History of Lebanon

6266:, p. 26: "Since the turn of the century, however, the Maronites had pressed for the extension of this small Lebanese territory to what they argued were its natural and historical boundaries: it would then include the coastal towns of Tripoli, Beirut, Sidon and Tyre and their respective hinterlands, which belonged to the Vilayet of Beirut; and the fertile valley of the Bekaa (the four Kazas, or administrtative districts, of Baalbek, the Bekaa, Rashayya and Hasbayya), which belonged to the Vilayet of Damascus. According to the Maronite argument, this 'Greater Lebanon' had always had a special social and historical character, different from that of its surroundings, which made it necessary and indeed imperative for France to help establish it as an independent state. While France had strong sympathies for the Maronites, the French government did not support their demands without reserve. In Mount Lebanon, the Maronites had formed a clear majority of the population. In a 'Greater Lebanon', they were bound to be outnumbered by the Muslims of the coastal towns and their hinterlands, and by those of the Bekaa valley; and all the Christian communities together, in a 'Greater Lebanon', could at best amount to a bare majority. The Maronites, however, were insistent in their demands. Their secular and clerical leaders had pressed for them during the war years among the Allied powers, not excluding the United States." 2289:, who was his host and sponsor for the two years he spent at the court of the Medici. He spent a further three years as guest of the Spanish Viceroy of Sicily and then Naples, the Duke Osuna. Fakhr-al-Din had wished to enlist Tuscan or other European assistance in a "Crusade" to free his homeland from Ottoman domination, but was met with a refusal as Tuscany was unable to afford such an expedition. The prince eventually gave up the idea, realizing that Europe was more interested in trade with the Ottomans than in taking back the Holy Land. His stay nevertheless allowed him to witness Europe's cultural revival in the 17th century, and bring back some Renaissance ideas and architectural features. By 1618, political changes in the Ottoman sultanate had resulted in the removal of many of Fakhr-al-Din's enemies from power, allowing Fahkr-al-Din's return to Lebanon, whereupon he was able quickly to reunite all the lands of Lebanon beyond the boundaries of its mountains; and having revenge from Emir Yusuf Pasha ibn Siyfa, attacking his stronghold in Akkar, destroying his palaces and taking control of his lands, and regaining the territories he had to give up in 1613 in Sidon, Tripoli, Bekaa among others. Under his rule, printing presses were introduced and Jesuit priests and Catholic nuns encouraged to open schools throughout the land. 4041:

disbanded, as foreign intervention. Nasrallah also reiterated his earlier calls for the destruction of Israel saying "To this enemy we say again: There is no place for you here and there is no life for you among us. Death to Israel!". Though Hezbollah organized a very successful rally, opposition leaders were quick to point out that Hezbollah had active support from Lebanon's government and Syria. While the pro-democracy rallies had to deal with road blocks forcing protestors to either turn back or march long distances to Martyr's Square, Hezbollah was able to bus people directly to Riad Solh square. Dory Chamoun, an opposition leader, pointed out that "the difference is that in our demonstrations, people arrive voluntarily and on foot, not in buses". Another opposition member said the pro-Syrian government pressured people to turn out and some reports said Syria had bused in people from across the border. But on a mountain road leading to Beirut, only one bus with a Syrian license plate was spotted in a convoy of pro-Syrian supporters heading to the capital and Hezbollah officials denied the charges. Opposition MP

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and between 1821 and 1825 there were massacres and battles, with the Maronites attempting to gain control of the Mt. Lebanon district, and the Druze gaining control over the Biqa valley. In 1825 Bashir II, helped by the Ottomans and the Jezzar, defeated his rival in the Battle of Simqanieh. Bashir Jumblatt died in Acre at the order of the Jezzar. Bashir II was not a forgiving man and repressed the Druze rebellion, particularly in and around Beirut. This made Bashir Chehab the only leader of Mount Lebanon. However, Bashir Chehab was depicted as a nasty leader because Bashir Jumblatt was his all-time friend and has saved his life when the Keserwan peasants tried to kill the prince, by sending 1000 of his men to save him. Also, days before the Battle of Simqania, Bashir Jumblatt had the chance to kill Bashir II when he was returning from Acre when he reportedly kissed the Jezzar's feet in order to help him against Jumblatt, but Bashir II reminded him of their friendship and told Jumblatt to "pardon when you can". The high morals of Jumblatt led him to pardon Bashir II, a decision he should have regretted.

2789: 3867:. Both Hezbollah and Israel have violated the Blue Line more than once, according to the UN. The most common pattern of violence have been border incursions by the Hezbollah into the Shebaa Farms area, and then Israeli air strikes into southern Lebanon. The UN Secretary-General has urged "all governments that have influence on Hezbollah to deter it from any further actions which could increase the tension in the area". Staffan de Misura, Personal Representative of the Secretary-General for Southern Lebanon stated that he was "deeply concerned that air violations by Israel across the Blue Line during altercations with Hezbollah are continuing to take place", calling "upon the Israeli authorities to cease such violations and to fully respect the Blue Line". In 2001 de Misura similarly expressed his concern to Lebanon's prime minister for allowing Hezbollah to violate the Blue Line, saying it was a "clear infringement" of UN Resolution 425, under which the UN certified Israel's withdrawal from south Lebanon as complete. On January 28, 2005, 2556:, when the Maronites began openly opposing the power of the Ottoman Empire. Another destabilizing factor was France's support for the Maronite Christians against the Druze which in turn led the British to back the Druze, exacerbating religious and economic tensions between the two communities. The Druze took advantage of this and began burning Maronite villages. The Druze had grown increasingly resentful of the favoring of the Maronites by Bashir II, and were backed by the Ottoman Empire and the wali of Damascus in an attempt to gain greater control over Lebanon; the Maronites were backed by the French, out of both economic and political expediency. The Druze began a military campaign that included the burning of villages and massacres, while Maronite irregulars retaliated with attacks of their own. However, the Maronites were gradually pushed into a few strongholds and were on the verge of military defeat when the 2514:

Bashir III, coming on the heels of a man who by guile, force and diplomacy had dominated Mt Lebanon and the Biqa for 52 years, did not last long. In 1841 conflicts between the impoverished Druze and the Maronite Christians exploded: There was a massacre of Christians by the Druze at Deir al Qamar, and the fleeing survivors were slaughtered by Ottoman regulars. The Ottomans attempted to create peace by dividing Mt Lebanon into a Christian district and a Druze district, but this would merely create geographic powerbases for the warring parties, and it plunged the region back into civil conflict which included not only the sectarian warfare but a Maronite revolt against the Feudal class, which ended in 1858 with the overthrow of the old feudal system of taxes and levies. The situation was unstable: the Maronites lived in the large towns, but these were often surrounded by Druze villages living as

1607:" sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules , and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea , and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared — I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered." 2804: 2282:. The alliance contained both a public economic section and a secret military one. Fakhr-al-Din's ambitions, popularity and unauthorized foreign contacts alarmed the Ottomans who authorized Hafiz Ahmed Pasha, Muhafiz of Damascus, to mount an attack on Lebanon in 1613 in order to reduce Fakhr-al-Din's growing power. Professor Abu-Husayn has made the Ottoman archives relevant to the emir's career available. Faced with Hafiz's army of 50,000 men, Fakhr-al-Din chose exile in Tuscany, leaving affairs in the hands of his brother Emir Yunis and his son Emir Ali Beg. They succeeded in mainlining most of the forts such as Banias (Subayba) and Niha which were a mainstay of Fakhr ad-Din's power. Before leaving, Fakhr ad-Din paid his standing army of soqbans (mercenaries) two years wages in order to secure their loyalty. 2677: 44: 2261: 3855:, remains under the control of Israel. The UN has certified Israel's pullout, and regards the Shebaa Farms as occupied Syrian territory, while Lebanon and Syria have stated they regard the area as Lebanese territory. The January 20, 2005, UN Secretary-General's report on Lebanon stated: "The continually asserted position of the Government of Lebanon that the Blue Line is not valid in the Shab'a farms area is not compatible with Security Council resolutions. The Council has recognized the Blue Line as valid for purposes of confirming Israel's withdrawal pursuant to resolution 425 (1978). The Government of Lebanon should heed the Council's repeated calls for the parties to respect the Blue Line in its entirety." 4483: 2859:, deemed to "... have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory." The entire French mandate area was termed "Syria" at the time, including the administrative districts along the Mediterranean coast. Wanting to maximize the area under its direct control, contain an Arab Syria centered on Damascus, and ensure a defensible border, France moved the Lebanon-Syrian border to the 2491: 2770: 3062: 4386:. Days before protests broke out, a series of about 100 major wildfires in Chouf, Khroub and other Lebanese areas displaced hundreds of people and caused enormous damage to Lebanese wildlife. The Lebanese government failed to deploy its firefighting equipment due to lack of maintenance and misappropriation of funds. Lebanon had to rely on aid from neighboring Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece. In November 2019, commercial banks responded to the liquidity crises by imposing illegal capital controls to protect themselves, despite there being no official law by the BDL regarding banking controls. 2122:, who reinstated Sunni Islamic dominance. Initially sacking Crusader towns and punishing perceived infidels and heretics in the mountains, the Mamluks later became more discerning in their actions. They demolished less fortified ports south of Sidon, and reconstructed Sidon, Beirut, and Tripoli. This resulted in the decline of Tyre while propelling Tripoli to prominence as the region's foremost port town. Now a provincial capital, Tripoli evolved into a center for Sunni religious education and became the primary hub for long-distance trade in Syria. The Mamluks also invested in 4117:(UNIIIC) as being behind the assassination. In its latest report UNIIIC said it had "credible information" that Syrian officials had arrested and threatened close relatives of a witness who recanted testimony he had previously given the commission, and that two Syrian suspects it questioned indicated that all Syrian intelligence documents on Lebanon had been burned. A campaign of bomb attacks against politicians, journalists and even civilian neighborhoods associated with the anti-Syrian camp has provoked much negative attention for Syria in the UN and elsewhere. 4033:

Resolution 1559 saying "The resistance will not give up its arms ... because Lebanon needs the resistance to defend it", and added "all the articles of UN resolution give free services to the Israeli enemy who should have been made accountable for his crimes and now finds that he is being rewarded for his crimes and achieves all its demands". In opposition to Nasrallah's call, Monday, March 7 saw at least 70,000 people—with some estimates putting the number at twice as high—gathered at central Martyrs' Square to demand that Syria leave completely.

3689:(LAF) have extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the country. Only Hezbollah retained its weapons, and was supported by the Lebanese parliament in doing so, as they had defended Lebanon against the Israeli occupation. Syria on the other hand kept its military presence in most of Lebanon, also holding various government institutions in the country, strengthening its occupation. The Israeli forces finally withdrew from south of Lebanon in May 2000, though the Syrian occupation of most Lebanon still continued. 2094: 4050: 3948: 2293: 3164:" between Arafat and the Lebanese government, which granted the PLO autonomy over Palestinian refugee camps and access routes to northern Israel in return for PLO recognition of Lebanese sovereignty. The agreement incited Maronite frustration over what were perceived as excessive concessions to the Palestinians, and pro-Maronite paramilitary groups were subsequently formed to fill the vacuum left by government forces, which were now required to leave the Palestinians alone. Notably, the 3475: 3455: 4162: 2329: 2875: 3940:

vestiges of the past. The withdrawal of foreign forces and the disbandment and disarmament of militias would, with finality, end that sad chapter of Lebanese history.". On October 19, 2004, following the UN Secretary General's report, the UN Security Council voted unanimously (meaning that it received the backing of Algeria, the only Arab member of the Security Council) to put out a statement calling on Syria to pull its troops out of Lebanon, in accordance with

1412:, the main type of tool found at the site, along with shells with holes and chipped edge modifications that are suggested to have been used as pendants or beads. These indicate that the inhabitants were among the first in Western Eurasia to use personal ornaments. Results from radiocarbon dating indicate that the early humans may have lived at the site approximately 45,000 years ago or earlier. The presence of personal ornaments at Ksar Akil is suggestive of 10199: 2522: 3766:, supported by the Arab League, and is given a major share of the credit for finally bringing the civil war to an end in October 1990. In the ensuing fifteen years, Damascus and Beirut justified Syria's continued military presence in Lebanon by citing the continued weakness of a Lebanese armed forces faced with both internal and external security threats, and the agreement with the Lebanese Government to implement all of the constitutional reforms in the 2371:

decrease to the Druze population in Mount-Lebanon, who were a majority at the time and helped the Christians overcome the Druze demographically. This Qaysi "victory" gave the Shihab, who were Qaysis themselves and the allies of Lebanon, the rule over Mount-Lebanon. The Druze overlords voted for the Shihabs to rule Mount Lebanon and the Chouf by the threat of the Ottoman Empire who wanted the Sunnis to rule Lebanon. The Shihabs originally lived in the

4363: 2962:. On the basis of the 1932 census, parliament seats were divided according to a six-to-five Christian/Muslim ratio. The constitution gave the president veto power over any legislation approved by parliament, virtually ensuring that the 6:5 ratio would not be revised in case the population distribution changed. By 1960, Muslims were thought to constitute a majority of the population, which contributed to Muslim unrest regarding the political system. 10209: 4620: 1477: 1209: 573: 2573:

Beirut and helped impose a partition: The Druze control of the territory was recognized as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites were forced into an enclave, arrangements ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861. They were confined to a mountainous district, cut off from both the Biqa and Beirut, and faced with the prospect of ever-growing poverty. Resentments and fears would brood, ones which would resurface in the coming decades.

635: 9201: 2668:: Tyre was captured on 24 September 1839 after allied naval bombardments. For their fight against the Egyptian invaders, al-Mahmud and his successor Ali El-Assaad – a relative – were rewarded by the Ottoman rulers with the restoration of Shiite autonomy in Jabal Amel. However, in Tyre it was the Mamluk family that gained a dominant position. Its head Jussuf Aga ibn Mamluk was reportedly a son of the anti-Shiite Jazzar Pasha. 3153:

militants, instead polarized Lebanese society on the Palestinian question, deepening the divide between pro- and anti-Palestinian factions, with the Muslims leading the former grouping and Maronites primarily constituting the latter. This dispute reflected increasing tensions between Christian and Muslim communities over the distribution of political power, and would ultimately foment the outbreak of civil war in 1975.

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seemed, being drawn into endless internal squabbles. He disarmed the Druze and allied with France, governing in the name of the Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali, who entered Lebanon and formally took overlordship in 1832. For the remaining 8 years, the sectarian and feudal rifts of the 1821–1825 conflict were heightened by the increasing economic isolation of the Druze, and the increasing wealth of the Maronites.

3840: 3732: 2894:. This included a significant extension of the frontiers of the Lebanon Mutasarrifate, arguing that the additional areas constituted natural parts of Lebanon, despite the fact that the Christian community would not be a clear majority in such an enlarged state. The quest for the annexation of agricultural lands in the Bekaa and Akkar was fueled by existential fears following the death of nearly half of the 4634: 2577: 3536: 2716:

movements that sought stability and reform within the context of Ottoman government. The Young Turk revolution brought these movements to the front, hoping that the reform of Ottoman Empire would lead to broader reforms. The outbreak of hostilities changed this, as Lebanon was to feel the weight of the conflict in the Middle East more heavily than most other areas occupied by the Syrians.

5458: 5393: 5311: 5252: 2420:, a well-fortified coastal city in Palestine, about forty kilometers south of Tyre. Both Napoleon and Al Jazzar, the governor of Acre, requested assistance from the Shihab leader; Bashir, however, remained neutral, declining to assist either combatant. Unable to conquer Acre, Napoleon returned to Egypt, and the death of Al Jazzar in 1804 removed Bashir's principal opponent in the area. 3014: 1949:, a relative of Uthman who served as the governor. Mu'awiya deployed forces to Lebanon's coastal region, where he expanded Islamic influence, resulting in conversions to Islam among the coastal residents. However, in the mountainous areas, the local population retained their Christian or other cultural traditions. Moreover, both Christians and Jews were obliged to pay the 3129:, with the intention of replicating the modus operandi of attacking Israel from a politically and militarily weak neighbour. Starting in 1968, Palestinian militants of various affiliations began to use southern Lebanon as a launching pad for attacks on Israel. Two of these attacks led to a watershed event in Lebanon's inchoate civil war. In July 1968, a faction of 3786:. The Syrian military and intelligence presence in Lebanon was criticised by some on Lebanon's right-wing inside and outside of the country, others believed it helped to prevent renewed civil war and discourage Israeli aggression, and others believed its presence and influence was helpful for Lebanese stability and peace but should be scaled back. Major powers 3471:

second-narrowest margin in Lebanese history (57 votes out of 92) on August 23, 1982; most Muslim members of the Assembly boycotted the vote. Nine days before he was due to take office, Gemayel was assassinated along with twenty-five others in an explosion at the Kataeb party headquarters in Beirut's Christian neighborhood of Achrafieh on September 14, 1982.

