370:
the modern
Paraiyan". He says that these people were believed to be associated with magical power and kept at a distance, made to live in separate hamlets outside villages. However, their magical power was believed to sustain the king, who had the ability to transform it into auspicious power. Moffatt is less sure of this, saying that we do not know whether the distancing was a consequence of the belief in their magical powers or in Hinduism's ritual pollution as we know of it nowadays.
31:
3034:
352:. However, in their translation of the Purananuru, George L. Hart and Hank Heifetz argue that this interpretation is incorrect: as with other poems in this section of the Purananuru, this verse "deals with life in a marginal village... All these plants, food, castes, and gods are typically those found in such marginal areas," and thus the four castes mentioned here should not be taken as a comprehensive list of all Tamil castes in this period.
817:
479:. This report largely shaped the perceptions of the British officials about contemporary society. They regarded Pariyars as an outcaste, untouchable community. In the second half of the 19th century, there were frequent descriptions of the Paraiyars in official documents and reformist tracts as being "disinherited sons of the earth". The first reference to the idea may be that written by
620:. He described them as people who lived outside the system of morals prescribed by Hinduism, accepted that outcaste position and were characterised by "drunkenness, shamelessness, brutality, truthlessness, uncleanliness, disgusting food practices, and an absolute lack of personal honour". Moffat says this led to
369:
performed a ritual function by composing and singing songs in the king's favour and beating drums, as well as travelling around villages to announce royal decrees. They were divided into subgroups based on the instruments they played and one of these groups – the
Kinaiyan – "was probably the same as
513:
converted many
Paraiyars to Christianity by the early 19th century. During the British Raj, the missionary schools and colleges admitted Paraiyar students amid opposition from the upper-caste students. In 1893, the colonial government sanctioned an additional stipend for the Paraiyar students. The
692:
to describe an organisation, which was probably
Srinivasan's Parayar Mahajana Sabha. In 1895, he established the People's Assembly of Urdravidians (Adidravida Jana Sabha), which probably split off from Srinivasan's organisation. According to Michael Bergunder, Thass was thus the first person to
400:
drum or by integration into the low-status labouring groups who were generically called
Paraiyar. Thus, it is thought that Paraiyar came to have many subcastes. According to 1961 Madras Census Report, castes that are categorised under Paraiyar include Koliyar, Panchamar, Thoti, Vettiyan, Vetti,
395:
describes an essentially continuous process of expansion of the nuclear areas of the caste society into forest and upland areas of tribal and warrior people, and their integration into the caste society at the lowest levels. Many of the forest groups were incorporated as
Paraiyar either by
588:
defeated them and destroyed
Buddhism in southern India; as a result, the Paraiyars lost their culture, religion, wealth and status in the society and become destitute. In 1898, Thass and many of his followers converted to Buddhism and founded the Sakya Buddha Society
666:
Thass continued his campaign against the term, and petitioned the government to discontinue its usage, demanding punishment for those who used the term. He incorrectly claimed that the term
455:
Scholars such as
Burchett and Moffatt state that the Bhakti devotationalism did not undermine Brahmin ritual dominance. Instead, it might have strengthened it by warding off challenges from
293:
300 BCE – 300 CE) has led him to favour
Caldwell's earlier hypothesis. The literature has references to the Tamil caste system and refers to a number of "low-born" groups variously called
388:
There are also references to "Paraiya chieftainships" in the 8th and 10th centuries, but it is not known what these were and how they were integrated into the Chola political system.
382:
s, which were separate hamlets of the
Paraiyars. Also living in separate hamlets were the artisans such as goldsmiths and cobblers, who were also recorded in the Sangam literature.
236:, a nineteenth-century missionary and grammarian who worked in South India, was in agreement with some Indian writers of the same period who considered the name to derive from the
506:; Washbrook calls it the "Golden Age of the Pariah". Raj Sekhar Basu disagrees with this narrative, although he agrees that there were "certain important economic developments".
2490:
401:
Vellam, Vel, Natuvile, Pani, Pambaikaran, Ammaparaiyan, Urumikaran, Morasu, Tangalam, Samban, Paryan, Nesavukaraparayan, Thotiparayan, Kongaparayan, Mannaparayan, and Semban.
