199:
1224:
697:"The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yazghulyami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto."
670:"The Pamir languages are a group of East Iranian languages which are linguistically quite diverse and cannot be traced back to a common ancestor. The term Pamir languages is based on their geographical position rather than on their genetic closeness. Exclusive features by which the Pamir languages can be distinguished from all other East Iranian languages cannot be found either."
342:
is today spoken in
Pakistan to the south of the Pamir language area, Burushaski formerly had a much wider geographic distribution before being assimilated by Indo-Iranian languages.
453:
Most language speakers and others in
Tajikistan refer to languages in this group as 'Pamirski" or 'Pamir'. (e.g. "I can speak Pamir, Ishkashem and Wakhi")
1786:
1182:
782:
396:
1422:
446:
and a violent assimilation campaign was undertaken. By the end of the 19th century the Vanji language had disappeared, displaced by
177:
by western scholars. The term
Ghalchah is no longer used to refer to the Pamir languages or the native speakers of these languages.
726:
1175:
2037:
775:
2032:
639:
The later
Iranian languages, New Persian, Kurdish, Afghan, Ossetish, Baluchi, Ghalach and some minor modern dialects."
431:
400:
219:
1168:
768:
1415:
367:
languages belong to the
Shughni-Yazgulami branch. There are about 75,000 speakers of languages in this family in
411:. Shughni and Sarikoli are not mutually intelligible. In 1994, there were 4000 speakers of Yazgulyam along the
1455:
588:
591:
tongue. The language group is endangered, with the total number of speakers roughly around 100,000 in 1990.
1460:
642:
506:
1058:
737:
Ishkashimi-English
Vocabulary List, also featuring words from other Pamir languages added for comparison
286:
Members of the
Pamirian language area include four reliable groups: a Shughni-Yazgulyam group including
1408:
741:
713:. 14th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics. Moscow: RSUH.
237:
on the
Afghanistan-China border and thus qualifies as the easternmost of the extant Iranian languages.
1858:
1695:
1470:
159:
79:
74:
275:
No features uniting the Pamir languages as a single subgroup of
Iranian have been demonstrated. The
2027:
1191:
679:
490:
692:
1923:
1450:
842:
791:
587:(Persian) as a literary language, which is—unlike the languages of the Pamir group—a
173:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Pamir language family was sometimes referred to as the
59:
746:
1445:
990:
667:
187:
64:
752:
Grierson G. A. Ishkashmi, Zebaki, and
Yazghulami, an account of three Eranian dialects. (1920)
731:
2004:
1298:
1103:
1053:
335:
736:
644:
An Avesta grammar in comparison with Sanskrit and The Avestan alphabet and its transcription
1841:
1781:
1575:
1389:
980:
970:
923:
856:
280:
279:
lists the Pamir languages along with Pashto as Southeastern Iranian, however, according to
8:
1997:
1539:
1492:
1324:
1251:
975:
888:
756:
530:
514:
494:
321:
315:
307:
211:
1912:
1889:
1879:
1626:
1512:
1229:
1035:
943:
526:
439:
364:
327:
295:
245:
137:
127:
117:
107:
1904:
1884:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1710:
1679:
1637:
1568:
1517:
1487:
1431:
1257:
1063:
995:
965:
938:
903:
502:
380:
360:
291:
230:
203:
69:
709:
198:
1933:
1918:
1894:
1829:
1769:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1673:
1581:
1522:
1507:
1373:
1358:
1338:
1267:
1246:
1149:
1134:
1124:
1068:
1030:
985:
928:
811:
634:
478:
443:
392:
376:
356:
287:
253:
241:
1874:
1846:
1836:
1794:
1737:
1732:
1601:
1596:
1544:
1345:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1144:
1139:
1045:
1020:
1010:
1000:
470:
466:
412:
303:
264:
163:
54:
47:
283:, the Pamirian languages and Pashto belong to the North-Eastern Iranian branch.