2216:, governor (pasha) of Damascus. He won the confidence of the Ottomans by fighting on their side at Marj Dabiq and, apparently pleased with the behavior of the Lebanese amirs, introduced them to Salim I when he entered Damascus. Salim I decided to grant the Lebanese amirs a semiautonomous status. The Ottomans, through the two main feudal families, the 2633:

as an Advisor of the Court and held a superior position in the Ottoman Empire's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Moustafa Nassar Bek El-Assaad served as the Supreme Court President of Lebanon during the colonial French administration, and Hassib Bek, also a supreme court Judge, played a significant role in legal proceedings across the Levant.

4127:, said that "Hariri received many threats" from Syria's President Bashar Al-Assad. Prior to Syria's withdrawal from Lebanon Mr Khaddam was in charge of Syria's Lebanon policy and mainly responsible for Syria's abuse of Lebanon's resources. Many believe that Khaddam seized the opportunity to clear his history of corruption and blackmail. 3872:

to exert control over the use of force on its territory and from it. On January 23, 2006, The UN Security Council called on the Government of Lebanon to make more progress in controlling its territory and disbanding militias, while also calling on Syria to cooperate with those efforts. In a statement read out by its January President,

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with brutal, deadly, and extreme excessive force including the use of live-ammunition by the security apparatus to oppress and subdue demonstrators. 728 demonstrators were injured during the 8 August protests and at least 153 injuries were severe enough to be treated in surrounding hospitals. Amid much popular unrest, the entire

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with fewer irregularities and more popular participation than in the immediate aftermath of the conflict, and Lebanese civil society generally enjoys significantly more freedoms than elsewhere in the Arab world. However, there are continuing sectarian tensions and unease about Syrian and other external influences.

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Syrian attack against Aoun. In October 1990, the Syrian air force, backed by the US and pro-Syrian Lebanese groups (including Hariri, Joumblatt, Berri, Geagea and Lahoud) attacked the Presidential Palace at B'abda and forced Aoun to take refuge in the French embassy in Beirut and later go into exile in

3713:. Hariri returned to office as prime minister in November 2000. Although problems with basic infrastructure and government services persist, and Lebanon is now highly indebted, much of the civil war damage has been repaired throughout the country, and many foreign investors and tourists have returned. 5537:

On June 28, 1772 the emir of Mount Lebanon Yusuf Shihab (1752–1790) announced the transition to the Russian 'protectorate' and the consent to pay an annual tribute . The mutual rapprochement was interrupted by the armistice between Russia and the Ottoman Empire concluded on May 20, 1772 in Focsani.

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occurred in the port sector of the city, destroying hectares of buildings and killing over 200 people. It was felt throughout the country. 4 days later on 8 August, a peaceful protest was organized starting from the port of Beirut and destined for the parliament building. The demonstrators were faced

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in eastern Lebanon, and then to the border between Syria and Lebanon. Assad did not provide a timetable for a complete withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon—14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents. Meanwhile, Hezbollah leader Nasrallah called for a "massive popular gathering" on Tuesday against UN

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to nine years. Many regarded this as a second time Syria had pressured Lebanon's Parliament to amend the constitution in a way that favored Lahoud (the first allowing for his election in 1998 immediately after he had resigned as commander-in-chief of the LAF.) Three cabinet ministers were absent from

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In August 1990, the parliament and the new president agreed on constitutional amendments embodying some of the political reforms envisioned at Taif. The National Assembly expanded to 128 seats and was divided equally between Christians and Muslims. In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that

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In February 1989, General Aoun launched the "War of liberation", a war against the Syrian Armed Forces in Lebanon. His campaign was partially supported by a few foreign nations but the method and approach was disputed within the Christian community. This led to the Lebanese forces to abstain from the

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Combat returned to Beirut in 1987, with Palestinians, leftists and Druze fighters allied against Amal. After winning the battle, the PSP controlled West Beirut. The Syrians then entered Beirut. This combat was fueled by the Syrians in order to take control of Beirut by taking as a pretext of stopping

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In the approach to World War I, Beirut became a center of various reforming movements, and would send delegates to the Arab Syrian conference and Franco-Syrian conference held in Paris. There was a complex array of solutions, from pan-Arab nationalism, to separatism for Beirut, and several status quo

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The discontent grew to open rebellion, fed by both Ottoman and British money and support: Bashir II fled, the Ottoman Empire reasserted control and Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha, whose sole term as Grand Vizier ran from 1839 to 1841, appointed another member of the Shihab family, who styled himself Bashir III.

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succeeded the Maans in 1697 after the Battle of Ain Dara, a battle that changed the face of Lebanon when a clash between two Druze clans, the Qaysis and the Yemenis, broke out. The Druze Qaysis, then led by Ahmad Shihab, won, and expelled the Yemenis from Lebanon to Syria. This has led to an enormous

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pro-Syrian one organized by Hezbollah the previous week. When Hariri's sister took a pro-Syrian line saying that Lebanon should "stand by Syria until its land is liberated and it regains its sovereignty on the occupied Golan Heights" the crowd jeered her. This sentiment was prevalent among the rally

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called upon the Government of Lebanon to fully extend and exercise its sole and effective authority throughout the south, including through the deployment of sufficient numbers of Lebanese armed and security forces, to ensure a calm environment throughout the area, including along the Blue Line, and

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and a flowering of literary and political activity associated with the attempts to liberalize the Ottoman Empire. Late in the century there was a short Druze uprising over the extremely harsh government and high taxation rates, but there was far less of the violence that had scalded the area earlier

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Fakhreddine is regarded by the Lebanese as the best leader and prince the country has ever seen. The Druze prince treated all the religions equally and was the one who formed Lebanon. Lebanon has achieved during Fakhreddine's reign enormous heights that the country had and would never witness again.

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call for its militia to be dismantled. On 21 November 2005, Hezbollah launched an attack along the entire border with Israel, the heaviest in the five and a half years since Israel's withdrawal. The barrage was supposed to provide tactical cover for an attempt by a squad of Hezbollah special forces

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resigned, calling for a new election to take place. Mr Karami said in his announcement: "I am keen the government will not be a hurdle in front of those who want the good for this country." The tens of thousands gathered at Beirut's Martyrs' Square cheered the announcement, then chanted "Karami has

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statistics, while the Lebanese army had recorded "1.4 Israeli violations of Lebanese territory per day from 1968–74" Where Lebanon had no conflict with Israel during the period 1949–1968, after 1968 Lebanon's southern border began to experience an escalating cycle of attack and retaliation, leading

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movement, fleeing the 1970 Jordanian crackdown. The PLO's "vicious terrorist attacks in Israel" dating from this period were countered by Israeli bombing raids in southern Lebanon, where "150 or more towns and villages...have been repeatedly savaged by the Israeli armed forces since 1968," of which

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Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a freely trading regional center for finance and trade. Beirut became a prime location for institutions of international commerce

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As a consequence of this also, the demographics of Lebanon were profoundly altered, as the added territory contained people who were predominantly Muslim or Druze: Lebanese Christians, of which the Maronites were the largest subgrouping, now constituted barely more than 50% of the population, while

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During the El-Assaad era, provincial governors operated with the consent of local clans. In exchange for their protection and support of trade against external threats, these governors were granted Khuwwa, a voluntary crop-sharing system. This arrangement ensured the preservation for the freedom of

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Key figures in their history include Sheikh al Mashayekh (Chief of Chiefs) Nasif al-Nassar ibn al-Waeli, who governed during the Arab caliphate, and Sabib Pasha El-Assaad, who navigated Ottoman conquests. Ali Bek El-Assaad ruled over Belad Bechara, a part of Jabal Amel, while Ali Nassrat Bek served

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Bashir II was overthrown as wali when he backed Acre, and fled to Egypt, later to return and organize an army. Jumblatt gathered the Druze factions together, and the war became sectarian in character: the Maronites backing Bashir II, the Druze backing Bashir Jumblatt. Jumblatt declared a rebellion,

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of Egypt. As part of this conflict one of the most remembered massacres of Maronite Christians by Druze forces occurred, forces that were aligned with the wali of Damascus. Jumblatt represented the increasingly disaffected Druze, who were both shut out from official power and angered at the growing

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Following his return from Tuscany, Fakhr ad-Din II, realizing the need for a strong and disciplined armed force, channeled his financial resources into building a regular army. This army proved itself in 1623, when Mustafa Pasha, the new governor of Damascus, underestimating the capabilities of the

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Although Fakhr ad-Din II's aspirations toward complete independence for Lebanon ended tragically, he greatly enhanced Lebanon's military and economic development. Noted for religious tolerance, the Druze prince attempted to merge the country's different religious groups into one Lebanese community.

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gained dominance over Mount Lebanon. Under Fatimid rule, the region experienced a renaissance in Mediterranean trade along the Lebanese coast, stimulated by commercial connections with Byzantium and Italy. Consequently, Tripoli and Tyre thrived well into the 11th century, specializing in the export

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Local Lebanese pressure mounted as well. As daily protests against the Syrian occupation grew to 25,000, a series of dramatic events occurred. Massive protests such as these had been quite uncommon in the Arab world, and while in the 90s most anti-Syrian demonstrators were predominantly Christian,

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the vote and later resigned. The USA charged that Syria exercised pressure against the National Assembly to amend the constitution, and many of the Lebanese rejected it, saying that it was considered as contradictive to the constitution and its principles. Including these is the Maronite Patriarch

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If Lebanon has in part recovered over the past decade from the catastrophic damage to infrastructure of its long civil war, the social and political divisions that gave rise to and sustained that conflict remain largely unresolved. Parliamentary and more recently municipal elections have been held

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Constitutionally guaranteed Christian control of the government had come under increasing fire from Muslims and leftists, leading them to join forces as the National Movement in 1969, which called for the taking of a new census and the subsequent drafting of a new governmental structure that would

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Elections were held in 1943 and on November 8, 1943, the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by throwing the new government into prison. In the face of international pressure, the French released the government officials on November 22, 1943, and accepted

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found a Maronite garrison holding out against Druze forces backed by Ottoman soldiers; the area in every direction was despoiled by the besiegers. In July 1860, with European intervention threatening, the Turkish government tried to quiet the strife, but Napoleon III of France sent 7,000 troops to

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Bashir II, who had come to power through local politics and nearly fallen from power because of his increasing detachment from them, reached out for allies, allies who looked on the entire area as "the Orient" and who could provide trade, weapons and money, without requiring fealty and without, it

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or governor of Mt Lebanon, the Biqa valley and Jabal Amil. Together this is about two thirds of modern-day Lebanon. He would reform taxes and attempt to break the feudal system, in order to undercut rivals, the most important of which was also named Bashir: Bashir Jumblatt, whose wealth and feudal

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In addition to building up the army, Fakhr ad-Din II, who became acquainted with Italian culture during his stay in Tuscany, initiated measures to modernize the country. After forming close ties and establishing diplomatic relations with Tuscany, he brought in architects, irrigation engineers, and

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Fakhr-al-Din was taken to Constantinople and kept in the Yedikule (Seven Towers) prison for two years. He was then summoned before the sultan. Fakhr-al-Din, and one or two of his sons, were accused of treason and executed there on 13 April 1635. There are unsubstantiated rumors that the younger of

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and destroyed more than a dozen civilian airliners belonging to various Arab carriers. Israel defended its actions by informing the Lebanese government that it was responsible for encouraging the PFLP. The retaliation, which was intended to encourage a Lebanese government crackdown on Palestinian

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demanded the creation of a national unity government, over which the mostly Shia opposition groups would have veto power. When Émile Lahoud's presidential term ended in October 2007, the opposition refused to vote for a successor unless a power-sharing deal was reached, leaving Lebanon without a

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On 26 April 2005, the last 250 Syrian troops left Lebanon. During the departure ceremonies, Ali Habib, Syria's chief of staff, said that Syria's president had decided to recall his troops after the Lebanese army had been "rebuilt on sound national foundations and became capable of protecting the

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reported to the Security Council that Syria had failed to withdraw its forces from Lebanon. Mr. Annan concluded his report saying that "It is time, 14 years after the end of hostilities and four years after the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, for all parties concerned to set aside the remaining

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After the Islamic conquest, Mediterranean trade faced a prolonged decline lasting three centuries, attributed to maritime conflicts between the Islamic caliphate and the Byzantines. The partially damaged ports, vital as naval strongholds for the caliphate, struggled to regain prosperity. Despite

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focused on securing the withdrawal of Israeli and Syrian forces. A May 17, 1983, agreement among Lebanon, Israel, and the United States arranged an Israeli withdrawal conditional on the departure of Syrian troops. Syria opposed the agreement and declined to discuss the withdrawal of its troops,

2320:

This time, the prince had decided to remain in Lebanon and resist the offensive, but the death of his son Emir Ali Beik in Wadi el-Taym was the beginning of his defeat. He later took refuge in Jezzine's grotto, closely followed by Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha. He surrendered to the Ottoman general Jaafar

2109:

or other local patriarchs, the Maronites proclaimed allegiance to the Pope in Rome. As such the Franks saw them as Roman Catholic brethren. These initial contacts led to centuries of support for the Maronites from France and Italy, even after the later fall of the Crusader states in the region.

1930:. In particular, the Maronite community clung to its faith and managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Syria. Muslim influence increased greatly in the seventh century, when the nearby city Damascus, in modern-day Syria, was set as the capital of the 3350:

The War can be divided broadly into several periods: The initial outbreak in the mid–1970s, the Syrian and then Israeli intervention of the late 1970s, escalation of the PLO-Israeli conflict in the early 1980s, the 1982 Israeli invasion, a brief period of multinational involvement, and finally

4024:

announced that his troops will leave Lebanon completely "in the next few months". Responding to the announcement, opposition leader Walid Jumblatt said that he wanted to hear more specifics from Damascus about any withdrawal: "It's a nice gesture but 'next few months' is quite vague—we need a

3346:

In all, it is estimated that more than 100,000 were killed, and another 100,000 handicapped by injuries, during Lebanon's 16-year war. Up to one-fifth of the pre-war resident population, or about 900,000 people, were displaced from their homes, of whom perhaps a quarter of a million emigrated

2303:

In 1623, the prince angered the Ottomans by refusing to allow an army on its way back from the Persian front to winter in the Bekaa. This (and instigation by the powerful Janissary garrison in Damascus) led Mustafa Pasha, Governor of Damascus, to launch an attack against him, resulting in the

4040:

south Lebanon and eastern Beka'a valley. The show of power demonstrated Hezbollah's influence, wealth and organization as the sole Lebanese party allowed to hold a militia by Syria. In his speech Nasrallah blasted UN Security-Council Resolution 1559, which calls for Hezbollah's militia to be

1720:, the area comprising Phoenicia, Canaan, Syria, and Cyprus was administered in a single satrapy and paid a yearly tribute of three hundred and fifty talents. By comparison, Egypt and Libya paid seven hundred talents. Many Phoenician colonies continued their independent existence—most notably 4142:, the climate was right to try to heal wounds to help unite the country after former prime minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated on 14 February 2005. Geagea was released on 26 July 2005 and left immediately for an undisclosed European nation to undergo medical examinations and convalesce. 3497:

Bachir Gemayel was succeeded as president by his older brother Amine Gemayel, who served from 1982 to 1988. Rather different in temperament, Amine Gemayel was widely regarded as lacking the charisma and decisiveness of his brother, and many of the latter's followers were dissatisfied.

3470:

did not cooperate with the Israelis publicly, his long history of tactical collaboration with Israel counted against him in the eyes of many Lebanese, especially Muslims. Although the only announced candidate for the presidency of the republic, the National Assembly elected him by the

2353:

of Istanbul, wanting to thwart Lebanon's progress toward complete independence, ordered Kutshuk, then governor of Damascus, to attack the Lebanese ruler. This time Fakhr ad-Din was defeated, and he was executed in Istanbul in 1635. No significant Maan rulers succeeded Fakhr ad-Din II.

2436: 3355:

reflect the census results. Political tension became military conflict, with full-scale civil war in April 1975. The leadership called for Syrian intervention in 1976, leading to the presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon, and an Arab summit in 1976 was called to stop the crisis.

