845:
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907:
3385:(programmed cell death) affects only the hindlimbs, while the forelimbs retain webbing between the digits that forms into the wing membranes. Unlike birds, whose stiff wings deliver bending and torsional stress to the shoulders, bats have a flexible wing membrane that can resist only tension. To achieve flight, a bat exerts force inwards at the points where the membrane meets the skeleton, so that an opposing force balances it on the wing edges perpendicular to the wing surface. This adaptation does not permit bats to reduce their wingspans, unlike birds, which can partly fold their wings in flight, radically reducing the wing span and area for the upstroke and for gliding. Hence bats cannot travel over long distances as birds can.
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1365:
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974:
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1035:
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1790:
138:
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1935:
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4338:) has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding. Their long, narrow tongues can reach deep into the long cup shape of some flowers. When the tongue retracts, it coils up inside the rib cage. Because of these features, nectar-feeding bats cannot easily turn to other food sources in times of scarcity, making them more prone to extinction than other types of bat. Nectar feeding also aids a variety of plants, since these bats serve as
3298:
1728:
1040:
161:
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litter. At birth, a bat pup can be up to 40 percent of the mother's weight, and the pelvic girdle of the female can expand during birth as the two-halves are connected by a flexible ligament. Females typically give birth in a head-up or horizontal position, using gravity to make birthing easier. The young emerges rear-first, possibly to prevent the wings from getting tangled, and the female cradles it in her wing and tail membranes. In many species, females give birth and raise their young in
2638:
4770:
2955:
1307:
4805:, in which the egg is fertilised after mating, but remains free in the reproductive tract until external conditions become favourable for giving birth and caring for the offspring. In another strategy, fertilisation and implantation both occur, but development of the foetus is delayed until good conditions prevail. During the delayed development the mother keeps the fertilised egg alive with nutrients. This process can go on for a long period, because of the advanced gas exchange system.
1532:
4708:
4409:
3909:
1610:
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3001:
4828:
young bat's ability to fly coincides with the development of an adult body and forelimb length. For the little brown bat, this occurs about eighteen days after birth. Weaning of young for most species takes place in under eighty days. The common vampire bat nurses its offspring beyond that and young vampire bats achieve independence later in life than other species. This is probably due to the species' blood-based diet, which is difficult to obtain on a nightly basis.
2684:
1328:
876:
4258:
3260:, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs – resulting in the extension of the manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for powered flight. The relative proportion of extant bat forelimb digits compared with those of Eocene fossil bats have no significant differences, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over fifty million years. During flight, the bones undergo
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3137:
3096:
2978:
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1914:
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2124:
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1147:) evolved came to the conclusion that bedbugs similar to those known today (all major extant lineages, all of which feed primarily on bats) had already diversified and become established over 100 mya (i.e., long before the oldest records for bats, 52 mya), suggesting that they initially all evolved on non-bat hosts and "bats were colonized several times independently, unless the evolutionary origin of bats has been grossly underestimated."
1877:
2218:
1386:
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2730:
1662:
2296:
2814:
2162:
1208:
2615:
2200:
1272:
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4444:; the hairy-legged and white-winged vampires feed on birds. Vampire bats target sleeping prey and can detect deep breathing. Heat sensors in the nose help them to detect blood vessels near the surface of the skin. They pierce the animal's skin with their teeth, biting away a small flap, and lap up the blood with their tongues, which have lateral grooves adapted to this purpose. The blood is kept from clotting by an
2707:
4088: lb) with a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). Larger bats tend to use lower frequencies and smaller bats higher for echolocation; high-frequency echolocation is better at detecting smaller prey. Small prey may be absent in the diets of large bats as they are unable to detect them. The adaptations of a particular bat species can directly influence what kinds of prey are available to it.
2349:, which implied that some seemingly unlikely transformations occurred. The first is that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in bats, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids. The second is that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae (all megabats), and later evolved as a system of tongue-clicking in the genus
293:
700:
4141:
15865:"Shade is based on a Silver-Haired Bat. I thought they were very dashing-looking creatures. I liked the fact this was a bat that lived in the same part of the world as me (eastern Canada). These are small creatures, with a wing span of a few inches. Their bodies are about the same size as mice. They're insectivores, which means they eat only insects." β K.O.
3839:
3537:-retention due to their low-electrolyte diet; their kidneys accordingly have a thick cortex and very short conical papillae. Bats have higher metabolic rates associated with flying, which lead to an increased respiratory water loss. Their large wings are composed of the highly vascularized membranes, increasing the surface area, and leading to
4556:, found growing on the muzzles, ears, and wings of affected bats. The fungus is mostly spread from bat to bat, and causes the disease. The fungus was first discovered in central New York State in 2006 and spread quickly to the entire Eastern US north of Florida; mortality rates of 90β100% have been observed in most affected caves.
3486:
it allows for an increase in surface area to volume ratio. The surface area of the wings is about 85% of the total body surface area, suggesting the possibility of a useful degree of gas exchange. The subcutaneous vessels in the membrane lie very close to the surface and allow for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
4112:
different habitats during different seasons, ranging from seasides to mountains and deserts, but they require suitable roosts. Bat roosts can be found in hollows, crevices, foliage, and even human-made structures, and include "tents" the bats construct with leaves. Megabats generally roost in trees. Most microbats are
3470:
oxygen levels of flying animals are twice as much as those of their terrestrially locomoting mammals. As the blood supply controls the amount of oxygen supplied throughout the body, the circulatory system must respond accordingly. Therefore, compared to a terrestrial mammal of the same relative size, the bat's
3321:, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and adapt to changing airflow; the primary use is to judge the most efficient speed at which to fly, and possibly also to avoid
4801:
ecological factors. Females of some species have delayed fertilisation, in which sperm is stored in the reproductive tract for several months after mating. Mating occurs in late summer to early autumn but fertilisation does not occur until the following late winter to early spring. Other species exhibit
2374:. This may have been used at first mainly to forage on the ground for insects and map out their surroundings in their gliding phase, or for communicative purposes. After the adaptation of flight was established, it may have been refined to target flying prey by echolocation. Analyses of the hearing gene
4640:
4645:
4643:
4639:
5977:
Several molecular studies have shown that
Chiroptera belong to the Laurasiatheria (represented by carnivores, pangolins, cetartiodactyls, eulipotyphlans, and perissodactyls) and are only distantly related to dermopterans, scandentians, and primates. (Nikaido et al. 2000; Lin and Penny 2001; Madsen et
3707:
of their motion in flight. The shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the
Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to
3702:
In low-duty cycle echolocation, bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. They have to time their short calls to finish before echoes return. The delay of the returning echoes allows the bat to estimate the range to their prey. In high-duty cycle echolocation, bats emit a continuous
3167:
Small insect-eating bats can have as many as 38 teeth, while vampire bats have only 20. Bats that feed on hard-shelled insects have fewer but larger teeth with longer canines and more robust lower jaws than species that prey on softer bodied insects. In nectar-feeding bats, the canines are long while
3163:
The head and teeth shape of bats can vary by species. In general, megabats have longer snouts, larger eye sockets and smaller ears, giving them a more dog-like appearance, which is the source of their nickname of "flying foxes". Among microbats, longer snouts are associated with nectar-feeding. while
4730:
In a study on captive
Egyptian fruit bats, 70% of the directed calls could be identified by the researchers as to which individual bat made it, and 60% could be categorised into four contexts: squabbling over food, jostling over position in their sleeping cluster, protesting over mating attempts and
4718:
Bats are among the most vocal of mammals and produce calls to attract mates, find roost partners and defend resources. These calls are typically low-frequency and can travel long distances. Mexican free-tailed bats are one of the few species to "sing" like birds. Males sing to attract females. Songs
4155:
Different bat species have different diets, including insects, nectar, pollen, fruit and even vertebrates. Megabats are mostly fruit, nectar and pollen eaters. Due to their small size, high-metabolism and rapid burning of energy through flight, bats must consume large amounts of food for their size.
3935:
expenditure by 50 to 99%. Tropical bats may use it to avoid predation, by reducing the amount of time spent on foraging and thus reducing the chance of being caught by a predator. Megabats were generally believed to be homeothermic, but three species of small megabats, with a mass of about 50 grams (
3469:
It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood
3316:
The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than the wings of birds, allowing bats to maneuver more accurately than the latter, and fly with more lift and less drag. By folding the wings in toward their bodies on the upstroke, they save 35 percent energy during flight. The membranes
6152:
Zhang, G.; Cowled, C.; Shi, Z.; Huang, Z.; Bishop-Lilly, K. A.; Fang, X.; Wynne, J. W.; Xiong, Z.; Baker, M. L.; Zhao, W.; Tachedjian, M.; Zhu, Y.; Zhou, P.; Jiang, X.; Ng, J.; Yang, L.; Wu, L.; Xiao, J.; Feng, Y.; Chen, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhang, Y.; Marsh, G. A.; Crameri, G.; Broder, C. C.; Frey, K. G.;
4819:
For temperate living bats, births typically take place in May or June in the northern hemisphere; births in the southern hemisphere occur in
November and December. Tropical species give birth at the beginning of the rainy season. In most bat species, females carry and give birth to a single pup per
4607:
They seem to be highly resistant to many of the pathogens they carry, suggesting a degree of adaptation to their immune systems. Their interactions with livestock and pets, including predation by vampire bats, accidental encounters, and the scavenging of bat carcasses, compound the risk of zoonotic
4565:
preparations to protect all remaining bat populations in its territory. Scientific evidence suggests that longer winters where the fungus has a longer period to infect bats result in greater mortality. In 2014, the infection crossed the
Mississippi River, and in 2017, it was found on bats in Texas.
3711:
In addition to echolocating prey, bat ears are sensitive to sounds made by their prey, such as the fluttering of moth wings. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of bat ears helps to sharply focus echolocation signals, and to passively listen for any other sound produced by the prey.
3485:
With its extremely thin membranous tissue, a bat's wing can significantly contribute to the organism's total gas exchange efficiency. Because of the high energy demand of flight, the bat's body meets those demands by exchanging gas through the patagium of the wing. When the bat has its wings spread
3457:
to cope with the demands of powered flight, an energetically taxing activity that requires a large continuous throughput of oxygen. In bats, the relative alveolar surface area and pulmonary capillary blood volume are larger than in most other small quadrupedal mammals. During flight the respiratory
4603:
viruses (which can be transmitted to humans) than other mammal groups, though the differences among the aforementioned three groups were not significant (bats have no more zoonotic viruses than rodents and primates). Another 2020 review of mammals and birds found that the identity of the taxonomic
3677:
Microbats and a few megabats emit ultrasonic sounds to produce echoes. Sound intensity of these echos are dependent on subglottic pressure. The bats' cricothyroid muscle controls the orientation pulse frequency, which is an important function. This muscle is located inside the larynx and it is the
3432:
are agile on the ground. Both species make lateral gaits (the limbs move one after the other) when moving slowly but vampire bats move with a bounding gait (all limbs move in unison) at greater speeds, the folded up wings being used to propel them forward. Vampire bat likely evolved these gaits to
2341:
fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to
5026:
are sometimes installed to limit human entry into caves with sensitive or endangered bat species. The gates are designed not to limit the airflow, and thus to maintain the cave's micro-ecosystem. Of the 47 species of bats found in the United States, 35 are known to use human structures, including
4827:
Most of the care for a young bat comes from the mother. In monogamous species, the father plays a role. Allo-suckling, where a female suckles another mother's young, occurs in several species. This may serve to increase colony size in species where females return to their natal colony to breed. A
4800:
to block the sperm of other males and thus ensure his paternity. In hibernating species, males are known to mate with females in torpor. Female bats use a variety of strategies to control the timing of pregnancy and the birth of young, to make delivery coincide with maximum food ability and other
3987:
Heterothermic bats during long migrations may fly at night and go into a torpid state roosting in the daytime. Unlike migratory birds, which fly during the day and feed during the night, nocturnal bats have a conflict between travelling and eating. The energy saved reduces their need to feed, and
3449:
wall muscles. In most mammals, the walls of the veins provide mainly passive resistance, maintaining their shape as deoxygenated blood flows through them, but in bats they appear to actively support blood flow back to the heart with this pumping action. Since their bodies are relatively small and
4644:
4276:
Fruit eating, or frugivory, is found in both major suborders. Bats prefer ripe fruit, pulling it off the trees with their teeth. They fly back to their roosts to eat the fruit, sucking out the juice and spitting the seeds and pulp out onto the ground. This helps disperse the seeds of these fruit
4785:, where both sexes mate with multiple partners, exists in species like the Mexican free-tailed bat and the little brown bat. There appears to be bias towards certain males among females in these bats. In a few species, such as the yellow-winged bat and spectral bat, adult males and females form
4781:, where males mate with multiple females. Male pipistrelle, noctule and vampire bats may claim and defend resources that attract females, such as roost sites, and mate with those females. Males unable to claim a site are forced to live on the periphery where they have less reproductive success.
4599:(range overlap) of species, and social behaviour make bats favourable hosts and vectors of disease. Reviews have found different answers as to whether bats have more zoonotic viruses than other mammal groups. One 2015 review found that bats, rodents, and primates all harbored significantly more
4564:
have, since 2006, witnessed entire species completely extirpated and others with numbers that have gone from the hundreds of thousands, even millions, to a few hundred or less. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and New
Brunswick have witnessed identical die offs, with the Canadian government making
3861:
Bats may avoid flying during the day to prevent overheating in the sun, since their dark wing-membranes absorb solar radiation. Bats may not be able to dissipate heat if the ambient temperature is too high; they use saliva to cool themselves in extreme conditions. Among megabats, the flying fox
3858:. The wings are filled with blood vessels, and lose body heat when extended. At rest, they may wrap their wings around themselves to trap a layer of warm air. Smaller bats generally have a higher metabolic rate than larger bats, and so need to consume more food in order to maintain homeothermy.
3416:
When not flying, bats hang upside down from their feet, a posture known as roosting. The femurs are attached at the hips in a way that allows them to bend outward and upward in flight. The ankle joint can flex to allow the trailing edge of the wings to bend downwards. This does not permit many
4902:
Another hypothesis is that flying has reduced their mortality rate, which would also be true for birds and gliding mammals. Bat species that give birth to multiple pups generally have a shorter lifespan than species that give birth to only a single pup. Cave-roosting species may have a longer
4169:. In a test of 34 bat species from six major families, including major insect- and fruit-eating bat families, all were found to have lost the ability to synthesise it, and this loss may derive from a common bat ancestor, as a single mutation. At least two species of bat, the frugivorous bat (
4111:
Flight has enabled bats to become one of the most widely distributed groups of mammals. Apart from the Arctic, the
Antarctic and a few isolated oceanic islands, bats exist in almost every habitat on Earth. Tropical areas tend to have more species than temperate ones. Different species select
3686:
to emit echolocation signals through the mouth or the nose. Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000 Hz, extending well beyond the range of human hearing (between 20 and 20,000 Hz). Various groups of bats have evolved fleshy extensions around and above the
3934:
decreases, is especially useful for bats, as they use a large amount of energy while active, depend upon an unreliable food source, and have a limited ability to store fat. They generally drop their body temperature in this state to 6β30 Β°C (43β86 Β°F), and may reduce their energy
4131:
hundreds of kilometres to winter hibernation dens; others pass into torpor in cold weather, rousing and feeding when warm weather allows insects to be active. Others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for as much as six months. Microbats rarely fly in rain; it interferes with their
4384:) hunt fish. They use echolocation to detect small ripples on the water's surface, swoop down and use specially enlarged claws on their hind feet to grab the fish, then take their prey to a feeding roost and consume it. At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the
3368:
and a fatty subcutaneous layer, is very different from the skin of the wing membrane. Depending on the bat species the presence of hair follicles and sweat glands will vary in the patagium. This patagium is an extremely thin double layer of epidermis; these layers are separated by a
3980:, bats enter a torpid state and decrease their body temperature for 99.6% of their hibernation period; even during periods of arousal, when they return their body temperature to normal, they sometimes enter a shallow torpid state, known as "heterothermic arousal". Some bats
3899:
flow directly to the veins, bypassing the wing capillaries. This allows bats to control how much heat is exchanged through the flight membrane, allowing them to release heat during flight. Many other mammals use the capillary network in oversized ears for the same purpose.
3229:
4642:
5126:
More positive depictions of bats exist in some cultures. In China, bats have been associated with happiness, joy and good fortune. Five bats are used to symbolise the "Five
Blessings": longevity, wealth, health, love of virtue and peaceful death. The bat is sacred in
4753:) have shoulder glands that produce a spicy odour during the breeding season. Like many other species, they have hair specialised for retaining and dispersing secretions. Such hair forms a conspicuous collar around the necks of the some Old World megabat males. Male
4237:), may catch an insect in mid-air with the mouth, and eat it in the air or use their tail membranes or wings to scoop up the insect and carry it to the mouth. The bat may also take the insect back to its roost and eat it there. Slower moving bat species, such as the
12571:
Lorch, J. M.; Meteyer, C. U.; Behr, M. J.; Boyles, J. G.; Cryan, P. M.; Hicks, A. C.; Ballmann, A. E.; Coleman, J. T. H.; Redell, D. N.; Reeder, D. M.; .Blehert, D. S. (2011). "Experimental infection of bats with
Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome".
4146:
4145:
4142:
4147:
1151:, as a group, are quite old (most flea families formed around the end of the Cretaceous), but no analyses have provided estimates for the age of the flea lineages associated with bats. The oldest known members of a different lineage of bat ectoparasites (
2448:
do not. Accordingly, megabats have a well-developed eyesight. Megabats have a claw on the second finger of the forelimb. The external ears of microbats do not close to form a ring; the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear. Megabats
4156:
Insectivorous bats may eat over 120 percent of their body weight per day, while frugivorous bats may eat over twice their weight. They can travel significant distances each night, exceptionally as much as 38.5 km (24 mi) in the spotted bat (
4162:), in search of food. Bats use a variety of hunting strategies. Bats get most of their water from the food they eat; many species also drink from water sources like lakes and streams, flying over the surface and dipping their tongues into the water.
3352:. The muscles keep the membrane taut during flight. The extent to which the tail of a bat is attached to a patagium can vary by species, with some having completely free tails or even no tails. The skin on the body of the bat, which has one layer of
550:
Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in the West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft,
2336:
probably alternated between flaps and glides in the air. This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches. The distinctive features of the
11153:
Speakman, J. R.; Rydell, J.; Webb, P. I.; Hayes, J. P.; Hays, G. C.; Hulbert, I. a. R.; McDevitt, R. M. (2000). "Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern
Scandinavia (69Β° N), during continuous midsummer daylight".
11690:
Boyles, J. G.; McGuire, L. P.; Boyles, E.; Reimer, J. P.; Brooks, C. A.; Rutherford, R. W.; Rutherford, T. A.; Whitaker, J. O. Jr.; McCracken, G. F. (2016). "Physiological and behavioral adaptations in bats living at high latitudes".
3417:
movements other than hanging or clambering up trees. Most megabats roost with the head tucked towards the belly, whereas most microbats roost with the neck curled towards the back. This difference is reflected in the structure of the
3678:
only tensor muscle capable of aiding phonation. By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes, bats can gather information on their surroundings. This allows them to detect prey in darkness. Some bat calls can reach 140
4144:
3799:, which allows colour vision. Microbats may use their vision for orientation and while travelling between their roosting grounds and feeding grounds, as echolocation is effective only over short distances. Some species can detect
5123:, bats symbolised the land of the dead, destruction, and decay. An East Nigerian tale tells that the bat developed its nocturnal habits after causing the death of his partner, the bush-rat, and now hides by day to avoid arrest.
3850:(having a stable body temperature), the exception being the vesper bats (Vespertilionidae), the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), the free-tailed bats (Molossidae), and the bent-winged bats (Miniopteridae), which extensively use
3652:
4719:
have three phrases: chirps, trills and buzzes, the former having "A" and "B" syllables. Bat songs are highly stereotypical but with variation in syllable number, phrase order, and phrase repetitions between individuals. Among
4679:, where large numbers of bats congregate in one roosting area, along with breaking up and mixing of subgroups. Within these societies, bats are able to maintain long-term relationships. Some of these relationships consist of
539:; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. Some bats are also predators of
13538:
Drosten, C.; Hu, B.; Zeng, L.-P.; Yang, X.-L.; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, J.-Z.; Shen, X.-R.; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, N.; Luo, D.-S.; Zheng, X.-S.; Wang, M.-N.; Daszak, P.; Wang, L.-F.; Cui, J.; Shi, Z.-L. (2017).
2323:
had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as
5056:
and contribution of barotrauma to bat deaths near wind turbine blades have been disputed by other research comparing dead bats found near wind turbines with bats killed by impact with buildings in areas with no turbines.
4342:, as pollen gets attached to their fur while they are feeding. Around 500 species of flowering plant rely on bat pollination and thus tend to open their flowers at night. Many rainforest plants depend on bat pollination.
3493:
of bats has varying adaptations depending on the species of bat and its diet. As in other flying animals, food is processed quickly and effectively to keep up with the energy demand. Insectivorous bats may have certain
11884:
Gerardo, H.; Hobson, K. A.; Adriana, M. A.; Daniel, E. B.; Sanchez-Corero, V.; German, M. C. (2001). "The Role of Fruits and Insects in the Nutrition of Frugivorous Bats: Evaluating the Use of Stable Isotope Models".
6264:
Roth, Steffen; BalvΓn, OndΕej; Siva-Jothy, Michael T.; Iorio, Osvaldo Di; Benda, Petr; Calva, Omar; Faundez, Eduardo I.; Khan, Faisal Ali Anwarali; McFadzen, Mary; Lehnert, Margie P.; Naylor, Richard (3 June 2019).
3381:. In some bat species sweat glands will be present in between this connective tissue. Furthermore, if hair follicles are present this supports the bat in order to adjust sudden flight maneuvers. For bat embryos,
5303:, is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats. About 100,000 tourists a year visit the bridge at twilight to watch the bats leave the roost.
4761:) have sacs in their wings in which they mix body secretions like saliva and urine to create a perfume that they sprinkle on roost sites, a behaviour known as "salting". Salting may be accompanied by singing.
7035:; Zhu, Tengteng; Xue, Huiling; Fang, Na; Zhang, Junpeng; Zhang, Libiao; Pang, Jian; Teeling, Emma C.; Zhang, Shuyi (2017). "Prenatal development supports a single origin of laryngeal echolocation in bats".
5264:
billion per year in pesticides and damage to crops. This also prevents the overuse of pesticides, which can pollute the surrounding environment, and may lead to resistance in future generations of insects.
2357:
were inconclusive on whether laryngeal echolocation was lost in the pteropodids or gained in the echolocating lineages. Echolocation probably first derived in bats from communicative calls. The Eocene bats
3884:) cope with temperatures up to 45 Β°C (113 Β°F) by panting, salivating, and licking their fur to promote evaporative cooling; this is sufficient to dissipate twice their metabolic heat production.
4641:
4731:
arguing when perched in close proximity to each other. The animals made slightly different sounds when communicating with different individual bats, especially those of the opposite sex. In the highly
4486:
are known to capture bats, often waiting at the entrances of refuges, such as caves, for bats to fly past. J. Rydell and J. R. Speakman argue that bats evolved nocturnality during the early and middle
4374:) for example, is skilled at catching frogs. These bats locate large groups of frogs by tracking their mating calls, then plucking them from the surface of the water with their sharp canine teeth. The
3653:
4124:. Microbats are known to exhibit diurnal behaviour in temperate regions during summer when there is insufficient night time to forage, and in areas where there are few avian predators during the day.
3421:
in the two groups, which are clearly distinct. Tendons allow bats to lock their feet closed when hanging from a roost. Muscular power is needed to let go, but not to grasp a perch or when holding on.
5049:, making them more liable to fatal rupture. Bats may be attracted to turbines, perhaps seeking roosts, increasing the death rate. Acoustic deterrents may help to reduce bat mortality at wind farms.
4742:), males produce deep, resonating, monotonous calls to attract females. Bats in flight make vocal signals for traffic control. Greater bulldog bats honk when on a collision course with each other.
3988:
also decreases the duration of migration, which may prevent them from spending too much time in unfamiliar places, and decrease predation. In some species, pregnant individuals may not use torpor.
15428:
Rollins, K.E.; Meyerholz, D.; Johnson, D.; Capparella, A.; Loew, S. (January 2012). "A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury?".
15313:"Relationships between Bats and Wind Turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: An Assessment of Fatality Search Protocols, Patterns of Fatality, and Behavioral Interactions with Wind Turbines"
4847:
The maximum lifespan of bats is three-and-a-half times longer than other mammals of similar size. Six species have been recorded to live over thirty years in the wild: the brown long-eared bat (
3604:
3271:; the bending stresses felt are smaller than in terrestrial mammals, but the shearing stress is larger. The wing bones of bats have a slightly lower breaking stress point than those of birds.
3282:
of the wing, and the other digits support the tension held in the wing membrane. The second and third digits go along the wing tip, allowing the wing to be pulled forward against aerodynamic
2087:
includes the other families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), a conclusion supported by a 2005 DNA study. A 2013 phylogenomic study supported the two new proposed suborders.
12695:
5033:
in countries across Africa, Asia and the Pacific Rim. In some cases, such as in Guam, flying foxes have become endangered through being hunted for food. There is evidence that suggests that
523:
and other insect management measures. They are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the
3433:
follow their hosts while short-tailed bats developed in the absence of terrestrial mammal competitors. Enhanced terrestrial locomotion does not appear to have reduced their ability to fly.
13127:
In this paper we describe the isolation of HeV from pteropid bats, corroborating our serological and epidemiological evidence that these animals are a natural reservoir host of this virus.
4672:
at hibernation sites as autumn approaches. This may serve to introduce young to hibernation sites, signal reproduction in adults and allow adults to breed with those from other groups.