514:
colonial officials, scholars, and missionaries attempted to rewrite the history of the Paraiyars, characterising them as a community that enjoyed a high status in the past.
260:
M. Srinivasa Aiyangar, writing a little later, found this etymology unsatisfactory, arguing that beating of drums could not have been an occupation of so many people.
436:, in a "threshold of the huts covered with strips of leather", with mango trees from whose branches were hung drums. "In this abode of the people of the lowest caste (
1816:
518:(1855–1935), for example, claimed that their status was nearly equal to that of the Brahmins in the past. H. A. Stuart, in his Census Report of 1891, claimed that
487:
missionary, said that the Paraiyars were self-evidently the "disinherited children of the soil". English officials such as Ellis believed that the Paraiyars were
1091:
1430:
Burchett, Patton (August 2009). "Bhakti Rhetoric in the Hagiography of 'Untouchable' Saints: Discerning Bhakti's Ambivalence on Caste and Brahminhood".
2640:
2266:
444:." Nandanar was described as a temple servant and leather worker, who supplied straps for drums and gut-string for stringed instruments used in the
2625:
1998:
1086:
495:. However, scholars such as Burton Stein argue that the agricultural bondage in Tamil society was different from the contemporary British ideas of
2435:
580:
Thass subsequently attempted a Buddhist reconstruction of the Tamil religious history. He argued that the Paraiyars were originally followers of
324:
483:
in 1818, where he writes that the Paraiyars "affect to consider themselves as the real proprietors of the soil". In 1894, William Goudie, a
475:'s report on socio-economic condition of South Indians described them ("Pariar") as inferior caste slaves, who cultivated the lands held by
2671:
2630:
2532:
502:
Historians such as David Washbrook have argued that the socio-economic status of the Paraiyars rose greatly in the 18th century during the
2549:
565:. This experience led him to believe that it was impossible to emancipate the community within the Hindu fold. In 1893, he also rejected
2615:
448:
temple, but he was himself not allowed to enter the temple. The Paraiyar regard Nandanar as one of their own caste. Paraiyars wear the
2373:
2607:
2409:
659:
with pride. In 1892, he formed the Parayar Mahajana Sabha (Paraiyar Mahajana Assembly), and also started a news publication titled
557:
by occupation, belonged to a Paraiyar elite. In 1892, he demanded access for Paraiyars to Hindu temples, but faced resistance from
3071:
2691:
2996:
2791:
2527:
2310:
2544:
2259:
2234:
2213:
2192:
2171:
2114:
2088:
2039:
1898:
1870:
1845:
1762:
1651:
1300:
1167:
1137:
636:
210:
44:
1972:
2716:
1927:
574:
3096:
2645:
2597:
2522:
2450:
904:
257:, the Paraiyars were originally a community of drummers who performed at auspicious events like weddings and funerals.
3017:
2777:
2587:
3081:
3061:
3012:
2138:
2050:
1982:
1937:
1243:
1192:
864:
192:
846:
3086:
3076:
3056:
3037:
2635:
2592:
2460:
2252:
2620:
2984:
2148:
968:
889:
842:
385:
In a few inscriptions (all of them from outside Thanjavur district), Paraiyars are described as temple patrons.
2951:
2577:
2353:
998:, founding member of the Justice Party, former mayor of Madras and President of the Republican Party of India
961:, Minister for Home Affairs, Agriculture, Public Works, Member of Parliament (1946–1967) in Kamaraj's cabinet
2430:
945:
114:
2989:
2782:
2751:
2517:
3066:
2893:
2539:
941:
713:
1129:
Global Capital and Peripheral Labour: The History and Political Economy of Plantation Workers in India
2928:
2860:
2572:
2567:
2475:
2455:
2305:
2284:
1801:
977:
838:
472:
1235:
The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru
2977:
2936:
2686:
1080:
935:
827:
624:
entering the English language as "a synonym for the socially ostracised and the morally depraved".