2867:, territory which had historically belonged to the province of Damascus for hundreds of years, and was far more attached to Damascus than Beirut by culture and influence. This doubled the territory under the control of Beirut, at the expense of what would become the state of 3194:

For its part, the PLO used its new privileges to establish an effective "mini-state" in southern Lebanon, and to ramp up its attacks on settlements in northern Israel. Compounding matters, Lebanon received an influx of armed Palestinian militants, including Arafat and his

4539:

was designated to fill the role on 26 July 2021. He received 72 votes out of 128 MPs. On September 10, 2021, Mikati was able to form a government. He announced that he wanted to ask for help from Arab countries to try to get Lebanon out of the crisis it is going through.

3815:

began applying pressure on Syria to end its occupation and cease interfering with internal Lebanese matters. In 2004, many believe Syria pressured Lebanese MPs to back a constitutional amendment to revise term limitations and allow Lebanon's two term pro-Syrian president

2560:

intervened and established a commission to determine the outcome. The French forces deployed there were then used to enforce the final decision. The French accepted the Druze as having established control and the Maronites were reduced to a semi-autonomous region around

2349:

agricultural experts from Italy in an effort to promote prosperity in the country. He also strengthened Lebanon's strategic position by expanding its territory, building forts as far away as Palmyra in Syria, and gaining control of Palestine. Finally, the Ottoman sultan

4203:, an action suggesting increased vigilance following PM Saniora's angry remarks. In a new statement Saniora also rejected claims by Al-Qaeda that it was responsible for the attack and insisted again that it was a domestic action challenging his government's authority. 4198:

denounced the attack as "aimed at destabilizing security and diverting attention from efforts exerted to solve the internal issues prevailing in the country". On December 30, 2005, the Lebanese army dismantled two other Katyusha rockets found in the border town of

2958:, drawn up in 1926, specified a balance of power between the various religious groups, but France designed it to guarantee the political dominance of its Christian allies. The president was required to be a Christian (in practice, a Maronite), the prime minister a 4442:

were expected to remain in place until at least 2025. It was remarked at the time that Lebanon, whose population is under 7 million, "produces little and imports about 80 percent of the goods it consumes." Debt servicing had consumed 30 percent of recent budgets.

3097:

During the 1960s, Lebanon enjoyed a period of relative calm, with Beirut-focused tourism and banking sector-driven prosperity. Lebanon reached the peak of its economic success in the mid–1960s—the country was seen as a bastion of economic strength by the oil-rich

3798:

called for an agreement between the Syrian and Lebanese Governments by September 1992 on their redeployment to Lebanon's Bekaa Valley. Syria's refusal to exit Lebanon following Israel's 2000 withdrawal from south Lebanon first raised criticism among the Lebanese

4104:

Following the Syrian withdrawal a series of assassinations of Lebanese politicians and journalists with the anti-Syrian camp had begun. Many bombings have occurred to date and have triggered condemnations from the UN Security Council and UN Secretary General.

3558:

in Beirut, led by the PSP and Amal, the two main allies, was a major blow to the government. On March 5, as a result of the Intifada and the Mountain War, the Lebanese Government canceled the 17 May 1983 agreement. The US Marines departed a few weeks later.

2641:

individuals against imperial taxation regimes. However, as domestic ideological conflicts, foreign interventions, and corruption escalated, the El-Assaad regime struggled to maintain its control, leading to a rapid deterioration of stability and governance.

3696:

had formed a cabinet, retaining for himself the finance portfolio. The formation of a government headed by a successful billionaire businessman was widely seen as a sign that Lebanon would make a priority of rebuilding the country and reviving the economy.

4499:

resigned on 10 August, and a state of emergency, which gave "the army broad powers to prevent gatherings, censor media and arrest anyone deemed to be a security threat", was declared on 13 August by the caretaker government. On 14 August, Hezbollah leader

4806: 2313:, who was not with the Emir in Europe but had access to someone who was, possibly Fakhr ad-Din himself. However, as time passed, the Ottomans grew increasingly uncomfortable with the prince's increasing powers and extended relations with Europe. In 1632, 3224:. Its goals were geared towards improving the social and political conditions of Lebanon's poor population. Although its primary focus was on the Shi'ite community, the movement operated as a secular entity and enjoyed the support of other communities. 4454:

figures... almost equal to the total of value of the deposits held by the Banque du Liban from the country’s commercial banks." The government of Lebanon concurred with the IMF estimates. The value of the pound, which had been artificially pegged at

2308:

where Fakhr-al-Din's forces although outnumbered managed to capture the Pasha and secure the Lebanese prince and his allies a much needed military victory. The best source (in Arabic) for Fakhr ad-Din's career up to this point is a memoir signed by

3430:

Intra-Palestinian fighting and PLO-Israeli conflict continued, and July 24, 1981, Habib brokered a cease-fire agreement with the PLO and Israel: the two sides agreed to cease hostilities in Lebanon proper and along the Israeli border with Lebanon.

9191: 9181: 9171: 3588:, head of a government of national unity set up after the failed peace efforts of 1984, was assassinated on June 1, 1987. President Gemayel's term of office expired in September 1988. Before stepping down, he appointed another Maronite Christian, 4045:

said "That is where the difference between us and them lies: They asked these people to come and they brought them here, whereas the opposition's supporters come here on their own. Our protests are spontaneous. We have a cause. What is theirs?".

4020:, who survived a similar car bomb attack on October 1, 2004, said "I accuse this government of incitement, negligence and shortcomings at the least, and of covering up its planning at the most... if not executing". Two days later Syrian leader 4193:

wounding three people. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan called on the Lebanese Government "to extend its control over all its territory, to exert its monopoly on the use of force, and to put an end to all such attacks". Lebanese Prime Minister

2017:

as divine, thereby establishing the foundation of the sect in Mount Lebanon. The new faith gained followers in the southern portion of Lebanon. The Maronites and the Druze divided Lebanon until the modern era. The major cities on the coast,

2731:

They lost so many loved ones during that time. My father once said that the rich families survived as they were able to bribe and get supplies on the black market. It was the unemployed, the middle class and the poor that were dying in the

1454:, when the region was populated by ancient peoples, cultivating land and living in sophisticated societies during the 2nd millennium BC. Northern Canaanites are mentioned in the Bible as well as in other Semitic records from that period. 3836:, authored by France and the U.S. in an uncommon show of cooperation. The resolution called "upon all remaining foreign forces to withdraw from Lebanon" and "for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias". 3967:. On February 21, 2005, tens of thousand Lebanese protestors held a rally at the site of the assassination calling for the withdrawal of Syria's peacekeeping forces and blaming Syria and the pro-Syrian president Lahoud for the murder. 2565:, without even direct control over Beirut itself. The Province of Lebanon would be controlled by the Maronites, but the entire area was placed under direct rule of the governor of Damascus, and carefully watched by the Ottoman Empire. 4437:

with which the BdL maintained the nation's tenuous stability to crash and burn. Simultaneously, commercial banks imposed "informal capital controls limiting the amount of dollars depositors can withdraw as well as transfers abroad."

1611:

The last phrase is usually regarded by modern historians as lending credibility to the Phoenician narrative, as they could not have otherwise known that the sun would be on their right hand side as they sailed southwards below the

3906:, who had vehemently opposed this amendment, appeared to have finally accepted it, and so did most of his party. However, he ended up resigning in protest against the amendment. He was assassinated soon afterwards, triggering the 2133:

in 1348–1349, which reduced the population by a third and curtailed economic activity for over two centuries, the Mamluks contributed to the enduring architectural legacy of the region, including the restoration of the Crusader

4108:

Eight months after Syria withdrew from Lebanon under intense domestic and international outrage over the assassination of Lebanese prime minister Rafiq Hariri the UN investigation has yet to be completed. While UN investigator

2636:

The El-Assaads are considered as "Bakaweit" (title of nobility plural of "Bek" granted to a few wealthy families in Lebanon in the early 18th century), and previously considered princes, however titles have changed over time.

1602:

in what is now known as the 5th century BC. The Phoenicians were equally reputed for their seafaring skills. They were allegedly the first to circumnavigate the African continent. Herodotus writes that Egyptian Pharaoh Necos,

8710: 3701:, a private real estate company set up to rebuild downtown Beirut, was a symbol of Hariri's strategy to link economic recovery to private sector investment. After the election of then-commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces 2742:

About half the population of the Mount Lebanon subdivision, overwhelmingly Maronites, starved to death (200,000 killed out of 400,000 of the total populace) throughout the years of 1915–1918 during what is now known as the

2644:

When the 1858 Ottoman land reforms led to the accumulated ownership of large tracts of land by only a few families on the expense of the peasants, the El-Assaad descendants of the rural Ali al-Saghir dynasty expanded their

2994:

to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces. Britain, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government,

8474: 6533: 5511:

Kobishchanov, Taras Y. (19 October 2020). "On the eve of colonialism: Arab rulers and Russian authorities at the last third of the 18th century". In Michalak-Pikulska, Barbara; Piela, Marek; Majtczak, Tomasz (eds.).

1590:" originally they shaped their letters exactly like all the other Phoenicians, but afterwards, in course of time, they changed by degrees their language, and together with it the form likewise of their characters." 4802: 3790:

and France rejected Syrian reasoning that they were in Lebanon by the consent of the Lebanese government. They insist that the latter had been co-opted and that in fact Lebanon's Government was a Syrian puppet.

5615:.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs with an intense hatred. 8992: 3263:

had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises of Lebanon's post-Ottoman period and was exacerbated by the nation's changing demographic trends, inter-religious strife, and proximity to Syria, the

9189: 9179: 9169: 3442:

attempted through negotiations to evacuate the PLO. It is estimated that during the entire campaign, approximately 20,000 were killed on all sides, including many civilians. These figures do not include the

4295:

became president and a national unity government was established, granting a veto to the opposition. The agreement was a victory for opposition forces, as the government caved in to all their main demands.

5538:

on January 1 of 1774 on the eve of the departure of Russian ships from Beirut, the emir of Mount Lebanon appealed to count Orlov with a petition to extend the subjection of the empress Catherine II to him.

2747:, as a consequence of a mixed combination of crop failure, punitive governance practices, naval blockade of the coast by the Allies, and an Ottoman military ban on exports from Syria into Lebanon, during 2277:

to a Druze family, his father died when he was 13, and his mother entrusted her son to another princely family, probably the Khazens (al-Khazin). In 1608, Fakhr-al-Din forged an alliance with the Italian

1925:

as the Eastern Romans are sometimes called). Though Islam and the Arabic language were officially dominant under this new regime, the general populace still took time to convert from Christianity and the

4002:

said Mr Moussa had misunderstood the Syrian leader. Mr Dakhlallah said that Syria will merely move its troops to eastern Lebanon. Russia, Germany, and Saudi Arabia all called for Syrian troops to leave.

3858:

In Resolution 425, the UN had set a goal of assisting the Lebanese government in a "return of its effective authority in the area", which would require an official Lebanese army presence there. Further,

8296: 4057:

One month after Hariri's murder, an enormous anti-Syrian rally gathered at Martyr's Square in Beirut. Multiple news agencies estimated the crowd at between 800,000 and 1 million—a show of force for the

4287:. The Lebanese government denounced the violence as a coup attempt. At least 62 people died in the resulting clashes between pro-government and opposition militias. On 21 May 2008, the signing of the 9014: 3490:, was enabled by an Israeli advance in West Beirut which was in breach of a ceasefire agreement. It is believed that the Phalangists considered it retaliation for Gemayel's assassination and for the 6105: 4145:

During the Cedar Revolution Hezbollah organized a series of pro-Syrian rallies. Hezbollah became a part of the Lebanese government following the 2005 elections but is at a crossroads regarding the

2449:(or Bachir in French sources) would rise to become the Emir. Born into poverty, he was elected emir upon the abdication of his predecessor, and would rule under Ottoman suzerainty, being appointed 8375: 1866:. The monks who followed Maron spread his teachings among the native Lebanese Christians and remaining pagans in the mountains and coast of Lebanon. These Lebanese Christians came to be known as 4828:"Kuhn, Steven L., Stiner, Mary C., Reese, David S., Güleç, Erksin., Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant, Edited by Henry C. Harpending, PNAS, June 5th 2001" 4459:

1,507.5 per U.S. dollar by the BdL, traded on the informal market in June 2020 at £L5,000 to the dollar, and concurrently the BdL welcomed in an official publication the involvement of the IMF.

2840:

mandated the five provinces that make up present-day Lebanon to the direct control of France. Initially the division of the Arabic-speaking areas of the Ottoman Empire were to be divided by the

8453: 2317:

was named Muhafiz of Damascus, being a rival of Fakhr-al-Din and a friend of Sultan Murad IV, who ordered Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha and the sultanate's navy to attack Lebanon and depose Fakhr-al-Din.

9064: 8847: 8578: 4016:

fallen, your turn will come, Lahoud, and yours, Bashar". Opposition MPs were also not satisfied with Karami's resignation, and kept pressing for full Syrian withdrawal. Former minister and MP

2660:

had entered Jaffa and Haifa without resistance. Two years later, Shiite forces under Hamad al-Mahmud from the Ali al-Saghir dynasty rebelled against the occupation. They were supported by the

6948: 6798: 2474:

During the nineteenth century the town of Beirut became the most important port of the region, supplanting Acre further to the south. This was mostly because Mount Lebanon became a centre of

9190: 9180: 9170: 4101:

UN forces led by Senegalese Mouhamadou Kandji and guided by Lebanese Imad Anka were sent to Lebanon to verify the military withdrawal which was mandated by Security Council resolution 1559.

8546: 8524: 3755:, another former Lebanese Forces figure associated with the Sabra and Shatilla massacres who later served in three cabinets and the parliament, was assassinated in a car bombing in Beirut. 4138:

in the first session since election were held in the spring of 2005. Geagea was the only leader during the civil war to be charged with crimes related to that conflict. With the return of

9123: 3451:

composed of U.S. Marines and French and Italian units arrived to ensure the departure of the PLO and protect civilians. Nearly 15,000 Palestinian militants were evacuated by September 1.

8905: 7613: 7588: 8874: 3638:

pardoned most political crimes prior to its enactment, excepting crimes perpetrated against foreign diplomats or certain crimes referred by the cabinet to the Higher Judicial Council.

3385:

Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1983: Green – controlled by Syria, purple – controlled by Christian groups, yellow – controlled by Israel, blue – controlled by the United Nations

3102:

Arab states, whose funds made Lebanon one of the world's fastest growing economies. This period of economic stability and prosperity was brought to an abrupt halt with the collapse of

2902:; the Maronite church and the secular leaders sought a state that could better provide for its people. The areas to be added to the Mutasarrifate included the coastal towns of Beirut, 2707:. The remainder of the 19th century saw a relative period of stability, as Muslim, Druze and Maronite groups focused on economic and cultural development which saw the founding of the 4517: 4036:

The following day a pro-Syrian demonstration set a new record when Hezbollah amassed 400,000–500,000 protestors at Riad Solh square in Beirut, most of them bussed in from the heavily

3183:

in the 1950s after being accused of killing hundreds of people including other Maronites, was elected president by a very narrow vote in parliament. In November, his personal friend

1967:

attempts involving military presence and new settlers, the cities of Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, and Tripoli likely sustained populations of only a few thousand each during the Umayyad and

4114: 2056:, launched by Latin Christians (of mainly French origin) in Western Europe to reclaim the former Roman territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially Syria and Palestine (the 8706: 3006:

visited the area. Under various political pressures from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle decided to recognize the independence of Lebanon. On November 26, 1941, General

8934: 8503: 3921:

was the target of a car bomb attack as his vehicle slowed to enter his Beirut home. Mr. Hamadeh and his bodyguard were wounded and his driver killed in the attack. Druze leader

3397:(UNIFIL), charged with maintaining peace. Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, leaving an SLA-controlled border strip as a protective buffer against PLO cross-border attacks. 8110: 8820: 7879: 4323:

newspaper in November 2010 stated that Hezbollah has drafted plans for a takeover of the country if the Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues an indictment against its members.

