www.discover-syria.com 5873:17 August 2023 at the 5845:17 August 2023 at the 5721:: إخماد الفتنة ونهاية 5354:: CS1 maint: others ( 4796:سَنْجَق جَبَل لُبْنَان 4787:Cebel-i Lübnan Sancağı 4420:1895 and 1913 censuses 4412: 3889:Confession / Religion 3682:Ottoman Armenian from 3599: 3426: 3417:Reasons for emigration 3385:Ahmed Faris Al-Shidyaq 3381:Sheikh Nassif Al-Yazji 3182:Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq 3144: 3043: 3017: 2996: 2972: 2901: 2852: 2797: 2775:El-lirah el-osmeliyyeh 2770: 2635: 2527: 2466: 2327: 2304:Sharif Hussein bin Ali 2266: 2246: 2174: 2058: 2026:Raid on the Suez Canal 1993: 1961: 1942: 1909: 1856: 1832: 1812: 1792: 1760: 1732: 1702: 1635: 1484: 1448: 1382:golden pound sterlings 1376: 1324: 1296: 1261: 1236: 1193: 1147: 1116: 1088: 681:Palestinian insurgency 112:People of the Mountain 8517:Principality of Samos 6737:الحرب العالمية الأولى 6731:: الوضع الاقتصادي في 6064:2007، الساعة: 15:06م 5963:el-Mallah, Abdallah. 5478:By Leila Tarazi Fawaz 5039:Deeb, Marius (2013). 4743:Mount Lebanon Emirate 4410: 4379:, in addition to two 4180:Confession / Religion 4098:Ahmad Ali Abdel Samad 4018:Confession / Religion 3950:Isaa Chedid El Khoury 3932:Ayyash Melhem Hamadeh 3658:Confession / Religion 3593: 3424: 3149:students went to the 3139: 3041: 3015: 2994: 2959: 2892: 2850: 2795: 2768: 2750:Marine Transportation 2731:Industry and commerce 2633: 2521: 2487:Arab Kingdom of Syria 2479:mandate of the French 2463: 2325: 2312:Faisal bin Al Hussein 2271:Beirut Reform Society 2264: 2240: 2172: 2054: 1991: 1959: 1940: 1905: 1854: 1830: 1810: 1790: 1758: 1730: 1700: 1642:" (also known as the 1633: 1588:"Règlement Organique" 1534:being a title of the 1482: 1431: 1370: 1322: 1291: 1275:Sultan Abd al-Majid I 1259: 1234: 1184: 1145: 1114: 1086: 761:2020 Beirut explosion 706:2005 Lebanon bombings 642:Allied administration 8476:Septinsular Republic 7735:Muhammad Ali dynasty 7366:aabeyh.homestead.com 6472:on 23 December 2014. 5407:on 11 December 2017. 5239:سوريا ولبنان وفلسطين 3826:Ohannes Kouyoumdjian 3742:Vaso Pashë Shkodrani 3605:Gibran Khalil Gibran 3596:Jibran Khalil Jibran 3518:, and Jurji Zaidan. 3141:Brummana High School 3055:Culture and heritage 1997:Ohannes Kouyoumdjian 1946:Władysław Czajkowski 1860:Vaso Pashë Shkodrani 1817:Rüstem Mariani Pasha 1443:: Historically; the 1339:fired on a group of 537:Kingdom of Jerusalem 7578:on 23 January 2018. 7572:www.syrianstory.com 7549:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 7508:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 7444:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 7390:on 18 January 2012. 7240:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 7119:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 7087:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6920:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6880:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6848:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6723:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6679:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6647:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6604:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6533:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6497:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6444:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6320:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6265:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6215:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6119:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 6040:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5975:on 31 December 2010 5771:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5713:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5632:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5434:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5303:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5221:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5183:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5154:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 5085:، تأليف: شفيق جحا، 4807:Sanjaq Jabal Lubnān 4309:Abdallah Moussallem 4122:Abdallah Moussallem 3986:Abdallah Moussallem 3853:broke out in 1914, 3786:Ladislas Czaykowski 3639:List of mutasarrifs 3432:exempted from taxes 2838:Society and culture 2591:), and Al-Bustānī ( 2447:Habib Pasha al-Saad 2367:, lice transmitted 1974:Chamber of Deputies 1581:Règlement Organique 1047:Lebanese emigration 671:1958 Lebanon crisis 663:Republic of Lebanon 197:Règlement Organique 8497:Khedivate of Egypt 8471:Kingdom of Imereti 8425:Republic of Ragusa 8420:Sharifate of Mecca 7645:2008-06-25 at the 7595:2010-01-07 at the 7539:دار العلم للملايين 7498:دار العلم للملايين 7434:دار العلم للملايين 7362:"Website Disabled" 7330:2012-01-18 at the 7313:on 5 January 2013. 7263:The New York Times 7230:دار العلم للملايين 7155:2016-03-04 at the 7109:دار العلم للملايين 7077:دار العلم للملايين 7013:2017-08-18 at the 6991:www.lebarmy.gov.lb 6910:دار العلم للملايين 6870:دار العلم للملايين 6838:دار العلم للملايين 6792:2017-12-31 at the 6773:2013-01-19 at the 6769:Liverpool Museums 6713:دار العلم للملايين 6669:دار العلم للملايين 6637:دار العلم للملايين 6594:دار العلم للملايين 6523:دار العلم للملايين 6487:دار العلم للملايين 6434:دار العلم للملايين 6378:جمال باشا (أحمد ـ) 6310:دار العلم للملايين 6289:2016-11-19 at the 6255:دار العلم للملايين 6205:دار العلم للملايين 6184:2020-01-26 at the 6165:2011-03-02 at the 6143:2014-12-17 at the 6109:دار العلم للملايين 6092:on 9 October 2011. 