3763:
By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey. Some species of moth have exploited this, such as the
844:
4143:
3822:, as birds do. Microbats use a polarity-based compass, meaning that they differentiate north from south, unlike birds, which use the strength of the magnetic field to differentiate
3651:
3294:, and repel the bending force caused by air pushing up against the stiff membrane. Due to their flexible joints, bats are more maneuverable and more dexterous than gliding mammals.
5065:
15686:
3602:
2332:. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying,
968:
4903:
lifespan than non-roosting species because of the decreased predation in caves. A male Siberian bat was recaptured in the wild after 41 years, making it the oldest known bat.
11928:
Hodgkison, R.; Balding, S. T.; Zuibad, A.; Kunz, T. H. (2003). "Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as Seed Dispersers and Pollinators in a Lowland Malaysian Rain Forest".
3806:
Megabat species often have eyesight as good as, if not better than, human vision. Their eyesight is adapted to both night and daylight vision, including some colour vision.
459:, bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,400 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders: the largely fruit-eating
12424:"Bat parasites (Acari, Anoplura, Cestoda, Diptera, Hemiptera, Nematoda, Siphonaptera, Trematoda) in France (1762β2018): a literature review and contribution to a checklist"
11515:
Wray, Amy K.; Jusino, Michelle A.; Banik, Mark T.; Palmer, Jonathan M.; Kaarakka, Heather; White, J. Paul; Lindner, Daniel L.; Gratton, Claudio; Peery, M Zachariah (2018).
8669:
4796:
For temperate living bats, mating takes place in late summer and early autumn. Tropical bats may mate during the dry season. After copulation, the male may leave behind a
13183:
We find evidence of asymptomatic infection by Ebola virus in three species of megabats, indicating that these animals may be acting as a reservoir for this deadly virus.
3317:
are delicate, tearing easily, but can regrow, and small tears heal quickly. The surface of the wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called
143:
12318:
4249:
insects from vegetation or hunt them from perches. Insectivorous bats living at high latitudes have to consume prey with higher energetic value than tropical bats.
14988:
10461:
Geiser, F.; Stawski, C. (2011). "Hibernation and Torpor in Tropical and Subtropical Bats in Relation to Energetics, Extinctions, and the Evolution of Endothermy".
5171:, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its foreboding nature. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night, both villainous
3603:
9147:
7172:
6554:; Springer, M. S.; Madsen, O.; Bates, P.; O'Brien, S. J.; Murphy, W. J. (2005). "A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record".
4727:), females produce loud, broadband calls among their roost mates to form group cohesion. Calls differ between roosting groups and may arise from vocal learning.
3332:
is the wing membrane; it is stretched between the arm and finger bones, and down the side of the body to the hind limbs and tail. This skin membrane consists of
12155:
6605:
Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation".
5680:
Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation".
5022:
have been converted to make roosts for bats, and purpose-built bat houses are occasionally built to mitigate damage to habitat from road or other developments.
11837:(shown lapping sugar water from a tube) has the longest tongue, relative to body length, of any mammal – and now scientists think they know why.
3891:
valves on the arterial side of the vascular network that runs along the edge of their wings. When fully open, these allow oxygenated blood to flow through the
6461:
6534:
5142:
3771:
ultrasound signals to warn bats that they are chemically protected and therefore distasteful. Moth species including the tiger moth can produce signals to
12247:
11191:"Into the light: atypical diurnal foraging activity of Blyth's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus lepidus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) on Tioman Island, Malaysia"
3779:, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres.
17075:
13207:
Long known as vectors for rabies, bats may be the origin of some of the most deadly emerging viruses, including SARS, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra and Marburg.
6330:
Zhu, Qiyun; Hastriter, Michael; Whiting, Michael; Dittmar, Katherina (September 2015). "Fleas (Siphonaptera) are Cretaceous, and Evolved with Theria".
2430:
gave them their own order, Chiroptera. Since then, the number of described species has risen to over 1,400, traditionally classified as two suborders:
11813:
5882:
5003:) are still eaten by the local communities. Humans have caused the extinction of several species of bat in modern history, the most recent being the
4983:
aim to increase awareness of bats' ecological roles and the environmental threats they face. In the United Kingdom, all bats are protected under the
3278:
is the main component of the forearm. Bats have five elongated digits, which all radiate around the wrist. The thumb points forward and supports the
146:
6221:
Bailey, W. J.; Slightom, J. L.; Goodman, M. (1992). "Rejection of the "Flying Primate" Hypothesis by Phylogenetic Evidence from the Ξ΅-globin Gene".
145:
9909:
8832:
JΓΌrgens, Klaus Dieter; Bartels, Heinz; Bartels, Rut (1981). "Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of small bats and small non-flying mammals".
3458:
cycle has a one-to-one relationship with the wing-beat cycle. Because of the limits of mammalian lungs, bats cannot maintain high-altitude flight.
12699:
6800:; Scally, M.; Kao, D. J.; Romagnoli, M. L.; Springer, M. S. (2000). "Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats".
3168:
the cheek-teeth are reduced. In fruit-eating bats, the cusps of the cheek teeth are adapted for crushing. The upper incisors of vampire bats lack
16903:
5248:
Insectivorous bats in particular are especially helpful to farmers, as they control populations of agricultural pests and reduce the need to use
5019:
3506:, which is a large component of insects. Vampire bats, probably due to their diet of blood, are the only vertebrates that do not have the enzyme
13591:
12545:
15919:
13526:
The genetic diversity of bat-derived sequences supports the notion that bats are a natural reservoir host of the SARS cluster of coronaviruses.
5018:
bat house is the largest occupied artificial roost in the world, with around 400,000 residents. In Britain, thickwalled and partly underground
764:, both of which lived 48 million years ago, are the first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown.
16955:
16077:
13319:
Olival, Kevin J.; Weekley, Cristin C.; Daszak, Peter (2015). "Are Bats Really 'Special' as Viral Reservoirs? What We Know and Need to Know".
10405:
Licht, Paul; Leitner, Philip (1967). "Physiological responses to high environmental temperatures in three species of microchiropteran bats".
4668:
lives an almost completely solitary life. Living in large colonies lessens the risk to an individual of predation. Temperate bat species may
2438:(microbats/echolocating bats). Not all megabats are larger than microbats. Several characteristics distinguish the two groups. Microbats use
2378:
seem to favour the idea that echolocation developed independently at least twice, rather than being lost secondarily in the pteropodids, but
733:
that lived have been found in the fossil record. Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as
16224:
8334:
Sterbing-D'Angelo, Susanne; Chadha, Mohit; Chiu, Chen; Falk, Ben; Xian, Wei; Barcelo, Janna; Zook, John M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (5 July 2011).
3654:
527:. However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as a
142:
10750:
5741:
Rietbergen, Tim B.; Ostende, Lars W. van den Hoek; Aase, Arvid; Jones, Matthew F.; Medeiros, Edward D.; Simmons, Nancy B. (12 April 2023).
5084:
in various traditions. In many cultures, including in Europe, bats are associated with darkness, death, witchcraft, and malevolence. Among
4604:
groups did not have any impact on the probability of harboring zoonotic viruses. Instead, more diverse groups had greater viral diversity.
15690:
15086:
15279:
13664:
12282:
Rydell, J.; Speakman, J. R. (1995). "Evolution of nocturnality in bats: Potential competitors and predators during their early history".
9787:
StrauΓ, J.; Lakes-Harlan, R. (2014). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Origins of Tympanal Hearing Organs in Insects". In Hedwig, B. (ed.).
3238:
The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of
8570:
Jones, T. W. (1852). "Discovery That the Veins of the Bat's Wing (Which are Furnished with Valves) are Endowed with Rythmical [
5415:
17065:
16118:
15933:
1131:
by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals. Genetic studies have strongly supported the
13963:"An observation of homosexual fellatio in the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius (Temminck, 1825) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)"
12798:
12076:
Schnitzler, H.-U.; Kalko, E. K. V.; Kaipf, I.; Grinnell, A. D. (1994). "Fishing and Echolocation Behavior of the Greater Bulldog Bat,
4229:) fly hundreds of metres above the ground in central Texas to feed on migrating moths. Species that hunt insects in flight, like the
11590:"Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis: Molossidae, Chiroptera) at high altitude: Links to migratory insect populations"
16877:
12743:
Frick, W. F.; Pollock, J. F.; Hicks, A. C.; Langwig, K. E.; Reynolds, D. S.; Turner, G. G.; Butchkoski, C. M.; Kunz, T. H. (2010).
144:
5498:
4185:
Most microbats, especially in temperate areas, prey on insects. The diet of an insectivorous bat may span many species, including
505:. Bats are present throughout the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for
16916:
10965:
9566:
5947:"A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera)"
5288:. At the time, it was believed that the nitrate all came from the bat guano, but it is now known that most of it is produced by
141:
15770:
8677:
5475:
17055:
15848:
7736:
Torres, Diego A.; Freitas, Mariella B.; da Matta, Sérgio L. P.; Novaes, Rômulo D.; Gonçalves, Reggiani Vilela (28 March 2019).
5296:
366:. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or
15966:
14868:
12881:
The currently known viruses that have been found in bats are reviewed and the risks of transmission to humans are highlighted.
8112:
2042:
Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, divided into the traditional megabat and microbat clades, according to a 2011 study
16934:
16176:
16060:
15992:
Boyles, Justin G.; Cryan, Paul M.; McCracken, Gary F.; Kunz, Thomas H. (2011). "Economic Importance of Bats in Agriculture".
15809:
15753:
15619:
15158:
14478:
14439:
13003:
12529:
12499:
12231:
11735:
11007:
10558:
10445:
9833:
9804:
9097:
8876:
8220:
7919:
7483:
7398:
7220:
6706:
6455:
5085:
16921:
15312:
8783:
Ben-Hamo, Miriam; MuΓ±oz-Garcia, AgustΓ; Larrain, Paloma; Pinshow, Berry; Korine, Carmi; Williams, Joseph B. (29 June 2016).
8293:
Greville, Lucas J; Ceballos-Vasquez, Alejandra; ValdizΓ³n-RodrΓguez, Roberto; Caldwell, John R; Faure, Paul A (16 May 2018).
13541:"Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus"
4793:, where males aggregate and compete for female choice through display, is rare in bats but occurs in the hammerheaded bat.
11334:
Rabe, M. J.; et al. (June 1998). "Long Foraging Distance for a Spotted Bat (Euderma Maculatum) in Northern Arizona".
9154:
5832:"Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils"
2289:
Internal relationships of the Chiroptera, with the megabats subsumed within Yinpterochiroptera, according to a 2013 study
14495:
12310:
3525:
of bats vary with their diets. Carnivorous and vampire bats consume large amounts of protein and can output concentrated
3425:
2490:
Below is a table chart following the bat classification of families recognized by various authors of the ninth volume of
1810:
14995:
8295:"Wound healing in wing membranes of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)"
6055:"Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals"
5891:"Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa"
4840:
The bat scientist Lauri Lutsar is checking the age of the bat he is holding as part of a national monitoring program in
16195:
16157:
15603:
15524:
15499:
14932:
14619:
14570:
14530:
14505:
13454:
13336:
12799:"White-Nose Syndrome Confirmed in Illinois Bats: Illinois becomes 20th state in U.S. to confirm deadly disease in bats"
11110:
8619:
Dongaonkar, R. M.; Quick, C. M.; Vo, J. C.; Meisner, J. K.; Laine, G. A.; Davis, M. J.; Stewart, R. H. (15 June 2012).
7431:
7373:
7275:
Holland, R. A. (2004). "Echolocation signal structure in the Megachiropteran bat Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy 1810".
7156:
15234:
7180:
5808:
16272:
12186:
10816:
6443:
5318:
4609:
5362:
4493:
3868:
uses saliva and wing-fanning to cool itself while roosting during the hottest part of the day. Among microbats, the
17017:
16856:
13713:"Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fissionβfusion dynamics of their groups"
12650:
11629:
9515:
Pavey, C. R.; Burwell, C. J. (1998). "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis".
7862:
Kirkpatrick, S. J. (1994). "Scale effects on the stresses and safety factors in the wing bones of birds and bats".
16236:
14904:
in Singapore β past and present records, with highlights on its unique morphology (Microchiroptera: Molossidae)".
12919:
Bats, which represent approximately 24% of all known mammalian species, frequently act as vectors of lyssaviruses.
906:
16960:
16869:
11849:
Arita, H. T.; Santos-Del-Prado, K.; Arita, H.T. (1999). "Conservation Biology of Nectar-Feeding Bats in Mexico".
4277:
trees, which may take root and grow where the bats have left them, and many species of plants depend on bats for
4067:
2299:
431:
11432:
Jenness, R.; Birney, E.; Ayaz, K. (1980). "Variation of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity in placental mammals".
11230:
Moore, N. W. (1975). "The diurnal flight of the Azorean bat (Nyctalus azoreum) and the avifauna of the Azores".
5907:
5890:
4595:, whose natural reservoir is yet unknown. Their high mobility, broad distribution, long life spans, substantial
8152:
Sterbing-D'Angelo, S.; Chadha, M.; Chiu, C.; Falk, B.; Xian, W.; Barcelo, J.; Zook, J. M.; Moss, C. F. (2011).
4980:
4326:
Nectar-eating bats have acquired specialised adaptations. These bats possess long muzzles and long, extensible
12254:
9683:
Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W. E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the batβtiger moth arms race".
7541:"Beyond size β morphological predictors of bite force in a diverse insectivorous bat assemblage from Malaysia"
16942:
12623:
9583:
K., Roman (2009). "Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams".
6450:. Cambridge Evolution Ser. (1 ed.). Cambridge University: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217β222.
3474:
can be up to three times larger, and pump more blood. Cardiac output is directly derived from heart rate and
3325:. Insectivorous bats may also use tactile hairs to help perform complex maneuvers to capture prey in flight.
515:
Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as
12054:
11787:
9295:
Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002).
7632:
McCracken, G. F.; Safi, K.; Kunz, T. H.; Dechmann, D. K. N.; Swartz, S. M.; Wikelski, M. (9 November 2016).
11821:
10786:
8785:"The cutaneous lipid composition of bat wing and tail membranes: a case of convergent evolution with birds"
7938:
Marshall, K. L.; Chadha, M.; deSouza, L. A.; Sterbing-D'Angelo, S. J.; Moss, C. F.; Lumpkin, E. A. (2015).
5004:
4984:
4746:
4552:
3256:
14637:"Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals"
13997:
Bohn, K. M.; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Schwartz, Christine; Smotherman, Michael; Pollak, George D. (2009).
13297:
12673:
12342:"Snakes preying on bats: new records from Brazil and a review of recorded cases in the Neotropical Region"
11974:
Popa-Lisseanu, A. G.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; Forero, M. G.; RodrΓguez, A.; Arlettaz, R.; IbÑñez, C. (2007).
5232:. Texas and Oklahoma are represented by the Mexican free-tailed bat, while Virginia is represented by the
4478:, and at roosts from terrestrial predators able to climb, such as cats. Low-flying bats are vulnerable to
3803:(UV). As the bodies of some microbats have distinct coloration, they may be able to discriminate colours.
3242:
near their tips. The elongation of bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, is due to the
16929:
16799:
16786:
15878:
14181:"The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat II: Mating system, genetic structure, and relatedness"
13603:
13139:
Leroy, E. M.; Kumulungui, B.; Pourrut, X.; Rouque, P. (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus".
13099:
9297:"Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats"
3306:
2790:
2427:
754:
501:, and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape
243:
43:
10064:
Wang, D.; Oakley, T.; Mower, J.; Shimmin, L. C.; Yim, S.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Tsao, H.; Li, W. H. (2004).
9917:
1364:
17070:
15825:
15717:
9849:
Takanashi, Takuma; Nakano, Ryo; Surlykke, A.; Tatsuta, H.; Tabata, J.; Ishikawa, Y.; Skals, N. (2010).
4923:
4676:
4656:
Some bats lead solitary lives, while others live in colonies of more than a million. For instance, the
3247:
947:
160:
17022:
17009:
16804:
6722:
Bishop, K. L. (2008). "The Evolution of Flight in Bats: Narrowing the Field of Plausible Hypotheses".
5345:
3461:
16970:
12549:
11588:
McCracken, G. F.; Gillam, E. H.; Westbrook, J. K.; Lee, Y. F.; Jensen, M. L.; Balsley, B. B. (2008).
7738:"Is bone loss a physiological cost of reproduction in the Great fruit-eating bat Artibeus lituratus?"
3819:
3644:
1124:
14468:
13871:
12474:
10309:"Trapped in the darkness of the night: thermal and energetic constraints of daylight flight in bats"
5252:. It has been estimated that bats save the agricultural industry of the United States anywhere from
4691:), and these strengthen social bonds. Homosexual fellatio has been observed in the Bonin Flying Fox
2885:
973:
745:(55-56 million years ago), both known only from isolated teeth. The oldest complete bat skeleton is
15097:
13210:
Note: This is a lay summary of the various scientific publications cited in the preceding sentence.
12696:"Canada : Environment Canada Announces Funding to Fight Threat of White-nose Syndrome to Bats"
10496:
Stawski, C.; Geiser, F. (2010). "Fat and Fed: Frequent Use of Summer Torpor in a Subtropical Bat".
8465:
Fenton, M. B.; Crerar, L. M. (1984). "Cervical Vertebrae in Relation to Roosting Posture in Bats".
4664:
every March to October which plays home to an astonishing twenty million of the species, whereas a
4433:
4429:
3997:
1301:
375:
16092:
15128:. Madison, WI: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory
15064:
15042:
14221:
Thomas, D. W.; Fenton, M. R.; Barclay, R. M. R. (1979). "Social Behavior of the Little Brown Bat,
12986:
BrΓΌssow, H. (2012). "On Viruses, Bats and Men: A Natural History of Food-Borne Viral Infections".
10382:
8902:"Molecular cloning and evolutionary analysis of the GJA1 (connexin43) gene from bats (Chiroptera)"
16221:
13760:
FornΕ―skovΓ‘, A; Petit, E. J.; BartoniΔka, T.; KaΕuch, P.; Butet, A.; ΕehΓ‘k, Z.; Bryja, J. (2014).
13354:"Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts"
8448:
7988:
5229:
4821:
4720:
4712:
4657:
3958:
3322:
3211:
15595:
15589:
14948:
14124:"Everyday bat vocalizations contain information about emitter, addressee, context, and behavior"
12745:"An Emerging Disease Causes Regional Population Collapse of a Common North American Bat Species"
11517:"Incidence and taxonomic richness of mosquitoes in the diets of little brown and big brown bats"
10764:
6155:"Comparative Analysis of Bat Genomes Provides Insight into the Evolution of Flight and Immunity"
3465:
The wings are highly vascularized membranes, the larger blood vessels visible against the light.
478:, with megabats as members of the former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are
17050:
16996:
16726:
15745:
15739:
15417:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. pp. 1β5.
13866:
12223:
12216:
11976:"Bats' Conquest of a Formidable Foraging Niche: The Myriads of Nocturnally Migrating Songbirds"
10377:
10356:
Ochoa-AcuΓ±a, H.; Kunz, T.H. (1999). "Thermoregulatory behavior in the small island flying fox,
8701:"What it takes to fly: the structural and functional respiratory refinements in birds and bats"
7423:
7365:
5338:
5233:
4992:
4864:
4754:
4331:
3966:
3549:
system, and removal of wastes and toxins from the body via urine. They are also susceptible to
646:
544:
7907:
7208:
7144:
6696:
5743:"The oldest known bat skeletons and their implications for Eocene chiropteran diversification"
4490:
period to avoid predators. The evidence is thought by some zoologists to be equivocal so far.
3574:
3408:
17060:
16991:
16265:
16052:
15660:
15148:
14688:
13904:"Homosexual fellatio: erect penis licking between male Bonin Flying Foxes Pteropus pselaphon"
10928:
10548:
10433:
6528:
5225:
5015:
4888:
4872:
4543:
3592:
3556:
The structure of the uterine system in female bats can vary by species, with some having two
3542:
2660:
2482:
2310:
2055:, and belong within the four major lines of microbats. Two new suborders have been proposed;
760:
714:
39:
16983:
16908:
16122:
15949:
14180:
8576:] Contractility, and That the Onward Flow of Blood is Accelerated by Each Contraction".
7415:
7357:
5998:
Pumo, D. E.; et al. (1998). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Neotropical Fruit Bat,
5923:
5564:
16825:
16773:
16764:
16001:
15359:
15343:
15187:
14750:
14135:
14010:
13915:
13491:
13365:
13150:
12850:
12815:
12756:
12581:
12170:
11987:
11937:
11894:
11386:
11163:
10844:
10669:
10505:
10369:
10167:
10015:
9952:
9862:
9692:
9638:
9592:
9524:
9368:
9308:
9249:
9112:
9047:
8347:
8165:
7816:
7749:
7645:
7552:
7327:
7099:
7044:
6986:
6927:
6868:
6809:
6614:
6563:
6483:
Agnarsson, I.; Zambrana-Torrelio, C. M.; Flores-Saldana, N. P.; May-Collado, L. J. (2011).
6347:
6339:
6278:
6230:
6166:
6011:
5843:
5754:
5689:
5576:
5146:
5136:
4802:
4238:
3864:
3855:
3772:
3756:
3733:
3197:
3173:
1034:
32:
15286:
14821:
14393:
Mares, M. A.; Wilson, D. E. (1971). "Bat Reproduction during the Costa Rican Dry Season".
13847:
11549:
9851:"Variation in Courtship Ultrasounds of Three Ostrinia Moths with Different Sex Pheromones"
5409:
4580:
4536:, possibly due to competition from more specialised parasites that occupy the same niche.
4508:
As are most mammals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites. Among
4366:
Some bats prey on other vertebrates, such as fish, frogs, lizards, birds and mammals. The
1155:), however, are from roughly 20 mya, well after the origin of bats. The bat-ectoparasitic
8:
16665:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
16245:
13201:
9939:
MΓΌller, B.; GlΓΆsmann, M.; Peichl, L.; Knop, G. C.; Hagemann, C.; AmmermΓΌller, J. (2009).
7253:
5289:
4786:
4778:
4561:
4539:
4502:
4375:
4355:
3550:
2439:
752:(52 million years ago), known from two skeletons discovered in Wyoming. The extinct bats
464:
16005:
15363:
15191:
14754:
14139:
14014:
13979:
13962:
13919:
13495:
13369:
13154:
12760:
12721:
12585:
12174:
12075:
11991:
11941:
11898:
11390:
11285:
11167:
10848:
10673:
10609:"How to Keep Cool in a Hot Desert: Torpor in Two Species of Free-Ranging Bats in Summer"
10509:
10373:
10171:
10019:
9956:
9866:
9696:
9642:
9596:
9528:
9372:
9312:
9253:
9116:
9051:
8351:
8169:
7820:
7753:
7649:
7556:
7331:
7103:
7048:
6990:
6931:
6872:
6813:
6666:
6618:
6567:
6343:
6282:
6234:
6170:
6015:
5847:
5785:
5758:
5742:
5693:
5580:
4931:
Conservation statuses of bats as of 2020 according to the IUCN (1,314 species in total)
4330:
covered in fine bristles that aid them in feeding on particular flowers and plants. The
3072:
1789:
1143:
An independent molecular analysis trying to establish the dates when bat ectoparasites (
815:. One study places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla).
16025:
15970:
15913:
15453:
15393:
15344:
Baerwald, E. F.; D'Amours, G.H.; Klug, Brandon J.; Barclay, R. M. R. (26 August 2008).
15213:
14773:
14738:
14719:
14661:
14636:
14410:
14367:
14250:
14242:
14203:
14156:
14123:
14099:
14074:
14033:
13998:
13938:
13903:
13884:
13823:
13798:
13737:
13712:
13637:
13567:
13540:
13517:
13436:
13388:
13353:
13281:
Despite concerted investigative efforts, the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown.
13174:
13070:
13045:
13009:
12963:
12938:
12867:
12838:
12780:
12605:
12458:
12423:
12404:
12295:
12097:
12058:
12010:
11975:
11953:
11949:
11910:
11906:
11866:
11791:
11716:
11663:
Fitt, G. P. (1989). "The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agro-ecosystems".
11409:
11374:
11343:
11243:
11212:
11139:
11078:
11053:
10867:
10832:
10692:
10657:
10633:
10608:
10529:
10333:
10308:
10239:
10214:
10190:
10155:
10131:
10106:
10038:
9999:
9975:
9940:
9885:
9850:
9764:
9735:
9716:
9662:
9559:
9540:
9497:
9443:
9418:
9359:
Muller, R. (2004). "A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat".
9272:
9237:
9070:
9035:
9011:
8994:
8970:
8945:
8809:
8784:
8645:
8620:
8601:
8593:
8552:
8512:
Riskin, D. K.; Parsons, S.; Schutt, W. A. Jr.; Carter, G. G.; Hermanson, J. W. (2006).
8482:
8378:
8335:
8270:
8237:
8188:
8153:
8088:
8063:
8036:
8011:
7964:
7939:
7839:
7804:
7780:
7737:
7718:
7666:
7633:
7609:
7584:
7521:
7300:
7257:
7120:
7087:
7068:
7009:
6974:
6950:
6915:
6833:
6778:
6747:
6648:
6587:
6511:
6484:
6424:
6373:
6312:
6200:
6187:
6154:
6079:
6054:
6035:
5866:
5831:
5723:
5652:
5619:
5600:
5545:
5181:
4912:
4782:
4413:
4380:
4282:
4262:
3950:
3748:
3454:
3442:
3429:
3268:
2513:
2395:
2143:
2056:
808:
568:
512:
and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services.
471:
371:
277:
155:
15541:
13880:
12182:
11175:
11035:
10961:
10391:
9331:
9296:
7339:
5520:
Eiting, T. P.; Gunnell, G. F. (2009). "Global completeness of the bat fossil record".
3826:, which may be used in long-distance travel. The mechanism is unknown but may involve
3450:
lightweight, bats are not at risk of blood flow rushing to their heads when roosting.