2454:

backers equaled or exceeded Bashir II—and who had increasing support in the Druze community. In 1822 the Ottoman wali of Damascus went to war with Acre, which was allied with

6233: 8736: 8478: 8600: 5149: 4520:(UNOCHA) launched a $ 565 million appeal for donors of aid to victims of the explosion. The UN effort was to focus on: meals, first aid, shelters, and repair of schools. 2788: 8767: 8322: 8204: 7638: 7418: 3743:

extremists in the north who had attacked its soldiers, and it continues to move against groups such as Asbat al-Ansar, which has been accused of being partnered with

8984: 8274: 3370:(SLA) in an effort to establish a security belt along Israel's northern border, an effort which intensified in 1977 with the election of new Israeli prime minister 1792:, the most prominent Phoenician city. He conquered what is now Lebanon and other nearby regions in 332 BC. After Alexander's death the region was absorbed into the 392: 2175:

Ottoman control was uncontested during the early modern period, but the Lebanese coast became important for its contacts and trades with the maritime republics of

3774:

militia was eventually to be dismantled, and the LAF allowed to deploy along the border with Israel. Lebanon was called on to deploy along its southern border by

6683: 1558:"introduced into Greece upon their arrival a great variety of arts, among the rest that of writing, whereof the Greeks till then had, as I think, been ignorant." 1347: 8648: 2310: 8793: 7980: 8300: 7274: 3716:

Postwar social and political instability, fueled by economic uncertainty and the collapse of the Lebanese currency, led to the resignation of Prime Minister

9006: 7826: 7774: 7103: 4264:. At least 169 soldiers, 287 insurgents and 47 civilians were killed in the battle. Funds for the reconstruction of the area have been slow to materialize. 3648:

Some violence still occurred. In late December 1991 a car bomb (estimated to carry 100 kg (220 lb) of TNT) exploded in the Muslim neighborhood of

3607:

who had succeeded Karami. Lebanon was thus divided between a Christian government in East Beirut and a Muslim government in West Beirut, with no president.

1823:. The region, as with the rest of Syria and much of Anatolia, became a major center of Christianity. Mount Lebanon and its coastal plain became part of the 7944: 7910: 6101: 4578:

movement and its allies lost their parliamentary majority. Hezbollah did not lose any of its seats, but its allies lost seats. Hezbollah's ally, President

3656:, who was riding in a bulletproof car. It was the deadliest car bombing in Lebanon since June 18, 1985, when an explosion in the northern Lebanese port of 2848:

of 1920, whose determinations on the mandates, their boundaries, purposes and organization was ratified by the League in 1921 and put into effect in 1922.

2751:. Dead bodies were piled in the streets and starving Lebanese civilians were reported to be eating street animals while some even resorted to cannibalism. 8367: 7249: 5181:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 2–8. 3423:

increased Israeli support for the Maronite group and led to direct Israeli-Syrian exchanges in April 1981, leading to American diplomatic intervention.

3209:

to the chaos of the civil war, foreign invasions and international intervention. The consequences of the PLO's arrival in Lebanon continue to this day.

2795: 8963: 7676: 3486:

and remained until the morning of September 19, massacring 700-3500 Palestinians, "none apparently members of any PLO unit". This attack, known as the

6404:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 25. 5727: 4113:

has pointed the finger at Syria's intelligence apparatus in Lebanon he has yet to be allowed full access to Syrian officials who are suspected by the

9056: 8843: 8568: 2526: 2224:

who were Sunni Muslim Arab converts to Maronite Christianity, ruled Lebanon until the middle of the nineteenth century. During Ottoman rule the term

1054: 6923:"Press conference following meeting with President Emile Lahoud of Lebanon, (unofficial transcript) | Secretary General's Off-the-Cuff Remarks" 3649: 1336:

cliff where excavations have shown occupational deposits reaching down to a depth of 23.6 metres (77 ft) with one of the longest sequences of

8542: 8528: 6946: 6796: 3090:

to Beirut on July 15 in response to an appeal by the government. After the crisis, a new government was formed, led by the popular former general

1480:

Approximate territory of "Phoenicia" (northern Canaan, Syro-Phoenicia) in the Late Bronze Age, before Phoenician colonisation in the Mediterranean

8449: 7567: 4716:

Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, p. 73-75 and see fig. XVII on p. 163 for drawing by Peter. J. Wescombe of the javelin found at Beirut VI

4146: 9115: 6815:"[18 Jun 2000] SC/6878 : SECURITY COUNCIL ENDORSES SECRETARY-GENERAL'S CONCLUSION ON ISRAELI WITHDRAWAL FROM LEBANON AS OF 16 JUNE" 6586: 8181: 3848: 2498: 2332:

Portrait of Fakhreddine while he was in Tuscany, stating "Faccardino grand emir dei Drusi" translated as "Fakhreddine: great emir of the Druze"

432: 8897: 5683: 2478:

production for export to Europe. This industry made the region wealthy, but also dependent on links to Europe. Since most of the silk went to

10164: 9608: 8870: 6847: 6818: 3134: 8679: 7124: 7019: 2052:

in the 11th century, the Romans in Constantinople appealed to the Pope in Rome for assistance. There resulted a series of wars known as the

2022:, Beirut, and others, were directly administered by Muslim Caliphs. As a result, the people became increasingly absorbed by Arabic culture. 7044: 601: 8427: 7207: 7176: 916: 9094: 4094:, a Syrian ally in the Lebanese security forces, resigned on 25 April, just a day before the final Syrian troops pulled out of Lebanon. 3779: 3775: 3156:

In the interim, while armed Lebanese forces under the Maronite-controlled government sparred with Palestinian fighters, Egyptian leader

2244:

who settled on the southwestern slopes of the Lebanon Mountains and soon adopted the Druze religion. Their authority began to rise with

4283:

forces, sparked by a government declaration that Hezbollah's communications network was illegal, seized western Beirut, leading to the

3685:

Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have conducted several elections, most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded, and the

3615:. October 13, 1990, is regarded as the date the civil war ended, and Syria is widely recognized as playing a critical role in its end. 8926: 8499: 7856: 7745: 7617: 7592: 7333: 7303: 7077: 6636: 9838: 8397: 8118: 7224: 4268: 1293:. Before this date, the designation "Lebanon" concerned a territory with vaguely defined borders, encompassing the mountain range of 1237: 142: 8816: 7887: 7800: 9362: 6876: 6379:. Studies in Middle Eastern history (Oxford University Press ed.). New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press. pp. 232, 247. 6003: 4342:

in Tripoli. As of 6 August 2013, more than 677,702 Syrian refugees are in Lebanon. As the number of Syrian refugees increases, the

3544: 3277: 2803: 2760: 2553: 1263: 8732: 8608: 8240: 10113: 8344: 3883:

voted 96–29 to amend the constitution to allow the pro-Syrian president, Émile Lahoud, three more years in office by extending a

2676: 367: 328: 8052: 7715: 7545: 7515: 7485: 7455: 7393: 7363: 6972: 6775: 6720: 4803:"Douka, K. 2011. An Upper Palaeolithic shell scraper from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (2):429-437" 10174: 5144: 3983: 3672: 3043:

and finance, as well as wealthy tourists, and enjoyed a reputation as the "Paris of the Middle East" until the outbreak of the

1081: 382: 6926: 3204:

is probably the best-known example. Palestinian attacks claimed 106 lives in northern Israel from 1967, according to official

2601:

the El-Assaad dynasty that ruled most of South Lebanon for three centuries and whose lineage defended the local people of the

2548:, with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 9463: 9436: 9282: 8759: 8326: 8001: 6409: 6384: 5882:

Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon : the role of Sayyid #Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr

5831:

Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon : the role of Sayyid #Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr

5224: 5186: 4331: 4243: 4230:

went into effect in the morning on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006 when Israel lifted its naval

3917:

On October 1, 2004, one of the main dissenting voices to Émile Lahoud's term extension, the newly resigned Druze ex-minister

2147: 2101:

One of the most lasting effects of the Crusades in this region was the contact between the crusaders (mainly French) and the

1955:, or poll tax, to Islamic rulers. The collection of this tax from mountain Christians saw inconsistent enforcement until the 1049: 963: 777: 422: 310: 274: 9037: 4158:

killed 4 Hezbollah members and scattered the rest. The UN Security Council accused Hezbollah of initiating the hostilities.

3828:, along with many Lebanese politicians joined the U.S. in denouncing alleged Syrian interference. On September 2, 2004, the 3596:, as acting prime minister, as was his right under the Lebanese constitution of 1943. This action was highly controversial. 3577:

the fights between the brothers, the PSP and Amal. Violent confrontation flared up again in Beirut in 1988 between Amal and

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Phoenicia was a cosmopolitan centre for many nations and cultures. Phoenician art, customs and religion reveal considerable

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estimated the losses at $ 49 billion, equivalent "to 91 per cent of Lebanon’s total economic output in 2019, according to

3811:, on the other hand, have long supported the Syrian presence, as has the Hezbollah militia group and political party. The 3427:

was dispatched to the region to head off further escalation, which he successfully did via an agreement concluded in May.

2337:

In an effort to attain complete independence for Lebanon, he concluded a secret agreement with Ferdinand I, grand duke of

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Salibi, Kemal: "The Secret of the House of Ma’n", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 4 (1973), pp 272-287

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in response to many of the government's failures and malfeasances. In the months leading up to the protests there was an

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participants who opposed Hezbollah's refusal to disarm based on the claim that Lebanese and Syrian interests are linked.

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withdrew southward and left the Chouf, and would remain only in the "security zone" until the year 2000. That led to the

109: 6873:"SECURITY COUNCIL CONDEMNS VIOLENCE ALONG BLUE LINE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND LEBANON, EXTENDS MANDATE OF UNIFIL UNTIL 31 JULY" 5102: 9242: 8475:"Lebanese millers say wheat reserves fall due to ongoing 'dollar problem' | Business, Local | THE DAILY STAR" 6183: 6057: 5164: 4462:

It came to light in an audit of 2018 BdL finances whose results were revealed on 23 July that the governor of the BdL,

3900: 3374:. Israel invaded Lebanon in response to Fatah attacks in Israel in March 1978, occupying most of the area south of the 3303:

Events and political movements that contributed to Lebanon's violent implosion include, among others, the emergence of

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The quote is: "The police state ... has proven its efficiency in targeting one of the symbols of the nation... ", see

6901: 6691: 6153: 5850: 4504:"referred to the possibility of civil war" were the anti-government protestors to force an early election. Meanwhile, 3532:

and inflected heavy losses to the LF. The result was the expulsion of the Christians from the Southern Mount Lebanon.

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of Tanzania, the council also called on Syria to take measures to stop movements of arms and personnel into Lebanon.

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In addition to the fighting between religious groups, there was rivalry between Maronite groups. In June 1978 one of

3265: 3126: 2383: 8640: 7976: 3982:. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan announced that he was sending a team led by Ireland's deputy police commissioner, 1385:

was also discovered in material from level XXVI or XXV, at around 15 metres (49 ft). Studies by Hooijer showed

43: 9401: 8789: 7270: 5951: 4516:

warships that were deployed to assist in the delivery of medical assistance and other aid." Also on 14 August, the

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Up to 2005, 14–15,000 Syrian troops (down from 35,000) remained in position in many areas of Lebanon, although the

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Flag as drawn and approved by the members of the Lebanese parliament during the declaration of independence in 1943

2982:

was appointed as high commissioner of Lebanon. This new turning point led to the resignation of Lebanese president

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in Beirut on November 22 as his motorcade returned from Lebanese independence day ceremonies. He was succeeded by

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was found at the first stage of this level (XXIV), at around 15.2 metres (50 ft) below datum with a complete

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The allies kept the region under control until the end of World War II. The last French troops withdrew in 1946.

926: 894: 889: 103: 7918: 5490: 5425: 5343: 5284: 4570:. Lebanon's crisis has been so severe that more than 80 percent of the population is now considered poor by the 2260: 1724:. The Persians forced some of the population to migrate to Carthage, which remained a powerful nation until the 10238: 6316: 5652: 4563: 3448: 2228:

was used to designate the approximate area including present-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Israel/Palestine.

879: 874: 834: 718: 7245: 9831: 9657: 7668: 4379: 3964: 2899: 2744: 2725: 2708: 1986:

later evolved to become the first Druze Lords. In 845, tensions flared as Tanukhs clashed with Christians in

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During the conflict between the Mamluks and the Ottomans, the amirs of Lebanon linked their fate to that of

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On March 5 Syrian leader Assad declared in a televised speech that Syria would withdraw its forces to the

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Hariri's murder triggered increased international pressure on Syria. In a joint statement U.S. President

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one (with sister alphabets of Hebrew, Aramaic and Moabite), influencing the entire Mediterranean region.

1059: 713: 587: 496: 471: 316: 23: 4989: 3408:, was killed along with his wife and infant daughter in a nighttime attack on their town, reportedly by 1870:, and moved into the mountains to avoid religious persecution by Roman authorities. During the frequent 10128: 10033: 9745: 9406: 9391: 8028:"Lebanese army sappers defuse rockets intended for Israel - Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper" 4662: 4422: 3724:, who was widely viewed as a caretaker to oversee Lebanon's first parliamentary elections in 20 years. 3487: 3444: 3378:, and resulting in the evacuation of at least 100,000 Lebanese, as well as approximately 2,000 deaths. 3138: 2996: 2490: 2397:

operating in the Mediterranean, local Lebanese authorities briefly attempted to place themselves under

2160:

formed an empire which came to encompass the Balkans, Middle East and North Africa. The Ottoman sultan

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is the historic home of a string of coastal trading cities of Semitic culture, which the Greeks termed

1130: 1024: 884: 854: 767: 136: 62: 4307:, which was expected to indict Hezbollah members for the Hariri assassination. The parliament elected 9603: 9222: 8173: 6578: 5977: 5474: 5409: 5327: 5268: 4470:

and cooked the books. Two days earlier the government had announced its contract with New York-based

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from Anatolia. Frankish nobles occupied areas within present-day Lebanon as part of the southeastern

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announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government.

10138: 9855: 9824: 9431: 6814: 4601:, did not participate the election, leaving a political vacuum to other Sunni politicians to fill. 4528: 4315:, Prime Minister of Lebanon, making him responsible for forming a new government. Hezbollah leader 4284: 4186: 3680: 2855:

recognised, the French having taken Damascus in 1920. Like all formerly Ottoman areas, Syria was a

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Anti-Syrian protesters heading to Martyrs' Square in Beirut on foot and in vehicles, 13 March 2005

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The last of the Westerners kidnapped by Hezbollah during the mid–1980s were released in May 1992.

2769: 10083: 10048: 10003: 9720: 9698: 9672: 9571: 9556: 9510: 9348: 7965: 7135: 7023: 6428: 5913:"The Shi'i Matawila of Lebanon: A Study of their Political Development in Historical Perspective" 5851:"The Shi'i Matawila of Lebanon: A Study of their Political Development in Historical Perspective" 4652: 4582: 4371: 4351: 3889: 3297: 3272:. By 1975, Lebanon was a religiously and ethnically diverse country with most dominant groups of 3253: 3142: 3061: 2955: 1398: 1190: 968: 931: 819: 698: 559: 7048: 4585:, was no longer the biggest Christian party after the election. A rival Christian party, led by 3720:, also in May 1992, after less than 2 years in office. He was replaced by former prime minister 9973: 9968: 9863: 9634: 9581: 9485: 4647: 4496: 4398: 4394: 4335: 4247: 4059: 4008: 3884: 3804: 3740: 3604: 3336: 3281: 3161: 3079: 2959: 2947: 2860: 2700: 2657: 2587:, a Lebanese nationalist played an influential role in Lebanon's independence during this era. 2506: 2424: 2279: 2248:, who was permitted by Ottoman authorities to organize his own army, and reached its peak with 1910: 1904: 1900: 1871: 1843: 1839: 1820: 1789: 1451: 686: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 8423: 3847:

On May 25, 2000, Israel completed its withdrawal from the south of Lebanon in accordance with

3641:

In May 1991, the militias (with the important exception of Hizballah) were dissolved, and the

3622:

of 1989 marked the beginning of the end of the war, and was ratified on November 4. President

1735:

showed greater solidarity with their former colony Carthage than loyalty towards Persian king

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requires the dismantling of the Hezbollah militia. Yet, Hezbollah remains deployed along the

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According to the agreements reached at San Remo, France had its control over what was termed

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Lebanese army, engaged it in battle and was decisively defeated at Anjar in the Biqa Valley.

2014: 1679: 1462: 1310: 980: 681: 447: 412: 9206:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 31 March 2008

5219:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–28. 4319:

insists that Israel was responsible for the assassination of Hariri. A report leaked by the

2325:

the two boys was spared and raised in the harem, later becoming Ottoman ambassador to India.

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the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..

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The first map, drawn by the French in 1862, was used as a template for the 1920 borders of

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permanently. Thousands of people lost limbs during many stages of planting of land-mines.