6086:www.hazmieh.gov.lb 6068:2012-03-22 at the 6030:دار العلم للملايين 6001:2015-04-09 at the 5969:abdallahmallah.com 5936:2012-01-25 at the 5761:دار العلم للملايين 5723:عهد القائممقاميتين 5703:دار العلم للملايين 5689:2010-07-19 at the 5657:on 3 November 2016 5622:دار العلم للملايين 5458:2016-03-06 at the 5424:دار العلم للملايين 5293:دار العلم للملايين 5279:2016-03-07 at the 5211:دار العلم للملايين 5173:دار العلم للملايين 5144:دار العلم للملايين 5068:دار العلم للملايين 4413: 4395:were divided into 4391:District. And the 4188:Wehbeh Abou Ghanem 4048:Youssef Abou Fadel 4036:Wehbeh Abou Ghanem 3902:Wehbeh Abou Ghanem 3600: 3582:families lived on 3516:sheikh Rashid Rida 3427: 3400:Boutros Al-Bustani 3375:Society headed by 3350:Jam'iyyat Al-'Ulūm 3228:villages as well. 3223:, Batroun, Jbeil, 3145: 3044: 3018: 2997: 2973: 2902: 2853: 2798: 2771: 2636: 2528: 2467: 2413:Battle of Maysalun 2328: 2267: 2247: 2175: 2059: 1994: 1962: 1943: 1910: 1892:Court of cassation 1857: 1833: 1813: 1793: 1761: 1733: 1703: 1636: 1576:of Mount Lebanon. 1485: 1449: 1377: 1325: 1297: 1277:issued his famous 1262: 1237: 1206:Those of Good-Will 1194: 1167:judicial authority 1148: 1117: 1098:Muhammad Ali Pasha 1089: 891:Lebanon portal 774:By city and region 686:Lebanese Civil War 477:Rashidun Caliphate 456:Sassanid interlude 8533: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8430:Serbian Despotate 8393:Cossack Hetmanate 8363: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8073: 7639:A Reign of Terror 7265:. 29 April 1910. 6997:on 15 March 2016. 6060:؛ تاريخ التحرير: 5904:978-1-107-03363-4 5591:countrystudies.us 5566:978-1-86064-028-5 5531:978-1-86064-056-8 5025:978-0-415-14403-2 4985:978-0-520-25668-2 4908:978-0-521-28147-8 4804: 4784: 4643: 4642: 4589:Other Christians 4344: 4343: 4325:Maronite Catholic 4289:Maronite Catholic 4277:Maronite Catholic 4241:Maronite Catholic 4237:Youssef El Khoury 4200:Daher Abou Chacra 4167: 4166: 4138:Maronite Catholic 4114:Maronite Catholic 4058:Mounir Abou Fadel 4026:Hassan Abou Aouad 4005: 4004: 3980:Maronite Catholic 3894:Hassan Abou Aouad 3845:List of governors 3839: 3838: 3835:Ottoman Armenian 3831:Armenian Catholic 3678:Armenian Catholic 3573:Lebanese diaspora 3512:settlers in Egypt 3297:Butrus al-Bustani 3276:Hadiqat al-Akhbar 3242:Hadiqat al-Akhbar 3196:Ibrahim Al-Yazigi 2952:Social conditions 2783:Egyptian currency 2752:, the money from 2386:Mumtaz bey (1918) 2343:instead of using 2326:Ismā'īl Haqqi Bey 2104:Wilayah of Beirut 2089:the Blood-Shedder 2064:Ahmed Jamal Pasha 2056:Ahmed Jamal Pasha 1864:Catholic Albanian 1841:Pierre al-Bustani 1731:Youssef Bey Karam 1267:Prince Metternich 1052:Arabic literature 983:with a Christian 971:) was one of the 965: 945: 925: 924: 531:County of Tripoli 513:Ikhshidid dynasty 507:Fatimid Caliphate 489:Abbasid Caliphate 483:Umayyad Caliphate 329: 328: 315: 314: 311: 310: 291: 290: 184:19th–20th century 97:أَهْل الْجَبَل; " 8570: 8502:Kurdish emirates 8410:Khanate of Kazan 8383: 8382: 8369: 8368: 8103: 8102: 8084: 8083: 7715: 7714: 7703: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7574:. Archived from 7564: 7558: 7535: 7526: 7523: 7517: 7494: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7462: 7459: 7453: 7430: 7419: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7386:. Archived from 7380: 7374: 7373: 7372:on 3 March 2016. 7368:. Archived from 7358: 7352: 7351: 7350:on 2 April 2013. 7346:. Archived from 7340: 7334: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7309:. Archived from 7303: 7297: 7296: 7291:. Archived from 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7255: 7249: 7226: 7211: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7159: 7146: 7137: 7134: 7128: 7105: 7096: 7073: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7051:on 2 March 2020. 7047:. Archived from 7041: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7017: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6993:. Archived from 6983: 6977: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6935: 6929: 6906: 6889: 6866: 6857: 6834: 6823: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6796: 6783: 6777: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6709: 6692: 6665: 6656: 6633: 6622: 6619: 6613: 6590: 6575: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6542: 6519: 6506: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6468:. Archived from 6462: 6453: 6430: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6382:الموسوعة العربية 6374: 6368: 6362: 6351: 6350: 6349:on 6 March 2018. 