1934:
16978:
16812:
16633:
16191:
16172:
16153:
16056:
16045:
16017:
15936:[Study of the shields collected in the border of the board of the judiciary]
15805:
15778:
15749:
15713:
15599:
15520:
15495:
15445:
15385:
15377:
15205:
15154:
14928:
14843:
14778:
14711:
14707:
14666:
14615:
14566:
14526:
14501:
14474:
14435:
14161:
14104:
14038:
13943:
13828:
13742:
13674:
13572:
13509:
13482:
13428:
13393:
13332:
13272:
13166:
13118:
13075:
12999:
12968:
12910:
12893:
McColl, K. A.; Tordo, N.; Setien Aquilar, A. A. (2000). "Bat lyssavirus infections".
12872:
12772:
12597:
12525:
12495:
12463:
12445:
12396:
12227:
12062:
12015:
11914:
11795:
11708:
11611:
11548:
Patriquin, Krista J; Guy, Cylita; Hinds, Joshua; Ratcliffe, John M (1 January 2019).
11485:
11445:
11414:
11106:
11083:
11003:
10872:
10812:
10717:"Patterns of daily torpor and day-roost selection by male and female big brown bats (
10697:
10638:
10554:
10521:
10478:
10441:
10418:
10338:
10244:
10195:
10136:
10087:
10043:
9980:
9890:
9829:
9800:
9769:
9708:
9666:
9654:
9608:
9489:
9448:
9384:
9336:
9277:
9128:
9075:
9016:
8975:
8961:
8923:
8882:
8872:
8849:
8845:
8814:
8722:
8650:
8544:
8418:
8383:
8365:
8316:
8275:
8257:
8253:
8216:
8193:
8093:
8041:
7969:
7915:
7879:
7844:
7802:
7785:
7767:
7710:
7671:
7631:
7614:
7479:
7427:
7416:
7394:
7369:
7358:
7292:
7237:
7216:
7152:
7125:
7060:
7014:
6955:
6896:
6891:
6856:
6837:
6825:
6739:
6702:
6640:
6579:
6516:
6451:
6416:
6365:
6316:
6304:
6296:
6246:
6192:
6134:
6113:"Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera)"
6084:
6027:
5968:
5871:
5790:
5772:
5715:
5657:
5639:
5592:
5537:
5213:
5198:
5069:
4880:
4735:
4732:
4620:, one of which developed into the SARS virus. However, they neither cause nor spread
4569:
4367:
4158:
3445:. They seem to make use of particularly strong venomotion, a rhythmic contraction of
3418:
3370:
3333:
3009:
2366:
1480:
1102:
1008:
804:
528:
16029:
15852:
15457:
15397:
15217:
14254:
14207:
13888:
13440:
13013:
12784:
12408:
12358:
12341:
12101:
11957:
11720:
11216:
9720:
8900:
Wang, LI; Li, Gang; Wang, Jinhong; Ye, Shaohui; Jones, Gareth; Zhang, Shuyi (2009).
8605:
8556:
7722:
7691:"Bat wing structures important for aerodynamics and rigidity (Mammalia, Chiroptera)"
7261:
7072:
6782:
6751:
6591:
6428:
6392:
6377:
6267:"Bedbugs Evolved before Their Bat Hosts and Did Not Co-speciate with Ancient Humans"
6204:
6039:
5620:"The earliest Asian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) address major gaps in bat evolution"
5604:
4660:
fly for more than one thousand miles to the 100-foot (30 m) wide cave known as
3795:, meaning that they can detect light only in low levels, whereas other mammals have
3514:, in their intestinal tract. Nectivorous and frugivorous bats have more maltase and
564:
519:
from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for
490:(nectar-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example, the
16778:
16654:
16395:
16332:
16258:
16009:
15437:
15367:
15195:
14875:
14768:
14758:
14703:
14656:
14648:
14402:
14363:
14330:
14285:
14234:
14195:
14151:
14143:
14094:
14086:
14028:
14018:
13974:
13933:
13923:
13876:
13818:
13810:
13777:
13732:
13724:
13562:
13552:
13521:
13499:
13420:
13383:
13373:
13324:
13262:
13196:
13178:
13158:
13141:
13108:
13095:"Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus"
13065:
13057:
12991:
12958:
12950:
12934:
12902:
12862:
12854:
12764:
12609:
12589:
12453:
12435:
12386:
12353:
12291:
12178:
12089:
12050:
12005:
11995:
11945:
11902:
11858:
11783:
11700:
11672:
11601:
11561:
11528:
11475:
11441:
11404:
11394:
11239:
11202:
11171:
11135:
11073:
11065:
10943:
10907:
10862:
10852:
10732:
10687:
10677:
10628:
10620:
10587:
10533:
10513:
10470:
10414:
10387:
10328:
10320:
10275:
10234:
10226:
10185:
10175:
10126:
10118:
10077:
10033:
10023:
9970:
9960:
9880:
9870:
9792:
9759:
9751:
9700:
9646:
9629:
Corcoran, A. J.; Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2009). "Tiger moth jams bat sonar".
9600:
9532:
9479:
9438:
9430:
9376:
9326:
9316:
9267:
9257:
9204:
9120:
9065:
9055:
9034:
Strobel, S.; Roswag, A.; Becker, N. I.; Trenczek, T. E.; Encarnação, J. A. (2013).
9006:
8965:
8957:
8913:
8841:
8804:
8796:
8753:
8712:
8640:
8632:
8585:
8536:
8474:
8410:
8373:
8355:
8306:
8265:
8249:
8183:
8173:
8135:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8031:
8023:
7959:
7951:
7871:
7834:
7824:
7805:"Development of bat flight: Morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits"
7775:
7757:
7702:
7661:
7653:
7604:
7596:
7560:
7511:
7335:
7304:
7284:
7249:
7115:
7107:
7088:"Phylogenomic analyses of bat subordinal relationships based on transcriptome data"
7052:
7004:
6994:
6945:
6935:
6886:
6876:
6817:
6770:
6731:
6652:
6630:
6622:
6571:
6506:
6496:
6482:
6408:
6357:
6286:
6238:
6182:
6174:
6124:
6074:
6066:
6019:
5958:
5902:
5861:
5851:
5780:
5762:
5727:
5705:
5697:
5647:
5631:
5584:
5549:
5529:
4649:
4498:
4230:
4202:
4128:
4032: in) long with a 150-millimetre (6 in) wingspan and weighs 2β2.6 g (
3815:
3546:
3495:
3490:
3479:
3275:
3155:
3121:
2622:
2401:
2072:
1929:
1322:
1253:
839:
323:
28:
16791:
16078:"Geology and History of Confederate Saltpeter Cave Operations in Western Virginia"
15623:
14723:
13044:
Eaton, Bryan T.; Broder, Christopher C.; Middleton, Deborah; Wang, Lin-Fa (2006).
12744:
12570:
11704:
10624:
9501:
9036:"Insectivorous Bats Digest Chitin in the Stomach Using Acidic Mammalian Chitinase"
8625:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
8292:
5384:
Earlier reports that only fruit bats were deficient were based on smaller samples.
4836:
3787:
The eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor
3518:
enzymes than insectivorous, to cope with the higher sugar contents of their diet.
3424:
When on the ground, most bats can only crawl awkwardly. A few species such as the
3172:, which keeps them razor-sharp. The bite force of small bats is generated through
1013:
16547:
16448:
16416:
16240:
16228:
15350:
15319:
15020:
14966:
14429:
14023:
13928:
13759:
13557:
12995:
12519:
12489:
12000:
11676:
11399:
10857:
10682:
10180:
10028:
9965:
9875:
9821:
9262:
9060:
8946:"The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange"
8238:"The structural design of the bat wing web and its possible role in gas exchange"
8009:
7955:
7762:
6940:
6111:
Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013).
6002:, and a New Hypothesis of the Relationships of Bats to Other Eutherian Mammals".
5767:
5168:
4899:; bats that hibernate, on average, have a longer lifespan than bats that do not.
4808:
4684:
4669:
4665:
4165:
The Chiroptera as a whole are in the process of losing the ability to synthesise
4100:
3913:
3896:
3796:
3207:
2750:
2738:
2668:
2409:
2118:
2084:
1784:
1441:
1029:
475:
314:
282:
267:
16947:
16817:
16119:"Best time to see the bat colony emerge from Congress Bridge in Downtown Austin"
14739:"Group size, survival and surprisingly short lifespan in socially foraging bats"
13113:
13094:
11103:
On the Wing: Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, Bats and the Evolution of Animal Flight
9796:
8700:
8402:
6361:
4246:
3297:
2382:
analysis of the cochlea supports that laryngeal echolocation evolved only once.
1727:
16864:
16851:
16593:
16539:
16440:
16424:
16213:
15260:
13328:
13267:
13250:
12440:
11207:
11190:
8636:
8340:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8158:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6979:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6973:
Li, G.; Wang, J.; Rossiter, S. J.; Jones, G.; Cotton, J. A.; Zhang, S. (2008).
5836:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5452:
5205:
5089:
4892:
4584:
4278:
4057:
3854:(where body temperature can vary). Compared to other mammals, bats have a high
3792:
3776:
3704:
3283:
3203:
3177:
2985:
2822:
2798:
2691:
2645:
2599:
2574:
2315:
2194:
2181:
2080:
2076:
2068:
1865:
1805:
1722:
1359:
1266:
1106:
857:
784:
584:
262:
228:
16644:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins)
15372:
15345:
15200:
15175:
14763:
13092:
12722:"Social Bats Pay a Price: Fungal Disease, White-Nose Syndrome ... Extinction?"
11736:"Bats as Dispersers of Plants in the Lowland Forests of Central French Guiana"
10912:
10891:
10517:
10230:
9704:
8918:
8901:
8742:"Respiration, Wing-Beat and Ultrasonic Pulse Emission in an Echo-Locating Bat"
8513:
6412:
6291:
6266:
6129:
6112:
5830:
Colleary, C.; Dolocanc, A.; Gardnerd, J.; Singha, Suresh; Wuttkee, M. (2015).
5533:
2637:
1306:
1039:
406:
inches) in length, 150 mm (6 in) across the wings and 2β2.6 g (
17045:
17039:
16584:
16456:
15566:
15441:
15381:
15265:
13678:
12449:
11533:
11516:
9098:"Diet and the evolution of digestion and renal function in phyllostomid bats"
8886:
8741:
8422:
8369:
8320:
8311:
8294:
8261:
7771:
7714:
7600:
6774:
6501:
6300:
5776:
5643:
5596:
5541:
5300:
5194:
5176:
5158:
5132:
5081:
5045:, which are thought to be more sensitive to sudden air pressure changes than
4525:
4463:
4445:
4117:
3788:
3725:
3721:
3530:
3475:
3378:
3361:
3337:
3291:
3080:
2954:
2939:
2893:
2714:
2477:
2413:
2360:
2064:
1531:
1380:
1127:
proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to
1110:
919:
826:
747:
709:
95:
16013:
13504:
13424:
13378:
12768:
11480:
11463:
11069:
10082:
10065:
9650:
9209:
9192:
9124:
8717:
8449:"Leading Edge Vortex Allows Bats to Stay Aloft, Aerospace Professor Reports"
8360:
8178:
7829:
7565:
7540:
7056:
6999:
6575:
6242:
6178:
6070:
5963:
5946:
5856:
5618:
Jones, Matthew F.; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun; Beard, K. Christopher (June 2021).
5430:
4707:
3973:). Torpid states last longer in the summer for megabats than in the winter.
3908:
3164:
vampire bats have reduced snouts to accommodate large incisors and canines.
2442:
for navigation and finding prey, but megabats apart from those in the genus
16749:
16601:
16531:
16432:
16387:
16021:
15934:"Estudio de los escudos recogidos en la orla de latabla de la magistratura"
15449:
15389:
15209:
14796:
14782:
14715:
14670:
14652:
14220:
14165:
14090:
14042:
13947:
13832:
13746:
13728:
13669:
13576:
13513:
13432:
13397:
13276:
13220:
13170:
13122:
13079:
12972:
12914:
12906:
12876:
12776:
12601:
12467:
12400:
12019:
11973:
11712:
11615:
11489:
11418:
11126:
Speakman, J. R. (1990). "The function of daylight flying in British bats".
11087:
10876:
10759:
10701:
10642:
10525:
10482:
10342:
10324:
10248:
10199:
10140:
10122:
10091:
10047:
9984:
9894:
9773:
9736:"Acoustic scanning of natural scenes by echolocation in the big brown bat,
9712:
9658:
9612:
9493:
9452:
9434:
9388:
9340:
9321:
9281:
9132:
9079:
8979:
8927:
8818:
8800:
8726:
8654:
8589:
8548:
8387:
8279:
8197:
8097:
8045:
8027:
7973:
7848:
7803:
Sears, K. E.; Behringer, R. R.; Rasweiler, J. J.; Niswander, L. A. (2006).
7789:
7675:
7618:
7296:
7129:
7064:
7032:
7018:
6959:
6900:
6881:
6852:
6829:
6797:
6743:
6644:
6583:
6551:
6520:
6420:
6369:
6308:
6196:
6138:
6088:
5972:
5875:
5794:
5719:
5661:
5635:
5312:
5277:
5097:
5042:
5034:
4996:
4856:
4661:
4509:
4385:
4113:
4053:
3851:
3847:
3737:
3713:
3557:
3400:. The vortex may be stabilized by the animal changing its wing curvatures.
3349:
3279:
3265:
3243:
3219:
3181:
3169:
2916:
2870:
2550:
2525:
2391:
2295:
1657:
1609:
1604:
1114:
870:
788:
427:
20:
14108:
13411:
Dobson, A. P. (2005). "What Links Bats to Emerging Infectious Diseases?".
9791:. Animal Signals and Communication. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 5β26.
8853:
8414:
7937:
7883:
7875:
6485:"A time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia)"
6250:
6031:
4987:, and disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine. In
4096:
3660:
Time-expanded recording of the feeding buzz of a bat homing in on its prey
3000:
2813:
16890:
16758:
16641:
16563:
16481:
15174:
Baerwald, E. F.; D'Amours, G. H.; Klug, B. J.; Barclay, R. M. R. (2008).
12954:
12548:. National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
11606:
11589:
11566:
10947:
10474:
10154:
Tian, L.-X.; Pan, Y.-X.; Metzner, W.; Zhang, J.-S.; Zhang, B.-F. (2015).
9020:
7634:"Airplane tracking documents the fastest flight speeds recorded for bats"
7360:
Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals
6635:
6550:
5710:
5588:
5197:'s Silverwing novels narrate the adventures of a young bat, based on the
5109:
5046:
5030:
4896:
4797:
4680:
4613:
4592:
4588:
4557:
4437:
4421:
4222:
4198:
4121:
3981:
3977:
3869:
3800:
3729:
3534:
3397:
3389:
3365:
3318:
2962:
2847:
2683:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2418:
1677:
1547:
1526:
1475:
1327:
1163:
has no fossil record, but is not believed to originate more than 23 mya.
1160:
792:
524:
494:
491:
487:
479:
70:
24:
14922:
14900:
Leong, T. M.; Teo, S. C.; Lim, K. K. P. (2009). "The Naked Bulldog Bat,
13138:
13061:
12593:
11464:"Progressive pseudogenization: vitamin C synthesis and its loss in bats"
11347:
8825:
8758:
7657:
7585:"The nature of flight: The molecules and mechanics of flight in animals"
7318:
Brown, W. M. (2001). "Natural selection of mammalian brain components".
6626:
5701:
5563:
Tabuce, Rodolphe; Antunes, Miguel Telles; SigΓ©, Bernard (12 June 2009).
4532:). Bats are among the few non-aquatic mammalian orders that do not host
4408:
4257:
3732:, and others. Bats can estimate the elevation of their target using the
3708:
their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range.
3698:
Principle of bat echolocation: orange is the call and green is the echo.
3136:
3095:
2977:
2565:
1913:
1688:
875:
16670:
16523:
16366:
16323:
16307:
16250:
16233:
14427:
14414:
14246:
14238:
14199:
12491:
Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Facts and Myths
12093:
11870:
10592:
10575:
9755:
9544:
9484:
9467:
8486:
8213:
Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Facts and Myths
7706:
7525:
6023:
5273:
5038:
4790:
4529:
4457:
4378:
can catch birds in flight. Some species, like the greater bulldog bat (
4339:
3931:
3877:
3768:
3669:
3623:
3511:
3193:
3103:
3057:
2908:
2862:
2775:
2501:
2371:
2309:
The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old
2123:
1625:
1558:
1552:
1152:
995:
888:
506:
363:
215:
115:
80:
15346:"Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines"
15310:
15176:"Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines"
15123:
14335:
14318:
14147:
13814:
13782:
13761:
12391:
12374:
10280:
10263:
9604:
9380:
9096:
Schondube, J. E.; Herrera-M, L. Gerardo; MartΓnez del Rio, C. (2001).
8597:
8540:
7501:
7288:
7111:
3694:
2345:
The molecular phylogeny was controversial, as it pointed to microbats
16895:
16838:
16678:
16625:
16502:
16494:
16374:
16340:
15412:
15411:
Johnson, J. B.; Ford, W. M.; Rodrigue, J. L.; Edwards, J. W. (2012).
14989:"Protecting and managing underground sites for bats, see section 6.4"
13030:
12045:
Cramer, M. J.; Wilig, M. R.; Jones, C. (2001). "Trachops cirrhosus".
7690:
6821:
5368:
5351:
5285:
5281:
5249:
5186:
5120:
5113:
5101:
5053:
5023:
4769:
4542:
is a condition associated with the deaths of millions of bats in the
4479:
4393:
4166:
3892:
3888:
3827:
3764:
3688:
3538:
3499:
3382:
3353:
3287:
3202:
Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, as opposed to
3049:
3034:
2931:
2472:
2462:
2450:
2444:
2346:
2217:
1908:
1876:
1870:
1661:
1385:
1144:
1132:
963:
796:
772:
520:
498:
483:
452: lb) and having a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in).
172:
120:
16720:
15881:[The Rat Penat in the coat of arms of Valencia] (in Spanish)
15311:
Arnett, E. B.; Erickson, W. P.; Kerns, J.; Horn, J. (12 June 2005).
14406:
14351:
14290:
14269:
14056:
14054:
14052:
13996:
13477:
13162:
12892:
12858:
11862:
11305:
11303:
10736:
10716:
9536:
8478:
7516:
7503:
5208:
in Spain and France, appearing in the coats of arms of the towns of
3743:
2161:
1207:
729:
of bats do not fossilise well; it is estimated that only 12% of bat
16882:
16843:
16743:
16617:
16473:
16301:
15280:"Caution Regarding Placement of Wind Turbines on Wooded Ridge Tops"
14899:
12937:; Childs, J. E.; Field, H. E.; Holmes, K. V.; Schountz, T. (2006).
11461:
10831:
Gonsalves, L.; Bicknell, B.; Law, B.; Webb, C.; Monamy, V. (2013).
10658:"Bats on a Budget: Torpor-Assisted Migration Saves Time and Energy"
9294:
8740:
Suthers, Roderick A.; Thomas, Steven P; Suthers, Barbara A (1972).
8333:
8151:
6857:"Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation"
6735:
6352:
5221:
5209:
5105:
5093:
4699:, though the function and purpose of this behaviour is not clear.
4621:
4600:
4596:
4576:
4573:
4440:). The common vampire bat typically feeds on large mammals such as
4218:
4190:
4062:
3823:
3679:
3374:
3329:
3302:
2614:
2435:
2423:
2379:
2342:
prey, rather than running fast enough for a ground-level take off.
2199:
2048:
1849:
1682:
1271:
1236:
942:
800:
768:
726:
540:
532:
502:
467:
367:
192:
110:
105:
90:
85:
75:
64:
14737:
Gager, Y.; Gimenez, O.; O'Mara, M. T.; Dechmann, D. K. N. (2016).
12816:"Fungus that Causes White-nose Syndrome in Bats Detected in Texas"
12627:
12253:. Natural Science Research Laboratory β Texas Tech. Archived from
12044:
9095:
8782:
8670:"Bats and Sloths Don't Get Dizzy Hanging Upside Down β Here's Why"
8621:"Blood flow augmentation by intrinsic venular contraction in vivo"
5131:
and is often considered the physical manifestation of a separable
3533:. Frugivorous bats lack that ability and have kidneys adapted for
16694:
16571:
16403:
16313:
15427:
14951:. Bat Conservation International. 24 January 2002. Archived from
14925:
The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals
14049:
13710:
13692:
13093:
Halpin, K.; Young, P. L.; Field, H. E.; Mackenzie, J. S. (2000).
11496:
11300:
5408:
5172:
5163:
4988:
4841:
4521:
4475:
4350:
4206:
3717:
3716:, and exist in a large variety of unrelated animals, such as the
3515:
3507:
3261:
3239:
3159:
A preserved megabat showing how the skeleton fits inside its skin
2431:
2156:
2060:
1202:
1196:
1128:
812:
780:
552:
470:. But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into
460:
456:
125:
100:
15285:. Bat Conservation International. 4 January 2005. Archived from
15150:
Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat
13796:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11733:
11550:"Male and female bats differ in their use of a large urban park"
10000:"Parallel and Convergent Evolution of the Dim-Light Vision Gene
8429:
8010:
Riskin, D. K.; Bergou, A.; Breuer, K. S.; Swartz, S. M. (2012).
6914:
L., G.; Wang, J.; Rossiter, S. J.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2007).
6695:
Norberg, U. M. (1994). Wainwright, P. C.; Reilly, S. M. (eds.).
6604:
5679:
5315: β Audio device to detect the presence of bat sound signals
4683:
related females and their dependent offspring. Food sharing and
3478:
of the blood; an active microbat can reach a heart rate of 1000
2729:
2706:
588:
16686:
16662:
16510:
16357:
16295:
16282:
15173:
10833:"Mosquito Consumption by Insectivorous Bats: Does Size Matter?"
6151:
5190:
5150:
5080:
Since bats are mammals, yet can fly, they are considered to be
4617:
4547:
4487:
4441:
4327:
4194:
3930:, a state of decreased activity where the body temperature and
3927:
3921:
3683:
3522:
3503:
3393:
3357:
3345:
3251:
2405:
2329:
2319:, indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities.
2052:
1156:
776:
730:
704:
536:
509:
310:
202:
182:
60:
14736:
14448:
12839:"Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans"
11508:
10215:"More functions of torpor and their roles in a changing world"
10105:
Wang, Y.; Pan, Y.; Parsons, S.; Walker, M.; Zhang, S. (2007).
9848:
9217:
7538:
6110:
5829:
5139:
of Mesoamerica, the bat god presided over corn and fertility.
4687:
may occur in certain species, such as the common vampire bat (
3388:
Nectar- and pollen-eating bats can hover, in a similar way to
347:
17004:
16830:
16555:
14591:
14560:
14298:
13665:"The last bat: the mystery of Britain's most solitary animal"
12836:
12804:. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 28 February 2013.
12626:. Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre. Archived from
12521:
Coevolution of Life on Hosts: Integrating Ecology and History
12135:
12026:
11750:
11644:
11462:
Cui, J.; Pan, Y. H.; Zhang, Y.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2011).
11431:
11315:
10288:
9419:"Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution"
9153:(Report). 3.0. Wildcare Australia. p. 12. Archived from
7539:
Senawi, J.; Schmieder, D.; Siemers, B.; Kingston, T. (2015).
6850:
6765:
Kaplan, Matt (2011). "Ancient bats got in a flap over food".
5269:
5217:
5128:
5117:
4483:
4471:
4270:
4186:
3712:
These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a
3526:
3471:
3341:
3007:
2820:
2748:
2736:
2572:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2325:
2051:
evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early
929:
737:(32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossils include
676:
670:
654:
516:
15471:
McCracken, G. F. (1993). "Folklore and the Origin of Bats".
13799:"Does food sharing in vampire bats demonstrate reciprocity?"
13790:
13033:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 April 2014.
11354:
10980:
9172:
8514:"Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed bat
3842:
Thermographic image of a bat using trapped air as insulation
3290:
wings. The fourth and fifth digits go from the wrist to the
783:. Modern genetic evidence now places bats in the superorder
699:
292:
11587:
11267:
11265:
11189:
Chua, Marcus A. H.; Aziz, Sheema Abdul (19 December 2018).
9395:
9033:
8493:
8012:"Upstroke wing flexion and the inertial cost of bat flight"
7735:
7478:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 754β775.
5908:
10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0321:Prarcf>2.0.Co;2
4533:
4517:
4513:
4467:
4214:
3838:
3446:
1148:
359:
350:
329:
38:"Bats" and "Chiroptera" redirect here. For other uses, see
15587:
15410:
14579:
14428:
Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch (12 June 2000).
14374:
14274:(Chiroptera: Molossidae) in a Large Highway Bridge Colony"
13762:"Strong matrilineal structure in common pipistrelle bats (
11927:
11883:
11848:
11547:
11373:
Cui, J.; Yuan, X.; Wang, L.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2011).
11051:
10656:
McGuire, L. P.; Jonassen, K. A.; Guglielmo, C. G. (2014).
6329:
5809:"Paleontologists Determine Original Color of Extinct Bats"
5740:
5496:
5473:
4289:) has been recorded carrying fruits weighing 3β14 g (
362:, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained
338:
15899:
15517:
Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature
15492:
Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature
15167:
14952:
14544:
14542:
14392:
13618:
12933:
11814:"Photo in the News: Bat Has Longest Tongue of Any Mammal"
11689:
11016:
9998:
Shen, Y.-Y.; Liu, J.; Irwin, D. M.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2010).
9941:"Bat Eyes Have Ultraviolet-Sensitive Cone Photoreceptors"
9416:
8578:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
8572:
8511:
6975:"The hearing gene Prestin reunites the echolocating bats"
6263:
5272:, is rich in nitrates and is mined from caves for use as
5253:
4210:
2416:
classified the seven bat species he knew of in the genus
15991:
13589:
13478:"Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses"
13043:
12837:
Wong, S.; Lau, S.; Woo, P.; Yuen, K.-Y. (October 2006).
12742:
11262:
11250:
10830:
10655:
9938:
9148:
Introduction to the Care and Rehabilitation of Microbats
8618:
5944:
5565:"A new primitive bat from the earliest Eocene of Europe"
5027:
buildings and bridges. Fourteen species use bat houses.
