Ring-tailed lemur - Knowledge

2383: 1324: 2341: 653: 2367: 1442:. The thumb is both short and widely separated from the other fingers. Despite being set at a right angle to the palm, the thumb is not opposable since the ball of the joint is fixed in place. As with all strepsirrhines, the hand is ectaxonic (the axis passes through the fourth digit) rather than mesaxonic (the axis passing through the third digit) as seen in monkeys and apes. The fourth digit is the longest, and only slightly longer than the second digit. Likewise, the fifth digit is only slightly longer than the second. The palms are long and leathery, and like other primates, they have dermal ridges to improve grip. The feet are semi- 1513: 2410: 1471: 1588:, a trait unique to nearly all strepsirrhine primates. The toothcomb is used during oral grooming, which involves licking and tooth-scraping. It may also be used for grasping small fruits, removing leaves from the stem when eating, and possibly scraping sap and gum from tree bark. The toothcomb is kept clean using a sublingual organ—a thin, flat, fibrous plate that covers a large part of the base of the tongue. The first lower premolar (p2) following the toothcomb is shaped like a canine (caniniform) and occludes the upper canine, essentially filling the role of the incisiform lower canine. There is also a 2422: 2398: 2355: 1315: 236: 1225: 2326:. Behaviorally, there is a difference between regular urination, where the tail is slightly raised and a stream of urine is produced, and the urine-marking behavior, where the tail is held up in display and only a few drops of urine are used. The urine-marking behavior is typically used by females to mark territory, and has been observed primarily at the edges of the troop's territory and in areas where other troops may frequent. The urine marking behavior also is most frequent during the mating season, and may play a role in reproductive communication between groups. 2229: 1489: 31: 1480: 644: 2225:

five years of age. Both sexes have separate dominance hierarchies; females have a distinct hierarchy while male rank is correlated with age. Each troop has one to three central, high-ranking adult males who interact with females more than other group males and lead the troop procession with high-ranking females. Recently transferred males, old males or young adult males that have not yet left their natal group are often lower ranking. Staying at the periphery of the group they tend to be marginalized from group activity.

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objects in captivity. This behavior is usually connected with food association. Also, lemurs are known to displace objects with their nose or mouth more so than with their hands. Therefore, an experiment requiring a lemur to manipulate an object without prior training would favor simians over strepsirrhines. Second, individual ring-tailed lemurs accustomed to living in a troop may not respond well to isolation for laboratory testing. Past studies have reported hysterical behavior in such scenarios.

92: 662: 2308:. The ring-tailed lemur will perform a handstand to mark vertical surfaces, grasping the highest point with its feet while it applies its scent. Use of scent marking varies by age, sex and social status. Male lemurs use their antebrachial and brachial glands to demarcate territories and maintain intragroup dominance hierarchies. The thorny spur that overlays the antebrachial gland on each wrist is scraped against tree trunks to create grooves anointed with their scent. This is known as 1271:(back) coat varies from gray to rosy-brown, sometimes with a brown pygal patch around the tail region, where the fur grades to pale gray or grayish brown. The dorsal coloration is slightly darker around the neck and crown. The hair on the throat, cheeks, and ears is white or off-white and also less dense, allowing the dark skin underneath to show through. The muzzle is dark grayish and the nose is black, and the eyes are encompassed by black triangular patches. Facial vibrissae ( 50: 1275:) are developed and found above the lips (mystacal), on the cheeks (genal), and on the eyebrow (superciliary). Vibrissae are also found slightly above the wrist on the underside of the forearm. The ears are relatively large compared to other lemurs and are covered in hair, which has only small tufts if any. Although slight pattern variations in the facial region may be seen between individuals, there are no obvious differences between the sexes. 6901: 2451:, although the dominant male in the troop typically breeds with more females than other males. Fighting is most common during the breeding season. A receptive female may initiate mating by presenting her backside, lifting her tail, and looking at the desired male over her shoulder. Males may inspect the female's genitals to determine receptiveness. Females typically mate within their troop, but may seek outside males. 2281: 1600:, with males exhibiting slightly larger canines than females. Both sexes use them in combat by slashing with them. There is a small diastema between the upper canine and the first premolar (P2), which is smaller and more caniniform than the other premolars. Unlike other lemurs, the first two upper molars (M1 and M2) have prominent lingual cingulae, yet do not have a protostyle. 442:, being active exclusively during daylight hours. Due to this lifestyle, they also sunbathe; the lemurs can be observed sitting upright on their tails, exposing their soft, white belly fur towards the sun. They will often also have their palms open and eyes gently closed. Like other lemurs, this species relies strongly on their sense of smell, and 1418:), and is connected to the palm by a fine, 2 mm–high, hairless strip. However, only the male has a horny spur that overlays this scent gland. The spur develops with age through the accumulation of secretions from an underlying gland that may connect through the skin through as many as a thousand minuscule 1196:. This decision was later supported by further fieldwork that showed that the differences fell within the normal range of variation for the species. The thicker coat was considered a local adaptation to extreme low temperatures in the region, and the fading of the fur was attributed to increased exposure to 2565:

and discovered that, like monkeys, they used tools with functional properties (e.g., tool orientation or ease of use) instead of tools with nonfunctional features (e.g., color or texture). Although the ring-tailed lemur may not use tools in the wild, it can not only be trained to use a tool, but will

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The upper incisors are small, with the first incisors (I1) space widely from each other, yet closely to the second incisors (I2). Both are compressed buccolingually (between the cheek and the tongue). The upper canines (C1) are long, have a broad base, and curve down and back (recurved). The upper

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by males also occur occasionally. Due to harsh environmental conditions, predation and accidents such as falls, infant mortality can be as high as 50% within the first year and as few as 30% may reach adulthood. The longest-lived ring-tailed lemur in the wild was a female at the Berenty Reserve who

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as the core group. As with most lemurs, females socially dominate males in all circumstances, including feeding priority. Dominance is enforced by lunging, chasing, cuffing, grabbing and biting. Young females do not always inherit their mother's rank and young males leave the troop between three and

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The ring-tailed lemur is a relatively large lemur. Its average weight is 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb). Its head–body length ranges between 39 and 46 cm (15 and 18 in), its tail length is 56 and 63 cm (22 and 25 in), and its total length is 95 and 110 cm (37 and 43 in).

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Border disputes with rival troops occur occasionally and it is the dominant female's responsibility to defend the troop's home range. Agonistic encounters include staring, lunging approaches and occasional physical aggression, and conclude with troop members retreating toward the center of the home

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For males, social structure changes can be seasonal. During the six-month period between December and May a few males migrate between groups. Established males transfer on average every 3.5 years, although young males may transfer approximately every 1.4 years. Group fission occurs when groups

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has shown that the ring-tailed lemur can organize sequences in memory and retrieve ordered sequences without language. The experimental design demonstrated that the lemurs were using internal representation of the sequence to guide their responses and not simply following a trained sequence, where

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Troop size, home range, and population density vary by region and food availability. Troops typically range in size from 6 to 25, although troops with over 30 individuals have been recorded. The average troop contains 13 to 15 individuals. Home range size varies between 6 and 35 hectares

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The species has a slender frame and narrow face, fox-like muzzle. The ring-tailed lemur's trademark—a long, bushy tail—is ringed in alternating black and white transverse bands, numbering 12 or 13 white rings and 13 or 14 black rings and always ending in a black tip. The total number of

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lasts 4 to 6 hours, and females mate with multiple males during this period. Within a troop, females stagger their receptivity so that each female comes into season on a different day during the breeding season, reducing competition for male attention. Females lactate during the wet season,

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The ring-tailed lemur is highly social, living in groups—known as "troops"—of up to 30 individuals. It is also a female-dominant species, a commonality among lemurs. To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds, groups will huddle together. Mutual grooming is another vital aspect of lemur

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Since tool use is considered to be a key feature of primate intelligence, the apparent lack of this behavior in wild lemurs, as well as the lack of non-food object play, has helped reinforce the perception that lemurs are less intelligent than their simian cousins. However, another study at the

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of older tests may have favored the natural behavior and ecology of simians over that of strepsirrhines, making the experimental tasks inappropriate for lemurs. For example, simians are known for their manipulative play with non-food objects, whereas lemurs are only known to manipulate non-food

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in the following order: m 1/1 (first molars), i 2/2 (first incisors), i 3/3 (second incisors), C1 (upper canines), m 2/2 (second molars), c1 (lower canines), m 3/3 (third molars), p 4/4 (third premolars), p 3/3 (second premolars), p 2/2 (first premolars).