6345:. Archived from 6335: 6329: 6306: 6293: 6280: 6274: 6251: 6236: 6233: 6224: 6201: 6188: 6175: 6169: 6156: 6147: 6134: 6128: 6105: 6094: 6093: 6088:. Archived from 6078: 6072: 6055: 6049: 6026: 6005: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5971:. Archived from 5960: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5906: 5891: 5885: 5863: 5857: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5808: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5780: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5732: 5726: 5699: 5693: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5647: 5641: 5618: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5582: 5571: 5570: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5488: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5449: 5443: 5420: 5409: 5408: 5403:. Archived from 5393: 5384: 5373: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5345: 5318: 5312: 5289: 5283: 5270: 5261: 5251: 5236: 5230: 5207: 5192: 5169: 5163: 5140: 5129: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5095: 5076: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5043:. Hoover Press. 5036: 5030: 5029: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4892: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4835: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4723: 4711: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4618:Total population 4427: 4426: 4313:Melkite Catholic 4224:Qowaider Hamadeh 4212:Khalil El Jawish 4174: 4173: 4126:Melkite Catholic 4012: 4011: 4000:Melkite Catholic 3990:Melkite Catholic 3922:Khalil El Jawish 3883: 3882: 3646: 3645: 3633: 3531:Lebanese writer 3495: 3481: 3469: 3397: 3362: 3343:Ibrahim Al-Yazji 3302:Thamrāt Al-Funūn 3263: 3251: 3239: 3192: 3178: 3164: 3086: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2443: 2435:Shukri Al-Ayoubi 2218: 2209: 2200: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 1970:Wilayah of Syria 1837:state of deficit 1768:, known as the " 1746: 1640:Protocol of 1861 1616:Melkite Catholic 1559:plénipotentiaire 1433:Christian Church 1160: 1159: 1840–1842 1158: 1093:Bashir Shihab II 970: 960: 958: 950: 940: 938: 917: 910: 903: 889: 888: 887: 751:Liquidity crisis 711:Cedar Revolution 618:El Assaad Family 549:Mamluk Sultanate 519:Mirdasid dynasty 501:Hamdanid dynasty 444:Hellenistic rule 359: 349: 331: 330: 307: 306: 295: 294: 282: 281: 268: 267: 254: 253: 247: 246: 231: 230: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 74: 71: 64: 62: 59: 54: 21: 20: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8521: 8512:Eastern Rumelia 8480: 8441:Duchy of Syrmia 8405:Crimean Khanate 8398:Ottoman Ukraine 8377: 8355: 8329: 8308: 8268: 8206: 8186:Mamuret-ul-Aziz 8117: 8097: 8070: 8029: 8008: 7958: 7847: 7756: 7709: 7701: 7688: 7683: 7653: 7652: 7647:Wayback Machine 7636: 7632: 7621: 7617: 7606: 7602: 7597:Wayback Machine 7587: 7583: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7495: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7431: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7332:Wayback Machine 7322: 7318: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7295:on 8 July 2006. 7287: 7286: 7282: 7272: 7270: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7227: 7214: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7157:Wayback Machine 7147: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7106: 7099: 7074: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7015:Wayback Machine 7006: 7002: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6936: 6932: 6907: 6892: 6867: 6860: 6835: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6794:Wayback Machine 6784: 6780: 6775:Wayback Machine 6765: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6710: 6695: 6666: 6659: 6634: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6591: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6552: 6545: 6520: 6509: 6484: 6477: 6464: 6463: 6456: 6431: 6416: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6354: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6307: 6296: 6291:Wayback Machine 6281: 6277: 6252: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6202: 6191: 6186:Wayback Machine 6176: 6172: 6167:Wayback Machine 6157: 6150: 6145:Wayback Machine 6135: 6131: 6106: 6097: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6070:Wayback Machine 6056: 6052: 6027: 6008: 6003:Wayback Machine 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5938:Wayback Machine 5928: 5924: 5916: 5909: 5892: 5888: 5875:Wayback Machine 5864: 5860: 5847:Wayback Machine 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5809: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5758: 5747: 5733: 5729: 5700: 5696: 5691:Wayback Machine 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5619: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5583: 5574: 5567: 5553: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5460:Wayback Machine 5450: 5446: 5421: 5412: 5401:www.moqatel.com 5395: 5394: 5387: 5374: 5363: 5347: 5346: 5334: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5290: 5286: 5281:Wayback Machine 5271: 5264: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5208: 5195: 5170: 5166: 5141: 5132: 5115: 5111: 5100: 5089: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5012: 5008: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4969: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4946: 4930:Harris, William 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4893: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4772:Ottoman Turkish 4769: 4765: 4761: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4715: 4712: 4703: 4693: 4684: 4681: 4672: 4669: 4660: 4657: 4648: 