1993:
1951:
1938:
1653:
1642:
1591:
1534:
1528:
1502:
1497:
1368:
1331:
1272:
1262:
1015:
933:
908:
898:
837:
805:
754:
751:
584:
552:
486:
462:
447:
423:
388:
311:
299:
155:
2021:
1899:
1853:
1774:
1664:
1647:
1095:
234:
1160:
583:
The vast majority of Pamir speakers in Tajikistan and Afghanistan also use
545:
181:
760:
1944:
1363:
556:
534:
498:
368:
215:
206:. The Pamir languages are spoken in the extreme east of the distribution.
184:
1619:
560:
538:
510:
435:
416:
372:
339:
331:
276:
223:
167:
229:
Pamirian languages are also spoken in Xinjiang and the Pamir language
1801:
1353:
648:
384:
318:
101:
1400:
710:
Toward the question of Yeniseian homeland in perspective of toponymy
1754:
1005:
878:
568:
482:
404:
257:
263:
The only other living member of the Southeastern Iranian group is
1974:
1606:
1561:
918:
883:
469:
languages are closely related. There are about 6,000 speakers of
35:
395:). In 1982, there were about 20,000 speakers of Sarikoli in the
180:
One of the most prolific researchers of the Pamir languages was
1759:
1613:
1586:
1210:
1129:
913:
893:
873:
600:
572:
474:
442:. In the 19th century, the region was forcibly annexed to the
1119:
1025:
564:
408:
249:
1928:
1205:
427:
509:, absent from the other three Pamir groups. The extinct
682:. SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
664:
The position of the Pamir languages within East Iranian
742:
English-Ishkashimi- Zebaki-Wakhi-Yazghulami Vocabulary
1219:
210:The Pamirian languages are spoken primarily in the
695:, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2010.
485:, and in 2008 there were around 5,300 speakers of
489:mainly in the Mamalgha and Munjan valleys in the
240:Wakhi communities are also found in the adjacent
2019:
330:(2019) suggests that the Pamir languages have a
541:respectively, they are not written languages.
1416:
1176:
776:
517:is thought to be of the Munji-Yidgha branch.
1190:
641:Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1892).
790:
350:
1423:
1409:
1183:
1169:
783:
769:
193:
732:Ishkashimi story with English translation
551:There are around 58,000 speakers of the
197:
16:Areal group of Eastern Iranian languages
640:
520:
2020:
685:
456:
1430:
1404:
1164:
764:
864:
830:
637:Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson,
616:, ed. Schmitt (1989), 417–444.
656:
627:
162:, spoken by numerous people in the
13:
2003:Languages between parentheses are
612:Payne, John, "Pamir languages" in
525:There are about 2,500 speakers of
432:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
401:Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County
220:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
14:
2049:
727:Ethnolinguistic map of Tajikistan
720:
270:
1977:(unknown further classification)
1222:
747:A Short List of Yazghulami Words
680:Southeastern Iranian Family Tree
614:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
606:
2007:of the language on their left.
701:
673:
477:Valley recorded in the former
1:
620:
2038:Endangered Iranian languages
419:. Yazgulyam is not written.
345:
7:
594:
501:. Munji-Yidgha shares with
375:(including the dialects of
10:
2054:
1087:Russian-Tajik mixed speech
310:and related dialects; and
2033:Eastern Iranian languages
1984:
1967:
1867:
1703:
1694:
1553:
1478:
1469:
1438:
1382:
1281:
1239:
1217:
1198:
1112:
1094:
1077:
1044:
956:
855:
821:
798:
693:Eastern Iranian languages
651:: AMS Press. p. xxx.
578:
160:Eastern Iranian languages
100:
55:Linguistic classification
53:
41:
31:
26:
21:
1192:Languages of Afghanistan
691:Nicholas Sims-Williams,
668:Orientalia Suecana LVIII
662:Antje Wendtland (2009),
633:In his 1892 work on the
544:
491:Kuran wa Munjan district
351:Shughni–Yazgulami branch
843:Southern Uzbek language
838:Northern Uzbek language
792:Languages of Tajikistan
194:Geographic distribution
707:Blažek, Václav. 2019.