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surface of their shoulders (near the armpit). The brachial gland is larger than the antebrachial gland, covered in short hair around the periphery, and has a naked crescent-shaped orifice near the center. The gland secretes a foul-smelling, brown, sticky substance. The brachial gland is barely

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occurs in September or occasionally October. In the wild, one offspring is the norm, although twins may occur. Ring-tailed lemur infants have a birth weight of 70 g (2.5 oz) and are carried ventrally (on the chest) for the first 1 to 2 weeks, then dorsally (on the back).

2284: 557:, and ghostly cries of lemurs. It has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors, but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India. The species name, 2481:

lived for 20 years. In the wild, females rarely live past the age of 16, whereas the life expectancy of males is not known due to their social structure. The longest-lived male was reported to be 15 years old. The maximum lifespan reported in captivity was 27 years.

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The young lemurs begin to eat solid food after two months and are fully weaned after five months. Sexual maturity is reached between 2.5 and 3 years. Male involvement in infant rearing is limited, although the entire troop, regardless of age or sex, can be seen caring for the young.

2289: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2244:. However, it sits with its legs extended outward, not cross-legged, and will often support itself on nearby branches. Sunning is often a group activity, particularly during the cold mornings. At night, troops will split into sleeping parties huddling closely together to keep warm. 1338:

The skin of the ring-tailed lemur is dark gray or black in color, even in places where the fur is white. It is exposed on the nose, palms, soles, eyelids, lips, and genitalia. The skin is smooth, but the leathery texture of the hands and feet facilitate terrestrial movement. The

2501:(monkeys and apes), while strepsirrhine primates, such as the ring-tailed lemur and its allies, have been overlooked and popularly dismissed as unintelligent. A couple of factors stemming from early experiments have played a role in the development of this assumption. First, the 2191:. When available, tamarind makes up as much as 50% of the diet, especially during the dry, winter season. The ring-tailed lemur eats from as many as three dozen different plant species, and its diet includes flowers, herbs, bark and sap. It has been observed eating decayed wood, 2288: 1722:(forests along riverbanks). It strongly favors gallery forests, but such forests have now been cleared from much of Madagascar in order to create pasture for livestock. Depending on location, temperatures within its geographic range can vary from −12 °C (10 °F) at 1583:

Its lower incisors (i1 and i2) are long, narrow, and finely spaced while pointing almost straight forward in the mouth (procumbent). Together with the incisor-shaped (incisiform) lower canines (c1), which are slightly larger and also procumbent, form a structure called a

2384: 2167:) have been studied together. Little interaction takes place between the two species. While the diets of the two species overlap, they eat in different proportions since the ring-tailed lemur has a more varied diet and spends more time on the ground. 2286: 501:

trade. As of early 2017, the population in the wild is believed to have crashed to as low as 2,000 individuals due to these reasons, making them far more critically endangered. Local Malagasy farmers and logging industries frequently make use of

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by dousing their tails with their pheromones and “wafting” them at opponents. Additionally, lemurs of both sexes will scent-mark trees, logs, rocks or other objects by simply rubbing their faces and bodies onto it, not unlike a domestic cat.

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preferentially select tools based on their functional qualities. Therefore, the conceptual competence to use a tool may have been present in the common primate ancestor, even though the use of tools may not have appeared until much later.

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from December through April, when resources are readily available. Females gestate during the dry season, from May through September, when resources are low. Females give birth during seasons where resources, such as flowers, are in peak.

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Regardless, research has continued to illuminate the complexity of the lemur mind, with emphasis on the cognitive abilities of the ring-tailed lemur. As early as the mid-1970s, studies had demonstrated that they could be trained through

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and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, Linnaeus adapted the term "lemur" for these nocturnal primates. However, it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost-like appearance,

1462:, specifically to rake through fur that is unreachable by the mouth. The toilet-claw is a trait shared among nearly all living strepsirrhine primates. Unlike other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur's heel is not covered by fur. 2625:. Finally, periodic drought common to southern Madagascar can impact populations already in decline. In 1991 and 1992, for example, a severe drought caused an abnormally high mortality rate among infants and females at the 2528:

in Madagascar and as well as baboons in Africa, she more recently concluded that this highly social lemur species does not demonstrate the equivalent social complexity of cercopithecine monkeys, despite general appearances.

2609:, have also taken their toll. Today, it is estimated that 90% of Madagascar's original forest cover has been lost. Rising populations have created even greater demand in the southwest portion of the island for fuel wood, 2636:

has been taken. Not only does field research and resource management involve international students and local people (including school children), livestock management is used at the peripheral zones of the reserve and

2605:. Starting nearly 2,000 years ago with the introduction of humans to the island, forests have been cleared to produce pasture and agricultural land. Extraction of hardwoods for fuel and lumber, as well mining and 946:, containing only the ring-tailed lemur. Because the differences in molecular data are so minute between the ring-tailed lemur and both genera of bamboo lemurs, it has been suggested that all three genera be merged. 2423: 2742:

brand, which started by selling T-shirts in Madagascar and now sells clothing across the Indian Ocean islands, is named after this lemur due to its popularity, even though the company's logo portrays the face of a

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Outside of its diminishing habitat and other threats, the ring-tailed lemur reproduces readily and has fared well in captivity. For this reason, along with its popularity, it has become the most populous lemur in

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Other measurements include a hind foot length of 102 and 113 mm (4.0 and 4.4 in), ear length of 40 and 48 mm (1.6 and 1.9 in), and cranium length of 78 and 88 mm (3.1 and 3.5 in).

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the ring-tailed lemur can rear up and balance on its hind legs, usually for aggressive displays. When threatened, the ring-tailed lemur may jump in the air and strike out with its short nails and sharp upper

446:, with scent glands, provides communication signals throughout a group's home range. The glands are located near the eyes, as well as near the anus. The males perform a unique scent-marking behavior called 4822: 901:

in 1962, and due to similarities between the ring-tailed lemur and the bamboo lemurs, particularly in regards to molecular evidence and scent glands similarities, the true lemurs were moved to the genus

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The relationship between the ring-tailed lemur and bamboo lemurs is the least understood. Molecular analysis suggests that either the bamboo lemurs diverged from the ring-tailed lemur, making the group

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due to its recognizability. As of 2017, only about 2,000 ring-tailed lemurs are estimated to be left in the wild, making the threat of extinction far more serious for them than previously believed.

1628:, or hostile in nature. A troop will usually occupy the same part of its range for three or four days before moving. When it does move, the average traveling distance is 1 km (0.62 mi). 2285: 2684:

in southern Madagascar. However, these interventions are not always seen favorably, since natural population fluctuations are not permitted. The species is thought to have evolved its high

580:, who noted its characteristic long, banded tail. (The term "maucauco" was a very common term for lemurs at this time.) The now universal English name "ring-tailed lemur" was first used by 393: 1302:, a moist, naked, glandular nose supported by the upper jaw and protruding beyond the chin. The rhinarium continues down where it divides the upper lip. The upper lip is attached to the 4528:

Sauther, Michelle L. (1993). "Resource Competition in Wild Populations of Ringtailed Lemurs (Lemur Catta): Implications for Female Dominance". In Kappeler, P. M.; Ganzhorn, J. U. (eds.).

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in Georgia, demonstrating that captive lemurs can readily adapt to their environment and exhibit a full range of natural behaviors, captive release is not currently being considered.

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used to maintain group cohesion during foraging and alert group members to the presence of a predator. Calls range from simple to complex. An example of a simple call is the purr (

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The ring-tailed lemur resides in several protected areas within its range, each offering varying levels of protection. At the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, a holistic approach to

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socialization (as with all primates), reaffirming social and familial connections, while also helping rid each other of any potential insects. Ring-tailed lemurs are strictly

1200:. Additional genetic studies in 2000 further supported the conclusion that population did not vary significantly from the other ring-tailed lemur populations on the island. 506:

deforestation techniques, with smoke being visible on the horizon on most days in Madagascar, in an effort to accommodate livestock and to cultivate larger fields of crops.

