210:
1235:
708:"The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yazghulyami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto."
681:"The Pamir languages are a group of East Iranian languages which are linguistically quite diverse and cannot be traced back to a common ancestor. The term Pamir languages is based on their geographical position rather than on their genetic closeness. Exclusive features by which the Pamir languages can be distinguished from all other East Iranian languages cannot be found either."
353:
is today spoken in
Pakistan to the south of the Pamir language area, Burushaski formerly had a much wider geographic distribution before being assimilated by Indo-Iranian languages.
464:
Most language speakers and others in
Tajikistan refer to languages in this group as 'Pamirski" or 'Pamir'. (e.g. "I can speak Pamir, Ishkashem and Wakhi")
1797:
1193:
793:
407:
1433:
457:
and a violent assimilation campaign was undertaken. By the end of the 19th century the Vanji language had disappeared, displaced by
188:
by western scholars. The term
Ghalchah is no longer used to refer to the Pamir languages or the native speakers of these languages.
737:
1186:
2048:
786:
2043:
650:
The later
Iranian languages, New Persian, Kurdish, Afghan, Ossetish, Baluchi, Ghalach and some minor modern dialects."
442:
411:
230:
1179:
779:
1426:
378:
languages belong to the
Shughni-Yazgulami branch. There are about 75,000 speakers of languages in this family in
422:. Shughni and Sarikoli are not mutually intelligible. In 1994, there were 4000 speakers of Yazgulyam along the
1466:
599:
602:
tongue. The language group is endangered, with the total number of speakers roughly around 100,000 in 1990.
1471:
653:
517:
1069:
748:
Ishkashimi-English
Vocabulary List, also featuring words from other Pamir languages added for comparison
297:
Members of the
Pamirian language area include four reliable groups: a Shughni-Yazgulyam group including
1419:
752:
724:. 14th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics. Moscow: RSUH.
248:
on the
Afghanistan-China border and thus qualifies as the easternmost of the extant Iranian languages.
1869:
1706:
1481:
170:
90:
85:
286:
No features uniting the Pamir languages as a single subgroup of
Iranian have been demonstrated. The
2038:
1202:
690:
501:
17:
703:
1934:
1461:
853:
802:
598:(Persian) as a literary language, which is—unlike the languages of the Pamir group—a
184:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Pamir language family was sometimes referred to as the
70:
757:
1456:
1001:
678:
198:
75:
763:
Grierson G. A. Ishkashmi, Zebaki, and
Yazghulami, an account of three Eranian dialects. (1920)
742:
2015:
1309:
1114:
1064:
346:
747:
655:
An Avesta grammar in comparison with Sanskrit and The Avestan alphabet and its transcription
1852:
1792:
1586:
1400:
991:
981:
934:
867:
291:
290:
lists the Pamir languages along with Pashto as Southeastern Iranian, however, according to
8:
2008:
1550:
1503:
1335:
1262:
986:
899:
767:
541:
525:
505:
332:
326:
318:
222:
1923:
1900:
1890:
1637:
1523:
1240:
1046:
954:
537:
450:
375:
338:
306:
256:
148:
138:
128:
118:
1915:
1895:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1721:
1690:
1648:
1579:
1528:
1498:
1442:
1268:
1074:
1006:
976:
949:
914:
513:
391:
371:
302:
241:
214:
80:
720:
209:
1944:
1929:
1905:
1840:
1780:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1684:
1592:
1533:
1518:
1384:
1369:
1349:
1278:
1257:
1160:
1145:
1135:
1079:
1041:
996:
939:
822:
645:
489:
454:
403:
387:
367:
298:
264:
252:
1885:
1857:
1847:
1805:
1748:
1743:
1612:
1607:
1555:
1356:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1155:
1150:
1056:
1031:
1021:
1011:
481:
477:
423:
314:
275:
174:
65:
58:
294:, the Pamirian languages and Pashto belong to the North-Eastern Iranian branch.