8: 10153: 10123: 10073: 10028: 10008: 9998: 9898: 9750: 9576: 9544: 9530: 8684: 6872: 5478: 5413: 5331: 5272: 4689: 4544: 4471: 4467: 4320: 4291:

ended the fighting. As part of the accord, which ended 18 months of political paralysis,

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promised him a phased withdrawal over a two-year period, the Syrian Information Minister

3864: 3829: 3642: 3589: 3555: 3390: 3221: 2845: 2213: 1832: 1824: 1785: 1781: 1746:. Herodotus considers them as "the best sailors" in the Persian fleet. Phoenicians under 1675: 1470: 1155: 1066: 956: 859: 844: 839: 829: 824: 670: 357: 9331: 8985:"Liban: le premier ministre Najib Mikati annonce la composition du nouveau gouvernement" 8236: 6000: 4965: 4759: 10098: 10013: 9878: 9868: 9791: 9784: 9686: 9662: 9622: 9453: 9375: 8543:"Lebanon's informal capital controls explained: Why can't Lebanese access their money?" 7131: 6538: 6505: 5943: 5810: 5802: 4679: 3652:. At least thirty people were killed, and 120 wounded, including former prime minister 3367: 3324: 3260: 3233: 3157: 3087: 3044: 2887: 2314: 2296: 2252:(1570–1635). (The existence of "Fakhr ad-Din I" has been questioned by some scholars.) 2176: 2135: 1942: 1743: 1528: 1076: 869: 809: 804: 372: 163: 8340: 7771:"Security Council receives Mehlis report; Annan condemns new assassination in Lebanon" 5633:..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will.. 3645:

began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution.

1492:, whose maritime culture flourished there for more than 1,000 years. Ancient ruins in 10208: 10143: 10078: 10043: 9978: 9958: 9948: 9908: 9893: 9888: 9703: 9316: 9297: 9278: 9257: 9238: 8048: 7707: 7537: 7507: 7477: 7447: 7385: 7355: 6964: 6767: 6712: 6509: 6405: 6380: 6312: 6239: 6212: 6143: 6078: 6053: 6028: 6020: 5981: 5814: 5759: 5689: 5656: 5604: 5576: 5519: 5482: 5417: 5335: 5276: 5220: 5182: 5160: 5108: 4914: 4783: 4778: 4743: 4684: 4667: 4414: 4178: 3880: 3401: 3340: 3176: 3003: 2990:

for a presidency period that lasted only three months. The Vichy authorities allowed

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The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation

4429:. The decision was taken unanimously at a cabinet meeting under the chairmanship of 2699:

in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "

2285:

Hosted in Tuscany by the Medici Family, Fakhr-al-Din was welcomed by the grand duke

1594:

Herodotus attests the persistence of traces of the Phoenician alphabet in Greece on

1570:, who brought the alphabet with him to Greece in his search for his abducted sister 1416:. The findings of ornaments at the site are contemporaneous with ornaments found at 10184: 10103: 10063: 10038: 10018: 9953: 9928: 9918: 9903: 9800: 9765: 9755: 9740: 9708: 9525: 9458: 6497: 5794: 4773: 4763: 4672: 4501: 4439: 4327: 4316: 4312: 4207: 4086: 4076: 3999: 3907: 3873: 3657: 3563: 3435: 3393:

passed Resolution 425 calling for an immediate Israeli withdrawal and creating the

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has long been a shelter for minority and persecuted groups, including its historic

2119: 2093: 1960: 1922: 1828: 1774: 1725: 1717: 1421: 1137: 1006: 999: 987: 949: 676: 481: 402: 397: 304: 205: 187: 8027: 8005: 7880:"11 Israelis injured, at least 4 Hezbollah gunmen killed in failed kidnap attempt" 5646: 4940:"Phoenicia | Definition, Location, History, Religion, & Language | Britannica" 4608:, suffering from chronic poverty, economic mismanagement and a banking collapse. 4120:

On December 15, 2005, the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the UNIIIC.

1550:. This trade likely led to the transmission of the Phoenician alphabet to Greece. 10023: 9988: 9943: 9938: 9847: 9730: 9639: 9448: 9232: 6994: 6952: 6802: 6324: 6089:

the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.

6007: 5782:"The Shi'is in Lebanon: Between Communal 'Asabiyya and Arab Nationalism, 1908-21" 5518:. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskego (published 2020). p. 235. 5513: 5153: 5146:

Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. A-M.

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was appointed prime minister. On February 14, 2005, former prime minister Hariri

3925:

appealed for calm, but said the car bomb was a clear message for the opposition.

3744: 3521: 3491: 3168:, a Maronite militia, rose to prominence around this time, led by members of the 3075: 3007: 2987: 2983: 2819: 2773: 2764: 2665: 2328: 2305: 2270: 2249: 2105:. Unlike most other Christian communities in the region, who swore allegiance to 2071: 2031: 1927: 1875: 1793: 1713: 1447: 1417: 1409: 1278: 1259: 1195: 1125: 1111: 1071: 666: 626: 334: 253: 247: 8141: 8088: 6746: 5467:

McGowan, Afaf Sabeh (1989). "The Shihabs, 1697-1842". In Collelo, Thomas (ed.).

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Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State Under the Mandate, Kais Firro, p18

5932:"LA Communauté Chiite Libanaise et Le Mouvement National Palestinien 1967–1986" 4639: 4625: 4571: 4513: 4456: 4426: 4261: 4223: 4062:, Christian and Druze communities. The rally was double the size of the mostly 4042: 4017: 3975: 3971: 3947: 3922: 3918: 3893: 3851:. A 50-square-kilometre piece of mountain terrain, commonly referred to as the 3825: 3795: 3767: 3763: 3710: 3619: 3525: 3467: 3409: 3371: 3308: 3184: 3169: 2915: 2826:, overlaid on a map of modern day Lebanon showing religious groups distribution 2661: 2610: 2521: 2502: 2398: 2367: 2292: 2264: 2245: 2225: 2221: 2118:

Muslim control of Lebanon was reestablished in the late 13th century under the

2106: 2045: 1770: 1636: 1579: 1575: 1547: 1509: 1343: 1306: 1286: 1213: 1086: 691: 649: 577: 322: 298: 286: 229: 7823:"Security Council demands full Syrian cooperation in probe into Hariri murder" 7194: 7163: 5798: 4831: 4393:

tendering his resignation and echoing protesters' demands for a government of

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By early November 1992, a new parliament had been elected, and Prime Minister

3381: 3238: 1354:. The level above this showed industries accounting for all six stages of the 1309:). The idea of an independent Lebanon, however, emerged during the end of the 10227: 10202: 9713: 9515: 9116:"Lebanon struggles to emerge from financial crisis and government corruption" 6175: 5462: 5397: 5315: 5256: 4939: 4556: 4280: 4272: 4253: 4190: 4189:

fired from Hezbollah territory smashed into houses in the Israeli village of

4110: 3812: 3787: 3706: 3653: 3585: 3570: 3529: 3501: 3439: 3405: 3213: 3130: 3122: 3103: 2923: 2911: 2852: 2569: 2562: 2198: 2157: 2151: 2063: 2049: 2006: 1956: 1946: 1892: 1863: 1754:. Nevertheless, they were harshly punished by the Persian king following the 1732: 1567: 1520: 1386: 1371: 1294: 1185: 1175: 241: 211: 7639:"News :: Politics :: Opposition offers subtle salute to Hizbullah" 7100:"Security Council calls on Lebanon to assert control over all its territory" 6897: 5486: 5421: 5339: 5280: 3474: 2463:

ties with the Maronites by Bashir II, who was himself a Maronite Christian.

2090:

around 1190, the Crusader states in Lebanon and Syria were better defended.

2074:. The southern half of present-day Lebanon formed the northern march of the 9520: 9490: 8525:"Lebanon's wildfires call for an appropriate disaster risk management plan" 7419:"News :: Politics :: Saudi ruler demands rapid Syrian withdrawal" 6424: 6139:

Charity of War: Famine, Humanitarian Aid and World War I in the Middle East

6137: 5912: 5858: 4787: 4768: 4744:"Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant" 4605: 4586: 4567: 4536: 4463: 4347: 4308: 4215: 4195: 4161: 4155: 4135: 4029: 4021: 3995: 3956: 3903: 3852: 3752: 3693: 3623: 3513: 3434:

After continued PLO-Israeli exchanges, Israel invaded Lebanon on June 6 in

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between 644 and 656, Islam gained prominence in Damascus, primarily due to

1812: 1804: 1751: 1543: 1359: 1351: 1302: 975: 486: 292: 8707:"Lebanese central bank governor inflated assets as liabilities grew-audit" 3959:

resigned; the next day former prime minister and loyal supporter of Syria

3454: 10212: 8680:"IMF reports $ 49bn losses at Lebanon central bank as bailout talks drag" 8569:"Lebanon's Banks Set Limits They Won't Call Capital Controls - Bloomberg" 6309:

From the Holy Mountain: A Journey Among the Christians of the Middle East

6052:. Oxford / London: I.B.Tauris / Centre for Lebanese Studies. p. 42. 5104:

Global Security Watch—Lebanon: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook

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fear the country's sectarian based political system is being undermined.

4139: 4012: 3987: 3960: 3721: 3717: 3631: 3593: 3363: 3114: 3091: 2979: 2833: 2748: 2485: 2237: 2217: 2130: 1797: 1516: 1390: 1379: 1337: 1290: 8760:"Clashes Erupt in Beirut at Blast Protest as Lebanon's Anger Boils over" 8142:"Walking the tight wire – Conversations on the May 2008 Lebanese crisis" 6662: 5974:

The Shi'ites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah's Islamists

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The protests created a political crisis in Lebanon, with Prime Minister

8262: 7941:"Security Council calls for respect of entire Lebanon-Israel Blue Line" 6684:"News :: Politics :: Lebanese presidential crisis boils over" 6235:

The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea: 1840-1920, Carol Hakim, p287

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Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon

4566:

since a painful economic crisis dragged it to the brink of becoming a

4362: 3892:—the most eminent religious figure for Maronites—and the Druze leader 9396: 8844:"Leaders fear crisis sparked by Beirut blast could lead to civil war" 8601:"Lebanese Protesters Addressed President Aoun with an Urgent Demand/" 8114: 5468: 5403: 5321: 5262: 4575: 4552: 4227: 4214:

in Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah

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was assassinated in a car-bomb attack which killed 21 and wounded 100

3771: 3578: 3247: 2479: 2286: 2241: 2168:. His troops, invading Syria, destroyed Mamluk resistance in 1516 at 2102: 2087: 2067: 2010: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1648: 1583: 1551: 1489: 1433: 1333: 1325: 1314: 1039: 362: 79: 8733:"Lebanon Contracts New York Firm for Forensic Audit of Central Bank" 1512:

show a civilized nation, with urban centres and sophisticated arts.

9340: 9087:"Hariri's absence leaves Sunni voters unsure ahead of Lebanon poll" 9038:"After elections in Lebanon, does political change stand a chance?" 8450:"Lebanese petrol stations shudder to a halt amid nationwide strike" 6433:

Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War

5648:

An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860

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as president in 1998 following Hrawi's extended term as president,

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militia sought to rout the Palestinians from Lebanese strongholds.

3312: 3121:, thousands of Palestinian militiamen regrouped in Lebanon, led by 2688: 2685: 2576: 2413: 2350: 2274: 2053: 1987: 1918: 1747: 1742:

The Phoenicians furnished the bulk of the Persian fleet during the

1721: 1668: 1628: 1539: 1476: 1458: 1363: 181: 91: 9816: 9057:"Hezbollah allies projected to suffer losses in Lebanon elections" 4518:

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

3191:. Later, in 1976, Franjieh would invite the Syrians into Lebanon. 2321:

Pasha, whom he knew well, under circumstances that are not clear.

1963:, concluding with its abolition through an Ottoman edict in 1856. 1644: 1582:

accepts the Phoenician origin of the Greek alphabet. According to

634: 9371: 8174:"Feuding Political Camps in Lebanon Agree to Talk to End Impasse" 6286:

Syria and Lebanon 1941: The Allied Fight Against the Vichy French

5880: 5829: 5461:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5396:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5314:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5255:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4200: 4166: 4115:

United Nations International Independent Investigation Commission

3821: 3803:

Christians and Druze, who were later joined by many of Lebanon's

3549:

attacks on the U.S. Marine and French parachute regiment barracks

3180: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2696: 2541: 2338: 2161: 2123: 2083: 2078:(founded in 1099); the northern half became the heartland of the 1998:

of products like cotton and silk textiles, sugar, and glassware.

1959:, where it ceased under Latin rule. A revival occurred under the 1816: 1656: 1632: 1613: 1505: 1485: 1382: 1375: 1274: 1255: 643: 349: 8500:"Lebanon wildfires: Hellish scenes in mountains south of Beirut" 7221:"Secretary-General Expresses Abhorrence Over Beirut Car Bombing" 7191:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Region | Lebanon at the crossroads" 7045:"United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia" 7020:"United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia" 3013: 2427:

family, but converted to Christianity in the late-18th century.

2209:

communities. It was an autonomous region of the Ottoman Empire.

1815:

was introduced to the coastal plain of Lebanon from neighboring

1531:

reveal that Phoenician royalty adopted Egyptian burial customs.

1404:

It is believed to be one of the earliest known sites containing

8871:"UN launches $ 565-million appeal for Beirut explosion victims" 4915:"Barcelona - Catalan, Mediterranean, Architecture | Britannica" 4477: 4367: 4150:

to abduct Israeli troops in the Israeli side of the village of

3839: 3731: 3438:. By June 15, Israeli units were entrenched outside Beirut and 3269: 3201: 2914:

and their respective hinterlands, all of which belonged to the

2618: 2614: 2435: 2372: 2165: 2058: 1938: 1854:

established a monastic tradition, focused on the importance of

1847: 1808: 1766: 1674:

Phoenicia maintained an uneasy tributary relationship with the

1664: 1599: 1595: 1563: 1497: 1493: 1437: 1329: 1267: 1106: 639: 75: 8927:"Lebanese billionaire Najib Mikati picked as new PM-designate" 8898:"Lebanese Sunni leaders endorse Mikati to form new government" 8205:"Lebanese rivals set to elect president after historic accord" 7271:"Security Council urges Syria to withdraw troops from Lebanon" 4222:. The conflict started on 12 July 2006, and continued until a 3543:

Intense attacks against U.S. and Western interests, including

3494:

which PLO fighters had committed earlier in a Christian town.

3482:

Phalangists entered Palestinian camps on September 16 at 6:00

3216:, a Shi’ite political party and former militia was founded by 3110:, the country's largest bank and financial backbone, in 1966. 9274:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

7669:"Huge Demonstration in Lebanon Demands End to Syrian Control" 5587:

the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian

4170: 4011:. On February 28 the government of pro-Syrian prime minister 3762:

in Lebanon was legitimized by the Lebanese Parliament in the

3612: 3535: 3196: 3188: 2907: 2878:

Flag of Greater Lebanon during the French mandate (1920–1943)

2868: 2692: 2626: 2533: 2459: 2206: 2184: 2044:

Following the fall of Roman/Christian Anatolia to the Muslim

2002: 1951: 1851: 1660: 1652: 1640: 1574:. Cadmus ultimately settles in Greece and founds the city of 1501: 1394: 1366:

of an eight-year-old modern human (called Egbert, now in the

1340: 9007:"Deadly clashes erupt over judge investigating Beirut blast" 8323:"Hezbollah Threatens an 'Explosion' in Beirut Over Tribunal" 8139: 7246:"Syria has not withdrawn troops from Lebanon, Annan reports" 7160:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Region | the limits of loyalty" 6102:"Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915-18" 4712: 4070: 3978:

condemned the killing and called for full implementation of

3150:

an Israeli commando flew into Beirut's international airport

1704:

After the gradual decline of their strength, the Phoenician

1374:) was discovered at 11.6 metres (38 ft), cemented into 6995:"United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Statements" 4505: 3951:

The funeral of the assassinated Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri

3914:, which called for a new presidential election in Lebanon. 3069: 2919: 2646: 2622: 2475: 1750:

were equally commended for their ingenuity in building the

1708:

on the Lebanese coast were conquered outright in 539 BC by

1457:

Canaanites were the creators of the oldest known 24-letter

8641:"Lebanon will default on its debt for the first time ever" 8140:

Martínez, Beatriz; Francesco Volpicella (September 2008).