2613:, and lumber. Fires from the clearing of grasslands, as well as slash-and-burn agriculture destroy forests. Another threat to the species is harvesting either for food ( 2673:. Due to the high success of captive breeding, reintroduction is a possibility if wild populations were to crash. Although experimental releases have met success on 1758: 1406:

measuring 1 cm long and located on the inner surface of the forearm nearly 25 cm (9.8 in) above the wrist joint. (This trait is shared between the

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Ring-tailed lemur populations can also benefit from drought intervention, due to the availability of watering troughs and introduced fruit trees, as seen at the

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one item in the sequence cues the selection of the next. But this is not the limit of the ring-tailed lemur's reasoning skills. Another study, performed at the

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with three included species, only one of which is still considered to be a lemur while another is no longer considered to be a primate. These species include:

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In the mornings the ring-tailed lemur sunbathes to warm itself. It faces the sun sitting in what is frequently described as a "sun-worshipping" posture or

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Because of the difficulty in discerning the relationships within family Lemuridae, not all authorities agree on the taxonomy, although the majority of the

4698: 2260:. This is extremely rare outside of the breeding season when tensions are high and competition for mates is intense. Other aggressive behaviors include a 2860: 2380:. Some calls have variants and undergo transitions between variants, such as an infant "whit" (distress call) transitioning from one variant to another ( 871: 4867: 749:

species have short snouts, while the ring-tailed lemur and the rest of Lemuridae have long snouts. However, differences in the relationship between the

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and semi-terrestrial. It is the most terrestrial of lemur species, spending as much as 33% of its time on the ground. However it is still considerably

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Gouzoules, H.; Gouzoules, S. (2007). "The Conundrum of Communication". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Stumpf, R.M.; Bearder, S. (eds.).

544:'s own explanation, the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris. Being familiar with the works of 2364:), which expresses contentment. A complex call is the sequence of clicks, close-mouth click series (CMCS), open-mouth click series (OMCS) and yaps ( 893:), and its skeleton is nearly indistinguishable from that of the true lemurs. Consequently, the three genera were once grouped together in the genus 897:

and more recently are sometimes referred to as subfamily Lemurinae (within family Lemuridae). However, ruffed lemurs were reassigned to the genus

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Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W. (2006). "Chapter 2: Notes on the History of Ecological Studies of Malagasy Lemurs". In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.).

2586:, which makes trade of wild-caught specimens illegal. Although there are more endangered species of lemur, the ring-tailed lemur is considered a 4635: 2319:, which involves impregnating their tails with secretions from the antebrachial and brachial glands and waving the scented tail at male rivals. 7047: 6959: 6592: 6335: 3799: 2520:

noted early in her academic career that some lemur species, such as the ring-tailed lemur, have evolved a social complexity similar to that of

3217: 2545:. The ring-tailed lemur has also been shown to learn a variety of complex tasks often equaling, if not exceeding, the performance of simians. 1501:) on its second toe (left) and dermal ridges on its hands to improve its grip (center). Unlike other lemurs, it lacks fur on its heel (right). 7743: 7717: 6557: 5178: 2798:, which was filmed at the Berenty Reserve and followed a troop of lemurs. The troop included a special infant named Sapphire, who was nearly 1821: 1294:(back surface of the eye), which is present in—but varies between—all lemurs, is very spotty. The ring-tailed lemur also has a rudimentary 603:

from Madagascar come from recent times. Thus, little is known about the evolution of the ring-tailed lemur, let alone the rest of the lemur

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and Olivier Langrand suggested that the ring-tailed lemur may demonstrate regional variations, particularly a high mountain population at

7102: 7065: 7037: 6778: 1833: 1624:(15 and 86 acres). Troops of the ring-tailed lemur will maintain a territory, but overlap is often high. When encounters occur, they are 3398:

Horvath, J.E.; Weisrock, D.W.; Embry, S.L.; Fiorentino, I.; Balhoff, J.P.; Kappeler, P.; Wray, G.A.; Willard, H.F.; Yoder, A.D. (2008).

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on the southeastern plateau, among the spiny forests of the southern part of the island, and north along the west coast to the town of

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while rRNA sequences of mtDNA place the split at 24.9 ±3.6 mya. The ruffed lemurs are the first genus to split away (most

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Pastorini, J.; Forstner, M.R.J.; Martin, R.D. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships among Lemuridae (Primates): evidence from mtDNA".

3312: 1871:), which was once found at Andringitra National Park; however, no sightings of the ruffed lemur have been reported in recent years. 7652: 4686: 1813: 1761:, north of Morondava. Its distribution throughout the rest of its range is very spotty, with population densities varying widely. 5753: 5726: 5231: 7864: 7691: 6146: 5783: 4038:

Howarth, C. J.; Wilson, J. M.; Adamson, A. P.; Wilson, M. E.; Boase, M. J. (1986). "Population ecology of the ring-tailed lemur,

3264: 753:(eye socket) and the muzzle suggest that the ring-tailed lemur and the true lemurs evolved their elongated faces independently. 1446:

and more specialized than the hands. The big toe is opposable and is smaller than the big toe of other lemurs, which are more

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Gould, L.; Sauther, M. (2007). "Lemuriformes". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Stumpf, R.M.; Bearder, S. (eds.).

7735: 5694: 5675: 5656: 5633: 5564: 5532: 5513: 5486: 5450: 5427: 5408: 5389: 5362: 5343: 5320: 5299: 4545: 2557:, suggests that this species along with several other closely related lemur species understand simple arithmetic operations. 1332:

Scent glands on a male: the brachial glands on the upper chest (left), and antebrachial gland and spur on the forearm (right)

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and supporting the current two-genera taxonomy, or that the ring-tailed lemur is nested in with the bamboo lemurs, requiring

7696: 5731: 1343:, located at the joint of the tail, is covered when the tail is lowered. The area around the anus (circumanal area) and the 7879: 7874: 5201: 2541:. The species has been shown to be capable of learning pattern, brightness, and object discrimination, skills common among 1765: 1632:

ranges from 100 individuals per 1 km (0.39 sq mi) in dry forests to 250–600 individuals per km in

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primates. For this to have happened, it is thought that a very small ancestral population came to Madagascar via a single

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monkeys, but not the corresponding intelligence. After years of observations of wild ring-tailed lemur populations at the

5332:"Chapter 4: Impact of Ecology on the Teeth of Extant Lemurs: A Review of Dental Adaptations, Function, and Life History" 5132: 1867:. Historically, the species used to be sympatric with the critically endangered southern black-and-white ruffed lemur ( 7854: 670:

Genetic analysis indicates that ring-tailed lemurs (left) are more closely related to the two genera of bamboo lemurs (

7813: 5604: 3661: 5464: 1812:, and marginally at Kirindy Mitea National Park. Unprotected forests that the species has been reported in include 1620:, 25% in the upper-level canopy, 6% in the emergent layer and 13% in small bushes. Troop travel is 70% terrestrial. 5007: 4510: 4440: 4278:

Palagi, E.; Dapporto, L.; Borgognini-Tarli, S.M. (2005). "The neglected scent: on the marking function of urine in

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described them as being comparable in size to a monkey and having a fox-like long tail with black and white rings.

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worldwide, with more than 2,000 captive-raised individuals), the wild population of ring-tailed lemur is listed as

54: 3400:"Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs" 2835:

in Madagascar. The project had been partly funded by Cleese's donation of the proceeds from the London premier of

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Myakka City Lemur Reserve examined the representation of tool functionality in both the ring-tailed lemur and the

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Goodman, S.M.; Rakotoarisoa, S.V.; Wilmé, L. (2006). "The Distribution and Biogeography of the Ringtailed Lemur (

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The first mention of the ring-tailed lemur in Western literature came in 1625 when English traveller and writer

1394:(four nipples), but only one pair is functional. The anterior pair (closest to the head) are very close to the 741:, genetics, and several morphological traits, such as scent gland similarities. However, other data concerning 5478: 1781: 7478: 2649:

worldwide, with more than 2500 in captivity as of 2009. It is also the most common of all captive primates.

7826: 2662: 561:, refers to the ring-tailed lemur's cat-like appearance. Its purring vocalization is similar to that of the 6071: 6012: 4462: 2828: 2734:). Being the most widely recognized endemic primate on the island, it has been selected as the symbol for 2066: 1996: 1268: 1264: 477:

Despite adapting to and breeding easily under captive care (and being the most popular species of lemur in

5088: 1306:, preventing the lip from protruding and thus requiring the lemur to lap water rather than using suction. 7730: 7600: 6139: 6062: 6053: 5776: 5591: 5551: 2040: 1985: 1754: 7605: 3129: 2940: 5596: 5556: 5110: 4226: 3440: 2915: 2755: 2629:. Two years later, the population had declined by 31% and took nearly four years to start to recover. 2340: 2323: 2300:

communication is critically important for strepsirrhines like the ring-tailed lemur. Males and females

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depression on the retina. Another shared characteristic with the other strepsirrhine primates is the

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than to the other two genera in its family. This has been supported by comparisons in communication,

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reviewed the evidence and came to a different conclusion, instead favoring to return the members of

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The pale fork-marked lemur found at Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park may instead be a new species.