1833:
584:
and constituted the original population of India. According to him, the Brahmanical invaders from
2772:
2681:
2666:
2582:
2404:
831:
2051:"Contested Past: Anti-brahmanical and Hindu nationalist reconstructions of early Indian history"
1754:
323:
as a word referring to an occupational group first appears in the second century CE writings of
3091:
2465:
2358:
983:
725:
535:
510:
2224:
2203:
1953:
1742:
932:(1845–1914), founder of the Sakya Buddhist Society (also known as Indian Buddhist Association)
2967:
2946:
2414:
2368:
2182:
2161:
1127:
923:
799:
is the mother goddesses who are installed in the homes of the Parayas and worshiped by them.
652:
503:
264:
2029:
1753:. Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. p.
1712:
2941:
2903:
2661:
2485:
1886:
964:
907:, spiritual leader, social activist, politician and founder of Nandanar school, Chidambaram
781:
598:
531:
992:, Minister for Transport, Hindu Religious Endowments, Harijan Welfare in Kamaraj's cabinet
920:(1883–1943), politician, social and political activist from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
348:
This poem is sometimes interpreted as evidence of there being only four castes in ancient
8:
2972:
2383:
2363:
2320:
948:
member who founded the organization Brahma Pratyaksha Sadhujana Paripalana Parayar Sangam
609:
480:
1368:
Vincentnathan, Lynn (June 1993). "Nandanar: Untouchable Saint and Caste Hindu Anomaly".
2908:
2676:
2445:
2330:
1778:
1747:
1455:
1447:
1385:
1074:
1044:
594:
375:
84:
795:
is a ritualistic dance drama performed once a year by the Paraya community in Kerala.
670:
was not found in any ancient records (it has been, in fact, found in the 10th-century
2868:
2325:
2275:
2230:
2209:
2188:
2167:
2134:
2110:
2084:
2035:
1978:
1933:
1894:
1866:
1841:
1758:
1459:
1239:
1188:
1163:
1133:
885:
705:
581:
471:
By the early 19th century, the Paraiyars had a degraded status in the Tamil society.
286:
138:
134:
88:
938:, first woman president of the Scheduled Caste Federation and Deputy Mayor of Madras
271:, the name of a regional subdivision mentioned by ancient Tamil grammarians, or the
2898:
2878:
2440:
2335:
2315:
2065:
1929:
Party System Change in South India: Political Entrepreneurs, Patterns and Processes
1817:"Malayalam docu-fiction 'Thevan' pays tribute to folk artiste Thevan Peradipurathu"
1439:
1381:
1377:
1020:
899:
519:
163:
2918:
2888:
2873:
2388:
2128:
2124:
2102:
2078:
1835:
1233:
1157:
1032:
1014:
989:
800:
792:
773:
554:
527:
523:
405:
233:
2805:
2345:
2098:
1153:
675:
577:, while the backwardness of contemporary local Muslims made Islam unappealing.
515:
432:
426:– contained one saint each from the untouchable communities. The Nayanar saint
282:
237:
80:
2150:
Irschick, Eugene F. (1994), Complete book at Cdlib, but without page numbering
2031:
Nandanar's Children: The Paraiyans' Tryst with Destiny, Tamil Nadu 1850 - 1956
1443:
3050:
2913:
2883:
1999:"Casteist message in Ilaiyaraaja's name is fake, composer's lawyer clarifies"
1834:
Mylapore Institute for Indigenous Studies; I.S.P.C.K. (Organisation) (2000).
1099:
1068:
1050:
1038:
929:
671:
647:
as an alternative term, and formed the Dhraavidar Mahajana Sabhai (Dravidian
639:, he requested the government to record the community members under the name
550:
539:
449:
2756:
2746:
566:
392:
62:
2244:
2069:
612:, a French missionary who worked in India between 1792 and 1823 and had a
601:. Olcott subsequently and greatly supported the Tamil Paraiyar Buddhists.