5014:
Many people put up bat houses to attract bats. The 1991
3895:
network across the wing membrane; when contracted, they
3703:
call and separate pulse and echo in frequency using the
2370:
had cranial adaptations suggesting an ability to detect
15620:"Artists Inspired by Oaxaca Folklore Myths and Legends"
14079:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
13766:) is associated with variability in echolocation calls"
13717:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
12333:
12055:
10.1644/1545-1410(2001)656<0001:TC>2.0.CO;2
11788:
10.1644/1545-1410(2001)662<0001:aj>2.0.co;2
11375:"Recent loss of vitamin C biosynthesis ability in bats"
11152:
10606:
10313:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
10111:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
9423:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8995:"A collagen and elastic network in the wing of the bat"
8789:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8128:
The New Guinea Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity Digest
8016:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6795:
4612:(SARS) in China, since they serve as natural hosts for
14539:
14316:
13475:
12277:
12275:
12108:
10063:
9822:"Moth Ears and Bat Calls: Coevolution or Coincidence?"
9466:
Fenton, M. B.; Faure, P. A.; Ratcliffe, J. M. (2012).
8451:. USC Viterbi School of Engineering. 29 February 2008.
8236:
Makanya, Andrew N; Mortola, Jacopo P (December 2007).
6855:; Madsen, O.; Stanhope, M. J.; De Jong, W. W. (2001).
5419:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 239β247.
4608:
transmission. Bats are implicated in the emergence of
15870:
15802:
The Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes Volume 1 Batman
15125:
Bats, People, and Buildings: Issues and Opportunities
14923:
Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015).
14520:
14421:
13999:"Versatility and Stereotypy of Free-Tailed Bat Songs"
12939:"Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts of Emerging Viruses"
11773:
11514:
11000:
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Vol 13 Mammals II
10892:"Matching Morphology and Diet in the Disc-Winged Bat
9238:"Echolocating bats Cry Out Loud to Detect Their Prey"
9193:"Mechanisms of Sound Production by Echolocating Bats"
8831:
6698:
Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology
6441:
6435:
6220:
4451:
4177:), have retained their ability to produce vitamin C.
641:
was probably first used in the early 1570s. The name
326:
14967:"Welcome to the World's Largest Occupied Bat Houses"
13476:
Li, W.; Shi, Z.; Yu, M.; Ren, W. (28 October 2005).
13237:
Scientists do not know where Ebola virus comes from.
12518:
Clayton, D. H.; Bush, S. E.; Johnson, K. P. (2015).
12366:
10890:
Dechmann, D. K. N.; Safi, K.; Vonhof, M. J. (2006).
10349:
10104:
9828:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Springer.
9628:
9465:
8739:
7940:"Somatosensory substrates of flight control in bats"
7355:
6546:
6544:
6397:
n. g., n. sp. (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea: Streblidae)"
6384:
5888:
2517:
Springer, Teeling, Madsen, Stanhope & Jong, 2001
2353:. Analyses of the sequence of the vocalization gene
344:
341:
335:
15514:
13318:
13046:"Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous"
12272:
12248:"Vampire Bats β The Good, the Bad, and the Amazing"
12131:. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. p. 8.
10546:
10261:
10212:
10153:
9824:. In Hoy, R. R.; Fay, R. R.; Popper, A. N. (eds.).
9468:"Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats"
7502:Greenhall, A.M.; Joermann, G.; Schmidt, U. (1983).
6972:
6913:
5945:Eick, G. N.; Jacobs, D. S.; Matthee, C. A. (2005).
3541:evaporative water loss. Water helps maintain their
2426:. Around twenty years later, the German naturalist
332:
16697:(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)
16044:
15902:L'Estendard, la festa nacional mΓ©s antiga d'Europa
14927:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 75β76.
14122:Prat, Y.; Taub, M.; Yovel, Y. (22 December 2016).
13351:
13251:"Transmission of Ebola Virus Disease: An Overview"
12517:
12339:
12215:
10889:
10787:"Kitti's Hog-Nosed Bat Is World's Smallest Mammal"
10262:Stawski, C.; Willis, C. K. R.; Geiser, F. (2014).
9786:
7474:Jones, G. (2001). "Bats". In MacDonald, D. (ed.).
6916:"Accelerated FoxP2 evolution in echolocating bats"
5104:. In Tanzania, a winged batlike creature known as
5041:(pressure damage) to kill bats. Bats have typical
3775:. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a
3392:. The sharp leading edges of the wings can create
2412:, making up about 20% of mammal species. In 1758,
15876:
15775:Newsletter of the Florida Bat Conservation Centre
14682:
14680:
13537:
12736:
10398:
10264:"The importance of temporal heterothermy in bats"
9997:
9733:
9235:
7388:
6701:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 206β208.
6541:
6533:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
5926:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
5562:
4891:links this to the fact that they slow down their
4652:, home to twenty million Mexican free-tailed bats
17037:
15879:"Lo Rat Penat en el escudo de armas de Valencia"
15318:. Bat Conservation International. Archived from
14634:
14614:(illustrated ed.). JHU Press. p. 269.
14178:
13845:
13352:Mollentze, Nardus; Streicker, Daniel G. (2020).
13298:"Bats Host More Than 60 Human-Infecting Viruses"
13037:
13031:"CDC Features β Take Caution When Bats Are Near"
12929:
12927:
12126:
12069:
11457:
11455:
11372:
11100:
10607:Bondarenco, A.; KΓΆrtner, G.; Geiser, F. (2016).
9624:
9622:
9585:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
9361:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
7986:
7497:
7495:
7215:. Princeton University Press. pp. 112β116.
7213:The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals
1135:of bats and the single origin of mammal flight.
16331:
16116:
15906:The Banner, the oldest national party in Europe
15799:
15687:"Kingdom of Tonga: Safe Haven for Flying Foxes"
15489:
15421:
15414:Effects of Acoustic Deterrents on Foraging Bats
15146:
14072:
13839:
13358:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
12513:
12511:
12487:
12375:"Do predators influence the behaviour of bats?"
12372:
12147:
10714:
10547:Zubaid, A.; McCracken, G. F.; Kunz, T. (2006).
10355:
10066:"Molecular evolution of bat color vision genes"
9678:
9676:
8068:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)
7989:"Bats in Flight Reveal Unexpected Aerodynamics"
7933:
7931:
7809:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7391:Handbook of the Mammals of the World β Volume 9
7235:
6861:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
4991:, Malaysia, "all bats" are protected under the
4546:and Canada. The disease is named after a white
3791:, but no species is blind. Most microbats have
3553:poisoning if they do not receive enough fluid.
594:
140:
15519:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 523.
15494:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 523.
14686:
14677:
14352:"Lek Mating Behavior in the Hammer-headed Bat"
13711:Kerth, G.; Perony, N.; Schweitzer, F. (2011).
13531:
13291:
13289:
12724:. The National Science Foundation. 3 July 2012
12281:
12209:
12207:
10107:"Bats Respond to Polarity of a Magnetic Field"
9146:Lyons, Rachel; Wimberley, Trish (March 2014).
9145:
9091:
9089:
8992:
8943:
8939:
8937:
8235:
7393:. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. pp. 1β1008.
7389:Wilson, D.E.; Mittermeier, R.A., eds. (2019).
7274:
7031:
5938:
5915:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5617:
4764:
4245:) and many horseshoe bat species, may take or
3818:, in that they have a high sensitivity to the
3274:As in other mammals, and unlike in birds, the
16266:
16246:Analyses of several kinds of bat echolocation
16185:
15581:
14689:"Life history, ecology and longevity in bats"
14597:
14493:
14466:
14304:
14121:
14060:
13698:
12924:
12671:
12153:
12141:
12032:
11820:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
11761:
11650:
11502:
11452:
11366:
11360:
11321:
11309:
11283:
10986:
10926:
10826:
10824:
10495:
10460:
10306:
9734:Surlykke, A.; Ghose, K.; Moss, C. F. (2009).
9682:
9619:
9401:
9354:
9352:
9350:
9223:
9178:
8499:
8460:
8458:
8435:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7492:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7351:
7349:
7151:. Oxford University Press. pp. 287β299.
6216:
6214:
5889:Van de Bussche, R. A.; Hoofer, S. R. (2004).
5519:
4627:
4225:. Large numbers of Mexican free-tailed bats (
3560:while others have a single mainline chamber.
2970:Ghost-faced, naked-backed and mustached bats
2063:, or megabat family, as well as the families
767:Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder
578:
15649:. Oxford University Press. pp. 150β152.
15235:"B.C. study to help bats survive wind farms"
14525:. University of Chicago Press. p. 216.
14267:
14075:"Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats"
13960:
13848:"Social Grooming in the Common Vampire Bat,
12979:
12508:
12213:
11807:
11805:
10404:
10213:Nowack, J.; Stawski, C.; Geiser, F. (2017).
10206:
10059:
10057:
9673:
9514:
9412:
9410:
9190:
8899:
8860:
8464:
8204:
7928:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7317:
7268:
6095:
4052: oz). It is also arguably the smallest
3949:ounces), have been known to use torpor: the
3529:; their kidneys have a thin cortex and long
966:(cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, weasels)
572:
426: oz) in mass. The largest bats are the
15926:
15638:
14863:
14861:
13797:Carter, G. G.; Wilkinson, G. S. D. (2013).
13286:
13248:
13194:
13086:
13025:
13023:
12886:
12698:. Mena Report. 6 April 2013. Archived from
12674:"White-nose syndrome killing Canada's bats"
12524:. University of Chicago Press. p. 28.
12340:EsbΓ©rard, C. E. L.; Vrcibradic, D. (2007).
12204:
11811:
11767:
11038:. Smithsonian Institution. 7 December 2010.
10715:Hamilton, I. M.; Barclay, R. M. R. (1994).
10553:. Oxford University Press. pp. 14β16.
10550:Functional and Evolutionary Ecology of Bats
10440:. Oxford University Press. pp. 43β62.
10156:"Bats Respond to Very Weak Magnetic Fields"
9086:
8934:
8667:
7861:
7578:
7576:
7418:A Bat Man in the Tropics: Chasing El Duende
7413:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7079:
6442:Grimaldi, David; Michael Engel (May 2005).
6390:
5997:
5668:
4906:
4745:Bats also communicate by other means. Male
4132:echolocation, and they are unable to hunt.
622:
16273:
16259:
16147:
15942:Emblemata Revista Aragonesa de Emblematica
15918:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
15731:
15711:
15644:
15087:"Agency Guide to Cave and Mine Gates 2009"
14585:
14454:
14380:
13961:Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Kittur, Swati (2020).
13345:
13295:
13225:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
13188:
13132:
12415:
11047:
11045:
11022:
10821:
10294:
9907:
9347:
8778:
8776:
8455:
7905:
7890:
7422:. University of California Press. p.
7346:
6758:
6690:
6688:
6211:
3691:, which play a role in sound transmission.
1138:
455:The second largest order of mammals after
291:
17076:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
16075:
16051:. University of Missouri Press. pp.
15793:
15470:
15371:
15199:
14772:
14762:
14660:
14635:Turbill, C.; Bieber, C.; Ruf, T. (2011).
14334:
14289:
14155:
14098:
14032:
14022:
13978:
13937:
13927:
13870:
13822:
13781:
13770:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
13736:
13566:
13556:
13503:
13387:
13377:
13266:
13112:
13069:
12962:
12866:
12830:
12818:. Texas Parks and Wildlife. 23 March 2017
12457:
12439:
12390:
12357:
12308:
12284:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
12009:
11999:
11802:
11774:Ortega, J.; Castro-Arellano, I. (2001). "
11734:Simmons, N. B.; Voss, R. S.; Mori, S. A.
11605:
11565:
11532:
11479:
11434:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B
11408:
11398:
11206:
11077:
10929:"Physiology and energetics of bat flight"
10911:
10866:
10856:
10691:
10681:
10632:
10591:
10434:"The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems"
10431:
10381:
10332:
10279:
10238:
10189:
10179:
10130:
10081:
10054:
10037:
10027:
9974:
9964:
9884:
9874:
9789:Insect Hearing and Acoustic Communication
9763:
9483:
9442:
9407:
9330:
9320:
9271:
9261:
9208:
9069:
9059:
9010:
8969:
8917:
8808:
8757:
8716:
8644:
8403:"Wing hairs help to keep bats in the air"
8377:
8359:
8336:"Bat wing sensors support flight control"
8310:
8269:
8187:
8177:
8154:"Bat wing sensors support flight control"
8087:
8035:
7963:
7838:
7828:
7796:
7779:
7761:
7665:
7608:
7564:
7515:
7473:
7440:
7142:
7119:
7008:
6998:
6949:
6939:
6890:
6880:
6634:
6510:
6500:
6476:
6351:
6290:
6186:
6128:
6078:
5962:
5906:
5865:
5855:
5784:
5766:
5709:
5651:
5497:Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (eds.).
5474:Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (eds.).
4436:vampire bats, feed only on animal blood (
3982:become dormant during higher temperatures
3145:
842:(primates, treeshrews, rodents, rabbits)
694:
609:), which may have undergone a shift from
16604:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
16280:
15737:
15684:
15622:. Oaxacanwoodcarving.com. Archived from
15483:
15121:
14858:
14561:Nagorsen, D. W.; Brigham, R. M. (1993).
14473:. Oxford University Press. p. 247.
14349:
14268:Keeley, A. T. H.; Keeley, B. W. (2004).
13992:
13990:
13590:Srinivasulu, C. & Molur, S. (2020).
13455:"Why Do Bats Transmit So Many Diseases?"
13249:Rewar, Suresh; Mirdha, Dashrath (2015).
13213:
13020:
12648:
11969:
11967:
11188:
11125:
11105:. Oxford University Press. p. 137.
9560:"The Bat's Ear as a Diffraction Grating"
9191:Suthers, Roderick; Fattu, James (1973).
8893:
8210:
8145:
8057:
8055:
7573:
7206:
7195:
6052:
6046:
5991:
5403:
5401:
5167:used the fur of a bat in their brew. In
5141:
5064:
5060:
4835:
4807:
4768:
4706:
4636:
4520:, as well as specific parasites such as
4492:
4428:A few species, specifically the common,
4407:
4349:
4309: oz) or even as much as 50 g (
4256:
4139:
4095:
4060:. The largest bats are a few species of
3907:
3876:), the Mexican free-tailed bat, and the
3837:
3742:
3693:
3460:
3407:
3296:
3224:
3154:
2471:
2461:; others feed on fruit, nectar, pollen,
2294:
698:
15229:
15227:
15079:
14687:Wilkinson, G. S.; South, J. M. (2002).
14172:
13803:Communicative & Integrative Biology
13662:
13469:
13312:
12985:
11042:
10811:Vol. 1. 6th edition. pp. 264β271.
10407:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
9819:
9236:Surlykke, A.; Elisabeth, K. V. (2008).
8993:Holbrook, K. A.; Odland, G. F. (1978).
8944:Makanya, A. N.; Mortola, J. P. (2007).
8866:
8773:
8061:
7688:
7382:
7085:
6694:
6685:
5011:), which was declared extinct in 2009.
4824:and may assist each other in birthing.
4482:. Twenty species of tropical New World
3254:, the gene controlling Bmp signalling,
593:, most likely cognate with Old Swedish
583:), related to the fluttering of wings.
17038:
16186:Fenton, M. B.; Simmons, N. B. (2015).
16166:
16042:
15768:
14548:
13901:
13624:
13410:
12651:"Pennsylvania's Bats Nearly Wiped Out"
12311:"Flying Foxes Vs Freshwater Crocodile"
12114:
11271:
11256:
10927:Thomas, S. P.; Suthers, R. A. (1972).
10573:
9557:
9358:
8400:
7582:
6764:
6721:
4887:). One hypothesis consistent with the
4362:) uses its large teeth to catch birds.
3740:, a flap of skin in the external ear.
3614:bat echolocation calls and social call
3150:
873:(hedgehogs, shrews, moles, solenodons)
300:Worldwide distribution of bat species
16725:
16724:
16254:
15588:Read, K. A.; Gonzalez, J. J. (2000).
15539:
15122:Pfeiffer, Martin J. (February 2019).
14609:
13987:
13638:"How Many Species of Bats Are There?"
13592:"Bats don't cause or spread Covid-19"
12421:
11964:
11229:
11052:Schwab, I. R.; Pettigrew, J. (2005).
11028:
10743:
9916:. National Geographic. Archived from
9565:. Air Force Institute of Technology.
8698:
8569:
8110:
8052:
7695:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Morphologie der Tiere
7236:Hutcheon, J. M.; Garland, T. (2004).
6391:Poinar, G. O. Jr.; Brown, A. (2012).
6332:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
5398:
5074:The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
3403:
370:. The smallest bat, and arguably the
17010:C11B87BD-FF82-BF1B-9994-FB30FA317197
16971:13d7c9ab-d55f-43cb-b2c1-b914a12c6c67
16870:e20b0e88-8a89-45f4-bd6d-b81287fad0ac
16188:Bats: A World of Science and Mystery
16150:Bats: From Evolution to Conservation
16047:Missouri Caves in History and Legend
15744:. Amsterdam: North-Holland. p.
15594:. Oxford University Press. pp.
15224:
14869:"Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998"
12373:Lima, S. L.; O'Keefe, J. M. (2013).
11662:
11333:
9417:Jones, G.; Holderied, M. W. (2007).
6393:"The first fossil streblid bat fly,
5324:
3736:from the echoes reflecting from the
3234:Little brown bat take off and flight
3176:, allowing them to bite through the
2492:Handbook of the Mammals of the World
567:, which matches their name in other
438:) reaching a weight of 1.6 kg (
15542:"Sex-mad 'ghost' scares Zanzibaris"
15261:Bats take a battering at wind farms
14969:. Florida Museum of Natural History
14801:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14227:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
14188:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
13980:10.11609/jott.5893.12.8.15945-15946
12321:from the original on 1 October 2020
12082:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
11812:Chamberlain, T. (6 December 2006).
11594:Integrative and Comparative Biology
11002:(2nd ed.). 2003. p. 311.
10968:from the original on 5 January 2011
10576:"Bats Use Torpor to Minimise Costs"
10463:Integrative and Comparative Biology
10307:Voigt, C. C.; Lewanzik, D. (2011).
10219:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
9572:from the original on 25 March 2020.
9472:The Journal of Experimental Biology
6667:"Bat fossil solves evolution poser"
5238:Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus
5228:. Three US states have an official
4632:
4583:, endemic in many bat populations,
4462:Bats are subject to predation from
4252:
4151:Bats feeding on insects over a lake
4135:
4127:In temperate areas, some microbats
3984:to keep cool in the summer months.
3833:
3809:
3498:to better process insects, such as
3436:
3426:New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat
3286:, without having to be thick as in
3187:
2347:not having a unique common ancestry
1166:
358:). With their forelimbs adapted as
13:
15900:Alomar i Canyelles, A. I. (1998).
15712:Cartwright, M. (28 October 2013).
15147:Hopkins, J.; Bourdain, A. (2004).
15065:"Bat bridges cost Β£27k per animal"
15043:"Bypass wings it with bat bridges"
15021:"Pillbox converted to bat retreat"
14641:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
14368:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb02120.x
12624:"White-Nose Syndrome β Background"
12488:Klimpel, S.; Mehlhorn, H. (2013).
12296:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01031.x
11950:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00606.x
11907:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00206.x
11244:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb02248.x
11140:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04296.x
9582:
7254:10.1023/B:JOMM.0000047340.25620.89
5986:; Van Den Bussche and Hoofer 2004)
5569:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5108:is believed to be a shapeshifting
4993:Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998
4937: Critically endangered (1.6%)
4831:
4452:Predators, parasites, and diseases
3633:
3581:
2457:, or pollen, while most microbats
563:An older English name for bats is
543:, suppressing the transmission of
136:
14:
17087:
17066:Extant Ypresian first appearances
16636:(Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
16205:
15846:
15741:Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery
14317:Toth, C. A.; Parsons, S. (2013).
13663:Barkham, Patrick (12 June 2018).
12988:Viruses: Essential Agents of Life
12183:10.1038/scientificamerican0290-76
11176:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880109.x
5921:
5319:List of bats of the United States
5284:was collected from caves to make
4610:severe acute respiratory syndrome
3222:of 160 km/h (100 mph).
2385:
16110:
16069:
16036:
15985:
15959:
15908:]. Palma. pp. xiiiβxxi.
15893:
15840:
15818:
15762:
15705:
15678:
15653:
15612:
15559:
15533:
15508:
15464:
15404:
15337:
15304:
15272:
15253:
15140:
15115:
15057:
15035:
15013:
14981:
14959:
14941:
14916:
14893:
14836:
14824:. Bat Conservation International
14814:
14789:
14730:
14708:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00020.x
14628:
14603:
14554:
14521:Kunz, T. H.; Fenton, B. (2005).
14514:
14487:
14460:
14386:
14343:
14310:
14261:
14214:
14115:
14066:
13954:
13895:
13753:
13704:
13656:
13630:
13583:
13447:
13404:
13242:
12808:
12791:
12714:
12688:
12665:
12642:
12616:
12564:
12538:
12481:
12473:
12302:
12240:
12120:
12038:
11921:
11877:
11842:
11727:
11683:
11656:
11622:
11581:
11541:
11425:
11327:
11277:
11223:
11182:
11146:
11119:
11094:
11058:British Journal of Ophthalmology
10992:
10954:
10920:
10883:
10801:
10779:
10708:
10649:
10600:
10567:
10540:
10489:
10454:
10425:
10300:
10255:
10147:
10098:
9991:
9932:
9901:
9842:
9813:
9780:
9727:
8962:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00817.x
8254:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00817.x
6464:from the original on 9 June 2021
5378:
4773:Group of polygynous vampire bats
4702:
4616:, several from a single cave in
4074:), which can weigh 1.6 kg (
3668:Problems playing this file? See
3649:
3622:Problems playing this file? See
3600:
3135:
3094:
3071:
3048:
2999:
2976:
2953:
2930:
2907:
2884:
2861:
2812:
2789:
2728:
2705:
2682:
2659:
2636:
2613:
2564:
2364:(52 million years ago) and
2216:
2198:
2160:
2122:
1933:
1912:
1875:
1809:
1788:
1726:
1687:
1660:
1608:
1607:(New Zealand short-tailed bats)
1557:
1530:
1479:
1384:
1363:
1326:
1305:
1270:
1206:
1038:
1033:
1012:
972:
967:
946:
905:
874:
843:
322:
159:
68:
19:For the sporting equipment, see
16190:. University of Chicago Press.
15851:. Kenneth Oppel. Archived from
14500:. University of Toronto Press.
14356:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Tierpsychologie
14319:"Is lek breeding rare in bats?"
12895:Revue Scientifique et Technique
12359:10.1590/S0101-81752007000300036
12222:. Johns Hopkins Press. p.
10936:Journal of Experimental Biology
10789:. SciTechDaily. 3 December 2012
10580:Journal of Experimental Biology
10070:Molecular Biology and Evolution
9744:Journal of Experimental Biology
9576:
9551:
9508:
9459:
9288:
9229:
9184:
9139:
9027:
8986:
8869:Visual anatomy & physiology
8746:Journal of Experimental Biology
8733:
8705:Journal of Experimental Biology
8692:
8661:
8612:
8563:
8529:Journal of Experimental Biology
8505:
8441:
8401:Turner, Marian (20 June 2011).
8394:
8327:
8286:
8229:
8104:
8064:"Facts and ideas from anywhere"
8003:
7980:
7864:Journal of Experimental Biology
7855:
7729:
7682:
7625:
7532:
7407:
7356:Stephen, J.; Olney, P. (1994).
7320:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
7311:
7277:Journal of Experimental Biology
7229:
7165:
7136:
7025:
6966:
6907:
6844:
6789:
6724:The Quarterly Review of Biology
6715:
6659:
6598:
6323:
6257:
6145:
5951:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5823:
5801:
5734:
5204:The bat is sometimes used as a
4917:
4677:fission-fusion social structure
4068:giant golden-crowned flying fox
4056:species of mammal, next to the
3575:Animal echolocation Β§ Bats
3568:
2300:Giant golden-crowned flying fox
432:giant golden-crowned flying fox
15771:"Bats, Vampires & Dracula"
13296:Castro, J. (6 February 2013).
13221:"What is Ebola Virus Disease?"
12346:Revista Brasileira de Zoologia
12156:"Food Sharing in Vampire Bats"
10809:Walker's Mammals of the World.
9910:"Experts debunk bats' bad rap"
8668:Langley, L. (29 August 2015).
8080:10.1080/08998280.2006.11928217
7914:. Elsevier. pp. 136β143.
7242:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
7037:Nature Ecology & Evolution
6505:(inactive 18 September 2024).
6153:Wang, L.-F.; Wang, J. (2012).
6053:Zhou, X.; et al. (2011).
6004:Journal of Molecular Evolution
5611:
5556:
5522:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
5513:
5490:
5467:
5445:
5423:
5331:
4981:Bat Conservation International
4345:
3887:Bats also possess a system of
3453:Bats possess a highly adapted
2878:New Zealand short-tailed bats
2855:Madagascar sucker-footed bats
378:, which is 29β34 millimetres (
1:
17056:Animals that use echolocation
15826:"Silverwing by Kenneth Oppel"
15804:. Collier Books. p. 31.
14612:Walker's Mammals of the World
13881:10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80274-3
12943:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
12672:Gutenberg, G. (7 June 2012).
12649:Daly, M. (14 November 2013).
12218:Walker's Mammals of the World
11705:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.016
11054:"A choroidal sleight of hand"
11036:"The Art and Science of Bats"
10807:Nowak, R. M., editor (1999).
10625:10.1080/23328940.2016.1214334
10392:10.1016/S0306-4565(98)00033-3
10360:(Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)".
8871:. Pearson. pp. 704β705.
