70:
The structure is more evolutionarily labile than the baculum, exhibiting both more inherent variability and more gains and losses over time, which has been interpreted as evidence for its non-functionality.
242:
The os clitoridis is often present, or even prominent, during the embryonic or immature phase, and then decreases with age. For example, in a walrus, the size of the bone tends to shrink as the years pass.
789:
304:
182:
Depending on the species, the presence of this bone varies from one specimen to another. It has been observed, for example, in only 30% of
852:
259:, of the baculum, persisting or disappearing during sexual differentiation under hormonal influence. Experiments with treatment of the
74:
Other work posits that the variation in the os clitoridis could be driven by intersexual conflict, lock-and-key genital evolution, and
255:
is assumed. For some, the species distribution would be the same as the baculum. The os clitoridis would be an equivalent, without
667:
744:
710:
388:
793:
803:
696:
283:
All measurements listed below are less than an inch, with the exception of the walrus, which can be up to 1 inch.
730:
106:
309:
736:
702:
195:
314:
847:
191:
819:
227:(note that the male of this species has the longest baculum, with a size of 63 cm (24 inches))
516:
378:
183:
75:
63:. However, in the latter case, the bone is greatly reduced in size. It is homologous to the
252:
201:
The shape and size vary greatly from one species to another. The size is often very small:
8:
615:
569:
435:
408:
359:
78:, especially given the high level of variation within species as well as between them.
643:
Os clitoridis incidence on radiographs submitted for coxofemoral dysplasia evaluations
52:
842:
799:
764:
740:
706:
481:
440:
384:
351:
121:
56:
48:
363:
770:
607:
561:
471:
430:
420:
341:
171:, this wide distribution suggests a primitive character that has been lost in some
409:"The baubellum is more developmentally and evolutionarily labile than the baculum"
500:
231:
206:
149:
110:
87:
836:
172:
251:
The exact function of the os clitoridis is not known, but a function during
824:
521:
485:
444:
355:
264:
774:
124:
in 1934, but it is much less common in comparison to the use of the word
619:
595:
573:
549:
346:
329:
476:
459:
425:
641:
267:, led to a persistence or increase in the size of the os clitoridis.
256:
164:
60:
820:
Bones and
Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology
646:. International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction | IVIS.
611:
565:
330:"The evolution of human reproduction: A primatological perspective"
176:
44:
728:
156:
148:
The os clitoridis has been described in species belonging to the
64:
260:
224:
160:
639:
129:
91:
212:
95:
787:
218:
190:: 3% (6 out of 200) presence on a radiological sample of
187:
152:
502:
MĂ©moires pour servir Ă l'histoire naturelle des animaux
51:. It is absent from the human clitoris, but present in
732:
The
Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals
376:
550:"The os clitoridis of some North American Sciuridae"
407:
Lough-Stevens, Michael; et al. (January 2018).
596:"The os genitale of the red quirrel, Tamiasciurus"
140:are most often found in scientific publications.
834:
640:Kutzler M.; Keller G.G.; Smith F. (2020-01-11).
498:
370:
593:
547:
769:. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
406:
729:Leonard Janet; Alex Cordoba-Aguilar (2010).
217:0.5 x 0.05 x 0.01 mm in a 3-year-old adult
86:The os clitoridis was described in 1666 by
694:
532:
475:
434:
424:
345:
334:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
724:
722:
758:
756:
402:
400:
835:
690:
688:
377:Friderun Ankel-Simons (27 July 2010).
327:
143:
788:Pascal Picq; Philippe Brenot (2009).
719:
457:
781:
753:
587:
397:
685:
541:
460:"The evolution of female genitalia"
36:
13:
762:
698:Biological Actions of Sex Hormones
505:(in French). Arkstee & Merkus.
313:. 3 September 2013. Archived from
14:
864:
853:Mammal female reproductive system
766:Bacula of North American Mammals
535:The mammals of South West Africa
380:Primate Anatomy: An Introduction
186:. Its presence is even rarer in
812:
795:Le Sexe, l'Homme et l'Évolution
660:
633:
464:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
458:Sloan, Nadia (September 2019).
277:
548:James N. Layne (August 1954).
526:
509:
492:
451:
321:
297:
237:
194:and 2% (4 out of 200) for the
1:
290:
211:2 x 0.4 x 0.2 mm in an adult
53:the clitoris of some primates
107:Friedrich Sigismund Leuckart
7:
310:National Geographic Society
246:
10:
869:
798:(in French). Odile Jacob.