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Its fingers are slender, padded, mostly lacking webbing, and semi-dexterous with flat, human-like

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lacks fur, is covered in small, horny spines, and the two sacs of the scrotum are divided. The

7683: 7517: 6979: 6132: 5769: 4981: 3570:"Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Lemurs Inferred with Recent and Ancient Fossils in the Tree" 2782: 2666: 2658: 2143: 1959: 1809: 1278:

Unlike most diurnal primates, but like all strepsirrhine primates, the ring-tailed lemur has a

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Drea, Christine M.; Weil, Anne (2008). "External genital morphology of the ring-tailed lemur (

7782: 7555: 5980: 5623: 2674: 2626: 2502: 2477: 1848: 1793: 1789: 1727: 1359:, as well as having two pairs of larger spines on both sides. Males have a relatively small 693: 652: 206: 7774: 5472: 4153: 4151: 4149: 2348:

The ring-tailed lemur is one of the most vocal primates and has a complex array of distinct

7808: 7709: 7626: 7564: 7027: 6993: 6098: 5935: 5586: 5546: 4734: 4575: 4291: 3734: 3721:

Orlando, L.; Calvignac, S.; Schnebelen, C.; Douady, C.J.; Godfrey, L.R.; Hänni, C. (2008).

3529: 2650: 2633: 2534: 2349: 2121: 2077: 1882: 1706:, the ring-tailed lemur ranges further into highland areas than other lemurs. It inhabits 1668: 1589: 1402:

are present on both males and females. Both sexes have small, dark antebrachial (forearm)

1015: 522:

Malagasy primates, which have been known as "lemurs" ever since. The name derives from the

471: 6900: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 1323: 8: 6089: 5582: 5542: 4146: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3327: 2602: 2301: 2051: 1974: 1777: 1625: 1447: 923: 585: 569: 490: 443: 39: 5237: 5068: 4738: 4579: 4295: 3738: 3533: 3450: 2597:

Ring-tailed lemurs are a common sight at Berenty Private Reserve in southern Madagascar.

1185:

that has a thicker coat, lighter coloration, and variations in its tail rings. In 2001,

5908: 5890: 5645: 4932: 4854: 4800: 4758: 4690: 4307: 3927: 3822: 3757: 3722: 3427: 3158: 2790: 2562: 2538: 2304:

both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the overlaps in their home ranges using their

2088: 1723: 1676: 1660: 1640: 1629: 1376: 1182: 705: 537: 482: 431: 251: 86: 3669: 3287: 2978: 2653:

facilities actively involved in the conservation of the ring-tailed lemur include the

1520:(4 incisors and 2 canine teeth), while the first premolars resemble canines. 777: 7769: 7613: 7459: 7300: 7293: 5971: 5944: 5917: 5761: 5690: 5671: 5652: 5629: 5610: 5600: 5570: 5560: 5528: 5509: 5492: 5482: 5446: 5423: 5404: 5385: 5358: 5339: 5316: 5295: 4999: 4924: 4859: 4792: 4750: 4620: 4587: 4541: 4418: 4376: 4063: 3972: 3919: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3762: 3591: 3545: 3493: 3432: 3279: 2832: 2730: 2724: 2706: 2654: 2549: 2510: 2377: 2203:(birds and chameleons). During the dry season it becomes increasingly opportunistic. 2160: 2110: 2099: 1926: 1597: 1459: 1178: 809: 745:

and other morphological traits fail to support this close relationship. For example,

386: 373: 7569: 5441:) in Madagascar". In Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W.; Koyama, N.; Rasamimanana, H. (eds.). 5205: 5151: 4936: 4804: 4762: 3931: 3162: 7618: 7146: 6021: 5670:. Vol. 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. Pearson Custom Pub. pp. 154–173. 4991: 4916: 4849: 4841: 4784: 4742: 4694: 4682: 4616: 4583: 4533: 4481: 4410: 4368: 4299: 4135: 4055: 3962: 3911: 3818: 3752: 3742: 3581: 3537: 3485: 3422: 3414: 3366: 3364: 3148: 2996: 2807: 2587: 2509:

The notion that lemurs are unintelligent has been perpetuated by the view that the

2217: 1915: 1707: 781: 773: 696:) in the family, a view that is further supported by analysis of DNA sequences and 685: 5716: 4311: 3836: 3265:"Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: etymology of lemur names, part 1" 772:

The karyotype of the ring-tailed lemur has 56 chromosomes, of which four are

619:

evidence suggest that lemurs are more closely related to each other than to other

30: 7859: 7756: 7500: 7452: 7055: 6986: 6699: 6342: 6328: 6114: 5373: 5331: 4746: 4537: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3472:

Matsui, A.; Rakotondraparany, F.; Munechika, I.; Hasegawa, M.; Horai, S. (2009).

2681: 2670: 2525: 2521: 1805: 1746: 1617: 1573: 1557: 1295: 1290:. The tapetum is highly visible in this species because the pigmentation of the 1279: 1253: 1249: 1197: 943: 911: 855: 826: 750: 616: 573: 554: 407: 7800: 7722: 5523:

Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W.; Koyama, N.; Rasamimanana, H., eds. (2006). "Preface".

4995: 4845: 4779:(1998). "Pair-bonding, female aggression and the evolution of lemur societies". 4326: 3361: 2910:

is sometimes omitted because it was technically a vernacular term for the genus

7263: 7241: 7221: 7157: 7020: 7003: 6830: 6809: 6771: 6530: 6230: 5953: 3489: 2824: 2751: 2448: 2439: 2241: 1757:, just south of Morondava, though at very low densities. It does not occur in 1719: 1644: 1633: 1576: 1419: 919: 577: 503: 419: 4920: 4566:

Ehrlich, E.; Fobes, J.L.; King, J.E. (1976). "Prosimian learning capacities".

4303: 3625: 2293:

Male ring-tailed lemurs will scent-mark saplings and branches by spur-marking.

1843:

Within the protected regions it is known to inhabit, the ring-tailed lemur is

1745:. Historically, the northern limits of its range in the west extended to the 1314: 688:, the branching of the family Lemuridae has been dated to 26.1 ±3.3 7843: 7704: 7540: 7438: 7381: 7122: 6729: 6644: 6603: 6544: 6435: 6407: 6363: 6349: 6213: 6200: 6155: 5962: 5829: 5614: 5574: 5468: 5136: 5056: 4959:"How prosimian primates represent tools: Experiments with two lemur species ( 4514: 3283: 2987: 2768: 2473: 2315:

In displays of aggression, males engage in a social display behaviour called

2232:

The ring-tailed lemur will sit facing the sun to warm itself in the mornings.

2216:

Ring-tailed lemurs live in groups known as "troops," which are classified as

1801: 1553: 1391: 1364: 1356: 1234: 1186: 624: 620: 541: 515: 486: 340: 222: 180: 153: 59: 5496: 4485: 4187: 4139: 3967: 3946: 3747: 3586: 3569: 1414:

genera.) The gland is soft and compressible, bears fine dermal ridges (like

1224: 7401: 7374: 7365: 7351: 7327: 6918: 6872: 6571: 6564: 6400: 6277: 6254: 6036: 5995: 5460: 5003: 4928: 4863: 4776: 4722: 4663: 4604: 4504: 4380: 3976: 3923: 3778: 3776: 3766: 3595: 3549: 3541: 3497: 3436: 2773: 2618: 2517: 2253: 1837: 1742: 1715: 1688: 1684: 1545: 1291: 1287: 1256:. Instead, it is only used for balance, communication, and group cohesion. 1213: 1189: 1103: 1046: 1006: 997: 915: 907: 878: 863: 789: 785: 728: 463: 4796: 4754: 4422: 4122:

Sussman, R.W. (1991). "Demography and social organization of free-ranging

4067: 1566: 1563: 1534: 1531: 1470: 7761: 7665: 7592: 7549: 7495: 7429: 7286: 7279: 7231: 7180: 7092: 6743: 6681: 6667: 6612: 6585: 6514: 6500: 6493: 6472: 6442: 6428: 6298: 6240: 5881: 4500: 2812: 2778: 2606: 2578:

in 2014 by the IUCN, the ring-tailed lemur has been listed since 1977 by

2514: 2305: 2264:, used to intimidate or start a fight, and a submissive gesture known as 1498: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1415: 1403: 1399: 950: 738: 4397:

Macedonia, J.M. (1993). "The vocal repertoire of the ring-tailed lemur (

3951:): Glandular differences, seasonal variation, and individual signatures" 3773: 3723:"DNA from extinct giant lemurs links archaeolemurids to extant indriids" 2802:, with white fur, bright blue eyes, and the characteristic ringed tail. 2583: 1734: 1512: 351:

species, owing to its long, black-and-white, ringed tail. It belongs to

235: 7657: 7344: 7320: 7166: 7139: 6931: 6861: 6839: 6764: 6722: 6674: 6653: 6486: 6479: 6379: 6321: 6284: 5864: 4372: 3915: 3471: 3418: 2638: 2622: 2542: 2464: 2200: 1703: 1609: 1435:

glands in their genital or perianal regions, which are covered in fur.