5857:. Institute of Islamic Studies (1): 15,134. Archived from 2890:

presented the Lebanese aspirations in a memorandum to the

2671: 2240:

came to Lebanon in 1120. They were a tribe and dynasty of

1446:

The earliest prehistoric cultures of Lebanon, such as the

8343:. Middle East Media Research Institute. 3 November 2010. 4447: 4211: 3626:

was elected the following day, but was assassinated in a

3562:

Between 1985 and 1989, heavy fighting took place in the "

3359: 3187:, who had received him during his exile, seized power in 2950:

in Lebanon saw their numbers increase eightfold, and the

2482:, the French began to have a great impact in the region. 2013:

chiefs embraced the "Call," acknowledging Fatimid Caliph

6488:"The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the casualties". 5755:

Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831

4357: 4271:

led by groups opposed to the pro-Western Prime Minister

3447:, in which between 700-3500 Palestinians were killed. A 3358:

In the south, military exchanges between Israel and the

2754: 2408:, ruled as Emir of Mount Lebanon from 1789 to 1840. The 1835:(which also extended over large parts of modern Syria). 1408:

technologies. Artifacts recovered from the site include

1277:

has existed within its current borders since 1920, when

9333:

The Expansion of Egypt Under Anglo-Egyptian Condominium

8237:"Hezbollah and allies topple Lebanese unity government" 7977:"Annan deplores rocket attack from Lebanon into Israel" 6050:

Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830–61

4865: 4863: 4433:

on 7 March. That in turn caused the complex and opaque

4237: 3599:

Muslim groups rejected the move and pledged support to

3524:. The PSP won the decisive battle that occurred in the 2164:(1516–20), after defeating the Persians, conquered the 1739:, by refusing to sail against the former when ordered. 8341:"Lebanese Daily: Hizbullah Drills Takeover of Lebanon" 6898:"Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General" 6743:"U.S. Escalates 'Hands-Off-Lebanon' Pressure on Syria" 5685:

The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions

4742:

Kuhn, Steven; Stiner, MC; Reese, DS; Güleç, E (2001).

3739:

In the late 1990s, the government took action against

2486:

Sectarian conflict: European powers begin to intervene

1921:, establishing a new regime to replace the Romans (or 1461:, a shortening of earlier 30-letter alphabets such as 8956:"Après 13 mois, un gouvernement enfin formé au Liban" 8074: 8072: 8070: 6400:

Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021).

6001:

http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1521/1/1521.pdf?EThOS%20(BL)

5557:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. 5177:

Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021).

4123:

On December 30, 2005, Syria's former vice-president,

3351:

resolution which took the form of Syrian occupation.

2978:

assumed power over French territory in 1940, General

2809:

Black dashed line shows the borders of the 1861–1918

2719: 2590: 2138:

and the construction of stone buildings and mosques.

8817:"Lebanese protesters fight to bring down the system" 7413: 7411: 6399: 5176: 4860: 4741: 4615: 4303:

collapsed due to growing tensions stemming from the

3551:

on October 23, 1983, led to an American withdrawal.

3227: 2882:

On October 27, 1919, the Lebanese delegation led by

2822:. The second map shows the borders of the 1861–1918 8049:"Life set to get harder for Nahr al-Bared refugees" 6659:"1408 Articles | Harvard International Review" 5402:McGowan, Afaf Sabeh (1989). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). 5320:McGowan, Afaf Sabeh (1989). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). 5261:McGowan, Afaf Sabeh (1989). Collelo, Thomas (ed.). 4706: 4604:As of 2023, Lebanon is considered to have become a 4408: 3034: 2986:on April 4, 1941. After five days, Dentz appointed 2832:Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after 1765:In 350 or 345 BC, a rebellion in Sidon led by 8689: 8067: 7616:. Story.news.yahoo.com. 2011-04-20. Archived from 7591:. Story.news.yahoo.com. 2011-04-20. Archived from 5780: 4330:threatened to spill over in Lebanon, causing more 3584:Meanwhile, on the political front, Prime Minister 3141:en route to Algiers; in December, two PFLP gunmen 3113:Additional Palestinian refugees arrived after the 2649:holdings as the provincial leaders in Jabal Amel. 2609:– for 36 generations, they also held influence in 2527:1860 strife between Druze and Maronites in Lebanon 1469:. The Canaanite alphabet later developed into the 7408: 4421:(BdL) in March 2020 defaulted on $ 90 billion of 3554:The virtual collapse of the Lebanese Army in the 2509:in the Shuf Mountains lived in complete harmony. 1982:with the defense of the hills around Beirut. The 10225: 8873:. The Globe and Mail Inc. The Associated Press. 8757: 8368:"Syrian War Plays Out Along a Street in Lebanon" 5728:"Youssef Bey Karam on Ehden Family Tree website" 5548: 5546: 4384:ever deepening foreign reserves liquidity crisis 2965: 2552:. In 1860, this would boil back into full scale 1692:History of ancient Lebanon § Persian_Empire 8790:"Lebanon: Lethal Force Used Against Protesters" 8758:Hubbard, Ben; El-Naggar, Mona (8 August 2020). 8171: 6325:Reprint (possibly with different page numbers). 5094: 4748:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4486:Aftermath of the 4 August 2020 Beirut explosion 4474:to conduct "a forensic audit" of BdL finances. 4130:Parliament voted for the release of the former 3932:expressed his serious concern over the attack. 3910:. This amendment comes in discordance with the 3539:Explosion at the Marine barracks seen from afar 7765: 7763: 5971: 5838:(Doctoral). Durham University. pp. 3–293. 5778: 4154:. The attack failed when an ambush by the IDF 3986:, to investigate the assassination. And while 1878:occupied what is now Lebanon from 619 to 629. 1788:, during his war against Persia, attacked and 9832: 9356: 8255: 8229: 6311:. Vintage Books (Random House). p. 252. 5543: 4512:complained about the presence of "French and 3135:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 3074:In 1958, during the last months of President 3002:After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General 2652:In December 1831 Tyre fell under the rule of 2361: 2129:Despite facing the devastating impact of the 1254:covers the history of the modern Republic of 1231: 595: 8167: 8165: 8163: 5972:Abisaab, Rula Jurdi; Abisaab, Malek (2017). 5510: 4523:Following the resignation of Prime Minister 4478:Beirut port explosion and state of emergency 4425:, triggering a collapse in the value of the 2844:; however, the final disposition was at the 2375:region of southwestern Syria and settled in 2231: 1682:empires during the 9th to 6th centuries BC. 1523:influence. The sarcophagi of Sidonian kings 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8398:"Syria Regional Refugee Response – Lebanon" 7760: 7666: 7614:"Yahoo! News - Latest News & Headlines" 7589:"Yahoo! News - Latest News & Headlines" 7568:"Yahoo! News - Latest News & Headlines" 6259: 6257: 6255: 6025:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged 5936:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 5919:. Institute of Islamic Studies (1): 15,134. 5143:Page, Melvin E. & Sonnenburg, Penny M. 3666: 3242:Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1976: 3054:, Lebanon became home to more than 110,000 2794:1862 map drawn by the French expedition of 1328:, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of 9839: 9825: 9363: 9349: 8025: 7070:"Hezbollah condemned for attacking Israel" 5603:. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. 4574:. In the election Iran-backed Shia Muslim 4007:the new demonstrations were Christian and 3505:effectively stalemating further progress. 2680:Lebanese dress from the late 19th century. 1285:, resulting from the dismemberment of the 1238: 1224: 602: 588: 8841: 8814: 8725: 8688:. The Financial Times Ltd. Archived from 8673: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8390: 8172:Worth, Robert; Nada Bakri (16 May 2008). 8160: 7908: 6867: 6865: 6306: 6173: 6135: 6066: 6027:. New York: Routledge. pp. 370–371. 5626: 4777: 4767: 4071:Cedar Revolution and 2006 War (2005–2006) 3935:On October 7, 2004, UN Secretary General 3462:that separated West and East Beirut, 1982 2062:). Lebanon stood in the main path of the 1780:After two centuries of Persian rule, the 9200: 8623: 8267:"Resignations Deepen Crisis for Lebanon" 8202: 6252: 5929: 5878: 5827: 5631:. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. 5100: 4481: 4361: 4160: 4048: 3946: 3838: 3730: 3534: 3473: 3453: 3419:Concurrently, tension between Syria and 3380: 3288:; with significant minorities of Druze, 3237: 3145:, resulting in the death of an Israeli. 3139:hijacked an Israeli El Al civilian plane 3070:Economic prosperity and growing tensions 3060: 3012: 2873: 2768: 2761:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 2675: 2575: 2520: 2489: 2434: 2327: 2291: 2259: 2092: 1803:In 64 BC, the region was conquered by a 1534:Phoenician traders exported spices from 1475: 1332:, is a large rock shelter below a steep 1264:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 9313:Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict 9291: 9230: 8868: 8704: 8677: 8297:"Hezbollah chief: Israel killed Hariri" 7448:"Lebanon finds unity in street rallies" 7179:weekly.com, retrieved at April 2, 2007. 7080:from the original on September 13, 2007 6531: 6525: 6483: 6481: 6479: 5751: 5466: 5401: 5319: 5260: 4719:. Imprimerie Catholique. Archived from 4713:Lorraine Copeland; P. Wescombe (1965). 4589:, with close ties to Saudi Arabia, the 4380:a series of country-wide protests began 3179:, who had left the country briefly for 2672:Late 19th century to early 20th century 2656:of Egypt, after an army led by his son 2412:tested his ability as a statesman when 1758:, which culminated in a defeat for the 1401:in later Levalloiso-Mousterian levels. 10226: 9416: 9270: 9251: 9214:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 8862: 8835: 8698: 8662: 8421: 8055:from the original on 22 September 2011 7366:from the original on February 26, 2021 6975:from the original on February 14, 2021 6862: 6566:From Beirut To Jerusalem. 2nd Edition. 6374: 6263: 5638: 5570: 5214: 4963: 4311:, the candidate for the Hezbollah-led 4256:refugee camp became the center of the 3673:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon 3029: 2737:Teresa Michel, son of famine survivors 1811:and became a part of the Roman state. 1685: 383:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon 9820: 9464:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 9437:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 9344: 9329: 9310: 9126:from the original on 13 February 2024 8808: 8598: 8277:from the original on 10 November 2012 8261: 8196: 8184:from the original on 11 December 2008 7877: 7748:from the original on October 11, 2017 7679:from the original on November 7, 2012 7548:from the original on December 3, 2012 6231: 6204: 6047: 6019: 5910: 5848: 5681: 5644: 5598: 5552: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5057: 5042: 5027: 5012: 4898: 4883: 4851: 4358:2019 Protests due to liquidity Crisis 4244:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 3660:killed sixty people and wounded 110. 3634:, who remained in office until 1998. 2755:League of Nations Mandate (1920–1939) 2148:History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule 1450:gave rise to the civilization of the 1346:industry is a very well tained Upper 1266:, as well as the previous history of 737:Native communities outside of Lebanon 423:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 311:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 9370: 9084: 9054: 9035: 8895: 8877:from the original on 20 October 2020 8869:Lederer, Edith M. (14 August 2020). 8850:from the original on 22 January 2021 8823:from the original on 22 October 2020 8713:from the original on 10 January 2021 8430:from the original on 29 October 2013 8365: 8299:. CNN. 9 August 2010. Archived from 8243:from the original on 13 January 2011 8078: 7829:from the original on 5 February 2017 7803:from the original on 17 October 2012 7667:MacFarquhar, Neil (March 15, 2005). 7518:from the original on August 15, 2023 7488:from the original on August 27, 2019 7396:from the original on August 15, 2023 6850:from the original on August 26, 2014 6532:Anziska, Seth (September 17, 2012). 6476: 6393: 6361:, June 22, 1982, and p. 191, citing 6072: 5515:Oriental Languages and Civilizations 4562:In May 2022, Lebanon held its first 4238:Instability and Syrian War spillover 3955:On October 20, 2004, Prime Minister 3758:During Lebanon's civil war, Syria's 3545:two truck bombings of the US Embassy 2997:sent its army into Syria and Lebanon 2156:Starting from the 13th century, the 2086:eliminated Christian control of the 2025: 1874:that lasted for many centuries, the 1427: 1171:List of political parties in Lebanon 9846: 9296:. The Center for Lebanese Studies. 8796:from the original on 27 August 2020 8739:from the original on 8 October 2020 8347:from the original on 7 October 2012 8111:"Beirut street clashes turn deadly" 7947:from the original on 21 August 2016 7909:Ashkenazi, Eli (23 November 2005). 7849:"Hariri 'threatened by Syria head'" 7478:"Lebanese ministers forced to quit" 7386:"Syria looks to Riyadh for support" 6778:from the original on March 22, 2021 6768:"Move to bolster Lebanon president" 6723:from the original on March 22, 2021 6460:, April 3, 1978; cited in Chomsky, 6136:Tanielian, Melanie Schulze (2018). 6108:from the original on 6 October 2017 5170: 3912:UN Security Council Resolution 1559 3869:UN Security Council Resolution 1583 3861:UN Security Council Resolution 1559 3834:UN Security Council Resolution 1559 3784:UN Security Council Resolution 1559 3780:UN Security Council Resolution 1496 3776:UN Security Council Resolution 1391 1773:. Its destruction was described by 1562:According to legend however, it is 13: 9277:. University of California Press. 9017:from the original on 5 August 2022 8842:MacKinnon, Mark (16 August 2020). 8815:MacKinnon, Mark (15 August 2020). 8770:from the original on 9 August 2020 8638: 8148:from the original on 23 March 2010 8051:. UN IRIN newsg. 5 November 2008. 7777:from the original on 22 April 2016 7570:. Story.news.yahoo.com. 2011-04-20 7508:"Assad pledges Lebanon withdrawal" 7458:from the original on June 22, 2023 7356:"UN to investigate Hariri killing" 7326:"Beirut protesters denounce Syria" 7210:Weekly, retrieved at April 2, 2007 6965:"Israeli jets hit Lebanon targets" 6713:"Young in the Arab World: Lebanon" 6639:from the original on June 30, 2006 6238:. University of California Press. 6186:from the original on 3 August 2017 6176:"Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds" 5439: 5366: 5298: 5233: 5195: 3849:UN Security Council Resolution 425 3778:, urged to do so by UN Resolution 3547:in 1983 and 1984 and the landmark 2720:Great famine in Lebanon, 1915–1918 2605:(Mount Amel) principality – today 2591:El-Assaad rule (Al-Saghir dynasty) 14: 10250: 8549:from the original on 20 June 2021 8203:Abdallah, Hussein (22 May 2008). 7708:"'Record' protest held in Beirut" 7538:"Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands" 7336:from the original on May 12, 2006 7306:from the original on May 18, 2006 7296:"Lebanon appoints prime minister" 6745:. Lebanonwire.com. Archived from 6661:. Hir.harvard.edu. Archived from 5980:. pp. 9–11, 16–17, 24, 107. 5101:Sorenson, David S. (2009-11-12). 4800: 4466:, had fictionalized assets, used 3820:to run for a third time. France, 3782:, and deployment was demanded by 3478:Bachir Gemayel with Philipe Habib 3266:Palestine Liberation Organization 3244:Dark Green – controlled by Syria; 3228:The Lebanese Civil War: 1975–1990 3127:Palestine Liberation Organization 2430: 2384:Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774 2255: 2097:A map of Mount Lebanon c. AD 1180 1350:remains with long and triangular 1317:vowed for an independent nation. 10207: 10198: 10197: 9421: 9199: 9187: 9177: 9167: 9108: 9078: 9048: 9029: 8999: 8995:from the original on 2021-10-18. 8977: 8948: 8919: 8889: 8782: 8751: 8592: 8561: 8535: 8517: 8492: 8467: 8442: 8422:Kverme, Kai (14 February 2013). 8415: 8378:from the original on 1 July 2017 8359: 8333: 8315: 8289: 8133: 8103: 8041: 8019: 7994: 7969: 7959: 7933: 7902: 7878:Harel, Amos (22 November 2005). 7871: 7859:from the original on 27 May 2006 7841: 7815: 7789: 7730: 7718:from the original on May 6, 2021 7700: 7691: 7660: 7631: 7606: 7581: 7560: 7530: 7500: 7470: 7440: 7378: 7348: 7318: 7288: 7263: 7238: 7125:"Lebanon's New Political Moment" 6610:. Al Jazeera English. 2011-12-26 6402:Historical Dictionary of Lebanon 6344:Chomsky (1999), p. 191, quoting 6232:Hakim, Carol (19 January 2013). 5887:Durham Theses, Durham University 5836:Durham Theses, Durham University 5456: 5391: 5309: 5250: 5179:Historical Dictionary of Lebanon 4632: 4618: 4409:2020 meltdown of Banque du Liban 3300:refugees and their descendants. 3143:shot at an El Al plane in Athens 3117:. Following their defeat in the 3035:Independence and following years 2802: 2787: 1696:Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule 1207: 633: 571: 42: 9141: 9097:from the original on 2022-05-28 9067:from the original on 2022-10-05 8966:from the original on 2021-10-18 8937:from the original on 2021-07-26 8908:from the original on 2021-07-27 8705:Nakhoul, Samia (23 July 2020). 8678:Cornish, Chloe (25 June 2020). 8651:from the original on 2020-09-18 8581:from the original on 2020-09-02 8506:from the original on 2020-08-07 8456:from the original on 2019-12-26 8366:Cave, Damien (23 August 2012). 7983:from the original on 2016-04-01 7911:"'I'm not the hero of the day'" 7277:from the original on 2016-03-31 7252:from the original on 2016-04-01 7227:from the original on 2012-10-17 7213: 7182: 7152: 7117: 7106:from the original on 2016-04-01 7092: 7062: 7037: 7012: 7001:from the original on 2009-12-31 6987: 6957: 6940: 6929:from the original on 2009-12-31 6915: 6904:from the original on 2010-06-18 6890: 6879:from the original on 2012-10-07 6832: 6821:from the original on 2014-08-26 6807: 6790: 6760: 6735: 6705: 6676: 6651: 6621: 6600: 6589:from the original on 2008-12-18 6571: 6558: 6516: 6467: 6447: 6438: 6418: 6368: 6351: 6338: 6329: 6300: 6291: 6278: 6269: 6225: 6198: 6167: 6156:from the original on 2023-07-13 6129: 6120: 6094: 6041: 6013: 5994: 5965: 5954:from the original on 2023-02-10 5923: 5904: 5893:from the original on 2023-07-18 5872: 5842: 5821: 5772: 5745: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5675: 5620: 5592: 5564: 5504: 5493:from the original on 2019-04-20 5428:from the original on 2019-04-20 5357: 5346:from the original on 2019-04-20 5287:from the original on 2019-04-20 5137: 5128: 5080: 5066: 5051: 5036: 5021: 5006: 4982: 4957: 4932: 4809:from the original on 2012-03-14 4597:, led by former prime minister 4332:incidents of sectarian violence 3994:declared that Syrian president 3416:, and their Phalangist forces. 2141: 1886: 1270:, covered by the modern state. 70: 10165:British Indian Ocean Territory 9411: 9294:Lebanon: A History of Conflict 8026:Associated, The (2005-12-30). 7047:. Escwa.org.lb. Archived from 7022:. Escwa.org.lb. Archived from 6357:Chomsky (1999), p. 74, citing 6288:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022). 6174:BBC staff (26 November 2014). 5653:University of California Press 4907: 4892: 4877: 4845: 4820: 4794: 4735: 4547:between the Christian militia 4260:between the Lebanese Army and 3751:network. On January 24, 2002, 3160:helped to negotiate the 1969 " 2525:Christian refugees during the 2423:The Shihabs were originally a 2113: 1881: 1627:. The most famous of them are 1297:and its outskirts (mainly the 1: 9254:The Modern History of Lebanon 6629:"Syria: The power in Lebanon" 6568:London: HarperCollins, p. 161 6142:. Stanford University Press. 5758:. Columbia University Press. 5601:Confrontation and Coexistence 4700: 4535:failed to form a government. 4279:On 9 May 2008, Hezbollah and 3148:As a result, two days later, 2966:World War II and independence 2956:Modern Lebanon's constitution 2745:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 2726:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 2709:American University of Beirut 2532:The relationship between the 2197:The mountainous territory of 1897:Muslim conquest of the Levant 1862:, near the mountain range of 1554:attests that the Phoenicians 1442:Phoenicia under Assyrian rule 1320: 1258:and the earlier emergence of 7645:. 2005-03-09. Archived from 7425:. 2005-03-04. Archived from 6579:"Lebanon profile - Timeline" 6377:Lebanon: A History, 600-2011 5889:(Doctoral). pp. 3–293. 5879:Gharbieh, Hussein M (1996). 5828:Gharbieh, Hussein M (1996). 5629:The Druzes and the Maronites 5217:Lebanon: A History, 600-2011 4695:Timeline of Lebanese history 4658:Foreign relations of Lebanon 4305:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 3677:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 3252:Light Green – controlled by 2580:Lebanese soldiers, 1861–1914 2550:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 2395:First Archipelago Expedition 2082:(founded in 1109). Although 1035:Timeline of Lebanese history 428:Lebanese presidential crisis 388:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 7: 9442:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 8144:. Transnational Institute. 8081:"Lebanon back to Normalcy?" 8079:Ruff, Abdul (1 June 2008). 7206:Lebanon at the crossroads, 7175:The limits of loyalty from 6375:Harris, William W. (2015). 6307:Dalrymple, William (1997). 5555:Near East/South Asia Report 5215:Harris, William W. (2015). 4990:"List of Phoenician cities" 4611: 4299:In early January 2011, the 3890:Mar Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir 3518:Progressive Socialist Party 3436:Operation Peace for Galilee 3395:UN Interim Force in Lebanon 3278:Eastern Orthodox Christians 2896:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 2824:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 2811:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 2705:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 2404:The most prominent Shihab, 2005:sect began to diverge from 1974:By 758, the Abbasid Caliph 1060:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 413:2007 North Lebanon conflict 317:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 10: 10255: 9311:Smith, Charles D. (2006). 8846:. The Globe and Mail Inc. 8819:. The Globe and Mail Inc. 8735:. VOA News. 21 July 2020. 8325:. Stratfor. Archived from 6951:February 21, 2009, at the 6801:February 21, 2009, at the 6502:10.1177/030639688302400404 6348:correspondent Irene Beeson 6297:Smith (2006) pp. 310, 353. 6182:. BBC. BBC News Services. 5930:Grimblat, Francis (1988). 5134:Dalrymple (1997), pg. 305. 4970:World History Encyclopedia 4663:History of the Middle East 4555:fighters supported by the 4423:sovereign debt obligations 4334:and armed clashes between 4241: 4080: 4074: 3879:On September 3, 2004, the 3670: 3488:Sabra and Shatila massacre 3445:Sabra and Shatila massacre 3231: 2758: 2723: 2594: 2540:has been characterized by 2362:Shihab dynasty (1697–1842) 2145: 2029: 1984:Tanukhids of Mount Lebanon 1890: 1827:, divided to provinces of 1700:Phoenicia under Roman rule 1689: 1431: 1283:French and British mandate 1131:French language in Lebanon 1025:History of ancient Lebanon 408:2006–08 political protests 10193: 10152: 10112: 9854: 9778: 9694: 9685: 9630: 9621: 9552: 9543: 9481: 9472: 9382: 9330:White, Arthur S. (1899). 9256:. Delmar: Caravan Books. 8991:(in French). 2021-09-10. 8962:(in French). 2021-09-10. 8599:Staff (1 November 2019). 6048:Farah, Caesar E. (2000). 5978:Syracuse University Press 5799:10.1080/00263200600642175 5575:. Routledge. p. 32. 5475:Federal Research Division 5410:Federal Research Division 5328:Federal Research Division 5269:Federal Research Division 4966:"Phoenician Colonization" 4545:clashes erupted in Beirut 4301:national unity government 3899:To the surprise of many, 3333:Black September in Jordan 2507:Druzes and the Christians 2232:Maans dynasty (1517–1697) 1368:National Museum of Beirut 433:Maritime boundary dispute 9914:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9432:Emirate of Mount Lebanon 9315:. Bedford/St. Martin's. 8239:. BBC. 12 January 2011. 7943:. UN. 23 November 2005. 7825:. UN. 15 December 2005. 7799:. UN. 9 September 2002. 7773:. UN. 12 December 2005. 6840:"In focus: Shebaa farms" 6564:Friedman, Thomas. (1998) 6534:"A Preventable Massacre" 6275:Harris 2012, pp. 173–174 5911:Nucho, Emile N. (1972). 5849:Nucho, Emile N. (1972). 5752:Philipp, Thomas (2013). 5688:. C. Hurst. p. 10. 5470:Lebanon: a country study 5405:Lebanon: a country study 5323:Lebanon: a country study 5264:Lebanon: a country study 5088:The Histories, Book VIII 4593:(LF), made gains. Sunni 4285:2008 conflict in Lebanon 3735:Portrait of Elie Hobeika 3681:Second Lebanese Republic 3667:Second Lebanese Republic 3556:6 February 1984 Intifada 3050:In the aftermath of the 2386:, responding to Admiral 1917:soon after the death of 1844:5th centuries in Lebanon 1619:The Phoenicians founded 1301:coast and the plains of 418:2008 conflict in Lebanon 281:Emirate of Mount Lebanon 10175:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9292:Shehadi, Nadim (1992). 8400:. UNHCR. Archived from 6429:Kenneth Michael Pollack 6211:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5779:M. Firro, Kais (2006). 5074:The Histories, Book VII 5030:The Histories, Book III 5015:The Histories, Book III 4854:The Histories, Book III 4653:Constitution of Lebanon 4583:Free Patriotic Movement 4372:Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque 4352:Free Patriotic Movement 4267:Between 2006 and 2008, 3843:Map of the Shebaa farms 3246:Purple – controlled by 3024:independence of Lebanon 2220:who were Druze and the 2205:Christian majority and 2120:Mamluk sultans of Egypt 1399:narrow-nosed rhinoceros 1397:along with the extinct 1370:after being studied in 1191:Coat of arms of Lebanon 964:Cultural Heritage sites 9645:International rankings 9486:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 9271:Salibi, Kamal (1990). 9231:Chomsky, Noam (1999). 9148:Listen to this article 7979:. Un.org. 2005-12-28. 7738:"Who's who in Lebanon" 7273:. Un.org. 2004-10-19. 7248:. Un.org. 2004-10-07. 7102:. Un.org. 2006-01-23. 6997:. Un.org. 2011-11-30. 6925:. Un.org. 2011-11-30. 6900:. Un.org. 2011-12-20. 6522:Smith (2006), p. 380-1 6462:Towards a New Cold War 6335:Chomsky (1999), p. 184 5787:Middle Eastern Studies 5682:Vocke, Harald (1978). 5599:Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). 5571:Hazran, Yusri (2013). 