7340:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02246-7
7179:. 8 June 2020. Archived from
7177:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
5455:. Online Etymology Dictionary
5391:
5100:, the bat is identified as a
4985:Wildlife and Countryside Acts
4747:little yellow-shouldered bats
4173:) and the insectivorous bat (
3061:Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855
2802:Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855
2754:Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855
16218:of UK Bat Conservation Trust
15689:. Batcon.org. Archived from
15515:Chwalkowski, Farrin (2016).
14431:Reproductive Biology of Bats
14024:10.1371/journal.pone.0006746
13929:10.1371/journal.pone.0166024
13558:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698
13457:. IFL Science. 6 August 2014
12996:10.1007/978-94-007-4899-6_12
12001:10.1371/journal.pone.0000205
11677:10.1146/annurev.ento.34.1.17
11446:10.1016/0305-0491(80)90131-5
11400:10.1371/journal.pone.0027114
11284:Wolchover, N. (5 May 2011).
10858:10.1371/journal.pone.0077183
10683:10.1371/journal.pone.0115724
10419:10.1016/0010-406X(67)90601-9
10181:10.1371/journal.pone.0123205
10029:10.1371/journal.pone.0008838
10004:in Bats (Order: Chiroptera)"
9966:10.1371/journal.pone.0006390
9876:10.1371/journal.pone.0013144
9826:Comparative Hearing: Insects
9263:10.1371/journal.pone.0002036
9061:10.1371/journal.pone.0072770
8846:10.1016/0034-5687(81)90009-8
7956:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.001
7763:10.1371/journal.pone.0213781
7209:"Laurasiatheria: Chiroptera"
6941:10.1371/journal.pone.0000900
5978:al. 2001; Murphy et al. 2001
5811:. SciNews. 29 September 2015
5768:10.1371/journal.pone.0283505
5243:
5005:Christmas Island pipistrelle
4967: Data deficient (18.4%)
4955: Near-threatened (6.7%)
4812:Newborn common pipistrelle,
4587:both directly and in guano,
4553:Pseudogymnoascus destructans
2924:Smoky bat and thumbless bat
1725:(New World leaf-nosed bats)
1362:(Old World leaf-nosed bats)
1032:(camels, ruminants, whales)
720:
677:
655:
558:
7:
16152:. Oxford University Press.
15948:: 242. 2005. Archived from
15777:(Fall 1998). Archived from
13114:10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-1927
13100:Journal of General Virology
13050:Nature Reviews Microbiology
12843:Reviews in Medical Virology
12546:"White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)"
12309:BBC Earth (10 April 2015).
11738:. New York Botanical Garden
11665:Annual Review of Entomology
11336:The Southwestern Naturalist
10753:Craseonycteris thonglongyai
10725:Canadian Journal of Zoology
10432:Neuweiler, Gerhard (2000).
9797:10.1007/978-3-642-40462-7_2
8518:and the common vampire bat
8215:. Springer. pp. 2β27.
7476:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
7145:"Phylogeny and systematics"
7143:Neuweiler, Gerhard (2000).
6362:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.027
5306:
4961: Least concern (58.0%)
4765:Reproduction and life cycle
4116:and megabats are typically
4004:), which is 29β34 mm (
4002:Craseonycteris thonglongyai
3610:Time-expanded recording of
3248:bone morphogenetic proteins
2465:, frogs, small mammals, or
2428:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
755:Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon
482:, and most of the rest are
44:Chiroptera (disambiguation)
10:
17092:
16673:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
16628:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
16534:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
16148:Altringham, J. D. (2011).
16141:
16091:(4): 33β43. Archived from
15969:. Netstate. Archived from
15769:Miller, Elizabeth (1998).
15718:World History Encyclopedia
15540:Saleh, A. (19 July 2001).
14994:. Eurobats. Archived from
13967:Journal of Threatened Taxa
13329:10.1002/9781118818824.ch11
13268:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.005
11208:10.1515/mammalia-2017-0128
10964:. Bat Conservation Trust.
10362:Journal of Thermal Biology
8867:Martini, Frederic (2015).
8637:10.1152/ajpregu.00635.2011
7906:Pennycuick, C. J. (2008).
7638:Royal Society Open Science
7086:Lei, M.; Dong, D. (2016).
5361:
5344:
5185:, and heroes, such as the
4995:, but species such as the
4924:List of bats by population
4921:
4910:
4711:Acoustics of the songs of
4695:and the Indian Flying Fox
4628:Behaviour and life history
4455:
4180:
4091:
3572:
3419:cervical or neck vertebrae
3412:Group of megabats roosting
3191:
2993:New World leaf-nosed bats
2699:Old World leaf-nosed bats
2389:
2215:horseshoe bats and allies
1117:according to a 2013 study
1105:showing Chiroptera within
739:Archaeonycteris praecursor
671:
650:
37:
18:
16733:
16653:
16592:
16583:
16522:
16493:
16472:
16459:(Kangaroos and relatives)
16415:
16386:
16365:
16356:
16322:
16290:
16076:Whisonant, R. C. (2001).
15647:African Myths and Legends
15373:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.029
15201:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.029
14764:10.1186/s12898-016-0056-1
14610:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
14598:Fenton & Simmons 2015
14565:. UBC Press. p. 17.
14305:Fenton & Simmons 2015
14179:Wilkinson, G. S. (1985).
14061:Fenton & Simmons 2015
13902:Sugita, Norimasa (2016).
13846:Wilkinson, G. S. (1986).
13764:Pipistrellus pipistrellus
13699:Fenton & Simmons 2015
12142:Fenton & Simmons 2015
12127:Greenhall, A. M. (1961).
12033:Fenton & Simmons 2015
11762:Fenton & Simmons 2015
11651:Fenton & Simmons 2015
11503:Fenton & Simmons 2015
11361:Fenton & Simmons 2015
11322:Fenton & Simmons 2015
11310:Fenton & Simmons 2015
11101:Alexander, D. E. (2015).
10987:Fenton & Simmons 2015
10913:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-424R2.1
10518:10.1007/s00114-009-0606-x
10231:10.1007/s00360-017-1100-y
9705:10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7
9402:Fenton & Simmons 2015
9224:Fenton & Simmons 2015
9179:Fenton & Simmons 2015
8919:10.1017/s0016672309000032
8500:Fenton & Simmons 2015
8436:Fenton & Simmons 2015
8113:"Wanted DNA samples from
7987:Brown University (2007).
7912:Modelling the Flying Bird
7689:Norberg, Ulla M. (1972).
6413:10.1007/s11230-011-9339-2
6292:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.048
6130:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014
5924:"Chiroptera: Systematics"
5534:10.1007/s10914-009-9118-x
5501:. A Greek-English Lexicon
5478:. A Greek-English Lexicon
5358: 'hand' and
4877:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
4851:), the little brown bat (
4814:Pipistrellus pipistrellus
3903:
3782:
3612:Pipistrellus pipistrellus
3563:
3180:armour of insects or the
2213:
2192:
2185:
2175:
2154:
2147:
2137:
2116:
2109:
2102:
1927:
1906:
1899:
1863:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1803:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1720:
1675:
1655:
1648:
1623:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1545:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1378:
1357:
1350:
1320:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1264:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1200:
1190:
1183:
1125:flying primate hypothesis
1027:
1011:(horses, tapirs, rhinos)
1006:
999:
961:
940:
933:
923:
899:
892:
868:
861:
837:
830:
299:
290:
256:
251:
156:Scientific classification
154:
135:
53:
16451:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
15800:Fleisher, M. L. (1976).
15490:Chwalkowski, F. (2016).
15442:10.1177/0300985812436745
15153:. Periplus. p. 51.
14846:. Bat Conservation Trust
14563:Bats of British Columbia
14350:Bradbury, J. W. (1977).
14073:Boughman, J. W. (1998).
13602:(4): 1β3. Archived from
12494:. Springer. p. 87.
12441:10.1051/parasite/2020051
11818:National Geographic News
11554:Journal of Urban Ecology
7601:10.1038/sj.embor.7401050
7207:Prothero, D. R. (2017).
6775:10.1038/nature.2011.9304
6502:10.1371/currents.RRN1212
6448:Evolution of the Insects
5037:might create sufficient
4907:Interactions with humans
4721:greater spear-nosed bats
4713:Mexican free-tailed bats
4589:Nipah and Hendra viruses
4403:
3307:Townsend's big-eared bat
1304:(Kitti's hog-nosed bat)
707:fossil microchiropteran
16343:(Platypus and echidnas)
16239:29 January 2020 at the
16014:10.1126/science.1201366
15849:"The Characters: Shade"
14225:: I. Mating Behavior".
13505:10.1126/science.1118391
13425:10.1126/science.1120872
13379:10.1073/pnas.1919176117
13255:Annals of Global Health
12769:10.1126/science.1188594
12422:LΓ©ger, ClΓ©ment (2020).
11693:Physiology and Behavior
11632:. Penn State University
11070:10.1136/bjo.2005.077966
9820:Fullard, J. H. (1998).
9651:10.1126/science.1174096
9125:10.1078/0944-2006-00007
8718:10.1242/jeb.203.20.3045
8361:10.1073/pnas.1018740108
8179:10.1073/pnas.1018740108
8062:Roberts, W. C. (2006).
7830:10.1073/pnas.0509716103
7566:10.1111/1365-2435.12447
7057:10.1038/s41559-016-0021
7000:10.1073/pnas.0802097105
6576:10.1126/science.1105113
6401:Systematic Parasitology
6243:10.1126/science.1301735
6179:10.1126/science.1230835
5857:10.1073/pnas.1509831112
5416:Encyclopædia Britannica
4949: Vulnerable (8.3%)
4943: Endangered (6.3%)
4755:greater sac-winged bats
4740:Hypsignathus monstrosus
4675:Several species have a
4658:Mexican free-tailed bat
4171:Rousettus leschenaultii
3991:
3959:long-tongued nectar bat
3521:The adaptations of the
3441:Bats have an efficient
3311:Corynorhinus townsendii
3212:Mexican free-tailed bat
3210:. The fastest bat, the
2408:, they are the largest
1139:Coevolutionary evidence
595:
589:
545:mosquito-borne diseases
16:Order of flying mammals
16574:(Dugongs and manatees)
16513:(Anteaters and sloths)
16167:Fenton, M. B. (2001).
16121:. Fox7. Archived from
16043:Weaver, H. D. (2008).
15877:Tramoyeres Blasco, L.
15828:. Kirkus Reviews. 1997
15714:"Zapotec Civilization"
15591:Mesoamerican Mythology
15067:. BBC. 22 October 2009
14822:"Mission & Vision"
14797:"Taxonomy: Chiroptera"
14653:10.1098/rspb.2011.0190
14494:Fenton, M. B. (1983).
14467:Neuweiler, G. (2000).
14270:"The Mating System of
14091:10.1098/rspb.1998.0286
13729:10.1098/rspb.2010.2718
12907:10.20506/rst.19.1.1221
12154:Wilkinson, G. (1990).
11534:10.1093/jmammal/gyy044
10325:10.1098/rspb.2010.2290
10123:10.1098/rspb.2007.0904
9558:Sowell, W. A. (1983).
9435:10.1098/Rspb.2006.0200
9322:10.1073/pnas.022477199
8834:Respiration Physiology
8801:10.1098/rspb.2016.0636
8590:10.1098/rstl.1852.0011
8312:10.1093/jmammal/gyy050
8028:10.1098/rspb.2012.0346
6882:10.1073/pnas.111551998
6395:Enischnomyia stegosoma
5636:10.1098/rsbl.2021.0185
5297:Congress Avenue Bridge
5234:Virginia big-eared bat
5154:
5077:
5020:World War II pillboxes
4865:lesser mouse-eared bat
4844:
4816:
4774:
4715:
4653:
4572:for a large number of
4505:
4425:
4363:
4332:tube-lipped nectar bat
4273:
4152:
4108:
3967:eastern tube-nosed bat
3955:Syconycteris australis
3924:
3843:
3820:Earth's magnetic field
3814:Microbats make use of
3760:
3699:
3682:. Microbats use their
3638:
3586:
3466:
3413:
3313:
3235:
3160:
3146:Anatomy and physiology
2487:
2316:Onychonycteris finneyi
2306:
717:
695:Phylogeny and taxonomy
632:moth, nocturnal insect
623:
621:) influenced by Latin
579:
573:
372:smallest extant mammal
149:
31:. For other uses, see
16992:Paleobiology Database
16443:(Quolls and dunnarts)
16117:Christensen, RaeAnn.
15967:"Official state bats"
15955:on 10 September 2017.
15738:de Vries, A. (1976).
14902:Cheiromeles torquatus
14874:. FAO. Archived from
14272:Tadarida brasiliensis
12851:John Wiley & Sons
12214:Nowak, R. M. (1991).
11481:10.1093/molbev/msq286
10083:10.1093/molbev/msh015
9210:10.1093/icb/13.4.1215
8699:Maina, J. N. (2000).
8516:Mystacina tuberculata
8415:10.1038/news.2011.376
8211:Mehlhorn, H. (2013).
7876:10.1242/jeb.190.1.195
6071:10.1093/sysbio/syr089
5964:10.1093/molbev/msi180
5145:
5068:
5061:Cultural significance
5016:University of Florida
5001:Cheiromeles torquatus
4889:rate-of-living theory
4873:greater horseshoe bat
4839:
4811:
4777:Most bat species are
4772:
4759:Saccopteryx bilineata
4725:Phyllostomus hastatus
4710:
4648:
4544:Eastern United States
4496:
4456:Further information:
4411:
4353:
4267:Rousettus aegyptiacus
4260:
4227:Tadarida brasiliensis
4150:
4099:
3998:Kitti's hog-nosed bat
3911:
3841:
3746:
3734:interference patterns
3697:
3637:
3585:
3464:
3411:
3300:
3252:embryonic development
3233:
3216:Tadarida brasiliensis
3158:
2558:Old World fruit bats
2483:Kunstformen der Natur
2475:
2311:Green River Formation
2298:
2197:(false vampire bats)
1852:(sucker-footed bats)
1269:(false vampire bats)
761:Hassianycteris kumari
715:Green River Formation
702:
376:Kitti's hog-nosed bat
148:
40:Bats (disambiguation)
16865:Fauna Europaea (new)
16227:26 July 2020 at the
15855:on 26 September 2017
15475:. Bats in Folklore.
15430:Veterinary Pathology
14278:Journal of Mammalogy
13323:. pp. 281β294.
13195:Choi, C. Q. (2006).
12990:. pp. 245β267.
12955:10.1128/CMR.00017-06
12552:on 30 September 2019
12192:on 21 September 2020
11851:Journal of Mammalogy
11776:Artibeus jamaicensis
11521:Journal of Mammalogy
11286:"Why Bats Hate Rain"
10948:10.1242/jeb.57.2.317
10900:Journal of Mammalogy
10358:Pteropus hypomelanus
8467:Journal of Mammalogy
8299:Journal of Mammalogy
8134:: 10. Archived from
7414:Fleming, T. (2003).
7364:. Springer. p.
6277:(11): 1847β1853.e4.
6000:Artibeus jamaicensis
5895:Journal of Mammalogy
5589:10.1671/039.029.0204
5268:Bat dung, a type of
5137:Zapotec civilisation
5009:Pipistrellus murrayi
4973: Extinct (0.7%)
4803:delayed implantation
4360:Nyctalus lasiopterus
4287:Artibeus jamaicensis
4239:brown long-eared bat
4175:Hipposideros armiger
3996:The smallest bat is
3963:Macroglossus minimus
3918:Perimyotis subflavus
3865:Pteropus hypomelanus
3856:thermal conductivity
3773:jam bat echolocation
3510:, which breaks down
3198:Bat wing development
3174:mechanical advantage
2779:Van der Hoeven, 1855
1911:(funnel-eared bats)
1325:(mouse-tailed bats)
743:Altaynycteris aurora
571:(for example German
33:Bat (disambiguation)
16171:. Checkmark Books.
16098:on 27 December 2016
16006:2011Sci...332...41B
15973:on 20 December 2010
15645:Arnott, K. (1962).
15626:on 10 November 2013
15569:. Aztec-history.net
15364:2008CBio...18.R695B
15325:on 10 February 2006
15241:. 23 September 2008
15239:National Wind Watch
15192:2008CBio...18.R695B
15045:. BBC. 4 April 2008
15023:. BBC. 6 April 2006
14906:Nature in Singapore
14881:on 17 November 2017
14755:2016BMCE...16....2G
14647:(1723): 3355β3363.
14401:(10): 471β472+477.
14140:2016NatSR...639419P
14063:, pp. 190β194.
14015:2009PLoSO...4.6746B
13920:2016PLoSO..1166024S
13723:(1719): 2761β2767.
13701:, pp. 188β189.
13496:2005Sci...310..676L
13370:2020PNAS..117.9423M
13205:. pp. 24, 26.
13202:Scientific American
13155:2005Natur.438..575L
13062:10.1038/nrmicro1323
12761:2010Sci...329..679F
12676:. Postmedia Network
12630:on 16 February 2020
12594:10.1038/nature10590
12586:2011Natur.480..376L
12260:on 15 December 2017
12175:1990SciAm.262b..76W
12163:Scientific American
12129:Bats in Agriculture
11992:2007PLoSO...2..205P
11942:2003Biotr..35..491H
11899:2001Biotr..33..520H
11505:, pp. 108β110.
11391:2011PLoSO...627114C
11312:, pp. 104β107.
11168:2000Oikos..88...75S
10962:"Bats of the World"
10894:Thyroptera tricolor
10849:2013PLoSO...877183G
10674:2014PLoSO...9k5724M
10574:Knight, K. (2012).
10510:2010NW.....97...29S
10498:Naturwissenschaften
10438:The Biology of Bats
10374:1999JTBio..24...15O
10319:(1716): 2311β2317.
10172:2015PLoSO..1023205T
10117:(1627): 2901β2905.
10020:2010PLoSO...5.8838S
9957:2009PLoSO...4.6390M
9920:on 30 December 2007
9867:2010PLoSO...513144T
9750:(Pt 7): 1011β1020.
9697:2005NW.....92..164H
9685:Naturwissenschaften
9643:2009Sci...325..325C
9597:2009ASAJ..125.3454K
9529:1998Oikos..81..143P
9373:2004ASAJ..116.3701M
9313:2002PNAS...99.1431T
9254:2008PLoSO...3.2036S
9117:2001Zool..104...59S
9052:2013PLoSO...872770S
8759:10.1242/jeb.56.1.37
8674:National Geographic
8631:(12): R1436βR1442.
8438:, pp. 166β167.
8352:2011PNAS..10811291S
8346:(27): 11291β11296.
8170:2011PNAS..10811291S
8164:(27): 11291β11296.
8022:(1740): 2945β2950.
7821:2006PNAS..103.6581S
7754:2019PLoSO..1413781T
7658:10.1098/rsos.160398
7650:2016RSOS....360398M
7589:Science and Society
7583:Hunter, P. (2007).
7557:2015FuEco..29.1411S
7504:"Desmodus rotundus"
7332:2001TEcoE..16..471B
7238:"Are Megabats Big?"
7173:"Search=Chiroptera"
7149:The Biology of Bats
7104:2016NatSR...627726L
7049:2017NatEE...1...21W
6991:2008PNAS..10513959L
6985:(37): 13959β13964.
6932:2007PLoSO...2..900L
6873:2001PNAS...98.6241S
6814:2000Natur.403..188T
6627:10.1038/nature06549
6619:2008Natur.451..818S
6568:2005Sci...307..580T
6344:2015MolPE..90..129Z
6283:2019CBio...29E1847R
6235:1992Sci...256...86B
6171:2013Sci...339..456Z
6016:1998JMolE..47..709P
5848:2015PNAS..11212592C
5842:(41): 12592β12597.
5759:2023PLoSO..1883505R
5702:10.1038/nature06549
5694:2008Natur.451..818S
5581:2009JVPal..29..627T
5290:nitrifying bacteria
4979:Groups such as the
4591:, and possibly the
4562:mid-Atlantic states
4540:White nose syndrome
4503:white nose syndrome
4376:greater noctule bat
4372:Trachops cirrhosus,
4356:greater noctule bat
3971:Nyctimene robinsoni
3687:nostrils, known as
3151:Skull and dentition
3088:Long-fingered bats
2806:Sheath-tailed bats
2494:published in 2019:
1787:(free-tailed bats)
1628:(disc-winged bats)
809:even-toed ungulates
617:(to Modern English
16427:(Monito del monte)
16125:on 19 October 2016
15781:on 24 January 2018
15103:on 20 October 2012
14844:"Bats and the Law"
14457:, p. 114β119.
14434:. Academic Press.
14323:Journal of Zoology
14239:10.1007/bf00292559
14200:10.1007/BF00299244
14128:Scientific Reports
13973:(8): 15945β15946.
13627:, pp. 95β107.
12653:. CBS Philadelphia
12379:Biological Reviews
12094:10.1007/BF00184422
12078:Noctilio leporinus
11630:"Little Brown Bat"
11607:10.1093/icb/icn033
11567:10.1093/jue/juz015
11232:Journal of Zoology
11128:Journal of Zoology
10593:10.1242/jeb.074823
10475:10.1093/icb/icr042
10297:, pp. 99β100.
9756:10.1242/jeb.024620
9485:10.1242/jeb.073171
9197:American Zoologist
8999:Journal of Anatomy
8950:Journal of Anatomy
8795:(1833): 20160636.
8242:Journal of Anatomy
8119:Paranyctimene Bats
8111:Irwin, N. (1997).
7707:10.1007/BF00418147
7545:Functional Ecology
7092:Scientific Reports
6673:. 13 February 2008
6059:Systematic Biology
6024:10.1007/PL00006430
5410:"Chiroptera"
5201:of North America.
5182:Varney the Vampire
5155:
5112:that assaults and
5078:
5047:the lungs of birds
4913:Human uses of bats
4885:Pteropus giganteus
4845:
4822:maternity colonies
4817:
4775:
4733:sexually dimorphic
4716:
4693:Pteropus pselaphon
4654:
4570:natural reservoirs
4506:
4426:
4420:) feeds on blood (
4414:common vampire bat
4381:Noctilio leporinus
4364:
4283:Jamaican fruit bat
4274:
4263:Egyptian fruit bat
4153:
4109:
4105:Uroderma bilobatum
3951:common blossom bat
3925:
3882:Antrozous pallidus
3844:
3761:
3753:Bertholdia trigona
3700:
3639:
3587:
3467:
3455:respiratory system
3443:circulatory system
3430:common vampire bat
3414:
3404:Roosting and gaits
3373:center, rich with
3314:
3236:
3161:
3042:Funnel-eared bats
2607:Mouse-tailed bats
2514:Yinpterochiroptera
2488:
2476:"Chiroptera" from
2396:List of fruit bats
2307:
2144:Yinpterochiroptera
2057:Yinpterochiroptera
1808:(sac-winged bats)
1478:(long winged bat)
805:odd-toed ungulates
779:(Dermoptera), and
718:
569:Germanic languages
486:(fruit-eaters) or
472:Yinpterochiroptera
278:Yinpterochiroptera
150:
17071:Nocturnal animals
17033:
17032:
16979:Open Tree of Life
16727:Taxon identifiers
16718:
16717:
16714:
16713:
16710:
16709:
16706:
16705:
16698:
16690:
16682:
16674:
16666:
16645:
16637:
16629:
16621:
16613:
16605:
16575:
16567:
16559:
16551:
16543:
16542:(Elephant shrews)
16535:
16514:
16506:
16487:
16468:
16467:
16460:
16452:
16444:
16436:
16435:(Marsupial moles)
16433:Notoryctemorphia
16428:
16407:
16399:
16396:Paucituberculata
16380:
16352:
16351:
16344:
16178:978-0-8160-4358-3
16085:Virginia Minerals
16062:978-0-8262-6645-3
15811:978-0-02-080090-3
15755:978-0-7204-8021-4
15693:on 12 August 2014
15661:"Chinese symbols"
15358:(16): R695βR696.
15186:(16): R695βR696.
15160:978-0-7946-0255-0
14480:978-0-19-509950-8
14441:978-0-08-054053-5
14336:10.1111/jzo.12069
14148:10.1038/srep39419
14085:(1392): 227β233.
13850:Desmodus rotundus
13815:10.4161/cib.25783
13783:10.1111/bij.12381
13490:(5748): 676β679.
13419:(5748): 628β629.
13364:(17): 9423β9430.
13227:. 5 November 2019
13149:(7068): 575β576.
13005:978-94-007-4898-9
12755:(5992): 679β682.
12580:(7377): 376β378.
12531:978-0-226-30227-0
12501:978-3-642-39333-4
12392:10.1111/brv.12021
12233:978-0-8018-3970-2
12080:, in the Field".
12047:Mammalian Species
11780:Mammalian Species
11274:, pp. 93β94.
11259:, pp. 60β62.
11009:978-0-7876-5362-0
10767:on 19 August 2016
10560:978-0-19-515472-6
10447:978-0-1950-9951-5
10281:10.1111/jzo.12105
9835:978-1-4612-6828-4
9806:978-3-642-40462-7
9637:(5938): 325β327.
9605:10.1121/1.3097500
9478:(17): 2935β2944.
9429:(1612): 905β912.
9381:10.1121/1.1815133
9226:, pp. 82β84.
8906:Genetics Research
8878:978-0-321-91874-1
8711:(20): 3045β3064.
8680:on 31 August 2015
8541:10.1242/jeb.02186
8520:Desmodus rotundus
8222:978-3-642-39333-4
7921:978-0-12-374299-5
7815:(17): 6581β6586.
7551:(11): 1411β1420.
7508:Mammalian Species
7485:978-0-7607-1969-5
7400:978-84-16728-19-0
7289:10.1242/jeb.01288
7283:(25): 4361β4369.
7222:978-0-691-15682-8
7112:10.1038/srep27726
6867:(11): 6241β6246.
6851:Springer, M. S.;
6808:(6766): 188β192.
6708:978-0-226-86995-7
6613:(7180): 818β816.
6562:(5709): 580β584.
6457:978-0-521-82149-0
6165:(6118): 456β460.
6123:(22): 2262β2267.