4422: 4405: 4385:Hermel District 4349: 4249:Hassan Choucair 4158:Mohammad Younes 3996:Gebrail Mishaqa 3958:Hassan Choucair 3876: 3851:First World War 3847: 3641: 3627: 3579: 3571:Main articles: 3569: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3459: 3419: 3414: 3412:Lebanese exodus 3391: 3356: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3120: 3080: 3057: 3028: 3020:Main articles: 3010: 2954: 2935:that time, the 2924: 2845: 2840: 2823: 2763: 2733: 2720:Dr. Anis Freiha 2693: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2575:), Al-Shatawī ( 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2516: 2507: 2437: 2415: 2409:Greater Lebanon 2403:Main articles: 2401: 2388: 2351:ranches in the 2320: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2201: 2167: 2155:Main articles: 2153: 2116:customary court 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2032:First World War 2028: 2016:Main articles: 2014: 2005:First World War 1986: 1954: 1935: 1900: 1849: 1805: 1785: 1740: 1695: 1686: 1655:career diplomat 1628: 1584: 1518: 1426: 1421: 1386:Damascene steel 1317: 1311: 1229: 1223: 1186:Emir of Lebanon 1155: 1081: 1076: 1006:founded modern 953:Ottoman Turkish 921: 885: 883: 878: 877: 823: 815: 814: 775: 767: 766: 765: 665: 655: 654: 653: 582: 574: 573: 572: 471: 463: 462: 461: 438: 430: 429: 428: 417:Babylonian rule 378: 347: 340: 304: 279: 265: 251: 210: 200: 165: 155: 145: 135: 114: 111: 108: 105: 77: 76: 75: 72: 65: 60: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8576: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8507:Mamluk of Iraq 8504: 8499: 8494: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378: 8376:and autonomies 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8229:Constantinople 8226: 8221: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8155:Constantinople 8152: 8147: 8142: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8099: 8098: 8094:mutasarrıfates 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8045:Mamluk of Iraq 8037: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7711: 7710: 7690: 7689: 7682: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7659: 7651: 7650: 7630: 7615: 7600: 7581: 7559: 7527: 7518: 7484: 7472: 7463: 7454: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7375: 7353: 7335: 7316: 7298: 7280: 7250: 7212: 7203: 7194: 7182: 7169: 7160: 7138: 7129: 7097: 7063: 7054: 7036: 7027: 7018: 7000: 6978: 6969: 6960: 6930: 6890: 6858: 6824: 6815: 6806: 6797: 6778: 6759: 6750: 6741: 6693: 6657: 6623: 6614: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6543: 6507: 6475: 6454: 6414: 6369: 6352: 6330: 6294: 6275: 6237: 6225: 6189: 6170: 6148: 6129: 6095: 6073: 6050: 6006: 5986: 5950: 5941: 5922: 5907: 5886: 5858: 5830: 5798: 5781: 5745: 5735:Hobby (1985). 5727: 5694: 5685:: 3/ 2/ 2006. 5668: 5642: 5608: 5572: 5565: 5544: 5530: 5510: 5480: 5468: 5444: 5410: 5385: 5361: 5332: 5313: 5284: 5262: 5243:قسطنطين بازيلي 5231: 5193: 5164: 5130: 5126:978-0062700568 5109: 5059: 5049: 5031: 5024: 5006: 4991: 4984: 4963: 4944: 4921: 4907: 4878: 4850: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4811: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4748:Beirut Vilayet 4745: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4567:Greek Orthodox 4563: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4544:Greek Catholic 4540: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4421: 4418: 4404: 4401: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301:Greek Orthodox 4298: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4285:Semaan Ghattas 4282: 4281: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216:Greek Orthodox 4213: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076:Nakhleh Zalzal 4073: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4064:Omar El Khatib 4061: 4060: 4054: 4052:Greek Orthodox 4049: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3968:Nasr El Sarraf 3965: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940:Omar El Khatib 3937: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3926:Greek Orthodox 3923: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3912:Abdallah Berro 3909: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3806:Youssef Coussa 3804: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3791:Roman Catholic 3788: 3783: 3782:Muzaffer Pasha 3780: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3752:Albanian from 3750: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3726:Roman Catholic 3723: 3721:Rüstem Mariani 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3640: 3637: 3594:The family of 3568: 3565: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3440:Abdul Hamid II 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3405:Muhīt Al-Muhīt 3373:Zahrat Al-Adab 3327:Yaqoub Sarrouf 3299:in 1871, and " 3291:in 1870, and " 3265: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3112: 3076:player or the 3056: 3053: 3009: 3006: 2978:Westernization 2953: 2950: 2923: 2920: 2898:Fakhr al-Din I 2866:Greek Orthodox 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2822: 2819: 2762: 2759: 2732: 2729: 2724:Jabal al-Druze 2706:As for wheat, 2688: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2616:mulberry trees 2570:Of the country 2559:), Al-Baladī ( 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2475:mandate system 2455:Edmund Allenby 2419:Omar Bey Daouk 2400: 2397: 2387: 2384: 2319: 2316: 2288:Al-Burj Square 2223: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2152: 2149: 2108:Dhour al-Shwer 2041:Central Powers 2013: 2010: 1985: 1982: 1953: 1950: 1941:Muzaffar Pasha 1934: 1931: 1899: 1896: 1862:, a writer of 1848: 1845: 1804: 1801: 1784: 1781: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1627: 1624: 1612:Greek Orthodox 1583: 1578: 1574:mutasarrifiyah 1540:Emirate system 1536:Ottoman Sultan 1517: 1514: 1473:Ottoman Empire 1441:Shuf Mountains 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1313:Main article: 1310: 1309:1860 civil war 1307: 1240:origins named 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1137:Constantinople 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1068:French Mandate 973:Ottoman Empire 923: 922: 920: 919: 912: 905: 897: 894: 893: 880: 879: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 764: 763: 758: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 683: 678: 673: 667: 666: 661: 660: 657: 656: 652: 651: 645: 639: 636:Beirut Vilayet 633: 627: 621: 615: 609: 603: 600:Tripoli Eyalet 597: 591: 584: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570: 564: 558: 552: 546: 543:Zengid dynasty 540: 534: 528: 522: 516: 510: 504: 498: 492: 486: 480: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 453: 452:(64 BC–646 AD) 447: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 427: 426: 420: 414: 408: 407:(1600–1178 BC) 402: 401:(1550–1077 BC) 396: 386: 380: 379: 374: 373: 370: 369: 361: 360: 352: 351: 342: 341: 334: 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 301: 292: 289: 288: 283: 275: 274: 269: 261: 260: 258:Tripoli Eyalet 255: 243: 242: 237: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181:Historical era 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 95: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 66: 49: 48: 45: 44: 40: 39: 37:Ottoman Empire 29: 28: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8575: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8536: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8290:Mount Lebanon 8288: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8081: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7997:Mount Lebanon 7995: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7673: 7668: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7626: 7619: 7611: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7556: 7555:منير البعلبكي 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7532: 7522: 7515: 7514:منير البعلبكي 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7481: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7451: 7450:منير البعلبكي 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7415: 7406: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7247: 7246:منير البعلبكي 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7207: 7198: 7189: 7187: 7179: 7173: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7133: 7126: 7125:منير البعلبكي 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7094: 7093:منير البعلبكي 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7031: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6973: 6964: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6926:منير البعلبكي 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6887: 6886:منير البعلبكي 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6855: 6854:منير البعلبكي 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6819: 6810: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6763: 6754: 6745: 6739:، صفحة: 42–43 6738: 6734: 6730: 6729:منير البعلبكي 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6691:، صفحة: 57–60 6690: 6686: 6685:منير البعلبكي 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6654: 6653:منير البعلبكي 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6618: 6611: 6610:منير البعلبكي 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6571: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6539:منير البعلبكي 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6504: 6503:منير البعلبكي 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6450:منير البعلبكي 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6404: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6326:منير البعلبكي 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6271:منير البعلبكي 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6222: 6221:منير البعلبكي 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6125:منير البعلبكي 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062:7 كانون الأول 6059: 6054: 6047: 6046:منير البعلبكي 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5883:9781438110257 5880: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5855:9780520273412 5852: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5778: 5777:منير البعلبكي 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5720: 5719:منير البعلبكي 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5638:منير البعلبكي 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5549: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5514: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5440:منير