4901:The Histories, Book IV 4769:10.1073/pnas.121590798 4648:Archaeology of Lebanon 4497:cabinet of Hassan Diab 4490:On 4 August 2020, the 4487: 4413:Concurrently with the 4375: 4248:2011 Lebanese protests 4182: 4054: 4025:clear-cut timetable". 3952: 3885:statute of limitations 3844: 3736: 3540: 3479: 3463: 3386: 3362:led Israel to support 3337:Islamic fundamentalism 3311:in the context of the 3256: 3066: 3018: 2892:Paris Peace Conference 2879: 2861:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 2780: 2740: 2701:Maronite-Druze dualism 2681: 2629:during Ottomans rule. 2581: 2529: 2510: 2442: 2333: 2306:battle at Majdel Anjar 2300: 2280:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2267: 2098: 1905:8th century in Lebanon 1901:7th century in Lebanon 1609: 1592: 1560: 1481: 1082:South Lebanon conflict 368:Palestinian insurgency 10239:History of the Levant 9609:Speaker of Parliament 7484:. February 28, 2005. 7362:. February 19, 2005. 7332:. February 21, 2005. 6073:Deeb, Marius (2013). 5060:The Histories, Book V 5045:The Histories, Book V 4886:The Histories, Book V 4871:The Histories, Book V 4527:in August 2020, both 4485: 4435:financial engineering 4365: 4344:Lebanese Forces Party 4258:2007 Lebanon conflict 4185:On 27 December 2005, 4164: 4083:2005 Lebanon bombings 4052: 3974:and French president 3950: 3842: 3734: 3687:Lebanese Armed Forces 3643:Lebanese Armed Forces 3590:Lebanese Armed Forces 3538: 3477: 3457: 3384: 3329:Palestinian militants 3317:Arab–Israeli conflict 3241: 3115:1967 Arab–Israeli War 3084:United States Marines 3082:broke out, and 5,000 3064: 3052:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3016: 2918:, together with four 2877: 2842:Sykes–Picot Agreement 2772: 2729: 2679: 2579: 2524: 2493: 2438: 2379:in southern Lebanon. 2331: 2297:Fakhreddine II Palace 2295: 2263: 2126:as an inland center. 2096: 2015:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1690:Further information: 1605: 1588: 1580:Ancient Greek history 1556: 1484:The coastal plain of 1479: 1432:Further information: 1414:modern human behavior 1393:were dominant in the 1348:Levalloiso-Mousterian 1311:Mount Lebanon Emirate 448:2020 Beirut explosion 393:2005 Lebanon bombings 329:Allied administration 10089:United Arab Emirates 9237:. Black Rose Books. 9234:The Fateful Triangle 9223:More spoken articles 8577:. 17 November 2019. 8545:. 15 November 2020. 8424:"The Refugee Factor" 7855:. 30 December 2005. 7797:"Links to documents" 7302:. October 21, 2004. 6971:. January 20, 2004. 6719:. February 8, 2005. 6444:Smith (2006), p. 356 6205:Firro, Kais (2003). 5645:Fawaz, L.T. (1994). 5473:. Washington, D.C.: 5408:. Washington, D.C.: 5326:. Washington, D.C.: 5267:. Washington, D.C.: 5017:. pp. 218, §91. 4723:on December 24, 2011 4543:On 14 October 2021, 4472:Alvarez & Marsal 4405:was formed in 2020. 4269:a series of protests 3927:UN Secretary General 3254:Palestinian militias 3056:Palestinian refugees 2505:: Historically; the 2311:al-Khalidi as-Safadi 2076:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2036:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1937:During the reign of 1796:and became known as 1181:Lebanese nationalism 917:United Arab Emirates 224:Kingdom of Jerusalem 10116:limited recognition 9252:Salibi, K. (1977). 9013:. 14 October 2021. 8685:The Financial Times 8611:on 31 December 2019 8265:(12 January 2011). 6774:. August 28, 2004. 6473:Dalrymple, op. cit. 6010:|page= 43,44,45,46| 5479:Library of Congress 5414:Library of Congress 5332:Library of Congress 5273:Library of Congress 4760:2001PNAS...98.7641K 4690:Politics of Lebanon 4468:creative accounting 4181:(IAF), 20 July 2006 4125:Abdul Halim Khaddam 3830:UN Security Council 3592:Commanding General 3449:multinational force 3391:UN Security Council 3274:Maronite Christians 3222:Hussein el-Husseini 3158:Gamal Abd al-Nasser 3119:Jordanian civil war 3030:Republic of Lebanon 2980:Henri Fernand Dentz 2846:San Remo conference 2796:Beaufort d'Hautpoul 2172:, north of Aleppo. 2007:Isma’ili Shia Islam 1833:Phoenice Libanensis 1825:Diocese of the East 1807:army under general 1786:Alexander the Great 1731:The Phoenicians of 1686:Classical Antiquity 1067:1958 Lebanon crisis 699:Lebanese Christians 358:1958 Lebanon crisis 350:Republic of Lebanon 10234:History of Lebanon 9658:Telecommunications 9336:. Muthen & Co. 9085:Chehayeb, Kareem. 9055:Chehayeb, Kareem. 9036:Chehayeb, Kareem. 8896:Chehayeb, Kareem. 8792:. 26 August 2020. 8764:The New York Times 8372:The New York Times 8303:on 16 January 2013 8271:The New York Times 8178:The New York Times 8121:on 4 December 2010 7921:on 12 January 2008 7890:on 12 January 2008 7744:. March 14, 2005. 7714:. March 14, 2005. 7673:The New York Times 7132:Carnegie Endowment 7076:. April 15, 2001. 6635:. April 16, 2001. 6539:The New York Times 6496:(4): 340–3. 1983. 6456:, March 27, 1978; 6365:, October 2, 1977. 6363:The New York Times 6126:Harris 2012, p.174 6006:2020-11-17 at the 5627:CHURCHILL (1862). 5481:. pp. 13–14. 5416:. pp. 12–13. 5152:2023-03-29 at the 4964:Cartwright, Mark. 4944:www.britannica.com 4919:www.britannica.com 4888:. pp. §58–61. 4680:Lebanese Civil War 4488: 4376: 4183: 4055: 3953: 3845: 3770:. Under Taif, the 3737: 3541: 3516:between the Druze 3480: 3464: 3387: 3368:South Lebanon Army 3325:Iranian Revolution 3261:Lebanese Civil War 3257: 3234:Lebanese Civil War 3175:In September 1970 3088:briefly dispatched 3067: 3045:Lebanese Civil War 3019: 2898:population in the 2888:Elias Peter Hoayek 2880: 2781: 2682: 2654:Muhammad Ali Pasha 2621:in Palestine, and 2582: 2568:The long siege of 2530: 2511: 2443: 2334: 2315:Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha 2301: 2268: 2136:Citadel of Tripoli 2099: 2001:In the 1020s, the 1943:Rashidun Caliphate 1872:Roman–Persian Wars 1744:Greco-Persian Wars 1482: 1378:. A fragment of a 1281:was created under 1252:history of Lebanon 1214:Lebanon portal 1077:Lebanese Civil War 1030:History of Lebanon 578:Lebanon portal 461:By city and region 373:Lebanese Civil War 164:Rashidun Caliphate 143:Sassanid interlude 10221: 10220: 10158:other territories 9814: 9813: 9774: 9773: 9681: 9680: 9617: 9616: 9594:Political parties 9567:Foreign relations 9539: 9538: 9284:978-0-520-07196-4 9192: 9182: 9172: 9091:www.aljazeera.com 9061:www.aljazeera.com 9042:www.aljazeera.com 8902:www.aljazeera.com 8645:www.aljazeera.com 8085:Global Politician 7544:. March 6, 2005. 7514:. March 2, 2005. 7454:. March 3, 2005. 7392:. March 3, 2005. 7139:(117 KB PDF) 6411:978-1-5381-2043-9 6386:978-0-19-518111-1 6104:. 14 April 2015. 5917:McGill University 5855:McGill University 5226:978-0-19-518111-1 5188:978-1-5381-2043-9 4801:Douka, Katerina. 4685:Lebanese diaspora 4668:History of Israel 4508:foreign minister 4415:COVID–19 pandemic 4374:, 20 October 2019 4212:military conflict 4179:Israeli Air Force 3881:National Assembly 3520:and the Maronite 3485: 3402:Suleiman Franjieh 3177:Suleiman Franjieh 3004:Charles de Gaulle 2838:League of Nations 2585:Youssef Bey Karam 2558:Concert of Europe 2080:County of Tripoli 2040:County of Tripoli 2026:Crusader kingdoms 1995:Fatimid Caliphate 1993:In the 980s, the 1932:Umayyad Caliphate 1913:the Muslim Arabs 1876:Sassanid Persians 1819:, already in the 1760:Achaemenid Empire 1756:Battle of Salamis 1428:Ancient Near East 1406:Upper Paleolithic 1356:Upper Paleolithic 1248: 1247: 1156:Lebanese politics 1045:County of Tripoli 755:Lebanese diaspora 653: 612: 611: 218:County of Tripoli 200:Ikhshidid dynasty 194:Fatimid Caliphate 176:Abbasid Caliphate 170:Umayyad Caliphate 10246: 10211: 10201: 10200: 10170:Christmas Island 9856:Sovereign states 9841: 9834: 9827: 9818: 9817: 9794: 9787: 9692: 9691: 9653: 9628: 9627: 9550: 9549: 9526:Southern Lebanon 9479: 9478: 9459:Cedar Revolution 9365: 9358: 9351: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9326: 9307: 9288: 9267: 9248: 9213: 9211: 9203: 9202: 9194: 9193: 9184: 9183: 9174: 9173: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8675: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8639:Azhari, Timour. 8636: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8607:. 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Archived from 7129: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6961: 6955: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6846:. May 25, 2000. 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6811: 6805: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6690:. Archived from 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6575: 6569: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6542:. Archived from 6529: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6490:Race & Class 6485: 6474: 6471: 6465: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6372: 6366: 6355: 6349: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6322: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6289: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6250: 6249: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6133: 6127: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6077:. Hoover Press. 6070: 6064: 6063: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6017: 6011: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5730:. Archived from 5724: 5718: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5231: 5230: 5212: 5193: 5192: 5174: 5168: 5157:Vol. 1, Volume 2 5141: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5047:. pp. §109. 5040: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4856:. pp. §107. 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4830:. Archived from 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4781: 4771: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4710: 4673:History of Syria 4642: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4502:Hassan Nasrallah 4492:Beirut explosion 4440:Capital controls 4378:In October 2019 4328:Syrian Civil War 4317:Hassan Nasrallah 4313:March 8 Alliance 4220:Israeli military 4208:2006 Lebanon War 4187:Katyusha rockets 4087:2006 Lebanon War 4077:Cedar Revolution 4000:Mahdi Dakhlallah 3984:Peter FitzGerald 3908:Cedar Revolution 3874:Augustine Mahiga 3760:troop deployment 3709:again served as 3564:War of the Camps 3483: 3305:Arab nationalism 2976:Vichy government 2806: 2791: 2778:Mandate of Syria 2738: 2712:in the century. 2607:southern Lebanon 2597:El Assaad Family 2495:Christian Church 2447:Bashir Shihab II 2440:Bashir Shihab II 2406:Bashir Shihab II 2299:in Deir el Qamar 1978:tasked the Arab 1941:, who ruled the 1838:During the late 1829:Phoenice Paralia 1775:Diodorus Siculus 1726:Second Punic War 1621:various colonies 1508:(Sarafand), and 1452:Canaanite period 1422:Enkapune Ya Muto 1410:Ksar Akil flakes 1315:Maronite clerics 1275:State of Lebanon 1240: 1233: 1226: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1122: 950:Lebanese culture 677:Lebanese Muslims 647: 637: 614: 613: 604: 597: 590: 576: 575: 574: 438:Liquidity crisis 398:Cedar Revolution 305:El Assaad Family 236:Mamluk Sultanate 206:Mirdasid dynasty 188:Hamdanid dynasty 131:Hellenistic rule 46: 36: 18: 17: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10189: 10157: 10148: 10129:Northern Cyprus 10115: 10108: 9850: 9848:History of Asia 9845: 9815: 9810: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9770: 9746:Public holidays 9677: 9651: 9613: 9535: 9468: 9402:Hellenistic era 9378: 9369: 9323: 9304: 9285: 9264: 9245: 9227: 9226: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9197: 9188: 9178: 9168: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9151:(3 parts, 9150: 9147: 9144: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9122:. 3 July 2023. 9114: 9113: 9109: 9100: 9098: 9083: 9079: 9070: 9068: 9053: 9049: 9034: 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7067: 7063: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7029: 7027: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7004: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6953:Wayback Machine 6945: 6941: 6932: 6930: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6907: 6905: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6824: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6803:Wayback Machine 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6752: 6750: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6697: 6695: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6592: 6590: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6487: 6486: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6464:, p. 485 (n115) 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6373: 6369: 6356: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6319: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6262: 6253: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6157: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6021:Aksan, Virginia 6018: 6014: 6008:Wayback Machine 5999: 5995: 5988: 5970: 5966: 5957: 5955: 5928: 5924: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5894: 5877: 5873: 5864: 5862: 5847: 5843: 5826: 5822: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5643: 5639: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5569: 5565: 5551: 5544: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5431: 5429: 5392: 5390: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5347: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5288: 5251: 5249: 5234: 5227: 5213: 5196: 5189: 5175: 5171: 5159:ABC-CLIO, 2003 5154:Wayback Machine 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5090:. pp. §90. 5086: 5085: 5081: 5076:. pp. §23. 5072: 5071: 5067: 5062:. pp. §96. 5056: 5052: 5041: 5037: 5032:. pp. §19. 5026: 5022: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4903:. pp. §42. 4897: 4893: 4882: 4878: 4873:. pp. §58. 4869: 4868: 4861: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4812: 4810: 4799: 4795: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4595:Future Movement 4591:Lebanese Forces 4549:Lebanese Forces 4480: 4446:On 25 June the 4419:Banque du Liban 4411: 4397:specialists. A 4360: 4293:Michel Suleiman 4250: 4242:Main articles: 4240: 4218:forces and the 4132:Lebanese Forces 4092:Jamil Al Sayyed 4089: 4079: 4073: 3942:Resolution 1559 3745:Osama bin Laden 3683: 3669: 3522:Lebanese Forces 3492:Damour massacre 3251: 3245: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3200:the village of 3162:Cairo Agreement 3080:an insurrection 3076:Camille Chamoun 3072: 3037: 3032: 3008:Georges Catroux 2988:Alfred Naqqache 2968: 2952:Shi'ite Muslims 2857:Class A Mandate 2830: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2820:Greater Lebanon 2815: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2776:(green) in the 2774:Greater Lebanon 2767: 2765:Greater Lebanon 2759:Main articles: 2757: 2739: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2695:founded modern 2674: 2666:Austria-Hungary 2599: 2593: 2488: 2433: 2364: 2271:Fakhr al-Din II 2258: 2250:Fakhr ad-Din II 2234: 2154: 2146:Main articles: 2144: 2116: 2072:Crusader States 2042: 2032:Crusader states 2030:Main articles: 2028: 1928:Syriac language 1915:conquered Syria 1907: 1891:Main articles: 1889: 1884: 1794:Seleucid Empire 1769:was crushed by 1714:Cyrus the Great 1702: 1688: 1448:Qaraoun culture 1444: 1430: 1323: 1279:Greater Lebanon 1260:Greater Lebanon 1244: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1196:Flag of Lebanon 1151: 1143: 1142: 1120: 1112:Lebanese Arabic 1102: 1094: 1093: 1072:Greater Lebanon 1020: 1012: 1011: 945: 937: 936: 734: 726: 725: 667:Lebanese people 662: 661:Lebanese people 654: 646: 627:Lebanese people 608: 572: 570: 565: 564: 510: 502: 501: 462: 454: 453: 452: 352: 342: 341: 340: 269: 261: 260: 259: 158: 150: 149: 148: 125: 117: 116: 115: 104:Babylonian rule 65: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 10252: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10205: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10120: 10118: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 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9243: 9216: 9205: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9175: 9164: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9107: 9077: 9047: 9028: 8998: 8976: 8947: 8933:. 2021-07-26. 8918: 8888: 8861: 8834: 8807: 8781: 8750: 8724: 8697: 8694:on 2022-12-10. 8661: 8622: 8591: 8574:Bloomberg News 8560: 8534: 8531:on 2019-10-18. 8516: 8491: 8466: 8441: 8414: 8389: 8358: 8332: 8329:on 2013-11-10. 8314: 8288: 8254: 8228: 8210:The Daily Star 8195: 8159: 8132: 8102: 8066: 8040: 8018: 7993: 7968: 7958: 7932: 7901: 7870: 7840: 7814: 7788: 7759: 7729: 7699: 7690: 7659: 7643:The Daily Star 7630: 7605: 7580: 7559: 7529: 7499: 7469: 7439: 7423:The Daily Star 7407: 7377: 7347: 7317: 7287: 7262: 7237: 7212: 7181: 7151: 7116: 7091: 7061: 7036: 7011: 6986: 6956: 6939: 6914: 6889: 6861: 6831: 6806: 6789: 6759: 6734: 6704: 6688:The Daily Star 6675: 6650: 6620: 6599: 6585:. 2012-05-21. 6570: 6557: 6524: 6515: 6475: 6466: 6446: 6437: 6417: 6410: 6392: 6385: 6367: 6350: 6337: 6328: 6317: 6299: 6290: 6284:David Sutton, 6277: 6268: 6251: 6244: 6224: 6217: 6197: 6166: 6148: 6128: 6119: 6093: 6083: 6065: 6059:978-1860640568 6058: 6040: 6033: 6012: 5993: 5986: 5964: 5942:(151): 71–91. 5922: 5903: 5871: 5841: 5820: 5793:(4): 535–550. 5771: 5764: 5744: 5719: 5717:Shehadi (1992) 5710: 5701: 5694: 5674: 5661: 5637: 5619: 5609: 5591: 5581: 5563: 5553:Hobby (1985). 5542: 5524: 5503: 5438: 5365: 5356: 5334:. p. 12. 5297: 5275:. p. 12. 5232: 5225: 5194: 5187: 5169: 5165:978-1576073353 5136: 5127: 5113: 5093: 5079: 5065: 5050: 5035: 5020: 5005: 4981: 4956: 4931: 4906: 4891: 4876: 4859: 4844: 4819: 4793: 4754:(13): 7641–6. 4734: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4640:History portal 4629: 4626:Lebanon portal 4613: 4610: 4572:United Nations 4479: 4476: 4427:Lebanese pound 4410: 4407: 4366:Protesters in 4359: 4356: 4289:Doha Agreement 4262:Fatah al-Islam 4239: 4236: 4224:United Nations 4165:A building in 4075:Main article: 4072: 4069: 4043:Akram Chehayeb 4018:Marwan Hamadeh 3923:Walid Jumblatt 3919:Marwan Hamadeh 3901:Prime Minister 3894:Walid Jumblatt 3826:United Kingdom 3768:Taif Agreement 3764:Taif Agreement 3711:prime minister 3668: 3665: 3620:Taif Agreement 3468:Bashir Gemayel 3410:Bashir Gemayel 3372:Menachem Begin 3309:Arab socialism 3232:Main article: 3229: 3226: 3185:Hafiz al-Assad 3170:Gemayel family 3071: 3068: 3065:Beirut in 1950 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 2967: 2964: 2916:Beirut Vilayet 2863:, east of the 2817: 2816: 2808: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2756: 2753: 2734: 2724:Main article: 2721: 2718: 2673: 2670: 2662:British Empire 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2503:Shuf Mountains 2487: 2484: 2432: 2431:Emir Bashir II 2429: 2410:events of 1799 2363: 2360: 2265:Fakhreddine II 2257: 2256:Fakhreddine II 2254: 2246:Fakhr ad-Din I 2233: 2230: 2187:city-states. ( 2143: 2140: 2115: 2112: 2107:Constantinople 2066:'s advance on 2027: 2024: 1911:7th century AD 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1771:Artaxerxes III 1687: 1684: 1680:neo-Babylonian 1525:Eshmunazzar II 1463:Proto-Sinaitic 1429: 1426: 1420:sites such as 1418:Late Stone Age 1344:archaeological 1322: 1319: 1289:at the end of 1287:Ottoman Empire 1246: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1166:Prime Minister 1163: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1087:Taif Agreement 1084: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002: 996: 995: 990: 984: 983: 978: 972: 971: 966: 960: 959: 953: 952: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 796: 795: 790: 785: 780: 778:United Kingdom 775: 770: 751: 750: 745: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 724: 723: 722: 721: 716: 711: 709:Greek Orthodox 706: 696: 695: 694: 689: 684: 674: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650:Lebanese cedar 638: 630: 629: 623: 622: 621:of articles on 610: 609: 607: 606: 599: 592: 584: 581: 580: 567: 566: 563: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 451: 450: 445: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 370: 365: 360: 354: 353: 348: 347: 344: 343: 339: 338: 332: 326: 323:Beirut Vilayet 320: 314: 308: 302: 296: 290: 287:Tripoli Eyalet 284: 278: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 258: 257: 251: 245: 239: 233: 230:Zengid dynasty 227: 221: 215: 209: 203: 197: 191: 185: 179: 173: 167: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 147: 146: 140: 139:(64 BC–646 AD) 134: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 114: 113: 107: 101: 95: 94:(1600–1178 BC) 89: 88:(1550–1077 BC) 83: 73: 67: 66: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10251: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10204: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10155: 10151: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:South Ossetia 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9837: 9835: 9830: 9828: 9823: 9822: 9819: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9674: 9673:Drug industry 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9542: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9516:Mount Lebanon 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 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Haaretz.com 8029: 8022: 8008:on 2006-01-10 8007: 8003: 7997: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7962: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7776: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7694: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7649:on 2009-02-21 7648: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7620:on 2005-03-09 7619: 7615: 7609: 7595:on 2005-04-04 7594: 7590: 7584: 7569: 7563: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7429:on 2009-02-21 7428: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7197:on 2013-03-27 7196: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7166:on 2007-04-13 7165: 7161: 7155: 7141:on 2007-04-11 7137: 7133: 7126: 7120: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7051:on 2004-12-04 7050: 7046: 7040: 7026:on 2006-05-14 7025: 7021: 7015: 7000: 6996: 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4560: 4558: 4557:Amal Movement 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4326:In 2012, the 4324: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4273:Fouad Siniora 4270: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4254:Nahr al-Bared 4252:In 2007, the 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4210:was a 34-day 4209: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4191:Kiryat Shmona 4188: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4111:Detlev Mehlis 4106: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 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Turks 2153: 2152:Ottoman Syria 2149: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:First Crusade 2061: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2050:Seljuk Empire 2047: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1957:First Crusade 1954: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Bilad al-Sham 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:Mount Lebanon 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712:Persia under 1711: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:Mediterranean 1622: 1617: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 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9699:Architecture 9640:Central Bank 9572:Human rights 9557:Constitution 9521:Shebaa farms 9511:Governorates 9491:Beqaa Valley 9417:Crusader era 9383: 9332: 9312: 9293: 9273: 9253: 9233: 9142:Bibliography 9128:. 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