2833:
2819:
2470:
1062:
1026:
1008:
917:
701:
680:
484:
445:
420:
30:
1451:
522:
were a priestly class among the Paraiyars, and served as priests during
2847:
2826:
2480:
1974:
Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratization in Tamil Nadu
995:
777:
632:
332:
254:
214:
106:
1389:
986:, Minister for Agriculture & Rural development in Rajaji's cabinet
2798:
1692:
958:
349:
222:
816:
491:
toiling under a system of bonded labour that resembled the European
440:), there arose a man with a feeling of true devotion to the feet of
2812:
2731:
2721:
2378:
894:
742:
716:
passed a resolution that officially censured the usage of the term
708:
councillor — made successful efforts for adoption of the term
648:
562:
460:
427:
416:
413:
272:
66:
58:
54:
2840:
2736:
2107:
Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honor of David B. Mandelbaum
2077:
Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schröder, Ulrike, eds. (2011).
1185:
The Light and the Dark: Dualism in ancient Iran, India, and China
1056:
973:
756:
613:
558:
496:
492:
476:
456:
2184:
An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus
1837:
Christianity is Indian: the emergence of an indigenous community
206:
2726:
585:
573:
as the alternatives to Hinduism, because caste differences had
423:
218:
124:
110:
1891:
India's silent revolution: Rise of lower castes in North India
2711:
570:
441:
242:
70:
803:
is performed to please the deities through music and drama.
746:("Right-hand caste faction"). Some of them assume the title
1490:
488:
184:
178:
169:
16:
Dominant Scheduled Caste found in South India and Sri Lanka
1682:
1680:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1627:
1509:
1507:
1505:
926:(1860–1945), Paraiyar activist, politician from Tamil Nadu
343:
and the Paraiyans and the Katampans, there are no castes.
2130:
Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795–1895
1312:
1310:
1252:
1743:"Caste rank and verbal interaction in western Tamilnadu"
1603:
1567:
1349:
1327:
1325:
604:
1907:
1677:
1658:
1615:
1579:
1502:
688:) to describe the community. In 1892, he used the term
2076:
1840:. Published for MIIS, Mylapore by ISPCK. p. 322.
1698:
1307:
1276:
1213:
754:
comprised castes with an agricultural basis while the
1639:
1591:
1543:
1411:
1337:
1322:
545:
341:
Other than the Tutiyan drummers and the Panan singers
193:
1991:
1519:
1288:
1238:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 191.
635:, and campaigned against its usage. During the 1881
175:
166:
2080:
Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India
616:-centric outlook, recorded the community's name as
172:
1746:
1555:
1466:
1264:
1201:
888:, rejected Christianity and Hinduism to found the
879:
720:to refer to a specific community, and recommended
1531:
1478:
1077:, music director (part of the Shankar Ganesh duo)
911:
35:Group of Paraiyars in the Madras Presidency, 1909
3048:
1879:
760:consisted of castes involved in manufacturing.
1893:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 169.
1865:. Penguin Books India. pp. 68, 271, 281.
1802:"അവതരണങ്ങളിൽ അപമാനിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന അനുഷ്ഠാനകലകൾ"
1402:
2260:
1954:"കാവാരികുളം കണ്ടന് കുമാരനും ദളിത് പ്രശ്നവും"
1367:
301:. Hart believes that one of the drums called
2672:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
2187:. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–.
2133:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1946:
1860:
772:As of 2017, the Paraiyar were a listed as a
728:ensured the wider dissemination of the term
651:Assembly) in 1891. Another Paraiyar leader,
452:under rituals such as marriage and funeral.
267:, have derived the name from the Tamil word
2274:
1258:
1231:
845:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
735:
724:as an alternative. In the 1920s and 1930s,
181:
2267:
2253:
1713:"More inscriptions from the Tambaram area"
1650:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMoffat1979 (
1299:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMoffat1979 (
1183:Fontaine, Petrus Franciscus Maria (1990).
1162:. Cambridge University Press. p. 32.
538:claimed that the ancient poet-philosopher
305:in the literature later came to be called
29:
2159:
2103:"Early Evidence for Caste in South India"
2048:
1885:
1854:
1710:
1686:
1633:
1621:
1585:
1573:
1513:
1403:Kolappa Pillay, Kanakasabhapathi (1977).