البعلبكي 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5333:1-4191-2943-0 5329: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5309:منير البعلبكي 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5227:منير البعلبكي 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5190: 5189:منير البعلبكي 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5161: 5160:منير البعلبكي 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5099: 5098:منير البعلبكي 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5052: 5050:9780817916664 5046: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4945:9780195181111 4941: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4417: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389:Deir al-Qamar 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333:Hassan Hamdar 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297:Khalil Qartas 4296: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261:Mohammad Arab 4260: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146:Hassan Hamdar 4145: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086:Hassan Chehab 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3862:Ali Münif Bey 3860: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822:Ohannes Pasha 3821: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3625:Anton Gemayel 3622: 3621:Khalil Mutran 3618: 3617:Elia Abu Madi 3614: 3613:Mikhail Naimy 3610: 3606: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3533:Mikhail Naimy 3529: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3507:Jabal al-Arab 3494: 3486: 3480: 3468: 3454: 3452: 3451:sailing ships 3448: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3423: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3389:John Wortabet 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3325:newspaper by 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3197: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3168:Beshara Taqla 3163: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3005: 3003: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2849: 2835: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644:Old Testament 2641: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2602:Of the garden 2586:Of the winter 2542: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2495:Yusuf al-Azma 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483:Henri Gouraud 2480: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:typhoid fever 2360: 2358: 2354: 2353:Syrian Desert 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2292:Marjeh Square 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2251:Turkification 2244: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2183:Zuqaq al-Blat 2180: 2179:Ali Münif Bey 2173:Ali Münif Bey 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2145:Ali Munif Bey 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:Elias Howayek 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066:(one of the " 2065: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Allied Powers 2033: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1914:Na'oum Coussa 1908: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1716:Youssef Karam 1712: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653:, an Ottoman 1652: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528:Ottoman Porte 1525: 1524: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1362:the massacres 1359: 1355: 1354:Deir el Qamar 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1283:Tanyus Shahin 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1233: 1228: 1218: 1215: 1214:Deir al-Qamar 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1190:József Borsos 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1153: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1102:Ibrahim Pasha 1099: 1094: 1085: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:Mount Lebanon 978: 974: 969: 963: 954: 949: 943: 934: 930: 918: 913: 911: 906: 904: 899: 898: 896: 895: 892: 882: 881: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 819: 818: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 762: 759: 756: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 716:2006 July War 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 691: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 676:Chehabist era 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 659: 658: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 585: 578: 577: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 525:Seljuk Empire 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 474: 467: 466: 458:(610s–628 AD) 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 441: 434: 433: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 411:Assyrian rule 409: 406: 403: 400: 399:Egyptian rule 397: 395:(2500–333 BC) 394: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 377: 372: 371: 368: 367: 363: 362: 358: 354: 353: 350: 344: 343: 338: 333: 332: 325: 322: 320:Today part of 318: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 287: 284: 277: 276: 273: 270: 263: 262: 259: 256: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 206: 202: 199: 198: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 161: 157: 151: 147: 141: 