5688:(7180): 818β821.
5325:Explanatory notes
5214:Palma de Mallorca
5199:silver-haired bat
5161:in Shakespeare's
5070:Francisco de Goya
4881:Indian flying fox
4736:hammer-headed bat
4689:Desmodus rotundus
4646:
4418:Desmodus rotundus
4390:Vampyrum spectrum
4368:fringe-lipped bat
4159:Euderma maculatum
4148:
4066:megabats and the
3874:Myotis yumanensis
3767:, which produces
3759:bat echolocation.
3655:
3605:
3496:digestive enzymes
3371:connective tissue
3334:connective tissue
3231:
3218:), can achieve a
3143:
3142:
3126:
3108:
3107:Lack et al., 2010
3085:
3065:Free-tailed bats
3062:
3039:
3026:Number of Species
3014:
3010:Vespertilionoidea
2990:
2967:
2944:
2921:
2901:Disk-winged bats
2898:
2875:
2852:
2839:Number of Species
2827:
2803:
2780:
2767:Number of Species
2755:
2743:
2719:
2696:
2673:
2650:
2627:
2604:
2591:Number of Species
2579:
2555:
2542:Number of Species
2530:
2518:
2506:
2402:placental mammals
2367:Palaeochiropteryx
2293:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1888:
1887:
1822:
1821:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1637:
1636:
1570:
1569:
1529:(fisherman bats)
1492:
1491:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1383:(horseshoe bats)
1339:
1338:
1219:
1218:
1121:
1120:
1103:Phylogenetic tree
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
985:
984:
795:, which includes
771:, along with the
529:natural reservoir
304:
303:
247:
17083:
17026:
17025:
17013:
17012:
17000:
16999:
16987:
16986:
16974:
16973:
16964:
16963:
16951:
16950:
16948:NHMSYS0000376160
16938:
16937:
16925:
16924:
16912:
16911:
16899:
16898:
16886:
16885:
16873:
16872:
16860:
16859:
16847:
16846:
16834:
16833:
16821:
16820:
16808:
16807:
16795:
16794:
16782:
16781:
16769:
16768:
16767:
16754:
16753:
16752:
16722:
16721:
16696:
16688:
16680:
16672:
16664:
16655:Euarchontoglires
16643:
16635:
16627:
16619:
16611:
16603:
16590:
16589:
16573:
16565:
16557:
16549:
16541:
16533:
16512:
16504:
16491:
16490:
16486:
16485:
16477:
16458:
16450:
16449:Peramelemorphia
16442:
16434:
16426:
16405:
16404:Didelphimorphia
16398:(Shrew opossums)
16397:
16384:
16383:
16379:
16378:
16370:
16363:
16362:
16342:
16333:Australosphenida
16329:
16328:
16275:
16268:
16261:
16252:
16251:
16217:
16216:
16214:Official website
16201:
16182:
16163:
16135:
16134:
16132:
16130:
16114:
16108:
16107:
16105:
16103:
16097:
16082:
16073:
16067:
16066:
16050:
16040:
16034:
16033:
15989:
15983:
15982:
15980:
15978:
15963:
15957:
15956:
15954:
15939:
15930:
15924:
15923:
15917:
15909:
15897:
15891:
15890:
15888:
15886:
15874:
15868:
15867:
15862:
15860:
15844:
15838:
15837:
15835:
15833:
15822:
15816:
15815:
15797:
15791:
15790:
15788:
15786:
15766:
15760:
15759:
15735:
15729:
15728:
15726:
15724:
15709:
15703:
15702:
15700:
15698:
15682:
15676:
15675:
15673:
15671:
15666:. British Museum
15665:
15657:
15651:
15650:
15642:
15636:
15635:
15633:
15631:
15616:
15610:
15609:
15585:
15579:
15578:
15576:
15574:
15563:
15557:
15556:
15554:
15552:
15537:
15531:
15530:
15512:
15506:
15505:
15487:
15481:
15480:
15468:
15462:
15461:
15425:
15419:
15418:
15408:
15402:
15401:
15375:
15341:
15335:
15334:
15332:
15330:
15324:
15317:
15308:
15302:
15301:
15299:
15297:
15291:
15284:
15276:
15270:
15257:
15251:
15250:
15248:
15246:
15231:
15222:
15221:
15203:
15171:
15165:
15164:
15144:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15133:
15119:
15113:
15112:
15110:
15108:
15102:
15096:. Archived from
15091:
15083:
15077:
15076:
15074:
15072:
15061:
15055:
15054:
15052:
15050:
15039:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15028:
15017:
15011:
15010:
15008:
15006:
15000:
14993:
14985:
14979:
14978:
14976:
14974:
14963:
14957:
14956:
14955:on 23 June 2013.
14949:"All about bats"
14945:
14939:
14938:
14920:
14914:
14913:
14897:
14891:
14890:
14888:
14886:
14880:
14873:
14865:
14856:
14855:
14853:
14851:
14840:
14834:
14833:
14831:
14829:
14818:
14812:
14811:
14809:
14807:
14793:
14787:
14786:
14776:
14766:
14734:
14728:
14727:
14693:
14684:
14675:
14674:
14664:
14632:
14626:
14625:
14607:
14601:
14595:
14589:
14583:
14577:
14576:
14558:
14552:
14546:
14537:
14536:
14518:
14512:
14511:
14491:
14485:
14484:
14464:
14458:
14452:
14446:
14445:
14425:
14419:
14418:
14390:
14384:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14347:
14341:
14340:
14338:
14314:
14308:
14302:
14296:
14295:
14293:
14265:
14259:
14258:
14223:Myotis lucifugus
14218:
14212:
14211:
14185:
14176:
14170:
14169:
14159:
14119:
14113:
14112:
14102:
14070:
14064:
14058:
14047:
14046:
14036:
14026:
13994:
13985:
13984:
13982:
13958:
13952:
13951:
13941:
13931:
13914:(11): e0166024.
13899:
13893:
13892:
13874:
13865:(6): 1880β1889.
13856:
13843:
13837:
13836:
13826:
13794:
13788:
13787:
13785:
13776:(4): 1115β1125.
13757:
13751:
13750:
13740:
13708:
13702:
13696:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13685:
13660:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13649:
13634:
13628:
13622:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13611:
13587:
13581:
13580:
13570:
13560:
13551:(11): e1006698.
13535:
13529:
13528:
13507:
13473:
13467:
13466:
13464:
13462:
13451:
13445:
13444:
13408:
13402:
13401:
13391:
13381:
13349:
13343:
13342:
13321:Bats and Viruses
13316:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13305:
13293:
13284:
13283:
13270:
13246:
13240:
13239:
13234:
13232:
13217:
13211:
13209:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13116:
13107:(8): 1927β1932.
13090:
13084:
13083:
13073:
13041:
13035:
13034:
13027:
13018:
13017:
12983:
12977:
12976:
12966:
12931:
12922:
12921:
12890:
12884:
12883:
12870:
12834:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12823:
12812:
12806:
12805:
12803:
12795:
12789:
12788:
12740:
12734:
12733:
12731:
12729:
12718:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12707:
12702:on 28 March 2019
12692:
12686:
12685:
12683:
12681:
12669:
12663:
12662:
12660:
12658:
12646:
12640:
12639:
12637:
12635:
12620:
12614:
12613:
12568:
12562:
12561:
12559:
12557:
12542:
12536:
12535:
12515:
12506:
12505:
12485:
12479:
12478:
12477:
12471:
12461:
12443:
12419:
12413:
12412:
12394:
12370:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12337:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12326:
12306:
12300:
12299:
12279:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12259:
12252:
12244:
12238:
12237:
12221:
12211:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12191:
12185:. Archived from
12160:
12151:
12145:
12139:
12133:
12132:
12124:
12118:
12112:
12106:
12105:
12073:
12067:
12066:
12042:
12036:
12030:
12024:
12023:
12013:
12003:
11971:
11962:
11961:
11925:
11919:
11918:
11881:
11875:
11874:
11846:
11840:
11839:
11831:
11829:
11809:
11800:
11799:
11771:
11765:
11759:
11748:
11747:
11745:
11743:
11731:
11725:
11724:
11687:
11681:
11680:
11660:
11654:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11626:
11620:
11619:
11609:
11585:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11574:
11569:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11512:
11506:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11483:
11459:
11450:
11449:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11412:
11402:
11370:
11364:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11331:
11325:
11319:
11313:
11307:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11293:
11281:
11275:
11269:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11227:
11221:
11220:
11210:
11186:
11180:
11179:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11123:
11117:
11116:
11098:
11092:
11091:
11081:
11049:
11040:
11039:
11032:
11026:
11020:
11014:
11013:
10996:
10990:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10973:
10958:
10952:
10951:
10933:
10924:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10906:(5): 1013β1019.
10887:
10881:
10880:
10870:
10860:
10828:
10819:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10783:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10763:. Archived from
10751:"Bumblebee bat (
10747:
10741:
10740:
10719:Eptesicus fuscus
10712:
10706:
10705:
10695:
10685:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10636:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10571:
10565:
10564:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10493:
10487:
10486:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10402:
10396:
10395:
10385:
10353:
10347:
10346:
10336:
10304:
10298:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10242:
10225:(5β6): 889β897.
10210:
10204:
10203:
10193:
10183:
10151:
10145:
10144:
10134:
10102:
10096:
10095:
10085:
10061:
10052:
10051:
10041:
10031:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9978:
9968:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9888:
9878:
9846:
9840:
9839:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9767:
9738:Eptesicus fuscus
9731:
9725:
9724:
9680:
9671:
9670:
9626:
9617:
9616:
9591:(5): 3454β3459.
9580:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9564:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9487:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9446:
9414:
9405:
9399:
9393:
9392:
9367:(6): 3701β3712.
9356:
9345:
9344:
9334:
9324:
9307:(3): 1431β1436.
9292:
9286:
9285:
9275:
9265:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9203:(4): 1215β1226.
9188:
9182:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9160:on 10 March 2018
9159:
9152:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9102:
9093:
9084:
9083:
9073:
9063:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9014:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8973:
8941:
8932:
8931:
8921:
8897:
8891:
8890:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8812:
8780:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8761:
8737:
8731:
8730:
8720:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8676:. Archived from
8665:
8659:
8658:
8648:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8535:(9): 1725β1736.
8526:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8462:
8453:
8452:
8445:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8381:
8363:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8314:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8273:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8191:
8181:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8141:on 22 July 2008.
8140:
8125:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8091:
8059:
8050:
8049:
8039:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7967:
7935:
7926:
7925:
7903:
7888:
7887:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7842:
7832:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7783:
7765:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7669:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7612:
7580:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7519:
7499:
7490:
7489:
7471:
7438:
7437:
7421:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7363:
7353:
7344:
7343:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7204:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7012:
7002:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6943:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6894:
6884:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6822:10.1038/35003188
6793:
6787:
6786:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6692:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6638:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6548:
6539:
6538:
6532:
6524:
6514:
6504:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6355:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6294:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6218:
6209:
6208:
6190:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6108:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6050:
6044:
6043:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5966:
5957:(9): 1869β1886.
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5859:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5788:
5770:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5713:
5677:
5666:
5665:
5655:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5433:. Dictionary.com
5427:
5421:
5420:
5412:
5405:
5385:
5382:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5355:
5348:
5335:
5263:
5259:
5116:its victims. In
5086:Native Americans
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4861:Myotis sibiricus
4853:Myotis lucifugus
4849:Plecotus auritus
4650:Bracken Bat Cave
4647:
4633:Social structure
4499:little brown bat
4398:Macroderma gigas
4336:Anoura fistulata
4322:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4253:Fruit and nectar
4243:Plecotus auritus
4235:Myotis lucifugus
4231:little brown bat
4149:
4136:Food and feeding
4101:Tent-making bats
4087:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4072:Acerodon jubatus
4051:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3834:Thermoregulation
3816:magnetoreception
3810:Magnetoreception
3657:
3656:
3636:
3607:
3606:
3584:
3547:thermoregulation
3545:in their blood,
3491:digestive system
3480:beats per minute
3437:Internal systems
3396:, which provide
3301:Wing membranes (
3232:
3188:Wings and flight
3139:
3125:J. E. Gray, 1821
3124:
3122:Vespertilionidae
3111:Wing-gland bats
3106:
3098:
3083:
3075:
3060:
3052:
3038:J. E. Gray, 1825
3037:
3013:J. E. Gray, 1821
3012:
3003:
2989:J. E. Gray, 1825
2988:
2980:
2965:
2957:
2943:J. E. Gray, 1821
2942:
2934:
2920:J. E. Gray, 1866
2919:
2911:
2896:
2888:
2873:
2865:
2850:
2826:J. E. Gray, 1821
2825:
2816:
2801:
2793:
2783:Slit-faced bats
2778:
2753:
2741:
2732:
2718:J. E. Gray, 1825
2717:
2709:
2694:
2686:
2672:J. E. Gray, 1866
2671:
2663:
2648:
2640:
2625:
2623:Craseonycteridae
2617:
2602:
2578:J. E. Gray, 1825
2577:
2568:
2554:J. E. Gray, 1821
2553:
2529:J. E. Gray, 1821
2528:
2516:
2505:Blumenbach, 1779
2504:
2497:
2496:
2434:(megabats), and
2304:Acerodon jubatus
2220:
2202:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2126:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2073:Craseonycteridae
1937:
1930:Vespertilionidae
1916:
1902:
1901:
1879:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1813:
1792:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1730:
1691:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1561:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1388:
1367:
1353:
1352:
1330:
1309:
1302:Craseonycteridae
1295:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1274:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1210:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:Inner systematic
1042:
1037:
1016:
1002:
1001:
976:
971:
950:
936:
935:
926:
925:
909:
895:
894:
878:
864:
863:
847:
840:Euarchontoglires
833:
832:
823:
822:
818:
817:
690:
687:
684:
680:
674:
673:
668:
665:
662:
658:
652:
636:
633:
630:
626:
608:
605:
602:
598:
592:
582:
576:
497:. Most bats are
451:
450:
446:
443:
436:Acerodon jubatus
425:
424:
420:
415:
414:
410:
405:
404:
400:
397:
391:
390:
386:
383:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
295:
242:
164:
163:
139:
130:
67:
57:Temporal range:
51:
50:
29:Table tennis bat
17091:
17090:
17086:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17081:
17080:
17036:
17035:
17034:
17029:
17021:
17016:
17008:
17003:
16995:
16990:
16982:
16977:
16969:
16967:
16959:
16954:
16946:
16941:
16933:
16928:
16920:
16915:
16907:
16902:
16894:
16889:
16881:
16876:
16868:
16863:
16855:
16850:
16842:
16837:
16829:
16824:
16816:
16811:
16803:
16798:
16790:
16785:
16777:
16772:
16763:
16762:
16757:
16748:
16747:
16742:
16729:
16719:
16702:
16649:
16634:Perissodactyla
16579:
16518:
16479:
16478:
16476:
16464:
16441:Dasyuromorphia
16425:Microbiotheria
16417:Australidelphia
16411:
16372:
16371:
16369:
16348:
16318:
16286:
16279:
16241:Wayback Machine
16234:Microbat Vision
16229:Wayback Machine
16212:
16211:
16208:
16198:
16179:
16160:
16144:
16139:
16138:
16128:
16126:
16115:
16111:
16101:
16099:
16095:
16080:
16074:
16070:
16063:
16041:
16037:
16000:(6025): 41β42.
15990:
15986:
15976:
15974:
15965:
15964:
15960:
15952:
15937:
15932:
15931:
15927:
15911:
15910:
15898:
15894:
15884:
15882:
15875:
15871:
15858:
15856:
15845:
15841:
15831:
15829:
15824:
15823:
15819:
15812:
15798:
15794:
15784:
15782:
15767:
15763:
15756:
15736:
15732:
15722:
15720:
15710:
15706:
15696:
15694:
15683:
15679:
15669:
15667:
15663:
15659:
15658:
15654:
15643:
15639:
15629:
15627:
15618:
15617:
15613:
15606:
15586:
15582:
15572:
15570:
15567:"Aztec Symbols"
15565:
15564:
15560:
15550:
15548:
15538:
15534:
15527:
15513:
15509:
15502:
15488:
15484:
15469:
15465:
15426:
15422:
15409:
15405:
15351:Current Biology
15342:
15338:
15328:
15326:
15322:
15315:
15309:
15305:
15295:
15293:
15289:
15282:
15278:
15277:
15273:
15258:
15254:
15244:
15242:
15233:
15232:
15225:
15180:Current Biology
15172:
15168:
15161:
15145:
15141:
15131:
15129:
15120:
15116:
15106:
15104:
15100:
15089:
15085:
15084:
15080:
15070:
15068:
15063:
15062:
15058:
15048:
15046:
15041:
15040:
15036:
15026:
15024:
15019:
15018:
15014:
15004:
15002:
14998:
14991:
14987:
14986:
14982:
14972:
14970:
14965:
14964:
14960:
14947:
14946:
14942:
14935:
14921:
14917:
14898:
14894:
14884:
14882:
14878:
14871:
14867:
14866:
14859:
14849:
14847:
14842:
14841:
14837:
14827:
14825:
14820:
14819:
14815:
14805:
14803:
14795:
14794:
14790:
14735:
14731:
14691:
14685:
14678:
14633:
14629:
14622:
14608:
14604:
14596:
14592:
14586:Altringham 2011
14584:
14580:
14573:
14559:
14555:
14547:
14540:
14533:
14519:
14515:
14508:
14492:
14488:
14481:
14470:Biology of Bats
14465:
14461:
14455:Altringham 2011
14453:
14449:
14442:
14426:
14422:
14407:10.2307/1295789
14391:
14387:
14381:Altringham 2011
14379:
14375:
14348:
14344:
14315:
14311:
14303:
14299:
14291:10.1644/BME-004
14266:
14262:
14219:
14215:
14183:
14177:
14173:
14120:
14116:
14071:
14067:
14059:
14050:
13995:
13988:
13959:
13955:
13900:
13896:
13872:10.1.1.539.5104
13854:
13844:
13840:
13795:
13791:
13758:
13754:
13709:
13705:
13697:
13693:
13683:
13681:
13661:
13657:
13647:
13645:
13644:. 14 March 2018
13636:
13635:
13631:
13623:
13619:
13609:
13607:
13606:on 31 July 2020
13588:
13584:
13536:
13532:
13474:
13470:
13460:
13458:
13453:
13452:
13448:
13409:
13405:
13350:
13346:
13339:
13317:
13313:
13303:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13247:
13243:
13230:
13228:
13219:
13218:
13214:
13193:
13189:
13163:10.1038/438575a
13137:
13133:
13091:
13087:
13042:
13038:
13029:
13028:
13021:
13006:
12984:
12980:
12935:Calisher, C. H.
12932:
12925:
12891:
12887:
12859:10.1002/rmv.520
12835:
12831:
12821:
12819:
12814:
12813:
12809:
12801:
12797:
12796:
12792:
12741:
12737:
12727:
12725:
12720:
12719:
12715:
12705:
12703:
12694:
12693:
12689:
12679:
12677:
12670:
12666:
12656:
12654:
12647:
12643:
12633:
12631:
12622:
12621:
12617:
12569:
12565:
12555:
12553:
12544:
12543:
12539:
12532:
12516:
12509:
12502:
12486:
12482:
12472:
12420:
12416:
12371:
12367:
12338:
12334:
12324:
12322:
12307:
12303:
12280:
12273:
12263:
12261:
12257:
12250:
12246:
12245:
12241:
12234:
12212:
12205:
12195:
12193:
12189:
12158:
12152:
12148:
12140:
12136:
12125:
12121:
12117:, pp. 4β5.
12113:
12109:
12074:
12070:
12043:
12039:
12031:
12027:
11972:
11965:
11926:
11922:
11882:
11878:
11863:10.2307/1383205
11847:
11843:
11827:
11825:
11810:
11803:
11772:
11768:
11760:
11751:
11741:
11739:
11732:
11728:
11688:
11684:
11661:
11657:
11649:
11645:
11635:
11633:
11628:
11627:
11623:
11586:
11582:
11572:
11570:
11546:
11542:
11513:
11509:
11501:
11497:
11468:Mol. Biol. Evol
11460:
11453:
11430:
11426:
11371:
11367:
11359:
11355:
11332:
11328:
11320:
11316:
11308:
11301:
11291:
11289:
11282:
11278:
11270:
11263:
11255:
11251:
11228:
11224:
11187:
11183:
11151:
11147:
11124:
11120:
11113:
11099:
11095:
11050:
11043:
11034:
11033:
11029:
11023:Altringham 2011
11021:
11017:
11010:
10998:
10997:
10993:
10985:
10981:
10971:
10969:
10960:
10959:
10955:
10931:
10925:
10921:
10888:
10884:
10829:
10822:
10806:
10802:
10792:
10790:
10785:
10784:
10780:
10770:
10768:
10749:
10748:
10744:
10737:10.1139/z94-100
10713:
10709:
10668:(12): e115724.
10654:
10650:
10605:
10601:
10572:
10568:
10561:
10545:
10541:
10494:
10490:
10459:
10455:
10448:
10430:
10426:
10403:
10399:
10354:
10350:
10305:
10301:
10295:Altringham 2011
10293:
10289:
10260:
10256:
10211:
10207:
10166:(4): e0123205.
10152:
10148:
10103:
10099:
10062:
10055:
9996:
9992:
9937:
9933:
9923:
9921:
9908:Sophasarun, N.
9906:
9902:
9847:
9843:
9836:
9818:
9814:
9807:
9785:
9781:
9732:
9728:
9681:
9674:
9627:
9620:
9581:
9577:
9569:
9562:
9556:
9552:
9537:10.2307/3546476
9513:
9509:
9464:
9460:
9415:
9408:
9400:
9396:
9357:
9348:
9293:
9289:
9234:
9230:
9222:
9218:
9189:
9185:
9177:
9173:
9163:
9161:
9157:
9150:
9144:
9140:
9100:
9094:
9087:
9032:
9028:
9005:(Pt 1): 21β36.
8991:
8987:
8942:
8935:
8898:
8894:
8879:
8865:
8861:
8830:
8826:
8781:
8774:
8764:
8762:
8738:
8734:
8697:
8693:
8683:
8681:
8666:
8662:
8617:
8613:
8568:
8564:
8524:
8510:
8506:
8498:
8494:
8479:10.2307/1381085
8463:
8456:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8434:
8430:
8399:
8395:
8332:
8328:
8291:
8287:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8209:
8205:
8150:
8146:
8138:
8123:
8109:
8105:
8060:
8053:
8008:
8004:
7994:
7992:
7985:
7981:
7936:
7929:
7922:
7904:
7891:
7860:
7856:
7801:
7797:
7748:(3): e0213781.
7734:
7730:
7687:
7683:
7630:
7626:
7581:
7574:
7537:
7533:
7517:10.2307/3503895
7500:
7493:
7486:
7472:
7441:
7434:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7387:
7383:
7376:
7354:
7347:
7316:
7312:
7273:
7269:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7205:
7196:
7186:
7184:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7141:
7137:
7084:
7080:
7030:
7026:
6971:
6967:
6912:
6908:
6849:
6845:
6794:
6790:
6763:
6759:
6720:
6716:
6709:
6693:
6686:
6676:
6674:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6603:
6599:
6549:
6542:
6526:
6525:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6458:
6440:
6436:
6389:
6385:
6328:
6324:
6271:Current Biology
6262:
6258:
6229:(5053): 86β89.
6219:
6212:
6150:
6146:
6117:Current Biology
6109:
6096:
6051:
6047:
5996:
5992:
5943:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5920:
5916:
5887:
5883:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5753:(4): e0283505.
5739:
5735:
5678:
5669:
5630:(6): 20210185.
5624:Biology Letters
5616:
5612:
5561:
5557:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5309:
5261:
5260:billion to $ 53
5257:
5246:
5206:heraldic symbol
5179:and before him
5169:Western culture
5063:
5043:mammalian lungs
4977:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4834:
4832:Life expectancy
4767:
4751:Sturnira lilium
4705:
4697:Pteropus medius
4685:mutual grooming
4666:mouse-eared bat
4637:
4635:
4630:
4524:and bat flies (
4460:
4454:
4448:in the saliva.
4406:
4348:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4255:
4183:
4140:
4138:
4107:) in Costa Rica
4094:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
3994:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3914:tricoloured bat
3906:
3836:
3812:
3797:photopic vision
3785:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3650:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3588:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3439:
3406:
3250:(Bmps). During
3225:
3208:flying squirrel
3200:
3192:Main articles:
3190:
3153:
3148:
2751:Emballonuroidea
2739:Yangochiroptera
2722:Horseshoe bats
2669:Rhinonycteridae
2653:False-vampires
2603:Bonaparte, 1838
2436:Microchiroptera
2398:
2388:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2119:Yangochiroptera
2085:Yangochiroptera
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1889:
1823:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1710:
1701:
1638:
1571:
1493:
1442:Yangochiroptera
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1340:
1237:Microchiroptera
1220:
1169:
1141:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1030:Cetartiodactyla
986:
735:Archaeopteropus
723:
697:
688:
685:
682:
666:
663:
660:
634:
631:
628:
606:
603:
600:
561:
476:Yangochiroptera
448:
444:
441:
439:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
395:
393:
388:
384:
381:
379:
325:
321:
283:Yangochiroptera
268:Microchiroptera
258:(traditional):
241:
158:
147:
137:
131:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
59:
58:
55:
47:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17089:
17079:
17078:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17048:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17027:
17014:
17001:
16988:
16975:
16965:
16952:
16939:
16926:
16913:
16900:
16887:
16874:
16861:
16852:Fauna Europaea
16848:
16835:
16822:
16809:
16796:
16783:
16770:
16755:
16739:
16737:
16731:
16730:
16716:
16715:
16712:
16711:
16708:
16707:
16704:
16703:
16701:
16700:
16692:
16684:
16676:
16668:
16659:
16657:
16651:
16650:
16648:
16647:
16639:
16631:
16623:
16615:
16607:
16598:
16596:
16594:Laurasiatheria
16587:
16581:
16580:
16578:
16577:
16569:
16561:
16553:
16548:Tubulidentata
16545:
16540:Macroscelidea
16537:
16528:
16526:
16520:
16519:
16517:
16516:
16508:
16499:
16497:
16488:
16470:
16469:
16466:
16465:
16463:
16462:
16457:Diprotodontia
16454:
16446:
16438:
16430:
16421:
16419:
16413:
16412:
16410:
16409:
16401:
16392:
16390:
16381:
16360:
16354:
16353:
16350:
16349:
16347:
16346:
16337:
16335:
16326:
16320:
16319:
16317:
16316:
16310:
16304:
16298:
16291:
16288:
16287:
16278:
16277:
16270:
16263:
16255:
16249:
16248:
16243:
16231:
16219:
16207:
16206:External links
16204:
16203:
16202:
16197:978-0226065120
16196:
16183:
16177:
16164:
16159:978-0199207114
16158:
16143:
16140:
16137:
16136:
16109:
16068:
16061:
16035:
15984:
15958:
15944:(in Spanish).