505:a development *Ă° >
207:
188:Ivan Ivanovich Zarubin
166:, primarily along the
133:(Sanglechi-Ishkashimi)
1104:Russian Sign Language
1054:East Slavic languages
438:, and was related to
233:is spoken beyond the
201:
170:and its tributaries.
1998:historical languages
1390:Afghan Sign Language
1059:French Sign Language
981:Central Asian Arabic
924:Sanglechi-Ishkashimi
857:Indigenous languages
589:Southwestern Iranian
521:Sanglechi–Ishkashimi
430:river valley in the
281:Encyclopedia Iranica
27:(ethnically defined)
495:Badakhshan province
457:Munji–Yidgha branch
316:subject-object-verb
212:Badakhshan Province
113:(Shughni-Yazgulami)
1282:Minority languages
1240:Regional languages
1230:Afghanistan portal
1199:Official languages
426:was spoken in the
246:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
208:
175:Ghalchah languages
2015:
2014:
1963:
1962:
1690:
1689:
1432:Iranian languages
1398:
1397:
1254:(language family)
1158:
1157:
1113:Foreign languages
1064:Iranian languages
957:Regional/Minority
952:
951:
851:
850:
799:Official language
204:Iranian languages
148:
147:
2045:
1859:Zoroastrian Dari
1701:
1700:
1476:
1475:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1125:Mandarin Chinese
1069:Turkic languages
862:
861:
828:
827:
785:
778:
771:
762:
761:
714:
705:
699:
689:
683:
677:
671:
660:
654:
652:
635:Avestan language
631:
508:
497:in northeastern
479:Chitral district
444:Bukharan Emirate
314:. They have the
254:Gilgit Baltistan
242:Chitral District
214:of northeastern
144:
140:
134:
130:
124:
120:
114:
110:
19:
18:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2028:Pamir languages
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
1980:
1959:
1863:
1686:
1549:
1465:
1434:
1429:
1399:
1394:
1378:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1277:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1194:
1189:
1159:
1154:
1108:
1090:
1073:
1040:
958:
948:
847:
823:
817:
794:
789:
723:
718:
717:
706:
702:
690:
686:
678:
674:
661:
657:
632:
628:
623:
609:
597:
581:
549:
523:
459:
413:Yazgulyam River
399:located in the
353:
348:
273:
196:
164:Pamir Mountains
152:Pamir languages
142:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
122:
116:
115:
112:
106:
85:Pamir languages
48:Pamir Mountains
43:
22:Pamir languages
17:
12:
11:
5:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
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1978:
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1956:
1955:
1952:Middle Persian
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1936:
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1907:
1897:
1892:
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1877:
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1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:Middle Iranian
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1383:Sign languages
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
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1028:
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721:External links
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553:Wakhi language
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455:
424:Vanji language
397:Sarikol Valley
352:
349:
347:
344:
272:
271:Classification
269:
202:Map of modern
195:
192:
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123:(Yidgha-Munji)
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1924:Caucasian Tat
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1446:Proto-Iranian
1444:
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1084:Iranian style
1083:
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1078:Mixed-speech
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80:Southeastern
65:Indo-Iranian
44:distribution
1945:Old Persian
1782:Mazanderani
1576:Khwarezmian
1461:New Iranian
1451:Old Iranian
971:Azerbaijani
822:Significant
557:Afghanistan
535:Afghanistan
499:Afghanistan
369:Afghanistan
338:. Although
222:of eastern
216:Afghanistan
2022:Categories
1620:Sarghulami
1540:Yazghulami
1493:Ishkashimi
1325:Ishkashimi
976:Belarusian
889:Ishkashimi
621:References
561:Tajikistan
539:Tajikistan
515:Badakhshan
511:Sarghulami
436:Tajikistan
417:Tajikistan
407:Province,
373:Tajikistan
340:Burushaski
336:substratum
332:Burushaski
308:Ishkashimi
277:Ethnologue
224:Tajikistan
168:Panj River
42:Geographic
2005:varieties
1992:indicate
1913:Pahlavani
1905:Bakhtiari
1890:Kuhmareyi
1880:Bashkardi
1802:Old Azeri
1513:Sanglechi
1252:Nuristani
1036:Ukrainian
959:languages
944:Yazgulyam
649:Stuttgart
531:Ishkashmi
527:Sanglechi
473:in Upper
440:Yazgulyam
365:Yazgulyam
346:Subgroups
319:syntactic
296:Yazgulyam
102:Glottolog
32:Ethnicity
1934:Hazaragi
1885:Garmsiri
1825:Sangsari
1820:Lasgerdi
1809:Parthian
1787:Tabaroid
1755:Kurmanji
1711:Ashtiani
1680:Yaghnobi
1638:Ossetian
1627:Scythian
1602:Southern
1597:Northern
1569:Bactrian
1518:Sarikoli
1488:Bartangi
1046:Families
1006:Hazaragi
996:Georgian
966:Armenian
939:Yaghnobi
904:Oroshani
879:Bartangi
824:minority
595:See also
569:Pakistan
503:Bactrian
483:Pakistan
405:Xinjiang
385:Oroshori
381:Bartangi
361:Sarikoli
322:typology
292:Sarikoli
258:Pakistan
231:Sarikoli
218:and the
185:linguist
138:wakh1245
128:sang1316
118:yidg1239
108:shug1237
1994:extinct
1990:Italics
1975:Badeshi
1919:Persian
1895:Kumzari
1837:Taleshi
1830:Sorkhei
1815:Semnani
1770:Kordali
1750:Kurdish
1744:Gorgani
1722:Daylami
1716:Balochi
1696:Western
1674:Sogdian
1633:Alanian
1607:Wanetsi
1592:Central
1582:Parachi
1562:Avestan
1523:Shughni
1508:Roshani
1471:Eastern
1439:History
1374:Zemiaki
1364:Waigali
1359:Tregami
1339:Shughni
1268:Turkmen
1258:Pashayi
1247:Balochi
1150:Turkish
1135:English
1031:Turkmen
986:Chinese
929:Shughni
919:Rushani
884:Bukhori
812:Russian
808:(state)
493:of the
393:Shughni
377:Rushani
357:Shughni
288:Shughni
248:and in
154:are an
143:(Wakhi)
141:
131:
121:
111:
75:Eastern
70:Iranian
36:Pamiris
1968:Others
1875:Achomi
1847:Tatoid
1795:Median
1765:Xwarin
1760:Sorani
1738:Gorani
1733:Gilaki
1654:Jassic
1614:Ormuri
1587:Pashto
1554:Others
1545:Yidgha
1354:Prasun
1346:Yidgha
1319:Pamiri
1314:Moghol
1309:Kyrgyz
1304:Khowar
1294:Brahui
1289:Ashkun
1263:Tajiki
1211:Pashto
1145:German
1140:French
1130:Arabic
1021:Pashto
1011:Kyrgyz
1001:Dungan
914:Pashto
894:Khowar
874:Aimaqi
601:Wakhan
579:Status
573:Russia
571:, and
475:Lotkoh
471:Yidgha
467:Yidgha
391:, and
363:, and
334:-like
304:Yidgha
294:, and
265:Pashto
182:Soviet
1939:Tajik
1868:South
1704:North
1643:Digor
1535:Wakhi
1529:Vanji
1503:Munji
1498:Khufi
1480:Pamir
1369:Wakhi
1332:Munji
1273:Uzbek
1120:Farsi
1096:Signs
1026:Tatar
1016:Parya
934:Wakhi
909:Parya
899:Khufi
866:Pamir
831:Uzbek
806:Tajik
585:Tajik
565:China
546:Wakhi
487:Munji
463:Munji
409:China
389:Khufi
312:Wakhi
300:Munji
250:Gojal
156:areal
1929:Dari
1900:Luri
1854:Zaza
1842:Tati
1775:Laki
1728:Fars
1665:Saka
1648:Iron
1206:Dari
537:and
529:and
465:and
461:The
428:Vanj
422:The
371:and
355:The
302:and
150:The
1996:or
555:in
533:in
507:/l/
481:of
434:in
415:in
403:in
256:in
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306:;
298:;
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226:.
190:.
2000:.
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