137: 131: 127: 123: 119: 100: 96: 94: 90: 87: 86:Deir el Qamar 84: 80: 70: 53: 46: 41: 38: 34: 33:Mutasarrifate 30: 22: 19: 8535: 8492:Cretan State 8289: 8171:Hüdavendigâr 8113:Tripolitania 7808:Hüdavendigâr 7747:Tripolitania 7633: 7624: 7618: 7609: 7603: 7584: 7576:the original 7571: 7562: 7521: 7479: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7388:the original 7378: 7370:the original 7365: 7356: 7348:the original 7338: 7319: 7311:the original 7301: 7293:the original 7283: 7271:. Retrieved 7262: 7253: 7206: 7197: 7177: 7172: 7163: 7132: 7057: 7049:the original 7039: 7030: 7021: 7003: 6995:the original 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6952:, retrieved 6943: 6933: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6788:Medina Arts 6781: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6617: 6570: 6561: 6470:the original 6391:. Retrieved 6372: 6364: 6347:the original 6342: 6333: 6278: 6173: 6132: 6090:the original 6085: 6076: 6053: 5989: 5977:. Retrieved 5973:the original 5968: 5944: 5925: 5917: 5894: 5889: 5866: 5861: 5838: 5833: 5821:. Retrieved 5740: 5736: 5730: 5697: 5671: 5659:. Retrieved 5655:the original 5645: 5599:. Retrieved 5590: 5556: 5535:. Retrieved 5520: 5513: 5501:. Retrieved 5475: 5471: 5447: 5405:the original 5400: 5322: 5316: 5287: 5234: 5167: 5117: 5112: 5062: 5054: 5040: 5034: 5015: 5009: 5000: 4994: 4975: 4972:Fisk, Robert 4966: 4954:. Retrieved 4934: 4924: 4912:. Retrieved 4897: 4869:. Retrieved 4859: 4853: 4843: 4833: 4814: 4766: 4696:Vital Cuinet 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4590: 4582: 4574: 4559: 4551: 4536: 4528: 4513: 4505: 4490: 4482: 4467: 4459: 4444: 4436: 4423: 4414: 4403:Demographics 4350: 4265:Sunni Muslim 4169: 4168: 4090:Sunni Muslim 4068:Sunni Muslim 4056:Uncle of MP 4007: 4006: 3944:Sunni Muslim 3878: 3877: 3855:Djemal Pasha 3848: 3840: 3717:Rüstem Pasha 3706:Syrian from 3693:Franko Pasha 3642: 3601: 3580: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3520: 3504: 3498:Yaqub Sarruf 3472:Jurji Zaydan 3444: 3436: 3428: 3403: 3372: 3369:Dr. Van dyke 3365:Midhat Pasha 3349: 3347: 3339:Jurji Zaidan 3337:magazine by 3318: 3307:Lisan Al-Hāl 3300: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3216:Deir Qozhaya 3213: 3205: 3151:Kasr Al-Aini 3121: 3114: 3108: 3093: 3069: 3058: 3045: 3029: 2998: 2983: 2974: 2942:to be issued 2925: 2903: 2881:The area of 2854: 2843:Demographics 2832:black market 2828: 2824: 2812: 2799: 2772: 2769:Ottoman lira 2746: 2734: 2705: 2694: 2637: 2620:silk threads 2609: 2529: 2508: 2468: 2451: 2427:Habib Fayyad 2423:Grand Serail 2416: 2389: 2381: 2361: 2333: 2329: 2296: 2283: 2268: 2248: 2229: 2176: 2112: 2075: 2068:Three Pashas 2060: 2029: 1995: 1967: 1963: 1944: 1911: 1888: 1858: 1834: 1814: 1794: 1791:Franko Bāsha 1777:Wadi al-Taym 1774: 1769: 1762: 1734: 1704: 1687: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1626:The Protocol 1620:Ottoman army 1586:In the 1861 1585: 1580: 1573: 1567: 1566:translation 1557: 1543: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1486: 1450: 1437:Druze Khalwa 1404: 1378: 1326: 1302:Orientalists 1298: 1271: 1263: 1238: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1185: 1163: 1149: 1135:and then to 1118: 1106: 1090: 1044: 1027:Beqaa Valley 1019:Abdulmejid I 1012: 931:(1861–1918, 928: 926: 873:10th century 629: 606:Sidon Eyalet 588:Ottoman rule 425:(538–332 BC) 423:Persian rule 419:(605–538 BC) 413:(883–605 BC) 405:Hittite rule 364: 286:Sidon Eyalet 240:Succeeded by 239: 234: 195: 164:• 1918 154:• 1913 144:• 1895 134:• 1870 99:Ahl al-Jabal 98: 18: 8437:(1672–1676) 8334:Mesopotamia 8145:Archipelago 8088:1867–1922 ( 8034:Mesopotamia 7889:Herzegovina 7864:Archipelago 7702: 1365 6940:"Bes̲h̲lik" 5979:16 November 5795:(in Arabic) 5725:، صفحة: 200 5601:23 November 5503:12 November 5246: [ 5101: [ 5090: [ 5071: [ 4871:14 November 4593:Protestants 4337:Shia Muslim 4273:Amoun Amoun 4150:Shia Muslim 3976:Amoun Amoun 3916:Shia Muslim 3803:Yusuf Pasha 3766:Naum Coussa 3763:Naoum Pasha 3738:Wassa Pasha 3669:Davud Pasha 3628: [ 3609:Amin Rihani 3584:remittances 3485:Rashid Rida 3392: [ 3357: [ 3323:Al-Muqattam 3317:" in 1876, 3315:Al-Muqtataf 3266:Al-Muqtataf 3081: [ 3032:urban works 2986:social unit 2802:paper money 2754:expatriates 2742:Zouk Mikael 2514:Agriculture 2438: [ 2431:Adel Arslan 2300:Arab Revolt 2243:Bishmizzine 2187:Adel Arslan 2161:Arab Revolt 2096:Fourth Army 2072:World War I 2018:World War I 1960:Yūsuf Bāsha 1907:Na'ūm Bāsha 1741: [ 1651:Dawud Pasha 1060:World War I 868:9th century 863:8th century 858:7th century 853:6th century 848:5th century 843:4th century 838:3rd century 833:2nd century 828:1st century 650:(1920–1943) 648:French rule 644:(1918–1920) 638:(1888–1917) 632:(1861–1918) 626:(1843-1861) 620:(1749–1957) 614:(1697–1842) 608:(1660–1864) 602:(1579–1864) 596:(1516–1840) 590:(1516–1918) 569:(1493–1860) 563:(1490–1697) 557:(1306–1591) 551:(1291–1515) 545:(1127–1250) 539:(1099–1291) 533:(1099–1291) 527:(1037–1194) 521:(1024–1080) 446:(332–64 BC) 346:History of 235:Preceded by 213:1 September 61: 1900 8542:Categories 8485:Autonomies 8218:Adrianople 8161:Diyarbekir 8157:(Istanbul) 7859:Adrianople 7793:Diyarbekir 7551:بهيج عثمان 7510:بهيج عثمان 7446:بهيج عثمان 7273:5 November 7242:بهيج عثمان 7121:بهيج عثمان 7089:بهيج عثمان 6954:4 November 