15925:
15892:
15869:
15839:
15817:
15810:
15792:
15761:
15754:
15730:
15704:
15677:
15652:
15637:
15611:
15605:978-0195149098
15604:
15580:
15558:
15532:
15526:978-1443857284
15525:
15507:
15501:978-1443857284
15500:
15482:
15463:
15436:(2): 362β371.
15420:
15403:
15336:
15303:
15292:on 23 May 2006
15271:
15252:
15223:
15166:
15159:
15139:
15114:
15078:
15056:
15034:
15012:
15001:on 12 May 2012
14980:
14958:
14940:
14934:978-1421417189
14933:
14915:
14892:
14857:
14835:
14813:
14788:
14729:
14702:(2): 124β131.
14676:
14627:
14621:978-0801857898
14620:
14602:
14600:, p. 171.
14590:
14588:, p. 119.
14578:
14572:978-0774804820
14571:
14553:
14551:, p. 166.
14538:
14532:978-0226462073
14531:
14513:
14507:978-1442655386
14506:
14486:
14479:
14459:
14447:
14440:
14420:
14385:
14383:, p. 105.
14373:
14362:(3): 225β255.
14342:
14309:
14307:, p. 197.
14297:
14260:
14233:(2): 129β136.
14213:
14194:(2): 123β134.
14171:
14114:
14065:
14048:
13986:
13953:
13894:
13838:
13789:
13752:
13703:
13691:
13655:
13629:
13617:
13582:
13545:PLOS Pathogens
13530:
13468:
13446:
13403:
13344:
13338:978-1118818824
13337:
13311:
13300:. Live Science
13285:
13241:
13212:
13197:"Going to Bat"
13187:
13131:
13085:
13036:
13019:
13004:
12978:
12949:(3): 531β545.
12923:
12901:(1): 177β196.
12885:
12829:
12807:
12790:
12735:
12713:
12687:
12664:
12641:
12615:
12563:
12537:
12530:
12507:
12500:
12480:
12414:
12385:(3): 626β644.
12365:
12352:(3): 848β853.
12332:
12301:
12290:(2): 183β191.
12271:
12239:
12232:
12203:
12146:
12144:, p. 119.
12134:
12119:
12107:
12088:(5): 327β345.
12068:
12037:
12035:, p. 107.
12025:
11963:
11936:(4): 491β502.
11920:
11893:(3): 520β528.
11876:
11841:
11824:on 6 June 2007
11801:
11766:
11764:, p. 115.
11749:
11726:
11682:
11655:
11653:, p. 120.
11643:
11621:
11600:(1): 107β118.
11580:
11540:
11527:(3): 668β674.
11507:
11495:
11474:(2): 1025β31.
11451:
11440:(2): 195β204.
11424:
11385:(11): e27114.
11365:
11363:, pp. 76.
11353:
11342:(2): 266β269.
11326:
11324:, p. 116.
11314:
11299:
11276:
11261:
11249:
11238:(4): 483β486.
11222:
11181:
11145:
11134:(1): 101β113.
11118:
11112:978-0199996773
11111:
11093:
11041:
11027:
11015:
11008:
10991:
10989:, pp. 32.
10979:
10953:
10942:(2): 317β335.
10919:
10882:
10843:(10): e77183.
10820:
10800:
10778:
10742:
10707:
10648:
10619:(3): 476β483.
10599:
10566:
10559:
10539:
10488:
10469:(3): 337β338.
10453:
10446:
10424:
10413:(2): 371β387.
10397:
10348:
10299:
10287:
10254:
10205:
10146:
10097:
10076:(2): 295β302.
10053:
9990:
9931:
9900:
9861:(10): e13144.
9841:
9834:
9812:
9805:
9779:
9726:
9691:(4): 164β169.
9672:
9618:
9575:
9550:
9523:(1): 143β151.
9507:
9458:
9406:
9394:
9346:
9287:
9228:
9216:
9183:
9181:, p. 164.
9171:
9138:
9085:
9026:
8985:
8956:(6): 687β697.
8933:
8912:(2): 101β109.
8892:
8877:
8859:
8840:(3): 243β260.
8824:
8772:
8732:
8691:
8660:
8611:
8562:
8504:
8492:
8473:(3): 395β403.
8454:
8440:
8428:
8393:
8326:
8305:(4): 974β982.
8285:
8248:(6): 687β697.
8228:
8221:
8203:
8144:
8103:
8074:(4): 425β434.
8051:
8002:
7991:. ScienceDaily
7979:
7950:(6): 851β858.
7927:
7920:
7889:
7854:
7795:
7728:
7681:
7644:(11): 160398.
7624:
7595:(9): 811β813.
7572:
7531:
7491:
7484:
7439:
7433:978-0520236066
7432:
7406:
7399:
7381:
7375:978-0412495700
7374:
7345:
7326:(9): 471β473.
7310:
7267:
7228:
7221:
7194:
7183:on 26 May 2017
7164:
7158:978-0195099508
7157:
7135:
7078:
7024:
6965:
6906:
6853:Teeling, E. C.
6843:
6798:Teeling, E. C.
6788:
6757:
6736:10.1086/587825
6730:(2): 153β169.
6714:
6707:
6684:
6658:
6597:
6540:
6475:
6456:
6434:
6383:
6353:10.1101/014308
6322:
6256:
6210:
6144:
6094:
6065:(1): 150β164.
6045:
6010:(6): 709β717.
5990:
5937:
5914:
5901:(2): 321β330.
5881:
5822:
5800:
5733:
5667:
5610:
5575:(2): 627β630.
5555:
5528:(3): 151β173.
5512:
5489:
5466:
5444:
5422:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5377:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5308:
5305:
5245:
5242:
5082:liminal beings
5062:
5059:
5031:Bats are eaten
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4919:
4916:
4911:Main article:
4908:
4905:
4893:metabolic rate
4869:Myotis blythii
4833:
4830:
4766:
4763:
4704:
4701:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4585:histoplasmosis
4453:
4450:
4405:
4402:
4347:
4344:
4279:seed dispersal
4254:
4251:
4182:
4179:
4137:
4134:
4093:
4090:
4058:Etruscan shrew
3993:
3990:
3905:
3902:
3846:Most bats are
3835:
3832:
3811:
3808:
3793:mesopic vision
3784:
3781:
3705:Doppler effect
3665:
3659:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:Main article:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3531:renal papillae
3502:to break down
3438:
3435:
3405:
3402:
3379:elastic fibers
3362:hair follicles
3338:elastic fibres
3189:
3186:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2986:Phyllostomidae
2982:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:Saussure, 1860
2959:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2823:Noctilionoidea
2818:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2799:Emballonuridae
2795:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:Lydekker, 1891
2692:Hipposideridae
2688:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:H. Allen, 1864
2646:Megadermatidae
2642:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2630:Hog-nosed bat
2628:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2600:Rhinopomatidae
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2575:Rhinolophoidea
2570:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2508:
2432:Megachiroptera
2387:
2386:Classification
2384:
2339:Onychonycteris
2334:Onychonycteris
2321:Onychonycteris
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2195:Megadermatidae
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:Rhinolophoidea
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2081:Rhinopomatidae
2077:Megadermatidae
2069:Hipposideridae
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1932:(vesper bats)
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1866:Emballonuridae
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1806:Emballonuridae
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1723:Phyllostomidae
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1360:Hipposideridae
1356:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1323:Rhinopomatidae
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1267:Megadermatidae
1263:
1258:
1256:
1254:Rhinolophoidea
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1199:
1197:Megachiroptera
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1140:
1137:
1119:
1118:
1107:Laurasiatheria
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1009:Perissodactyla
1005:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
939:
934:
932:
924:
922:
916:
915:
912:
911:
898:
893:
891:
885:
884:
881:
880:
867:
862:
860:
858:Laurasiatheria
854:
853:
850:
849:
836:
831:
829:
821:
785:Laurasiatheria
775:(Scandentia),
722:
719:
696:
693:
585:Middle English
560:
557:
302:
301:
297:
296:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
271:
270:
265:
263:Megachiroptera
254:
253:
249:
248:
236:
232:
231:
229:Apo-Chiroptera
226:
219:
218:
213:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
133:
132:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17088:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17051:Animal flight
17049:
17047:
17044:
17043:
17041:
17024:
17019:
17015:
17011:
17006:
17002:
16998:
16993:
16989:
16985:
16980:
16976:
16972:
16966:
16962:
16957:
16953:
16949:
16944:
16940:
16936:
16931:
16927:
16923:
16918:
16914:
16910:
16905:
16901:
16897:
16892:
16888:
16884:
16879:
16875:
16871:
16866:
16862:
16858:
16853:
16849:
16845:
16840:
16836:
16832:
16827:
16823:
16819:
16814:
16810:
16806:
16801:
16797:
16793:
16788:
16784:
16780:
16775:
16771:
16766:
16760:
16756:
16751:
16745:
16741:
16740:
16738:
16736:
16732:
16728:
16723:
16699:
16693:
16691:
16685:
16683:
16677:
16675:
16669:
16667:
16661:
16660:
16658:
16656:
16652:
16646:
16642:Artiodactyla
16640:
16638:
16632:
16630:
16624:
16622:
16616:
16614:
16608:
16606:
16602:Eulipotyphla
16600:
16599:
16597:
16595:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16585:Boreoeutheria
16582:
16576:
16570:
16568:
16562:
16560:
16554:
16552:
16546:
16544:
16538:
16536:
16532:Afrosoricida
16530:
16529:
16527:
16525:
16521:
16515:
16509:
16507:
16501:
16500:
16498:
16496:
16492:
16489:
16483:
16475:
16471:
16461:
16455:
16453:
16447:
16445:
16439:
16437:
16431:
16429:
16423:
16422:
16420:
16418:
16414:
16408:
16402:
16400:
16394:
16393:
16391:
16389:
16385:
16382:
16376:
16368:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16355:
16345:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16334:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16321:
16315:
16311:
16309:
16305:
16303:
16299:
16297:
16293:
16292:
16289:
16284:
16276:
16271:
16269:
16264:
16262:
16257:
16256:
16253:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16238:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16226:
16223:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16209:
16199:
16193:
16189:
16184:
16180:
16174:
16170:
16165:
16161:
16155:
16151:
16146:
16145:
16124:
16120:
16113:
16094:
16090:
16086:
16079:
16072:
16064:
16058:
16054:
16049:
16048:
16039:
16031:
16027:
16023:
16019:
16015:
16011:
16007:
16003:
15999:
15995:
15988:
15972:
15968:
15962:
15951:
15947:
15943:
15935:
15929:
15921:
15915:
15907:
15903:
15896:
15880:
15873:
15866:
15854:
15850:
15843:
15827:
15821:
15813:
15807:
15803:
15796:
15780:
15776:
15772:
15765:
15757:
15751:
15747:
15743:
15742:
15734:
15719:
15715:
15708:
15692:
15688:
15685:Grant, G. S.
15681:
15662:
15656:
15648:
15641:
15625:
15621:
15615:
15607:
15601:
15597:
15593:
15592:
15584:
15568:
15562:
15547:
15543:
15536:
15528:
15522:
15518:
15511:
15503:
15497:
15493:
15486:
15478:
15474:
15473:BATS Magazine
15467:
15459:
15455:
15451:
15447:
15443:
15439:
15435:
15431:
15424:
15416:
15415:
15407:
15399:
15395:
15391:
15387:
15383:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15365:
15361:
15357:
15353:
15352:
15347:
15340:
15321:
15314:
15307:
15288:
15281:
15275:
15269:, 12 May 2007
15268:
15267:
15266:New Scientist
15262:
15256:
15240:
15236:
15230:
15228:
15219:
15215:
15211:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15193:
15189:
15185:
15181:
15177:
15170:
15162:
15156:
15152:
15151:
15143:
15127:
15126:
15118:
15099:
15095:
15088:
15082:
15066:
15060:
15044:
15038:
15022:
15016:
14997:
14990:
14984:
14968:
14962:
14954:
14950:
14944:
14936:
14930:
14926:
14919:
14911:
14907:
14903:
14896:
14877:
14870:
14864:
14862:
14845:
14839:
14823:
14817:
14802:
14798:
14792:
14784:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14765:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14744:
14740:
14733:
14725:
14721:
14717:
14713:
14709:
14705:
14701:
14697:
14690:
14683:
14681:
14672:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14654:
14650:
14646:
14642:
14638:
14631:
14623:
14617:
14613:
14606:
14599:
14594:
14587:
14582:
14574:
14568:
14564:
14557:
14550:
14545:
14543:
14534:
14528:
14524:
14517:
14509:
14503:
14499:
14498:
14490:
14482:
14476:
14472:
14471:
14463:
14456:
14451:
14443:
14437:
14433:
14432:
14424:
14416:
14412:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14396:
14389:
14382:
14377:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14346:
14337:
14332:
14328:
14324:
14320:
14313:
14306:
14301:
14292:
14287:
14283:
14279:
14275:
14273:
14264:
14256:
14252:
14248:
14244:
14240:
14236:
14232:
14228:
14224:
14217:
14209:
14205:
14201:
14197:
14193:
14189:
14182:
14175:
14167:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14141:
14137:
14133:
14129:
14125:
14118:
14110:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14092:
14088:
14084:
14080:
14076:
14069:
14062:
14057:
14055:
14053:
14044:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14016:
14012:
14008:
14004:
14000:
13993:
13991:
13981:
13976:
13972:
13968:
13964:
13957:
13949:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13905:
13898:
13890:
13886:
13882:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13864:
13860:
13853:
13851:
13842:
13834:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13816:
13812:
13809:(6): e25783.
13808:
13804:
13800:
13793:
13784:
13779:
13775:
13771:
13767:
13765:
13756:
13748:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13730:
13726:
13722:
13718:
13714:
13707:
13700:
13695:
13680:
13676:
13672:
13671:
13666:
13659:
13643:
13639:
13633:
13626:
13621:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13593:
13586:
13578:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13550:
13546:
13542:
13534:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13497:
13493:
13489:
13485:
13484:
13479:
13472:
13456:
13450:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13414:
13407:
13399:
13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13348:
13340:
13334:
13330:
13326:
13322:
13315:
13299:
13292:
13290:
13282:
13278:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13261:(6): 444β51.
13260:
13256:
13252:
13245:
13238:
13226:
13222:
13216:
13208:
13204:
13203:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13180:
13176:
13172:
13168:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13143:
13135:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13101:
13096:
13089:
13081:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13063:
13059:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13040:
13032:
13026:
13024:
13015:
13011:
13007:
13001:
12997:
12993:
12989:
12982:
12974:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12930:
12928:
12920:
12916:
12912:
12908:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12889:
12882:
12878:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12833:
12817:
12811:
12800:
12794:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12746:
12739:
12723:
12717:
12701:
12697:
12691:
12675:
12668:
12652:
12645:
12629:
12625:
12619:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12567:
12551:
12547:
12541:
12533:
12527:
12523:
12522:
12514:
12512:
12503:
12497:
12493:
12492:
12484:
12476:
12469:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12418:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12376:
12369:
12360:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12336:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12305:
12297:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12278:
12276:
12256:
12249:
12243:
12235:
12229:
12225:
12220:
12219:
12210:
12208:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12169:(21): 76β82.
12168:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12138:
12130:
12123:
12116:
12111:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12072:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12052:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12029:
12021:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11985:
11981:
11977:
11970:
11968:
11959:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11924:
11916:
11912:
11908:
11904:
11900:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11880:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11845:
11838:
11836:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11808:
11806:
11797:
11793:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11777:
11770:
11763:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11737:
11730:
11722:
11718:
11714:
11710:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11686:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11659:
11652:
11647:
11631:
11625:
11617:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11584:
11568:
11563:
11560:(1): juz015.
11559:
11555:
11551:
11544:
11535:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11511:
11504:
11499:
11491:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11458:
11456:
11447:
11443:
11439:
11435:
11428:
11420:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11369:
11362:
11357:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11330:
11323:
11318:
11311:
11306:
11304:
11288:. LiveScience
11287:
11280:
11273:
11268:
11266:
11258:
11253:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11226:
11218:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11185:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11149:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11122:
11114:
11108:
11104:
11097:
11089:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11048:
11046:
11037:
11031:
11025:, p. 21.
11024:
11019:
11011:
11005:
11001:
10995:
10988:
10983:
10967:
10963:
10957:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10930:
10923:
10914:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10896:(Chiroptera)"
10895:
10886:
10878:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10827:
10825:
10818:
10817:0-8018-5789-9
10814:
10810:
10804:
10788:
10782:
10766:
10762:
10761:
10756:
10754:
10746:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10720:
10711:
10703:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10652:
10644:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10603:
10594:
10589:
10585:
10581:
10577:
10570:
10562:
10556:
10552:
10551:
10543:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10492:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10457:
10449:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10428:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10401:
10393:
10389:
10384:
10383:10.1.1.581.38
10379:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10352:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10303:
10296:
10291:
10282:
10277:
10274:(2): 86β100.
10273:
10269:
10265:
10258:
10250:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10209:
10201:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10161:
10157:
10150:
10142:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10101:
10093:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10060:
10058:
10049:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10003:
9994:
9986:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9935:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9904:
9896:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9845:
9837:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9816:
9808:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9783:
9775:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9739:
9730:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9679:
9677:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9625:
9623:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9579:
9568:
9561:
9554:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9511:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9462:
9454:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9413:
9411:
9404:, p. 31.
9403:
9398:
9390:
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9382:
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9318:
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9110:
9106:
9099:
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9081:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9046:(9): e72770.
9045:
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8779:
8777:
8760:
8755:
8752:(56): 37β48.
8751:
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8714:
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8706:
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8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8508:
8502:, p. 78.
8501:
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8450:
8444:
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6811:
6807:
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6768:
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6753:
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6704:
6700:
6699:
6691:
6689:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6636:2027.42/62816
6632:
6628:
6624:
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6612:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6552:Teeling, E.C.
6547:
6545:
6536:
6530:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6489:PLOS Currents
6486:
6479:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
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6406:
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5877:
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5769:
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5756:
5752:
5748:
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5737:
5729:
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5721:
5717:
5712:
5711:2027.42/62816
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
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5674:
5672:
5663:
5659:
5654:
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5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5500:
5493:
5477:
5470:
5454:
5453:"Bat, noun 2"
5448:
5432:
5426:
5418:
5417:
5411:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5381:
5374:
5371:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5339:Ancient Greek
5334:
5330:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5301:Austin, Texas
5298:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5276:. During the
5275:
5271:
5266:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:Kenneth Oppel
5192:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5177:Count Dracula
5174:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5159:Weird Sisters
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5035:wind turbines
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4932:
4925:
4914:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
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4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4838:
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4825:
4823:
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4799:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4709:
4703:Communication
4700:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4681:matrilineally
4678:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4614:coronaviruses
4611:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4526:Nycteribiidae
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:, bats carry
4511:
4510:ectoparasites
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4464:birds of prey
4459:
4449:
4447:
4446:anticoagulant
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4269:) carrying a
4268:
4264:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:visual acuity
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:bat-eared fox
3723:
3722:lesser galago
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3646:
3627:
3625:
3613:
3597:
3595:
3576:
3561:
3559:
3558:uterine horns
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3543:ionic balance
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:stroke volume
3473:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3360:, as well as
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:blood vessels
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:trailing edge
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3157:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3081:Miniopteridae
3079:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:Image Figure
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:Bulldog bats
2946:
2941:
2940:Noctilionidae
2938:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2894:Thyropteridae
2892:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2842:Image Figure
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:Image Figure
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2742:Koopman, 1984
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2715:Rhinolophidae
2713:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:Trident bats
2675:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:Image Figure
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:Image Figure
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:Pteropodoidea
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:Ernst Haeckel
2474:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:in the order
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:Carl Linnaeus
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:Icaronycteris
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2261:
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2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:Rhinolophidae
2062:
2059:includes the
2058:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Thyropteridae
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:Noctilionidae
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1476:Miniopteridae
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1381:Rhinolophidae
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1111:Fereuungulata
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1003:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
981:
980:
977:
975:
970:
965:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
949:
944:
938:
937:
931:
928:
927:
921:
920:Fereuungulata
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
908:
903:
897:
896:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
877:
872:
866:
865:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
846:
841:
835:
834:
828:
827:Boreoeutheria
825:
824:
820:
819:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
762:
757:
756:
751:
749:
748:Icaronycteris
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:The delicate
716:
712:
711:
710:Icaronycteris
706:
701:
692:
679:
657:
648:
647:Ancient Greek
645:derives from
644:
640:
625:
620:
616:
612:
597:
591:
586:
581:
575:
570:
566:
556:
555:, and death.
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:feed on blood
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
453:
437:
433:
429:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
355:
319:
316:
312:
308:
298:
294:
289:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
255:
250:
245:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
134:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
62:
52:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
17061:Cave mammals
16734:
16681:(Treeshrews)
16609:
16564:Proboscidea
16505:(Armadillos)
16388:Ameridelphia
16341:Monotremata
16222:Tree of Life
16187:
16168:
16149:
16127:. Retrieved
16123:the original
16112:
16102:24 September
16100:. Retrieved
16093:the original
16088:
16084:
16071:
16046:
16038:
15997:
15993:
15987:
15975:. Retrieved
15971:the original
15961:
15950:the original
15945:
15941:
15928:
15905:
15901:
15895:
15883:. Retrieved
15872:
15864:
15859:25 September
15857:. Retrieved
15853:the original
15842:
15832:25 September
15830:. Retrieved
15820:
15801:
15795:
15783:. Retrieved
15779:the original
15774:
15764:
15740:
15733:
15721:. Retrieved
15707:
15695:. Retrieved
15691:the original
15680:
15670:10 September
15668:. Retrieved
15655:
15646:
15640:
15628:. Retrieved
15624:the original
15614:
15590:
15583:
15571:. Retrieved
15561:
15549:. Retrieved
15545:
15535:
15516:
15510:
15491:
15485:
15476:
15472:
15466:
15433:
15429:
15423:
15413:
15406:
15355:
15349:
15339:
15327:. Retrieved
15320:the original
15306:
15294:. Retrieved
15287:the original
15274:
15264:
15255:
15243:. Retrieved
15238:
15183:
15179:
15169:
15149:
15142:
15130:. Retrieved
15124:
15117:
15105:. Retrieved
15098:the original
15093:
15081:
15069:. Retrieved
15059:
15047:. Retrieved
15037:
15025:. Retrieved
15015:
15003:. Retrieved
14996:the original
14983:
14971:. Retrieved
14961:
14953:the original
14943:
14924:
14918:
14909:
14905:
14901:
14895:
14883:. Retrieved
14876:the original
14848:. Retrieved
14838:
14826:. Retrieved
14816:
14804:. Retrieved
14800:
14791:
14746:
14742:
14732:
14699:
14695:
14644:
14640:
14630:
14611:
14605:
14593:
14581:
14562:
14556:
14522:
14516:
14496:
14489:
14469:
14462:
14450:
14430:
14423:
14398:
14394:
14388:
14376:
14359:
14355:
14345:
14326:
14322:
14312:
14300:
14281:
14277:
14271:
14263:
14230:
14226:
14222:
14216:
14191:
14187:
14174:
14131:
14127:
14117:
14082:
14078:
14068:
14009:(8): e6746.
14006:
14002:
13970:
13966:
13956:
13911:
13907:
13897:
13862:
13858:
13849:
13841:
13806:
13802:
13792:
13773:
13769:
13763:
13755:
13720:
13716:
13706:
13694:
13684:21 September
13682:. Retrieved
13670:The Guardian
13668:
13658:
13648:21 September
13646:. Retrieved
13641:
13632:
13620:
13608:. Retrieved
13604:the original
13599:
13595:
13585:
13548:
13544:
13533:
13525:
13487:
13481:
13471:
13459:. Retrieved
13449:
13416:
13412:
13406:
13361:
13357:
13347:
13320:
13314:
13302:. Retrieved
13280:
13258:
13254:
13244:
13236:
13229:. Retrieved
13224:
13215:
13206:
13200:
13190:
13182:
13146:
13140:
13134:
13126:
13104:
13098:
13088:
13056:(1): 23β35.
13053:
13049:
13039:
12987:
12981:
12946:
12942:
12918:
12898:
12894:
12888:
12880:
12846:
12842:
12832:
12820:. Retrieved
12810:
12793:
12752:
12748:
12738:
12726:. Retrieved
12716:
12704:. Retrieved
12700:the original
12690:
12678:. Retrieved
12667:
12655:. Retrieved
12644:
12632:. Retrieved
12628:the original
12618:
12577:
12573:
12566:
12554:. Retrieved
12550:the original
12540:
12520:
12490:
12483:
12431:
12427:
12417:
12382:
12378:
12368:
12349:
12345:
12335:
12323:. Retrieved
12314:
12304:
12287:
12283:
12262:. Retrieved
12255:the original
12242:
12217:
12194:. Retrieved
12187:the original
12166:
12162:
12149:
12137:
12128:
12122:
12110:
12085:
12081:
12077:
12071:
12049:(656): 1β6.