1002:
865:Learn how and when to remove this message
750:("Head of the right-hand division"). The
678:). Thass subsequently advocated the term
309:and the people that played the drum were
2226:Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold)
2222:
2163:The Future of Christian Mission in India
2123:
1970:
1913:
1799:
1740:
1671:
1496:
1429:
1182:
712:in the government records. In 1914, the
374:Inscriptions, especially those from the
2692:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
2180:
1609:
1417:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1232:Hart, George L.; Heifetz, Hank (2001).
466:
3049:
2205:Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God
1793:
1699:Bergunder, Frese & Schröder (2011)
1645:
1432:International Journal of Hindu Studies
1294:
2248:
1925:
1808:
1152:
1125:
605:Controversy over the community's name
360:
2097:
2027:
1597:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1484:
1472:
1282:
1270:
1219:
1207:
843:adding citations to reliable sources
810:
655:, however, advocated using the term
593:) with the influential mediation of
412:7th–9th centuries CE), the saints –
2523:Government of the Northern Province
2201:
1800:Varavoor, Prashanth (August 2011).
1407:. University of Madras. p. 33.
1316:
1187:. Brill Academic Pub. p. 100.
764:were better organised politically.
13:
2588:Democratic Tamil National Alliance
1926:Wyatt, Andrew (16 December 2009).
1781:. Ministry of Social Justice. 2017
546:Buddhist advocacy by Iyothee Thass
14:
3108:
1971:Gorringe, Hugo (7 January 2005).
1814:
1745:. In McGilvray, Dennis B. (ed.).
1717:Madras Christian College Magazine
806:
767:
575:persisted among Indian Christians
3033:
3032:
2778:Representations in Indian cinema
2598:Tamil People's National Alliance
1159:Rural Society in Southeast India
980:leader and former Union Minister
967:, politician and chairperson of
815:
162:
2451:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
1964:
1919:
1863:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
1827:
1771:
1734:
1704:
1423:
1396:
1361:
880:Religious and spiritual leaders
3072:Scheduled Castes of Tamil Nadu
2229:. Partridge Publishing India.
1749:Caste Ideology and Interaction
1405:The Caste System in Tamil Nadu
1382:10.1525/eth.1993.21.2.02a00020
1225:
1176:
1146:
1119:
969:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
912:Social reformers and activists
890:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
1:
2593:Tamil National People's Front
2578:Tamil United Liberation Front
2160:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014).
2109:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1741:Levinson, Stephen C. (1982).
1106:
409:
290:
782:system of affirmative action
263:Some other writers, such as
228:
7:
2990:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
2518:Northern Provincial Council
2208:. Oxford University Press.
2105:. In Hockings, Paul (ed.).
2058:Historiographia Linguistica
2049:Bergunder, Michael (2004).
1815:M, Athira (24 March 2022).
952:
697:into political discussion.
285:'s textual analysis of the
10:
3113:
3097:Social groups of Sri Lanka
2540:Eastern Provincial Council
2491:NPC Resolution on Genocide
2410:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
1102:, Malayalam music director
942:Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran
787:
714:Madras Legislative Council
355:
3030:
3005:
2960:
2927:
2859:
2765:
2704:
2654:
2606:
2568:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
2560:
2510:
2503:
2476:Burning of Jaffna library
2423:
2397:
2344:
2311:Tissamaharama inscription
2306:History of Eastern Tamils
2298:
2291:
2285:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
2282:
2181:Moffatt, Michael (1979).
2028:Basu, Raj Sekhar (2011).
1977:. SAGE Publishing India.
1444:10.1007/s11407-009-9072-5
1132:. Routledge. p. 67.
700:Another Paraiyar leader,
693:introduce the concept of
130:
120:
102:
94:
76:
50:
40:
28:
23:
3082:South Indian communities
3062:Sri Lankan Tamil society
2978:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
2687:Tamil Youth Organisation
1711:Siromoney, Gift (1975).