737:Cambridge University Press
703:Cambridge University Press
533:Shortridge, G. C. (1934).
328:Martin, Robert D. (2007).
196:German Shorthaired Pointer
81:
537:. William Heinemann Ltd.
499:Claude Perrault (1748).
270:
192:American Cocker Spaniels
681:: 1–10. April 23, 1993.
594:James N. Layne (1952).
517:Zoologische BruchstĂĽcke
43:) is a bone inside the
223:From 10 to 30 mm in a
184:American red squirrels
175:branches of the class
122:Guy Chester Shortridge
413:Ecology and Evolution
257:evolutionary function
76:cryptic female choice
600:Journal of Mammalogy
554:Journal of Mammalogy
116:This bone was named
105:was used in 1819 by
16:Bone in the clitoris
695:H. Burrows (2013).
144:Presence in mammals
347:10.1002/ajpa.20734
305:"A Long-Lost Bone"
57:ring-tailed lemurs
746:978-0-19-971703-3
712:978-1-107-62550-1
675:Mammalian Species
668:"Aplodontia rufa"
477:10.1111/jeb.13503
426:10.1002/ece3.3634
390:978-0-08-046911-9
317:on March 3, 2021.
67:in male mammals.
49:placental mammals
23:(also called the
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419:(2): 1073–1083.
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205:2 x 6 mm in the
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705:. p. 226.
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232:American badger
207:mountain beaver
146:
111:capuchin monkey
88:Claude Perrault
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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848:Mammal anatomy
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632:
606:(4): 457–459.
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560:(3): 357–366.
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491:
470:(9): 882–899.
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230:9.3 mm in the
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167:. As with the
145:
142:
109:regarding the
83:
80:
59:and non-human
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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826:
823:, p. 344, at
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579:September 21,
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138:os clitoridis
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103:os clitoridis
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29:clitoral bone
26:
22:
21:os clitoridis
825:Google Books
818:
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765:
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674:
662:
651:. Retrieved
648:www.ivis.org
647:
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625:21 September
623:. Retrieved
603:
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589:
577:. Retrieved
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543:
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522:Google Books
520:, p. 41, at
515:
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383:. Elsevier.
379:
372:
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315:the original
308:
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265:testosterone
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173:phylogenetic
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125:
117:
115:
102:
100:
85:
73:
69:
40:
32:
28:
24:
20:
18:
790:Odile Jacob
763:WH (1960).
238:Development
134:os clitoris
94:and in the
25:os clitoris
837:Categories
653:2022-09-21
291:References
253:copulation
153:Chiroptera
61:great apes
55:, such as
340:: 59–84.
165:Carnivora
118:baubellum
101:The term
33:baubellum
843:Clitoris
486:31267594
445:29375780
364:44416632
356:18046752
247:Function
177:Mammalia
161:Rodentia
157:Primates
47:of many
45:clitoris
41:baubella
792:(ed.).
620:1376017
574:1375960
436:5773289
213:lioness
169:baculum
126:baculum
96:lioness
82:History
65:baculum
802:
743:
709:
618:
572:
484:
443:
433:
387:
362:
354:
261:spleen
225:walrus
150:orders
132:terms
128:. The
92:otters
671:(PDF)
616:JSTOR
570:JSTOR
360:S2CID
271:Notes
263:with
130:Latin
800:ISBN
741:ISBN
707:ISBN
627:2022
581:2022
482:PMID
441:PMID
385:ISBN
352:PMID
188:dogs
163:and
136:and
19:The
771:hdl
679:431
608:doi
562:doi
472:doi
431:PMC
421:doi
342:doi
338:134
219:cat
120:by
90:in
37:pl.
31:or
839::
755:^
739:.
735:.
721:^
701:.
687:^
677:.
673:.
614:.
604:33
602:.
598:.
568:.
558:35
556:.
552:.
480:.
468:32
466:.
462:.
439:.
429:.
415:.
411:.
399:^
358:.
350:.
336:.
332:.
307:.
198:.
179:.
159:,
155:,
113:.
98:.
39::
35:;
27:,
808:.
777:.
773::
749:.
715:.
656:.
629:.
610::
583:.
564::
488:.
474::
447:.
423::
417:8
393:.
366:.
344::
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