1303: 1193: 1130: 988: 886: 742: 709: 689: 632: 612: 498: 458:

As one of the most vocal primates, the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous

439: 369: 365: 4788: 4687:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-8

4414: 4059: 1488: 1479: 643: 7670: 7639: 7445: 7392: 7311: 7076: 6948: 6846: 6800: 6785: 6757: 6750: 6736: 6715: 6708: 6660: 6626: 6523: 6291: 6270: 5926: 5793: 2685: 2494: 2460: 2297: 2248: 2221: 2196: 1853: 1750: 1711: 1585: 1525: 1517: 1432: 1299: 1031: 971: 758: 733: 697: 661: 423: 352: 163: 103: 7511: 3804:) from the high mountain zone of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar" 3798:

Yoder, A.D.; Irwin, J.A.; Goodman, S.M.; Rakotoarisoa, S.V. (2000).

2228: 576:"ring-tailed maucauco" was first penned in 1771 by Welsh naturalist 7644: 7534: 7252: 7013: 6854: 6633: 6456: 6421: 6386: 6372: 6173: 5811: 5541: 5157: 5074: 4157: 3708: 3456: 2614: 2610: 2490: 2476:

between troop females has been reported. Kidnapping by females and

2192: 2180: 2176: 1844: 1613: 1549: 1428: 1372: 1367:

are usually coated with a foul-smelling secretion. Females have a

1344: 1272: 1237:

primate, with a protruding muzzle and a wet nose. Top is the skull.

874:(ICZN) formalized this decision in its publication of Opinion 122. 727:

The ring-tailed lemur is thought to share closer affinities to the

533: 494: 427: 123: 5261:"Four More Lemurs To Be Released Into Madagascar Jungle This Fall" 4823:"A comparative analysis of serial ordering in ring-tailed lemurs ( 3153: 2764:, calling it the "Maucauco" and regarding it as a type of monkey. 2593: 7821: 7214: 6816: 6619: 6578: 6393: 6263: 6185: 5823: 5474:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

4244: 3800:"Genetic tests of the taxonomic status of the ring-tailed lemur ( 2601:

Three factors threaten ring-tailed lemurs. First and foremost is

1948: 1699: 1541: 1380: 1360: 1348: 866:

for the genus, despite the term initially being used to describe

608: 528: 519: 474:, and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities. 344: 143: 6124: 4019: 3720: 2443:

In the wild, females typically give birth to a single offspring.

1450:. The second toe is short, has a small terminal pad, and has a 7631: 7577: 7415: 6970: 6465: 6179: 6167: 5817: 5805: 5581: 5062: 4007: 3983: 3861: 3638: 3370: 2799: 2744: 2498: 2455: 1497:

Like other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur has a claw-like nail (

1423: 1395: 1384: 1283: 1260: 600: 597: 545: 467: 133: 113: 5522: 4607:(1964). "Prosimians' manipulation of simple object problems". 4359:: Economic design and territorial function of urine marking". 4355:

Palagi, E.; Norscia, I. (2005). "Multimodal signaling in wild

4277: 4193: 3995: 3947:"Chemical composition of scent marks in the ringtailed lemur ( 3397: 3196: 3194: 3192: 2513:(as a measure of brain size) indicates intelligence. In fact, 2407:) (low-to-moderate arousal, group cohesion), early-high wail ( 2179:

primarily eating fruits and leaves, particularly those of the

1427:

developed if present at all in females. Both sexes also have

1363:(penis bone) compared to their size. The scrotum, penis, and 7795: 7408: 7200: 7173: 7113: 4821:

Merritt, D.; MacLean, E.L.; Jaffe, S.; Brannon, E.M. (2007).

4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 3797: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 2815:, who has a passion for lemurs. Cleese later hosted the 1998 2579: 1859: 1368: 1352: 867: 604: 523: 361: 348: 76: 70: 4886:"Expectations about numerical events in four lemur species ( 2199:(spiders, caterpillars, cicadas and grasshoppers) and small 938:. However, this view was not widely accepted and the genus 355:, one of five lemur families, and is the only member of the 5625:

Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet

3867: 3235: 2943:(1817), although it was actually used as a vernacular name. 1340: 1192:

concluded that this does not represent a locally occurring

549: 4820: 4725:(1966). "Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence". 4175: 4103: 4074: 4037: 3602: 3337: 3218:"Ring-Tailed Lemur Populations Have Crashed by 95 Percent" 3169: 2805:

A Ring-tailed lemur played a role in the 1997 comedy film

2419:) (moderate-to-high arousal, group cohesion), and clicks ( 1592:(gap) between the second and third premolars (p2 and p3). 1263:(fur) is so dense that it can clog electric clippers. The 3568:

Herrera, James P.; Dávalos, Liliana M. (September 2016).

2816: 2646: 678:) than they are to other members of the family Lemuridae. 635:

has created the diversity of Malagasy lemurs seen today.

562: 478: 5436: 3782: 3376: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 2159:

In western Madagascar, sympatric ring-tailed lemurs and

5236:(DVD). Tigress Productions Ltd. for BBC. Archived from 4643:

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Symposium on Zoo Research

3519: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 2788:. The ring-tailed lemur was also the focus of the 1996 2344:

Ring-tailed lemurs are some of the most vocal primates.

584:

in his illustrated scientific publication covering the

5791: 2696:

The ring-tailed lemur is known locally in Malagasy as

5549:; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 1875:

List of species sympatric with the ring-tailed lemur

627:

between 50 and 80 million years ago. Subsequent

7426: 7362: 7340: 7248: 7237: 7227: 7128: 7098: 7088: 7061: 7043: 7033: 7009: 6999: 6955: 6944: 6827: 6797: 6696: 6541: 6511: 6453: 6360: 6309: 6251: 6236: 6226: 5093:

Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta

4460: 4163: 3262: 3038: 2976: 2761:

Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta

2454:

The breeding season runs from mid-April to mid-May.

2395:

The most commonly heard vocalizations are the moan (

1726:

to 48 °C (118 °F) in the spiny forests of

877:

The ring-tailed lemur shares many similarities with

470:

primates), can organize sequences, understand basic

462:, including calling for group cohesion and predator 4956: 4883: 3349: 3263:Dunkel, A.R.; Zijlstra, J.S.; Groves, C.P. (2011). 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 2861:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

2484: 1422:. The males also have brachial (arm) glands on the 1252:(~25). Its tail is longer than its body and is not 872:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