936:Annai Meenambal Shivaraj
740:Paraiyars belong to the
736:Right-hand caste faction
674:stone inscriptions from
627:Iyothee Thass felt that
157:(formerly anglicised as
137: • other
3087:Ethnic groups in Kerala
3077:Sri Lankan Tamil castes
3057:Social groups of Kerala
2682:Tamils Against Genocide
2667:Canadian Tamil Congress
2583:Tamil National Alliance
2405:American Ceylon Mission
2276:Sri Lankan Tamil people
2202:Orr, Leslie C. (2000).
1259:Hart & Heifetz 2001
430:was born, according to
336:mentions the Paraiyar:
2929:Languages and dialects
2466:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1083:, Indian percussionist
1035:, Malayalam film actor
1011:, Indian film composer
1003:Arts and entertainment
984:V. I. Munuswamy Pillai
946:Sree Moolam Prajasabha
944:, social reformer and
726:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
690:Adidravida Jana Sabhai
536:Edward Jewitt Robinson
511:Church Mission Society
346:
330:The 335th poem of the
278:, meaning "hill man".
2415:Jaffna Youth Congress
2369:Kotagama inscriptions
2070:10.1075/hl.31.1.05ber
1887:Jaffrelot, Christophe
1861:Roshen Dalal (2011).
1071:, Tamil film director
1065:, Tamil film director
1059:, Tamil film director
1053:, Tamil film director
924:Rettamalai Srinivasan
653:Rettamalai Srinivasan
643:. He later suggested
591:cākkaiya putta caṅkam
504:Company rule in India
396:association with the
338:
265:Gustav Solomon Oppert
2662:British Tamils Forum
2223:Srikumar, S (2014).
1126:Raman, Ravi (2010).
1023:, actor and director
965:Thol. Thirumavalavan
839:improve this section
599:Theosophical Society
532:J. H. A. Tremenheere
467:British colonial era
2973:Naguleswaram temple
2374:Portuguese conquest
2364:Jaffna Palace ruins
2321:Ketheeswaram temple
2125:Irschick, Eugene F.
1499:, pp. 153–190.
1319:, pp. 236–237.
1285:, pp. 482–483.
1222:, pp. 467–468.
686:Original Dravidians
610:Jean-Antoine Dubois
481:Francis Whyte Ellis
365:Hart says that the
209:group found in the
2677:Global Tamil Forum
2331:Munneswaram temple
2166:. Wipf and Stock.
1096:, Malayalam singer
1045:Yuvan Shankar Raja
1041:, Tamil film actor
595:Henry Steel Olcott
376:Thanjavur district
361:Pre-British period
253:According to this
3067:Dalit communities
3044:
3043:
3026:
3025:
2700:
2699:
2561:Political parties
2499:
2498:
2326:Koneswaram temple
2236:978-1-4828-1507-8
2215:978-0-19-535672-4
2194:978-1-4008-7036-3
2173:978-1-63087-485-8
2116:978-3-11084-685-0
2090:978-93-80607-21-4
2041:978-81-321-0679-1
1900:978-1-85065-670-8
1872:978-0-14-341421-6
1847:978-81-7214-561-3
1764:978-0-52124-145-8
1636:, pp. 67–71.
1612:, pp. 19–21.
1600:, pp. 24–26.
1552:, pp. 33–34.
1358:, pp. 38–39.
1169:978-0-52104-019-8
1139:978-1-13519-658-5
905:Swami Sahajananda
886:Poykayil Yohannan
875:
874:
867:
641:Aboriginal Tamils
287:Sangam literature
144:
143:
135:Sri Lankan Tamils
3104:
3036:
3035:
2937:Batticaloa Tamil
2763:
2762:
2508:
2507:
2441:Sinhala Only Act
2336:Tenavaram temple
2316:Annaicoddai seal
2296:
2295:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2219:
2198:
2177:
2154:
2144:
2120:
2094:
2083:. Primus Books.
2073:
2055:
2045:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1752:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1687:Bergunder (2004)
1684:
1675:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1634:Bergunder (2004)
1631:
1625:
1622:Bergunder (2004)
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1586:Kanjamala (2014)
1583:
1577:
1574:Kanjamala (2014)
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:, pp. 9–11.