2004:
1962:
1949:
1664:
1653:
1602:
1545:
1539:
1513:
1508:
1379:
1342:
1283:
1273:
1026:
944:
919:
909:
848:
816:
765:
762:
595:
563:
497:
473:
458:
434:
399:
322:
310:
166:
2032:
1910:
1864:
1785:
1675:
1658:
1106:
245:
1171:
594:
The vast majority of Pamir speakers in Tajikistan and Afghanistan also use
556:
192:
771:
1955:
1374:
567:
545:
509:
379:
226:
217:. The Pamir languages are spoken in the extreme east of the distribution.
195:
1630:
571:
549:
521:
446:
427:
383:
350:
342:
287:
234:
178:
240:
Pamirian languages are also spoken in Xinjiang and the Pamir language
1812:
1364:
659:
395:
329:
112:
1411:
721:
Toward the question of Yeniseian homeland in perspective of toponymy
1765:
1016:
889:
579:
493:
415:
268:
274:
The only other living member of the Southeastern Iranian group is
1985:
1617:
1572:
929:
894:
480:
languages are closely related. There are about 6,000 speakers of
46:
406:). In 1982, there were about 20,000 speakers of Sarikoli in the
191:
One of the most prolific researchers of the Pamir languages was
1770:
1624:
1597:
1221:
1140:
924:
904:
884:
611:
583:
485:
453:. In the 19th century, the region was forcibly annexed to the
1130:
1036:
575:
419:
260:
1939:
1216:
438:
520:, absent from the other three Pamir groups. The extinct
693:. SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
675:
The position of the Pamir languages within East Iranian
753:
English-Ishkashimi- Zebaki-Wakhi-Yazghulami Vocabulary
1230:
221:The Pamirian languages are spoken primarily in the
706:, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2010.
496:, and in 2008 there were around 5,300 speakers of
500:mainly in the Mamalgha and Munjan valleys in the
251:Wakhi communities are also found in the adjacent
2030:
341:(2019) suggests that the Pamir languages have a
552:respectively, they are not written languages.
1427:
1187:
787:
528:is thought to be of the Munji-Yidgha branch.
1201:
652:Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1892).
801:
361:
1434:
1420:
1194:
1180:
794:
780:
204:
743:Ishkashimi story with English translation
562:There are around 58,000 speakers of the
208:
27:Areal group of Eastern Iranian languages
651:
531:
14:
2031:
696:
467:
1441:
1415:
1175:
775:
875:
841:
648:Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson,
627:, ed. Schmitt (1989), 417–444.
667:
638:
173:, spoken by numerous people in the
24:
2014:Languages between parentheses are
623:Payne, John, "Pamir languages" in
536:There are about 2,500 speakers of
443:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
412:Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County
231:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
25:
2060:
738:Ethnolinguistic map of Tajikistan
731:
281:
1988:(unknown further classification)
1233:
758:A Short List of Yazghulami Words
691:Southeastern Iranian Family Tree
625:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
617:
2018:of the language on their left.
712:
684:
488:Valley recorded in the former
13:
1:
631:
2049:Endangered Iranian languages
430:. Yazgulyam is not written.
356:
7:
605:
512:. Munji-Yidgha shares with
386:(including the dialects of
10:
2065:
1098:Russian-Tajik mixed speech
321:and related dialects; and
2044:Eastern Iranian languages
1995:
1978:
1878:
1714:
1705:
1564:
1489:
1480:
1449:
1393:
1292:
1250:
1228:
1209:
1123:
1105:
1088:
1055:
967:
866:
832:
809:
704:Eastern Iranian languages
662:: AMS Press. p. xxx.
589:
171:Eastern Iranian languages
111:
66:Linguistic classification
64:
52:
42:
37:
32:
1203:Languages of Afghanistan
702:Nicholas Sims-Williams,
679:Orientalia Suecana LVIII
673:Antje Wendtland (2009),
644:In his 1892 work on the
555:
502:Kuran wa Munjan district
362:Shughni–Yazgulami branch
854:Southern Uzbek language
849:Northern Uzbek language
803:Languages of Tajikistan
205:Geographic distribution
718:Blažek, Václav. 2019.