5644: 5417: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4434: 4432: 4348: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4250: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4031: 3879: 2929: 1540:, meaning that on each side of the jaw it has two 364:. Like all lemurs, it is endemic to the island of 5741:Lemur Conservation Foundation: ring-tailed lemurs 3944: 1764:The ring-tailed lemur can be easily seen in five 514:Although the term "lemur" was first intended for 7841: 5712:Official ring-tailed lemur species survival plan 5252: 5225: 5223: 5202:"John Cleese Visits Lemurs at San Francisco Zoo" 4957:Santos, L.R.; Mahajan, N.; Barnes, J.L. (2005). 4884:Santos, L.R.; Barnes, J.L.; Mahajan, N. (2005). 4565: 4392: 4390: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3247: 1267:(chest) coat and throat are white or cream. The 5378:ecology: What we know and what we need to know" 5329: 5258: 5017: 4530:Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis 4492: 4429: 4318: 4268: 4199: 4025: 3002:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11496A115565760.en 2946: 2849: 1694: 1248:rings nearly matches the approximate number of 532:, which refers to specters or ghosts that were 5199: 5193: 4816: 4814: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4324: 3945:Scordato, E.S.; Dubay, G.; Drea, C.M. (2007). 3567: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3393: 3391: 2716: 2698: 412: 378: 6140: 5777: 5756:In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese 5689:. Columbia University Press. pp. 43–46. 5233:In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese 5220: 4467:at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar" 4387: 4354: 3504: 3467: 3465: 2900: 2821:In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese 588:, which was published between 1792 and 1796. 426:in the southern regions of the island. It is 6211: 5503: 5398: 5289: 5036: 4599: 4597: 4224: 4181: 4109: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3938: 3873: 3793: 3791: 3127: 2866: 2434: 1616:, spending 23% of its time in the mid-level 611:primate population of the island. However, 400: 5595:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.). 5555:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). 5308: 5163: 4950: 4877: 4811: 4554: 4126:in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar". 4115: 3714: 3556: 3388: 3343: 2883: 2767:The species was further popularized by the 2322:Ring-tailed lemurs have also been shown to 2237:get too large and resources become scarce. 795: 784:(the short arm is hardly observable). The 6147: 6133: 5784: 5770: 5727:images and movies of the ring-tailed lemur 5684: 5647:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates 5204:. PythOnline's Daily Llama. Archived from 5045:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) 4656: 4532:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 135–152. 4233:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) 3462: 3241: 3200: 2275: 2175:The ring-tailed lemur is an opportunistic 1639:The ring-tailed lemur has both native and 234: 48: 29: 4985: 4853: 4769: 4715: 4627: 4594: 4509:. Series 1. Episode 6. 8:40 minutes in. 4474:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4396: 4361:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4128:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3966: 3788: 3756: 3746: 3585: 3426: 3152: 3000: 2918:named the type species for this genus as 2431:) ("location marker" to draw attention). 2329: 1873: 1203: 955: 5422:. Oxford University Press. p. 624. 5039:"Primate Factsheets: Ring-tailed lemur ( 4438: 4227:"Primate Factsheets: Ring-tailed lemur ( 3902:): Females are naturally masculinized". 3897: 2926:Linnaeus, 1758) in the same year (1878). 2592: 2438: 2339: 2279: 2227: 1643:predators. Native predators include the 1511: 776:(arms of nearly equal length), four are 430:, as well as the most adapted to living 347:and the most internationally recognized 5665: 5403:. Oxford University Press. p. 53. 5355:Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide 5352: 5125: 4527: 4463:"Reproductive behavior of free-ranging 4121: 4097: 3619: 3382: 3304: 3211: 3209: 3014: 3012: 2747:and its name uses the French spelling. 918:and Robert H. Eaglen (1988). In 1991, 591: 7842: 5459: 5380:. In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.). 5334:. In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.). 5086: 4662: 3783:Goodman, Rakotoarisoa & Wilmé 2006 3657: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2758:included the species in his 1788 book 2691: 2569: 2497:in non-human primates have focused on 1847:(shares its range) with as many as 24 1516:The front, lower dentition includes a 712:relationship between the true lemurs ( 7516: 7515: 6916: 6198: 6128: 5765: 5621: 5371: 5109:. Southern Star Group. Archived from 4775: 4721: 4633: 4603: 4169: 3355: 3215: 2729: 2723: 2705: 1851:, covering every living genus except 1733:This species is found as far east as 780:(arms of unequal length), and 46 are 385: 7827:634A04B1-73F2-4F4F-8C3D-532712D26541 5668:Primate Ecology and Social Structure 5642: 5330:Cuozzo, F.P.; Yamashita, N. (2006). 5181:from the original on 19 January 2015 5135:. Online Video Guide. Archived from 4262: 3885: 3206: 3009: 1675:). Introduced predators include the 765:to be split off into its own genus, 7870:Species endangered by the pet trade 5282: 5259:Duke University (12 October 1998). 5099: 4284:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3310: 2988:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2965: 2463:lasts for about 135 days, and 1383:is closer to the clitoris than the 1355:is nearly cylindrical in shape and 1347:are covered in fur. In males, the 953:favors the current classification. 800:Linnaeus first used the genus name 13: 4331:: a comparison of design features" 3823:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00814.x 3216:Platt, John R. (13 January 2017). 2935:Muirhead (1819) credited the name 2823:, which tracked the progress of a 1737:, inland towards the mountains of 14: 7891: 6199: 6154: 5705: 5312:Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist 5037:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005-09-21). 4974:Journal of Comparative Psychology 4834:Journal of Comparative Psychology 4325:Palagi, E.; Dapporto, L. (2006). 4225:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005-09-21). 4046:, at Berenty, Madagascar, 1981". 3128:Wilson, D.E.; Hanlon, E. (2010). 2665:in Myakka City, Florida, and the 2211: 1282:, or reflective layer behind the 7850:IUCN Red List endangered species 7477: 6917: 6899: 5309:Blunt, W.; Stearn, W.T. (2002). 5294:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. 4327:"Urine marking and urination in 2859:was declared unavailable by the 2738:(formerly known as ANGAP). The 2485:Cognitive abilities and tool use 1786:Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park 1487: 1478: 1469: 1322: 1313: 1223: 1212: 1010:: lesser gentle or bamboo lemurs 660: 651: 642: 90: 5585:; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.; 5263:. Science Daily. Archived from 5200:ten Cate, Hans (13 June 2002). 5080: 4636:"A glimpse into the lemur mind" 4521: 4454: 4044:Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi 3891: 2977:LaFleur, M.; Gould, L. (2020). 2889:Type species was designated as 2872:Type species was designated as 2574:In addition to being listed as 2548:More recently, research at the 2336:ring-tailed lemur vocalizations 2195:, spider webs, insect cocoons, 339:) is a medium- to larger-sized 7865:National symbols of Madagascar 6072:Southern lesser bamboo lemur ( 6013:Black-and-white ruffed lemur ( 5506:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 5479:Johns Hopkins University Press 5384:. Springer. pp. 255–274. 5382:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 5336:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 5315:. Princeton University Press. 4251:Gouzoules & Gouzoules 2007 2777:, as well as by the character 2688:due to its harsh environment. 1782:Tsimanampetsotse National Park 962:Phylogeny of family Lemuridae 818:Museum of King Adolf Frederick 540:of ancient Rome. According to 1: 6063:Western lesser bamboo lemur ( 6054:Eastern lesser bamboo lemur ( 4668:"The social brain hypothesis" 4461:Sauther, Michelle L. (1991). 2959: 2829:black-and-white ruffed lemurs 2663:Lemur Conservation Foundation 2627:Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve 2489:Historically, the studies of 1798:Pic d'Ivohibe Special Reserve 1794:Kalambatritra Special Reserve 1790:Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve 1728:Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve 1702:to southern and southwestern 959:Taxonomy of family Lemuridae 842:(the ring-tailed lemur), and 816:) in his 1754 catalog of the 607:, which comprises the entire 518:, it was soon limited to the 16:A large lemur from Madagascar 5628:. Harvard University Press. 5527:. Springer. pp. v–vii. 5508:. Springer. pp. 19–39. 5471:; Reeder, D. M (eds.). 5357:. A&C Black Publishers. 5338:. Springer. pp. 67–96. 