1523:
1517:
1514:Bergunder (2004)
1511:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1123:
1095:
1021:Raghava Lawrence
1017:, music director
900:Thiruppaan Alvar
870:
863:
859:
856:
850:
819:
811:
542:was a Paraiyar.
473:Francis Buchanan
411:
292:
197:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
103:Populated states
98:India, Sri Lanka
33:
21:
20:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3022:
3001:
2997:Village deities
2956:
2923:
2855:
2792:Saturday Review
2761:
2717:Genetic studies
2696:
2650:
2608:Militant groups
2602:
2556:
2550:Chief Ministers
2533:Chief Ministers
2495:
2456:Standardisation
2419:
2393:
2389:Demala Hatpattu
2340:
2287:
2278:
2273:
2243:
2237:
2216:
2195:
2174:
2147:
2141:
2117:
2099:Hart, George L.
2091:
2053:
2042:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2003:The News Minute
1997:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1960:(in Malayalam).
1952:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1914:Srikumar (2014)
1912:
1908:
1901:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1832:
1828:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1672:Srikumar (2014)
1670:
1659:
1649:
1648:, pp. 6–7.
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1497:Irschick (1994)
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:, pp. 2–4.
1206:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1154:Gough, Kathleen
1151:
1147:
1140:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1089:
1033:Kalabhavan Mani
1005:
990:B. Parameswaran
955:
914:
882:
871:
860:
854:
851:
836:
820:
809:
801:Malavazhiyattam
793:Malavazhiyattam
790:
774:Scheduled Caste
770:
738:
637:census of India
607:
548:
528:Robert Caldwell
469:
406:Bhakti movement
363:
358:
345:
342:
281:More recently,
234:Robert Caldwell
231:
195:
165:
161:
45:Scheduled Caste
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:United Kingdom
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2806:Tamil Guardian
2802:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Aryacakravarti
2356:
2350:
2348:
2346:Jaffna kingdom
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2139:
2121:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2074:
2046:
2040:
2017:
2016:
1990:
1983:
1963:
1945:
1938:
1918:
1916:, p. 356.
1906:
1899:
1878:
1871:
1853:
1846:
1826:
1807:
1792:
1770:
1763:
1733:
1703:
1701:, p. 260.
1691:
1676:
1674:, p. 357.
1657:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1610:Moffatt (1979)
1602:
1590:
1578:
1576:, p. 127.
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1438:(2): 115–141.
1422:
1418:Moffatt (1979)
1410:
1395:
1376:(2): 154–179.
1360:
1356:Moffatt (1979)
1348:
1344:Moffatt (1979)
1336:
1332:Moffatt (1979)
1321:
1306:
1287:
1275:
1273:, p. 468.
1263:
1261:, p. 322.
1251:
1244:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1193:
1175:
1168:
1145:
1138:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1087:Pandalam Balan
1084:
1081:Drums Sivamani
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
993:
987:
981:
971:
962:
954:
951:
950:
949:
939:
933:
927:
921:
913:
910:
909:
908:
902:
897:
892:
881:
878:
873:
872:
823:
821:
814:
808:
807:Notable people
805:
789:
786:
780:under India's
769:
768:Present status
766:
737:
734:
676:Kolar district
606:
603:
547:
544:
516:Edgar Thurston
468:
465:
433:Periya Puranam
390:
389:
386:
383:
362:
359:
357:
354:
339:
283:George L. Hart
230:
227:
142:
141:
132:
131:Related groups
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:Classification
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3109:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Indian castes
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3039:
3029:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Negombo Tamil
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2919:United States
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Federal Party
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:Post-colonial
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:9780520914322
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(1): 95–104.
2063:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2005:. 21 May 2019
2004:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1984:9789352803057
1980:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1939:9781135182014
1935:
1932:. Routledge.
1931:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1689:, p. 69.
1688:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1646:Moffat (1979)
1642:
1635:
1630:
1624:, p. 70.
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1588:, p. 66.
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1564:, p. 39.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1516:, p. 68.
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 16.
1474:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1420:, p. 39.
1419:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1346:, p. 41.
1345:
1340:
1334:, p. 38.