6922:بهيج عثمان 6882:بهيج عثمان 6850:بهيج عثمان 6725:بهيج عثمان 6681:بهيج عثمان 6649:بهيج عثمان 6606:بهيج عثمان 6535:بهيج عثمان 6499:بهيج عثمان 6446:بهيج عثمان 6393:3 November 6322:بهيج عثمان 6267:بهيج عثمان 6217:بهيج عثمان 6121:بهيج عثمان 6042:بهيج عثمان 5773:بهيج عثمان 5715:بهيج عثمان 5661:30 October 5634:بهيج عثمان 5436:بهيج عثمان 5305:بهيج عثمان 5223:بهيج عثمان 5185:بهيج عثمان 5156:بهيج عثمان 5087:بهيج عثمان 4956:5 November 4825:References 4110:Hassan Eid 3869:Mümtaz Bey 3866:Ismail Bey 3655:Birth name 3652:Known name 3556:broadcloth 3552:cordwainer 3447:steamships 3377:Adib Ishaq 3371:, and the 3331:Faris Nimr 3293:Al-Jnayneh 3072:and of an 2807:stagnation 2738:handicraft 2697:pine trees 2532:the nature 2481:, General 2471:Versailles 2280:Petro Trad 2100:Suez Canal 1978:Alexandria 1821:Florentine 1749:Beiteddine 1592:mutasarrıf 1569:mutasarrıf 1408:Fuad Pasha 1400:Jabal Amel 1242:Omar Pasha 1074:Background 1038:, and the 1031:Jabal Amil 985:Mutasarrif 822:By century 567:Harfushids 509:(909–1171) 503:(890–1004) 491:(750–1258) 450:Roman rule 384:Prehistory 121:Population 8302:Jerusalem 8198:(Trabzon) 8196:Trebizond 8176:Kastamonu 8066:Shahrizor 7985:Jerusalem 7838:Trebizond 7828:Kurdistan 7823:Kastamonu 6946:, Brill, 6733:جبل لبنان 5350:cite book 4801:romanized 4781:romanized 4430:Religion 4381:Mudiriate 4347:Divisions 4321:Nasr Nasr 4134:Nasr Nasr 3849:When the 3819:1912–1915 3800:1907–1912 3779:1902–1907 3760:1892–1902 3735:1883–1892 3714:1873–1883 3690:1868–1873 3666:1861–1868 3577:Al-Mahjar 3524:New World 3449:replaced 3333:in 1889, 3078:shebbabeh 3002:destitute 2967:woman in 2915:Keserwani 2648:aged wine 2612:silkworms 2377:dysentery 2337:olive oil 2076:As-Saffāḥ 2070:" of the 1596:Maronites 1554:President 1510:Marjayoun 1412:war booty 1406:Affairs, 1337:Maronites 1333:Beit Meri 1176:partridge 1000:Catholics 989:Maronites 962:romanized 942:romanized 790:Kfarsghab 690:Aftermath 515:(935–969) 497:(868–905) 485:(661–750) 479:(636–661) 437:Classical 393:Phoenicia 8259:Salonica 8254:Manastir 8220:(Edirne) 8141:(Ankara) 8122:Anatolia 8090:vilayets 7980:Damascus 7934:Temeşvar 7929:Silistra 7924:Salonica 7798:Dulkadir 7778:Anatolia 7761:Anatolia 7704:– 1867 ( 7643:Archived 7593:Archived 7328:Archived 7267:Archived 7153:Archived 7011:Archived 6948:archived 6790:Archived 6771:Archived 6403:cite web 6287:Archived 6182:Archived 6163:Archived 6141:Archived 6066:Archived 5999:Archived 5934:Archived 5871:Archived 5843:Archived 5817:Archived 5687:Archived 5595:Archived 5497:Archived 5456:Archived 5342:62708329 5277:Archived 5128:, p. 851 4950:Archived 4932:(2012). 4865:Archived 4841:(1876). 4732:See also 4714:1907 map 4683:1893 map 4671:1889 map 4659:1862 map 4591:(mainly 4533:242,308 4525:229,680 4521:Maronite 4424:Source: 4365:Kesrouan 3971:Unknown 3953:Unknown 3935:Unknown 3897:Unknown 3749:Catholic 3747:Albanian 3684:Istanbul 3560:cashmere 3540:Baskinta 3457:Migrants 3335:Al-Hilal 3311:Al-Ahram 3254:Al-Hilal 3154:Lebanon. 3116:Al-Nahda 3087:and the 3070:dabbīkeh 3061:folklore 2937:Karshuni 2922:Language 2872:and the 2779:piasters 2761:Currency 2491:Maysalun 2465:Lebanon. 2453:General 1919:Baakleen 1867:Shkodran 1711:Catholic 1647:Protocol 1550:vilayets 1471:and the 1200:and the 1056:Al-Nahda 1023:Damascus 1015:Tanzimat 1002:and the 997:Maronite 977:Tanzimat 800:Kisrawan 755:Reaction 581:Colonial 561:Ma'anids 495:Tulunids 470:Medieval 366:Timeline 337:a series 335:Part of 8386:Vassals 8374:Vassals 8341:Baghdad 8264:Scutari 8166:Erzurum 8041:Baghdad 8004:Tripoli 7919:Rumelia 7914:Podolia 7813:Karaman 7803:Erzurum 7788:Childir 7725:Algiers 7706:eyalets 7637:p. 21, 5823:23 June 5537:30 June 5464:8 أغسطس 4914:28 June 4803:: 4783:: 4633:414,747 4623:399,530 4579:52,536 4571:54,208 4556:31,936 4548:34,472 4510:47,290 4502:49,812 4487:23,413 4479:16,846 4464:14,529 4456:13,576 4393:Aqdiyah 4369:Batroun 4353:Jezzine 4161:Unknown 4079:Unknown 4029:Unknown 3795:Polish 3754:Shkodër 3289:Jesuits 3225:Harissa 3221:Hammana 2961:Tantour 2946:Turkish 2932:Bsharri 2906:Shiites 2870:Shiites 2862:aqdiyah 2787:matleek 2596: 2580: 2564: 2554:Of Tyre 2548: 2505:Economy 2349:Bedouin 2306:in the 2302:led by 2255:Turkify 2140:Selim I 2083: 1927:Bhannes 1884:Jounieh 1669:Ma’anid 1645:Beyoglu 1564:Turkish 1490:Tripoli 1465:Prussia 1461:Austria 1457:Britain 1419:History 1350:Rashaya 1346:Hasbaya 1202:'Uqalā' 1198:sheikhs 1192:, 1843. 1125:Austria 1121:Britain 1091:Prince 1008:Lebanon 964:: 944:: 810:Tripoli 612:Shihabs 376:Ancient 348:Lebanon 324:Lebanon 194:• 168:200,000 158:414,747 148:399,530 138:110,000 106: 93:Demonym 82:Capital 35:of the 8313:Arabia 8285:Beirut 8280:Aleppo 8273:Levant 8249:Kosovo 8244:Janina 8239:Danube 8224:Bosnia 8211:Europe 8150:Bitlis 8139:Angora 8106:Africa 8013:Arabia 7975:Cyprus 7970:Aleppo 7963:Levant 7954:Yanina 7949:Widdin 7894:Kanije 7869:Bosnia 7852:Europe 7783:Ankara 7742:Habesh 7718:Africa 5902: 5881: 5853: 5563: 5528: 5340: 5330: 5124: 5047: 5022: 4982: 4976:Beirut 4942: 4905: 4792:Arabic 4607:2,882 4397:Nawahi 4183:Notes 4021:Notes 3708:Aleppo 3661:Notes 3649:Period 3544:Nāwlūn 3528:Salima 3285:Lubnān 3279:(1858) 3104:stanza 3100:Ataaba 3098:) or " 3074:arghul 3066:dabkeh 3049:fodder 2928:Syriac 2883:Bkerke 2874:Sunnis 2857:Syriac 2815:Ka'aks 2716:Dara'a 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