4747:10.1126/science.153.3735.501 4621:10.1016/0003-3472(64)90080-6 4588:10.1016/0047-2484(76)90005-1 4538:10.1007/978-1-4899-2412-4_10 3020:"Checklist of CITES Species" 2133:Coquerel's giant mouse lemur 2067:Southern lesser bamboo lemur 1997:Small-toothed sportive lemur 1954:Daubentonia madagascariensis 1766:national parks in Madagascar 1753:. It can still be found in 1695:Geographic range and habitat 1673:Acrantophis madagascariensis 1524:The ring-tailed lemur has a 1507: 1454:(sometimes referred to as a 870:. On January 10, 1929, the 716:) and the other two genera: 509: 7: 7880:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7875:Endemic fauna of Madagascar 5445:. Springer. pp. 3–15. 4996:10.1037/0735-7036.119.4.394 4846:10.1037/0735-7036.121.4.363 4783:. 69 (Suppl. 1) (7): 1–13. 4026:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006 2641:benefits the local people. 2206: 1986:White-footed sportive lemur 1788:. It can also be found in 1755:Kirindy Mitea National Park 1233:The ring-tailed lemur is a 10: 7896: 6081:Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur ( 5687:The Primates of Madagascar 5597:Conservation International 5557:Conservation International 4568:Journal of Human Evolution 3522:Journal of Human Evolution 3490:10.1016/j.gene.2008.08.024 2539:schedules of reinforcement 2333: 2063: 1971: 1879: 1869:Varecia variegata editorum 1603: 1390:Females have two pairs of 1357:is covered in small spines 1286:of the eye, that enhances 1019:: the greater bamboo lemur 7855:Mammals described in 1758 7524: 7490: 7475: 7425: 7391: 7361: 7310: 7262: 7209: 7198: 7156: 7112: 7084: 7075: 6969: 6940: 6929: 6925: 6912: 6897: 6871: 6826: 6796: 6695: 6643: 6602: 6552: 6540: 6510: 6452: 6359: 6308: 6250: 6222: 6207: 6194: 6162: 6111: 6034: 5993: 5862: 5838: 5800: 5792:Extant species of family 5290:Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). 4921:10.1007/s10071-005-0252-4 4675:Evolutionary Anthropology 4338:Annales Zoologici Fennici 4304:10.1007/s00265-005-0963-1 3326:(1): 7–14. Archived from 2736:Madagascar National Parks 2555:Myakka City Lemur Reserve 2447:The ring-tailed lemur is 2435:Breeding and reproduction 2019:Red-tailed sportive lemur 1774:Andringitra National Park 1608:The ring-tailed lemur is 1127: 1100: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1043: 1036: 684:According to analysis of 257: 250: 242: 233: 212: 205: 87:Scientific classification 85: 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 5525:Ringtailed Lemur Biology 5443:Ringtailed Lemur Biology 5089:"The Maucauco, Plate 23" 5087:Catton, Charles (1788). 4182:Jolly & Sussman 2006 4110:Gould & Sauther 2007 4042:, and the white sifaka, 3727:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2941:Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest 2842: 2041:Hubbard's sportive lemur 1938:Reddish-gray mouse lemur 1770:Andohahela National Park 1387:, forming a "drip tip". 1375:that protrudes from the 1371:with a thick, elongated 951:primatological community 796:Taxonomic classification 450:and will participate in 5981:Blue-eyed black lemur ( 5900:Sanford's brown lemur ( 5685:Tattersall, I. (1982). 5420:Primates in Perspective 5401:Primates in Perspective 5171:"A Lemur's Tale: About" 5158:Mittermeier et al. 2010 5075:Mittermeier et al. 2010 5063:Mittermeier et al. 2006 4486:10.1002/ajpa.1330840409 4158:Mittermeier et al. 2010 4140:10.1002/ajpa.1330840105 3862:Mittermeier et al. 2006 3748:10.1186/1471-2148-8-121 3709:Mittermeier et al. 2010 3639:Mittermeier et al. 2006 3457:Mittermeier et al. 2010 3371:Mittermeier et al. 2006 3344:Blunt & Stearn 2002 2682:Berenty Private Reserve 2306:anogenital scent glands 2276:Olfactory communication 2170: 2030:Wright's sportive lemur 2008:Petter's sportive lemur 1905:Peyrieras' woolly lemur 1806:Berenty Private Reserve 1653:Madagascar harrier-hawk 1636:and secondary forests. 1596:canines exhibit slight 1107:(lesser bamboo lemurs) 983:: the ring-tailed lemur 788:is metacentric and the 6099:Greater bamboo lemur ( 5936:Collared brown lemur ( 5722:– Tree of Life Project 5666:Sussman, R.W. (1999). 5589:; et al. (2006). 5177:. PBS. February 1997. 4645:: 5–10. Archived from 4443:. Animal Diversity Web 3542:10.1006/jhev.2002.0587 3134:(Primates: Lemuridae)" 2995:: e.T11496A115565760. 2717: 2699: 2667:Madagascar Fauna Group 2659:Durham, North Carolina 2598: 2444: 2345: 2330:Auditory communication 2294: 2233: 2144:Pale fork-marked lemur 2072:Hapalemur meridionalis 2024:Lepilemur ruficaudatus 1960:Fat-tailed dwarf lemur 1943:Microcebus griseorufus 1810:Anja Community Reserve 1759:Kirindy Forest Reserve 1521: 1379:. The opening of the 1204:Anatomy and physiology 629:evolutionary radiation 434:of the extant lemurs. 413: 401: 379: 7783:Paleobiology Database 6090:Golden bamboo lemur ( 5230:Cleese, John (1998). 4439:Anderson, R. (1999). 3968:10.1093/chemse/bjm018 3904:Journal of Morphology 3587:10.1093/sysbio/syw035 2916:René Primevère Lesson 2786:film and TV franchise 2675:St. Catherines Island 2669:headquartered at the 2596: 2442: 2343: 2292: 2256:in a behavior termed 2231: 2187:), known natively as 2046:Lepilemur hubbardorum 1894:Milne-Edwards' sifaka 1888:Propithecus verreauxi 1716:montane humid forests 1669:Madagascar ground boa 1657:Polyboroides radiatus 1515: 1177:In 1996, researchers 568:Following Linnaeus's 472:arithmetic operations 5909:White-headed lemur ( 5891:Common brown lemur ( 5592:Lemurs of Madagascar 5552:Lemurs of Madagascar 5481:. pp. 111–184. 5353:Garbutt, N. (2007). 5267:on 26 September 2010 5113:on 12 September 2007 4634:Hosey, G.R. (2000). 2634:in-situ conservation 2535:operant conditioning 2122:Collared brown lemur 2078:Greater bamboo lemur 1899:Propithecus edwardsi 1089:(ring-tailed lemur) 686:amino acid sequences 592:Evolutionary history 493:, local hunting for 7430:Palaeopropithecidae 5972:Red-bellied lemur ( 5945:Gray-headed lemur ( 5918:Red-fronted lemur ( 5850:Ring-tailed lemur ( 5717:Ring-tailed Lemur: 5208:on 16 December 2010 5095:. I. and J. Taylor. 4781:Folia Primatologica 4739:1966Sci...153..501J 4580:1976JHumE...5..599E 4403:Folia Primatologica 4296:2005BEcoS..58..437P 4100:, pp. 154–173. 4048:Folia Primatologica 4016:, pp. 224–283. 3992:, pp. 391–505. 3864:, pp. 246–249. 3739:2008BMCEE...8..121O 3711:, pp. 358–375. 3622:, pp. 146–148. 3534:2002JHumE..43..463P 3313:"What are lemures?" 3222:Scientific American 2692:Cultural references 2603:habitat destruction 2570:Conservation status 2503:experimental design 2116:Eulemur rubriventer 2052:Golden bamboo lemur 1975:Greater dwarf lemur 1965:Cheirogaleus medius 1876: 1826:Anbatotsilongolongo 1778:Isalo National Park 1558:deciduous dentition 1398:(armpit). Furless 924:Jeffrey H. Schwartz 852:Cynocephalus volans 586:Leverian collection 570:species description 491:habitat destruction 444:territorial marking 372:. Known locally in 40:Conservation status 6313:Ekgmowechashalidae 6022:Red ruffed lemur ( 5651:. Pogonias Press. 5622:Nield, T. (2007). 5469:Wilson, D. E. 5461:Groves, C. P. 5372:Gould, L. (2006). 5139:on 23 January 2015 4373:10.1002/ajpa.20971 4004:, pp. 47–160. 3916:10.1002/jmor.10594 3811:Journal of Zoology 3574:Systematic Biology 3419:10.1101/gr.7265208 2771:television series 2599: 2563:common brown lemur 2445: 2346: 2295: 2234: 2161:red-fronted lemurs 2089:Common brown lemur 2035:Lepilemur wrightae 2002:Lepilemur microdon 1991:Lepilemur leucopus 1980:Cheirogaleus major 1921:Microcebus murinus 1874: 1724:Andringitra Massif 1681:Viverricula indica 1677:small Indian civet 1665:Buteo brachypterus 1661:Madagascar buzzard 1649:Cryptoprocta ferox 1630:Population density 1522: 1458:) specialized for 1183:Andringitra Massif 914:(1988) as well as 706:genetic divergence 24:Ring-tailed lemur 7837: 7836: 7770:Open Tree of Life 7518:Taxon identifiers 7509: 7508: 7486: 7485: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7460:Palaeopropithecus 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6691: 6690: 6122: 6121: 6047: 6006: 5875: 5732:Primate Info Net 5696:978-0-231-04704-3 5677:978-0-536-02256-1 5658:978-0-9648825-0-8 5643:Rowe, N. (1996). 5635:978-0-674-02659-9 5583:Mittermeier, R.A. 5566:978-1-934151-23-5 5543:Mittermeier, R.A. 5534:978-0-387-32669-6 5515:978-0-387-34585-7 5488:978-0-8018-8221-0 5452:978-0-387-32669-6 5429:978-0-19-517133-4 5410:978-0-19-517133-4 5391:978-0-387-34585-7 5364:978-0-300-12550-4 5345:978-0-387-34585-7 5322:978-0-691-09636-0 5301:978-0-12-372576-9 5160:, pp. 93–95. 4789:10.1159/000052693 4733:(3735): 501–506. 4547:978-1-4899-2414-8 4415:10.1159/000156749 4194:Jolly et al. 2006 4060:10.1159/000156262 4028:, pp. 67–96. 4014:Ankel-Simons 2007 4002:Ankel-Simons 2007 3990:Ankel-Simons 2007 3874:Ankel-Simons 2007 3385:, pp. 85–86. 3373:, pp. 23–26. 3244:, pp. 43–44. 3203:, pp. 43–46. 3141:Mammalian Species 2833:Betampona Reserve 2707:[ˈmakʲi̥] 2655:Duke Lemur Center 2550:Duke Lemur Center 2290: 2218:multi-male groups 2185:Tamarindus indica 2165:Eulemur rufifrons 2157: 2156: 2149:Phaner pallescens 2111:Red-bellied lemur 2105:Eulemur rufifrons 2100:Red-fronted lemur 2013:Lepilemur petteri 1927:Brown mouse lemur 1883:Verreaux's sifaka 1708:deciduous forests 1598:sexual dimorphism 1460:personal grooming 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1116: 1115: 848:Philippine colugo 836:Lemur tardigradus 830:listed the genus 814:Loris tardigradus 810:red slender loris 806:Lemur tardigradus 700:. Additionally, 418:, it ranges from 331:ring-tailed lemur 327: 326: 321: 308: 300: 292: 284: 276: 268: 187: 80: 63: 7887: 7830: 7829: 7817: 7816: 7804: 7803: 7791: 7790: 7778: 7777: 7765: 7764: 7752: 7751: 7739: 7738: 7726: 7725: 7713: 7712: 7700: 7699: 7687: 7686: 7674: 7673: 7661: 7660: 7648: 7647: 7635: 7634: 7622: 7621: 7609: 7608: 7596: 7595: 7586: 7585: 7573: 7572: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7513: 7512: 7481: 7428: 7366:Archaeolemuridae 7364: 7342: 7250: 7239: 7229: 7207: 7206: 7147:Xanthonycticebus 7130: 7100: 7090: 7082: 7081: 7063: 7045: 7035: 7011: 7001: 6957: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6927: 6926: 6914: 6913: 6903: 6829: 6799: 6698: 6550: 6549: 6543: 6513: 6455: 6362: 6311: 6253: 6238: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6209: 6208: 6196: 6195: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5954:Mongoose lemur ( 5874: 5873: 5869: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5763: 5762: 5700: 5681: 5662: 5650: 5639: 5618: 5578: 5538: 5519: 5500: 5477:(3rd ed.). 