1333:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1297:, p. 37.
1296:
1295:Moffat (1979)
1291:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1245:9780231115636
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1194:9789050630511
1190:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1100:Mohan Sithara
1098:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:Mari Selvaraj
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:Venkat Prabhu
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:Premgi Amaren
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
975:
972:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:Iyothee Thass
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
887:
884:
883:
877:
869:
866:
858:
855:November 2022
848:
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2820:Tamil Times
2471:Tamil Eelam
2431:Nationalism
1598:Basu (2011)
1562:Basu (2011)
1550:Basu (2011)
1538:Basu (2011)
1526:Basu (2011)
1485:Basu (2011)
1473:Basu (2011)
1283:Hart (1987)
1271:Hart (1987)
1220:Hart (1987)
1208:Basu (2011)
1090: [
1063:Pa. Ranjith
1009:Ilaiyaraaja
918:M. C. Rajah
730:Adi Dravida
702:M. C. Rajah
695:Adi Dravida
681:Adi Dravida
446:Chidambaram
421:Vaishnavite
404:During the
313:(plural of
3051:Categories
2848:Virakesari
2827:Thinakaran
2783:Literature
2511:Government
2481:Black July
1317:Orr (2000)
1107:References
1047:, musician
996:N. Sivaraj
778:Tamil Nadu
704: — a
493:villeinage
380:paraicceri
378:, mention
333:Purananuru
255:hypothesis
215:Tamil Nadu
139:Dravidians
115:Puducherry
107:Tamil Nadu
2952:Loanwords
2869:Australia
2799:Sudar Oli
2545:Governors
2528:Governors
2486:Civil War
2461:Militancy
2009:4 January
1821:The Hindu
1460:143000307
1156:(2008) .
1113:Citations
959:P. Kakkan
826:does not
797:Malavazhi
645:Dravidian
563:Vellalars
520:Valluvars
350:Tamilakam
229:Etymology
223:Sri Lanka
121:Ethnicity
85:Malayalam
77:Languages
51:Religions
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3018:Football
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2961:Religion
2909:Pakistan
2899:Malaysia
2861:Diaspora
2813:TamilNet
2752:Vellalar
2742:Paraiyar
2732:Mukkuvar
2722:Karaiyar
2655:Diaspora
2504:Politics
2398:Colonial
2379:Vannimai
2127:(1994).
2101:(1987).
2034:. SAGE.
1889:(2003).
1452:40608021
953:Politics
895:Nandanar
762:Valangai
752:Valangai
743:Valangai
718:Paraiyar
668:Paraiyar
661:Paraiyan
657:Paraiyar
649:Mahajana
629:Paraiyar
582:Buddhism
559:Brahmins
485:Wesleyan
477:Brahmins
461:Buddhism
438:kadainar
428:Nandanar
419:and the
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367:pulaiyar
321:Paraiyar
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299:Kinaiyar
295:Pulaiyar
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273:Sanskrit
155:Maraiyar
147:Paraiyar
89:Sanskrit
67:Buddhism
59:Shaivism
55:Hinduism
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3013:Cricket
2884:Germany
2841:Uthayan
2766:Culture
2737:Nalavar
2705:Society
2384:Vanniar
2354:History
2299:Ancient
2292:History
1785:20 July
1057:Mysskin
1029:, actor
847:removed
832:sources
788:Culture
757:Idangai
614:Brahmin
597:of the
526:reign.
524:Pallava
497:slavery
457:Jainism
356:History
269:poraian
221:and in
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151:Parayar
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586:Persia
424:Alvars
219:Kerala
159:Pariah
125:Tamils
111:Kerala
3006:Sport
2894:India
2889:Italy
2787:News
2757:Vedar
2712:Eelam
2641:PLOTE
2626:EPRLF
2616:ENDLF
2446:Riots
2054:(PDF)
1456:S2CID
1448:JSTOR
1386:JSTOR
1370:Ethos
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672:Chola
571:Islam
489:serfs
398:parai
307:paṟai
303:kiṇai
243:parai
240:word
238:Tamil
207:caste
203:Paree
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