516:a development *Ă° >
218:
199:Ivan Ivanovich Zarubin
177:, primarily along the
144:(Sanglechi-Ishkashimi)
1115:Russian Sign Language
1065:East Slavic languages
449:, and was related to
244:is spoken beyond the
212:
181:and its tributaries.
2009:historical languages
1401:Afghan Sign Language
1070:French Sign Language
992:Central Asian Arabic
935:Sanglechi-Ishkashimi
868:Indigenous languages
600:Southwestern Iranian
532:Sanglechi–Ishkashimi
441:river valley in the
292:Encyclopedia Iranica
38:(ethnically defined)
506:Badakhshan province
468:Munji–Yidgha branch
327:subject-object-verb
223:Badakhshan Province
124:(Shughni-Yazgulami)
1293:Minority languages
1251:Regional languages
1241:Afghanistan portal
1210:Official languages
437:was spoken in the
257:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
219:
186:Ghalchah languages
2026:
2025:
1974:
1973:
1701:
1700:
1443:Iranian languages
1409:
1408:
1265:(language family)
1169:
1168:
1124:Foreign languages
1075:Iranian languages
968:Regional/Minority
963:
962:
862:
861:
810:Official language
215:Iranian languages
159:
158:
16:(Redirected from
2056:
1870:Zoroastrian Dari
1712:
1711:
1487:
1486:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1136:Mandarin Chinese
1080:Turkic languages
873:
872:
839:
838:
796:
789:
782:
773:
772:
725:
716:
710:
700:
694:
688:
682:
671:
665:
663:
646:Avestan language
642:
519:
508:in northeastern
490:Chitral district
455:Bukharan Emirate
325:. They have the
265:Gilgit Baltistan
253:Chitral District
225:of northeastern
155:
151:
145:
141:
135:
131:
125:
121:
30:
29:
21:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2039:Pamir languages
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
1991:
1970:
1874:
1697:
1560:
1476:
1445:
1440:
1410:
1405:
1389:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1288:
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1234:
1232:
1226:
1205:
1200:
1170:
1165:
1119:
1101:
1084:
1051:
969:
959:
858:
834:
828:
805:
800:
734:
729:
728:
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713:
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697:
689:
685:
672:
668:
643:
639:
634:
620:
608:
592:
560:
534:
470:
424:Yazgulyam River
410:located in the
364:
359:
284:
207:
175:Pamir Mountains
163:Pamir languages
153:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
123:
117:
96:Pamir languages
59:Pamir Mountains
54:
33:Pamir languages
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2046:
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1963:Middle Persian
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1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:Middle Iranian
1464:
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1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1404:
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1397:
1395:
1394:Sign languages
1391:
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564:Wakhi language
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435:Vanji language
408:Sarikol Valley
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282:Classification
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213:Map of modern
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1457:Proto-Iranian
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1095:Iranian style
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1089:Mixed-speech
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91:Southeastern
76:Indo-Iranian