12046:
12040:
12028:
11983:
11979:
11933:
11929:
11923:
11890:
11886:
11879:
11857:(1): 31β41.
11854:
11850:
11844:
11835:A. fistulata
11834:
11833:
11826:. Retrieved
11822:the original
11817:
11782:(662): 1β9.
11779:
11775:
11769:
11742:14 September
11740:. Retrieved
11729:
11696:
11692:
11685:
11668:
11664:
11658:
11646:
11636:13 September
11634:. Retrieved
11624:
11597:
11593:
11583:
11571:. Retrieved
11557:
11553:
11543:
11524:
11520:
11510:
11498:
11471:
11467:
11437:
11433:
11427:
11382:
11378:
11368:
11356:
11339:
11335:
11329:
11317:
11290:. Retrieved
11279:
11252:
11235:
11231:
11225:
11201:(1): 78β83.
11198:
11194:
11184:
11162:(1): 75β86.
11159:
11155:
11148:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11102:
11096:
11064:(11): 1398.
11061:
11057:
11030:
11018:
10999:
10994:
10982:
10970:. Retrieved
10956:
10939:
10935:
10922:
10903:
10899:
10893:
10885:
10840:
10836:
10808:
10803:
10791:. Retrieved
10781:
10769:. Retrieved
10765:the original
10760:EDGE Species
10758:
10752:
10745:
10728:
10724:
10718:
10710:
10665:
10661:
10651:
10616:
10612:
10602:
10583:
10579:
10569:
10549:
10542:
10504:(1): 29β35.
10501:
10497:
10491:
10466:
10462:
10456:
10437:
10427:
10410:
10406:
10400:
10368:(1): 15β20.
10365:
10361:
10357:
10351:
10316:
10312:
10302:
10290:
10271:
10267:
10257:
10222:
10218:
10208:
10163:
10159:
10149:
10114:
10110:
10100:
10073:
10069:
10014:(1): e8838.
10011:
10007:
10001:
9993:
9951:(7): e6390.
9948:
9944:
9934:
9922:. Retrieved
9918:the original
9914:Online extra
9913:
9903:
9858:
9854:
9844:
9825:
9815:
9788:
9782:
9747:
9743:
9737:
9729:
9688:
9684:
9634:
9630:
9588:
9584:
9578:
9553:
9520:
9516:
9510:
9475:
9471:
9461:
9426:
9422:
9397:
9364:
9360:
9304:
9300:
9290:
9248:(4): e2036.
9245:
9241:
9231:
9219:
9200:
9196:
9186:
9174:
9162:. Retrieved
9155:the original
9141:
9111:(1): 59β73.
9108:
9104:
9043:
9039:
9029:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8953:
8949:
8909:
8905:
8895:
8868:
8862:
8837:
8833:
8827:
8792:
8788:
8763:. Retrieved
8749:
8745:
8735:
8708:
8704:
8694:
8682:. Retrieved
8678:the original
8673:
8663:
8628:
8624:
8614:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8565:
8532:
8528:
8519:
8515:
8507:
8495:
8470:
8466:
8443:
8431:
8406:
8396:
8343:
8339:
8329:
8302:
8298:
8288:
8245:
8241:
8231:
8212:
8206:
8161:
8157:
8147:
8136:the original
8131:
8127:
8118:
8114:
8106:
8071:
8067:
8019:
8015:
8005:
7993:. Retrieved
7982:
7947:
7944:Cell Reports
7943:
7911:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7745:
7741:
7731:
7701:(1): 45β61.
7698:
7694:
7684:
7641:
7637:
7627:
7592:
7588:
7548:
7544:
7534:
7510:(202): 1β6.
7507:
7475:
7417:
7409:
7390:
7384:
7359:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7248:(3/4): 257.
7245:
7241:
7231:
7212:
7185:. Retrieved
7181:the original
7176:
7167:
7148:
7138:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7040:
7036:
7027:
6982:
6978:
6968:
6926:(19): e900.
6923:
6919:
6909:
6864:
6860:
6846:
6805:
6801:
6791:
6766:
6760:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6697:
6675:. Retrieved
6670:
6661:
6610:
6606:
6600:
6559:
6555:
6529:cite journal
6492:
6488:
6478:
6466:. Retrieved
6447:
6437:
6407:(2): 79β86.
6404:
6400:
6394:
6386:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6274:
6270:
6259:
6226:
6222:
6162:
6158:
6147:
6120:
6116:
6062:
6058:
6048:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5928:. Retrieved
5917:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5815:10 September
5813:. Retrieved
5803:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5685:
5681:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5492:
5480:. Retrieved
5469:
5457:. Retrieved
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5425:
5414:
5380:
5375: 'wing'
5369:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5349:
5342:
5333:
5313:Bat detector
5294:
5278:US Civil War
5267:
5247:
5237:
5203:
5180:
5162:
5156:
5153:, 350β500 CE
5125:
5088:such as the
5079:
5073:
5051:
5029:
5013:
5008:
5000:
4997:hairless bat
4978:
4930:
4918:Conservation
4901:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4857:Siberian bat
4852:
4848:
4846:
4826:
4818:
4813:
4795:
4776:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4674:
4662:Bracken Cave
4655:
4606:
4579:, including
4567:
4551:
4538:
4507:
4461:
4434:hairy-legged
4430:white-winged
4427:
4417:
4397:
4389:
4386:spectral bat
4379:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4335:
4325:
4286:
4275:
4266:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4199:grasshoppers
4184:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4126:
4110:
4104:
4071:
4061:
4001:
3995:
3986:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3926:
3917:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3863:
3860:
3852:heterothermy
3848:homeothermic
3845:
3813:
3805:
3786:
3762:
3752:
3714:Fresnel lens
3710:
3701:
3676:
3667:
3645:Feeding buzz
3621:
3611:
3594:Pipistrellus
3593:
3569:Echolocation
3555:
3520:
3488:
3484:
3468:
3452:
3440:
3423:
3415:
3390:hummingbirds
3387:
3366:sweat glands
3327:
3319:Merkel cells
3315:
3310:
3280:leading edge
3273:
3255:
3244:upregulation
3237:
3220:ground speed
3215:
3206:, as in the
3201:
3166:
3162:
3129:Vesper bats
3084:Dobson, 1875
3023:English Name
3008:
2917:Furipteridae
2897:Miller, 1907
2874:Dobson, 1875
2871:Mystacinidae
2851:Thomas, 1904
2836:English Name
2821:
2764:English Name
2749:
2737:
2588:English Name
2573:
2551:Pteropodidae
2539:English Name
2524:
2512:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2443:
2440:echolocation
2417:
2399:
2392:List of bats
2375:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2214:
2193:
2157:Pteropodidae
2155:
2117:
2098:
2061:Pteropodidae
2047:
1928:
1907:
1869:
1864:
1848:
1804:
1783:
1721:
1681:
1676:
1658:Furipteridae
1656:
1624:
1605:Mystacinidae
1603:
1551:
1546:
1525:
1474:
1379:
1358:
1321:
1300:
1265:
1203:Pteropodidae
1201:
1179:
1142:
1122:
1115:sister taxon
1028:
1007:
962:
945:(pangolins)
941:
901:
900:
871:Eulipotyphla
869:
838:
789:sister taxon
766:
759:
753:
746:
742:
738:
734:
724:
708:
642:
638:
618:
614:
610:
577:and Swedish
565:flittermouse
562:
549:
514:
492:vampire bats
488:nectarivores
480:insectivores
465:echolocating
454:
435:
428:flying foxes
317:
306:
305:
272:
257:
238:
222:
209:
48:
21:Baseball bat
16891:iNaturalist
16759:Wikispecies
16687:Dermoptera
16679:Scandentia
16671:Lagomorpha
16620:(Pangolins)
16610:Chiroptera
16566:(Elephants)
16556:Hyracoidea
16312:(unranked)
15977:13 February
15885:14 November
15785:19 December
15551:29 December
14973:18 December
14885:16 November
14850:16 November
14828:16 November
14806:14 December
14743:BMC Ecology
14549:Fenton 2001
14523:Bat Ecology
14329:(1): 3β11.
14284:: 113β119.
13859:Anim. Behav
13625:Fenton 2001
13596:Zoo's Print
13461:19 December
13304:19 December
12822:15 December
12657:18 December
12315:Youtube.com
12264:14 December
12196:19 December
12115:Fenton 2001
11986:(2): e205.
11699:: 322β327.
11573:13 December
11292:19 December
11272:Fenton 2001
11257:Fenton 2001
10613:Temperature
10586:(12): iii.
9924:14 November
8584:: 131β136.
7870:: 195β215.
6677:17 December
6495:: RRN1212.
6468:16 November
6338:: 129β139.
5930:9 September
5505:9 September
5482:9 September
5437:9 September
5226:Montchauvet
5110:evil spirit
4897:hibernating
4879:), and the
4798:mating plug
4783:Promiscuity
4593:ebola virus
4558:New England
4438:hematophagy
4422:hematophagy
4392:), and the
4346:Vertebrates
4340:pollinators
4323: oz).
4223:caddisflies
4122:crepuscular
3978:hibernation
3965:), and the
3870:Yuma myotis
3830:particles.
3801:ultraviolet
3765:tiger moths
3730:mouse lemur
3689:nose-leaves
3535:electrolyte
2963:Mormoopidae
2848:Myzopodidae
2459:eat insects
2419:Vespertilio
2159:(megabats)
2121:(as above)
1850:Myzopodidae
1678:Mormoopidae
1548:Mormoopidae
1205:(megabats)
1161:Arixeniidae
797:carnivorans
793:Ferungulata
787:, with its
713:, from the
637:. The word
525:Pacific Rim
507:pollinating
430:, with the
309:are flying
273:(present):
25:Cricket bat
17040:Categories
16792:Chiroptera
16779:Chiroptera
16765:Chiroptera
16735:Chiroptera
16626:Carnivora
16618:Pholidota
16550:(Aardvark)
16524:Afrotheria
16503:Cingulata
16484:inclusive)
16406:(Opossums)
16377:inclusive)
16367:Metatheria
16324:Yinotheria
16308:Vertebrata
16306:Subphylum
15847:Oppel, K.
15723:2 December
15107:1 November
15094:Batcon.org
14912:: 215β230.
14696:Aging Cell
14395:BioScience
13642:WorldAtlas
11930:Biotropica
11887:Biotropica
10972:16 January
10793:1 November
10731:(4): 744.
7995:31 October
5922:Smith, D.
5392:References
5274:fertiliser
5250:pesticides
5189:character
5175:, such as
5039:barotrauma
5024:Cave gates
4922:See also:
4791:Lek mating
4787:monogamous
4779:polygynous
4530:Streblidae
4480:crocodiles
4466:, such as
4458:Bat virome
3932:metabolism
3878:pallid bat
3769:aposematic
3749:tiger moth
3670:media help
3624:media help
3551:blood urea
3512:malt sugar
3194:Bat flight
3184:of fruit.
3104:Cistugidae
3058:Molossidae
2776:Nycteridae
2626:Hill, 1974
2502:Chiroptera
2390:See also:
2372:ultrasound
2099:Chiroptera
1785:Molossidae
1553:Pteronotus
1180:Chiroptera
996:Euungulata
902:Chiroptera
889:Scrotifera
773:treeshrews
703:The early
643:Chiroptera
580:fladdermus
574:Fledermaus
541:mosquitoes
535:, such as
521:pesticides
484:frugivores
463:, and the
318:Chiroptera
252:Suborders
244:Blumenbach
239:Chiroptera
216:Scrotifera
16695:Primates
16689:(Colugos)
16663:Rodentia
16558:(Hyraxes)
16495:Xenarthra
16482:Placental
16375:Marsupial
16129:21 August
15914:cite book
15382:252616082
15071:21 August
15049:21 August
14497:Just Bats
14134:: 39419.
13867:CiteSeerX
13679:0261-3077
12853:: 67β91.
12450:1776-1042
12325:19 August
12063:198968973
11915:247675112
11796:198969258
11671:: 17β52.
10378:CiteSeerX
9667:206520028
8887:857980151
8423:1476-4687
8370:0027-8424
8321:0022-2372
8262:0021-8782
8115:Nyctimene
7772:1932-6203
7715:1432-234X
7098:: 27726.
7043:(2): 21.
7033:Wang, Zhe
6838:205004782
6796:Teeling;
6317:155105169
6301:0960-9822
5777:1932-6203
5644:1744-957X
5597:0272-4634
5542:1064-7554
5337:from
5286:gunpowder
5282:saltpetre
5244:Economics
5230:state bat
5187:DC Comics
5149:bat god,
5135:. In the
5121:mythology
5114:sodomises
5102:trickster
5054:diagnosis
4577:pathogens
4568:Bats are
4394:ghost bat
4197:, moths,
4191:mosquitos
4167:vitamin C
4114:nocturnal
3893:capillary
3889:sphincter
3828:magnetite
3824:latitudes
3539:cutaneous
3500:chitinase
3383:apoptosis
3354:epidermis
3288:pterosaur
3035:Natalidae
2451:eat fruit
2445:Rousettus
2400:Bats are
2380:ontogenic
2351:Rousettus
1909:Natalidae
1871:Taphozous
1153:bat flies
1133:monophyly
964:Carnivora
943:Pholidota
813:cetaceans
801:pangolins
727:skeletons
721:Evolution
604:night-bat
559:Etymology
533:pathogens
503:predators
499:nocturnal
468:microbats
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
16935:13800001
16744:Wikidata
16572:Sirenia
16474:Eutheria
16302:Chordata
16296:Animalia
16294:Kingdom
16237:Archived
16225:Archived
16030:34572622
16022:21454775
15546:BBC News
15458:11189743
15450:22291071
15398:17019562
15390:18727900
15329:21 April
15296:21 April
15245:19 April
15218:17019562
15210:18727900
15132:26 March
14783:26767616
14749:(2): 2.
14716:12882342
14671:21450735
14255:27019675
14208:12460893
14166:28005079
14043:19707550
14003:PLOS ONE
13948:27824953
13908:PLOS ONE
13889:11214563
13833:24505498
13747:21307051
13610:23 April
13577:29190287
13514:16195424
13441:84007133
13433:16254175
13398:32284401
13277:25960093
13231:13 April
13171:16319873
13123:10900029
13080:16357858
13014:82956979
12973:16847084
12915:11189715
12877:17042030
12785:43601856
12777:20689016
12680:21 April
12602:22031324
12468:33206593
12428:Parasite
12409:32118961
12401:23347323
12319:Archived
12102:23782948
12020:17299585
11980:PLOS ONE
11958:86327074
11721:25361258
11713:27542518
11616:21669777
11490:21037206
11419:22069493
11379:PLOS ONE
11348:30055364
11217:90531252
11195:Mammalia
11088:16267906
10966:Archived
10877:24130851
10837:PLOS ONE
10771:10 April
10702:25551615
10662:PLOS ONE
10643:28349087
10526:19756460
10483:21700575
10343:21208959
10249:28432393
10200:25922944
10160:PLOS ONE
10141:17848365
10092:14660703
10048:20098620
10008:PLOS ONE
9985:19636375
9945:PLOS ONE
9895:20957230
9855:PLOS ONE
9774:19282498
9721:18306198
9713:15772807
9659:19608920
9613:19425684
9567:Archived
9494:22875762
9453:17251105
9389:15658720
9341:11805285
9282:18446226
9242:PLOS ONE
9133:16351819
9080:24019876
9040:PLOS ONE
8980:17971117
8928:19393126
8819:27335420
8765:9 August
8727:11003817
8655:22513742
8606:52937127
8557:18305396
8549:16621953
8388:21690408
8280:17971117
8198:21690408
8098:17106509
8046:22496186
7974:25937277
7849:16618938
7790:30921346
7742:PLOS ONE
7723:38538056
7676:28018618
7619:17767190
7297:15557022
7262:11528722
7130:27291671
7073:29068452
7065:28812602
7019:18776049
6960:17878935
6920:PLOS ONE
6901:11353869
6830:10646602
6783:84015350
6752:21638734
6744:18605533
6671:BBC News
6645:18270539
6592:25912333
6584:15681385
6521:21327164
6462:Archived
6429:14469619
6421:22183917
6378:13433327
6370:25987528
6309:31104934
6205:31192292
6197:23258410
6139:24184098
6089:21900649
6040:22900642
5973:15930153
5876:26417094
5795:37043445
5786:10096270
5747:PLOS ONE
5720:18270539
5662:34186001
5605:86384840
5499:"ΟΟΞ΅ΟΟΞ½"
5307:See also
5222:Albacete
5210:Valencia
5173:vampires
5106:Popobawa
5094:Cherokee
4622:COVID-19
4601:zoonotic
4597:sympatry
4574:zoonotic
4560:and the
4522:bat bugs
4219:mayflies
4207:termites
4203:crickets
4063:Pteropus
3777:tympanum
3680:decibels
3428:and the
3394:vortices
3375:collagen
3330:patagium
3266:shearing
3178:hardened
2424:Primates
2404:. After
1683:Mormoops
1129:primates
781:primates
769:Archonta
750:gunnelli
596:natbakka
553:vampires
531:of many
461:megabats
368:patagium
203:Mammalia
193:Chordata
189:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
17023:1037271
16511:Pilosa
16314:Amniota
16300:Phylum
16281:Extant
16142:Sources
16002:Bibcode
15994:Science
15697:24 June
15630:24 June
15596:132β134
15573:24 June
15360:Bibcode
15188:Bibcode
14774:4714502
14751:Bibcode
14662:3177628
14415:1295789
14247:4599268
14157:5178335
14136:Bibcode
14109:9493408
14100:1688873
14034:2727915
14011:Bibcode
13939:5100941
13916:Bibcode
13824:3913674
13738:3145188
13568:5708621
13522:2971923
13492:Bibcode
13483:Science
13413:Science
13389:7196766
13366:Bibcode
13179:4403209
13151:Bibcode
13071:7097447
12964:1539106
12868:7169091
12757:Bibcode
12749:Science
12610:4381156
12582:Bibcode
12459:7673352
12171:Bibcode
12011:1784064
11988:Bibcode
11938:Bibcode
11895:Bibcode
11871:1383205
11828:18 June
11410:3206078
11387:Bibcode
11164:Bibcode
11079:1772916
10868:3795000
10845:Bibcode
10693:4281203
10670:Bibcode
10634:5079220
10534:9499097
10506:Bibcode
10370:Bibcode
10334:3119008
10240:5486538
10191:4414586
10168:Bibcode
10132:2288691
10039:2809114
10016:Bibcode
9976:2712075
9953:Bibcode
9886:2949388
9863:Bibcode
9765:2726860
9693:Bibcode
9639:Bibcode
9631:Science
9593:Bibcode
9545:3546476
9525:Bibcode
9444:1919403
9369:Bibcode
9309:Bibcode
9273:2323577
9250:Bibcode
9113:Bibcode
9105:Zoology
9071:3760910
9048:Bibcode
9012:1235709
8971:2375846
8854:7330485
8810:4936036
8684:10 June
8646:3378342
8487:1381085
8379:3131348
8348:Bibcode
8271:2375846
8189:3131348
8166:Bibcode
8089:1618737
8037:3385481
7965:4643944
7884:7964391
7840:1458926
7817:Bibcode
7781:6438481
7750:Bibcode
7667:5180116
7646:Bibcode
7610:1973956
7553:Bibcode
7526:3503895
7328:Bibcode
7305:2715542
7121:4904216
7100:Bibcode
7045:Bibcode
7010:2544561
6987:Bibcode
6951:1976393
6928:Bibcode
6869:Bibcode
6810:Bibcode
6653:4356708
6615:Bibcode
6564:Bibcode
6556:Science
6512:3038382
6348:bioRxiv
6340:Bibcode
6279:Bibcode
6251:1301735
6231:Bibcode
6223:Science
6188:8782153
6167:Bibcode
6159:Science
6080:3243735
6032:9847413
6012:Bibcode
5867:4611652
5844:Bibcode
5755:Bibcode
5728:4356708
5690:Bibcode
5653:8241488
5577:Bibcode
5550:5923450
5459:24 June
5164:Macbeth
5147:Zapotec
4989:Sarawak
4863:), the
4855:), the
4842:Estonia
4789:pairs.
4476:falcons
4328:tongues
4318:⁄
4304:⁄
4294:⁄
4195:beetles
4181:Insects
4129:migrate
4118:diurnal
4092:Ecology
4083:⁄
4047:⁄
4037:⁄
4027:⁄
4013:⁄
3976:During
3957:), the
3944:⁄
3718:aye-aye
3523:kidneys
3516:sucrase
3508:maltase
3346:muscles
3303:patagia
3262:bending
3240:calcium
3204:gliding
2406:rodents
2376:Prestin
2330:gibbons
2049:Genetic
1159:family
1145:bedbugs
1113:as its
1109:, with
904:(bats)
777:colugos
510:flowers
457:rodents
447:⁄
421:⁄
411:⁄
401:⁄
387:⁄
313:of the
311:mammals
235:Order:
199:Class:
65:Present
16984:574724
16968:NZOR:
16922:179985
16844:1CHIRO
16750:Q28425
16612:(Bats)
16358:Theria
16285:orders
16283:mammal
16194:
16175:
16156:
16059:
16028:
16020:
15808:
15752:
15602:
15523:
15498:
15456:
15448:
15396:
15388:
15380:
15216:
15208:
15157:
15027:18 May
15005:18 May
14931:
14781:
14771:
14724:855367
14722:
14714:
14669:
14659:
14618:
14569:
14529:
14504:
14477:
14438:
14413:
14253:
14245:
14206:
14164:
14154:
14107:
14097:
14041:
14031:
13946:
13936:
13887:
13869:
13831:
13821:
13745:
13735:
13677:
13575:
13565:
13520:
13512:
13439:
13431:
13396:
13386:
13335:
13275:
13177:
13169:
13142:Nature
13121:
13078:
13068:
13012:
13002:
12971:
12961:
12913:
12875:
12865:
12783:
12775:
12728:3 June
12706:3 June
12634:3 June
12608:
12600:
12574:Nature
12556:3 June
12528:
12498:
12466:
12456:
12448:
12434:: 61.
12407:
12399:
12230:
12100:
12061:
12018:
12008:
11956:
11913:
11869:
11794:
11719:
11711:
11614:
11488:
11417:
11407:
11346:
11215:
11109:
11086:
11076:
11006:
10875:
10865:
10815:
10700:
10690:
10641:
10631:
10557:
10532:
10524:
10481:
10444:
10380:
10341:
10331:
10268:J Zool
10247:
10237:
10198:
10188:
10139:
10129:
10090:
10046:
10036:
9983:
9973:
9893:
9883:
9832:
9803:
9772:
9762:
9719:
9711:
9665:
9657:
9611:
9543:
9502:405317
9500:
9492:
9451:
9441:
9387:
9339:
9332:122208
9329:
9280:
9270:
9131:
9078:
9068:
9021:649500
9019:
9009:
8978:
8968:
8926:
8885:
8875:
8852:
8817:
8807:
8725:
8653:
8643:
8604:
8598:108539
8596:
8555:
8547:
8485:
8421:
8407:Nature
8386:
8376:
8368:
8319:
8278:
8268:
8260:
8219:
8196:
8186:
8096:
8086:
8044:
8034:
7972:
7962:
7918:
7908:"Bats"
7882:
7847:
7837:
7788:
7778:
7770:
7721:
7713:
7674:
7664:
7617:
7607:
7524:
7482:
7430:
7397:
7372:
7303:
7295:
7260:
7219:
7187:8 June
7155:
7128:
7118:
7071:
7063:
7017:
7007:
6958:
6948:
6899:
6889:
6836:
6828:
6802:Nature
6781:
6767:Nature
6750:
6742:
6705:
6651:
6643:
6607:Nature
6590:
6582:
6519:
6509:
6454:
6427:
6419:
6376:
6368:
6350:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6249:
6203:
6195:
6185:
6137:
6087:
6077:
6038:
6030:
5982:, 2001
5971:
5874:
5864:
5793:
5783:
5775:
5726:
5718:
5682:Nature
5660:
5650:
5642:
5603:
5595:
5548:
5540:
5476:"ΟΡίΟ"
5370:pterΓ³n
5363:ΟΟΞ΅ΟΟΞ½
5262:
5258:
5224:, and
5191:Batman
5151:Oaxaca
5098:Apache
5076:, 1797
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4895:while
4871:) the
4618:Yunnan
4581:rabies
4548:fungus
4488:Eocene
4484:snakes
4474:, and
4442:cattle
4432:, and
4281:. The
4054:extant
3928:Torpor
3922:torpor
3904:Torpor
3783:Vision
3755:) can
3738:tragus
3684:larynx
3596:pulses
3564:Senses
3504:chitin
3447:venous
3358:dermis
3348:, and
3342:nerves
3323:stalls
3276:radius
3269:stress
3170:enamel
3020:Family
2833:Family
2761:Family
2585:Family
2536:Family
2486:, 1904
2455:nectar
2326:sloths
2079:, and
2053:Eocene
1157:earwig
811:, and
731:genera
705:Eocene
678:pteron
672:ΟΟΞ΅ΟΟΞ½
624:blatta
537:rabies
364:flight
246:, 1779
61:Eocene
27:, and
17018:WoRMS
17005:Plazi
16997:40622
16909:11220
16904:IRMNG
16896:40268
16857:12623
16096:(PDF)
16081:(PDF)
16055:β69.
16026:S2CID
15953:(PDF)
15938:(PDF)
15904:[
15664:(PDF)
15454:S2CID
15394:S2CID
15323:(PDF)
15316:(PDF)
15290:(PDF)
15283:(PDF)
15214:S2CID
15101:(PDF)
15090:(PDF)
14999:(PDF)
14992:(PDF)
14879:(PDF)
14872:(PDF)
14720:S2CID
14692:(PDF)
14411:JSTOR
14251:S2CID
14243:JSTOR
14204:S2CID
14184:(PDF)
13885:S2CID
13855:(PDF)
13518:S2CID
13437:S2CID
13175:S2CID
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