55:distribution
1956:Old Persian
1793:Mazanderani
1587:Khwarezmian
1472:New Iranian
1462:Old Iranian
982:Azerbaijani
833:Significant
568:Afghanistan
546:Afghanistan
510:Afghanistan
380:Afghanistan
349:. Although
233:of eastern
227:Afghanistan
2033:Categories
1631:Sarghulami
1551:Yazghulami
1504:Ishkashimi
1336:Ishkashimi
987:Belarusian
900:Ishkashimi
632:References
572:Tajikistan
550:Tajikistan
526:Badakhshan
522:Sarghulami
447:Tajikistan
428:Tajikistan
418:Province,
384:Tajikistan
351:Burushaski
347:substratum
343:Burushaski
319:Ishkashimi
288:Ethnologue
235:Tajikistan
179:Panj River
53:Geographic
2016:varieties
2003:indicate
1924:Pahlavani
1916:Bakhtiari
1901:Kuhmareyi
1891:Bashkardi
1813:Old Azeri
1524:Sanglechi
1263:Nuristani
1047:Ukrainian
970:languages
955:Yazgulyam
660:Stuttgart
542:Ishkashmi
538:Sanglechi
484:in Upper
451:Yazgulyam
376:Yazgulyam
357:Subgroups
330:syntactic
307:Yazgulyam
113:Glottolog
43:Ethnicity
1945:Hazaragi
1896:Garmsiri
1836:Sangsari
1831:Lasgerdi
1820:Parthian
1798:Tabaroid
1766:Kurmanji
1722:Ashtiani
1691:Yaghnobi
1649:Ossetian
1638:Scythian
1613:Southern
1608:Northern
1580:Bactrian
1529:Sarikoli
1499:Bartangi
1057:Families
1017:Hazaragi
1007:Georgian
977:Armenian
950:Yaghnobi
915:Oroshani
890:Bartangi
835:minority
606:See also
580:Pakistan
514:Bactrian
494:Pakistan
416:Xinjiang
396:Oroshori
392:Bartangi
372:Sarikoli
333:typology
303:Sarikoli
269:Pakistan
242:Sarikoli
229:and the
196:linguist
149:wakh1245
139:sang1316
129:yidg1239
119:shug1237
18:Ghalchah
2005:extinct
2001:Italics
1986:Badeshi
1930:Persian
1906:Kumzari
1848:Taleshi
1841:Sorkhei
1826:Semnani
1781:Kordali
1761:Kurdish
1755:Gorgani
1733:Daylami
1727:Balochi
1707:Western
1685:Sogdian
1644:Alanian
1618:Wanetsi
1603:Central
1593:Parachi
1573:Avestan
1534:Shughni
1519:Roshani
1482:Eastern
1450:History
1385:Zemiaki
1375:Waigali
1370:Tregami
1350:Shughni
1279:Turkmen
1269:Pashayi
1258:Balochi
1161:Turkish
1146:English
1042:Turkmen
997:Chinese
940:Shughni
930:Rushani
895:Bukhori
823:Russian
819:(state)
504:of the
404:Shughni
388:Rushani
368:Shughni
299:Shughni
259:and in
165:are an
154:(Wakhi)
152:
142:
132:
122:
86:Eastern
81:Iranian
47:Pamiris
1979:Others
1886:Achomi
1858:Tatoid
1806:Median
1776:Xwarin
1771:Sorani
1749:Gorani
1744:Gilaki
1665:Jassic
1625:Ormuri
1598:Pashto
1565:Others
1556:Yidgha
1365:Prasun
1357:Yidgha
1330:Pamiri
1325:Moghol
1320:Kyrgyz
1315:Khowar
1305:Brahui
1300:Ashkun
1274:Tajiki
1222:Pashto
1156:German
1151:French
1141:Arabic
1032:Pashto
1022:Kyrgyz
1012:Dungan
925:Pashto
905:Khowar
885:Aimaqi
612:Wakhan
590:Status
584:Russia
582:, and
486:Lotkoh
482:Yidgha
478:Yidgha
402:, and
374:, and
345:-like
315:Yidgha
305:, and
276:Pashto
193:Soviet
1950:Tajik
1879:South
1715:North
1654:Digor
1546:Wakhi
1540:Vanji
1514:Munji
1509:Khufi
1491:Pamir
1380:Wakhi
1343:Munji
1284:Uzbek
1131:Farsi
1107:Signs
1037:Tatar
1027:Parya
945:Wakhi
920:Parya
910:Khufi
877:Pamir
842:Uzbek
817:Tajik
596:Tajik
576:China
557:Wakhi
498:Munji
474:Munji
420:China
400:Khufi
323:Wakhi
311:Munji
261:Gojal
167:areal
1940:Dari
1911:Luri
1865:Zaza
1853:Tati
1786:Laki
1739:Fars
1676:Saka
1659:Iron
1217:Dari
548:and
540:and
476:and
472:The
439:Vanj
433:The
382:and
366:The
313:and
161:The
2007:or
566:in
544:in
518:/l/
492:of
445:in
426:in
414:in
267:in
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271:.
263:,
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201:.
2011:.
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