5465:"Order Primates" 5456: 5433: 5414: 5395: 5368: 5349: 5326: 5305: 5283:Literature cited 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5034: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5006:. Archived from 4989: 4971: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4939:. Archived from 4909:Animal Cognition 4906: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4866:. Archived from 4857: 4831: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4697:. Archived from 4672: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4640: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4609:Animal Behaviour 4601: 4592: 4591: 4563: 4552: 4551: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4503:. "Home Alone". 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4275: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4222: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4144: 4143: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4072: 4071: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3825:. Archived from 3808: 3795: 3786: 3785:, pp. 3–15. 3780: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3750: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3667: 3655: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3565: 3554: 3553: 3517: 3502: 3501: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3439:. Archived from 3430: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3317: 3311:Lux, J. (2008). 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3286:. Archived from 3269: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3213: 3204: 3198: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3138: 3125: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2974: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2933: 2927: 2904: 2898: 2897:Linnaeus, 1758). 2887: 2881: 2880:Linnaeus, 1758). 2870: 2864: 2853: 2837:Fierce Creatures 2808:Fierce Creatures 2781:in the animated 2733: 2728:or colloquially 2727: 2720: 2709: 2702: 2588:flagship species 2430: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2378:predator mobbing 2375: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2324:mark using urine 2291: 2266:pulled-back lips 2127:Eulemur collaris 2057:Hapalemur aureus 1932:Microcebus rufus 1916:Gray mouse lemur 1910:Avahi peyrierasi 1877: 1849:species of lemur 1571: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1326: 1317: 1250:caudal vertebrae 1227: 1216: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1050:(ruffed lemurs) 1039: 1038: 1028: 1027: 956: 820:. In 1758, his 792:is acrocentric. 704:suggests a deep 664: 655: 646: 538:Lemuria festival 416: 404: 397: 396: 395: 389: 382: 319: 306: 299:Trouessart, 1878 298: 290: 282: 274: 266: 243:Native range of 238: 218: 179: 95: 94: 74: 57: 52: 51: 33: 21: 20: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7825: 7820: 7812: 7807: 7799: 7794: 7786: 7781: 7773: 7768: 7760: 7757:Observation.org 7755: 7747: 7742: 7734: 7729: 7721: 7716: 7708: 7703: 7695: 7690: 7682: 7677: 7669: 7664: 7656: 7651: 7643: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7617: 7612: 7604: 7599: 7591: 7589: 7581: 7576: 7568: 7563: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7520: 7510: 7505: 7501:Subfossil lemur 7482: 7465: 7453:Mesopropithecus 7421: 7387: 7357: 7306: 7258: 7203: 7186: 7152: 7108: 7071: 6965: 6934: 6921: 6904: 6887: 6867: 6822: 6792: 6700:Caenopithecidae 6687: 6639: 6598: 6536: 6506: 6448: 6355: 6343:Muangthanhinius 6329:Ekgmowechashala 6304: 6246: 6216: 6203: 6190: 6158: 6153: 6123: 6118: 6107: 6074:H. meridionalis 6065:H. occidentalis 6044:(Bamboo lemurs) 6043: 6042: 6040: 6030: 6003:(Ruffed lemurs) 6002: 6001: 5999: 5989: 5963:Crowned lemur ( 5871: 5870: 5868: 5858: 5834: 5796: 5790: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5678: 5659: 5636: 5607: 5567: 5535: 5516: 5489: 5453: 5430: 5411: 5392: 5365: 5346: 5323: 5302: 5292:Primate Anatomy 5285: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5043:) Conservation" 5035: 5018: 5010: 4987:10.1.1.504.2097 4969: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4904: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4829: 4819: 4812: 4774: 4770: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4602: 4595: 4564: 4555: 4548: 4526: 4522: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4469: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4395: 4388: 4353: 4349: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4234: 4223: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4147: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4075: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3955:Chemical Senses 3943: 3939: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3837: 3829: 3806: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3670: 3656: 3645: 3637: 3626: 3618: 3603: 3566: 3557: 3518: 3505: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3407:Genome Research 3402: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3333:on 6 June 2010. 3330: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3242:Tattersall 1982 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3214: 3207: 3201:Tattersall 1982 3199: 3170: 3136: 3126: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3010: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2934: 2930: 2905: 2901: 2888: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2855:The genus name 2854: 2850: 2845: 2725:[ˈhirə] 2694: 2671:Saint Louis Zoo 2572: 2537:using standard 2526:Berenty Reserve 2511:neocortex ratio 2487: 2437: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2280: 2278: 2214: 2209: 2173: 2146: 2138:Mirza coquereli 2135: 2124: 2113: 2102: 2091: 2080: 2069: 2054: 2043: 2032: 2021: 2010: 1999: 1988: 1977: 1962: 1951: 1940: 1929: 1918: 1907: 1896: 1885: 1747:Morondava River 1720:gallery forests 1697: 1606: 1574:permanent teeth 1562: 1561: 1530: 1529: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1319: 1318: 1280:tapetum lucidum 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1206: 1198:solar radiation 1171: 1162: 1153: 1144: 1117: 1001:: ruffed lemurs 912:Elwyn L. Simons 856:Oldfield Thomas 850:, now known as 827:Systema Naturae 812:, now known as 798: 763:Hapalemur simus 682: 681: 680: 679: 667: 666: 665: 657: 656: 648: 647: 594: 555:reflective eyes 516:slender lorises 512: 420:gallery forests 391: 390: 229: 220: 214: 201: 178: 89: 81: 64: 53: 49: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7893: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7818: 7805: 7792: 7779: 7766: 7753: 7740: 7727: 7714: 7701: 7688: 7675: 7662: 7649: 7636: 7623: 7610: 7597: 7587: 7574: 7561: 7546: 7530: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7378: 7370: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7348: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7316: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7266: 7264:Cheirogaleidae 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7246: 7242:Plesiopithecus 7235: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7204: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7162: 7160: 7158:Perodicticinae 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7126: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7096: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7052: 7041: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7007: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6975: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6941: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6922: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6833: 6831:Djebelemuridae 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6810:Algeripithecus 6805: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6775: 6772:Mescalerolemur 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6702: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6649: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6531:Marcgodinotius 6527: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6234: 6231:Plesiopithecus 6223: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6204: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6083:H. alaotrensis 6078: 6069: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5978: 5974:E. rubriventer 5969: 5960: 5951: 5947:E. cinereiceps 5942: 5933: 5924: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5751: 5748:A Lemur's Tale 5743: 5738: 5729: 5723: 5714: 5707: 5706:External links 5704: 5702: 5701: 5695: 5682: 5676: 5663: 5657: 5640: 5634: 5619: 5605: 5579: 5565: 5539: 5533: 5520: 5514: 5501: 5487: 5457: 5451: 5434: 5428: 5415: 5409: 5396: 5390: 5369: 5363: 5350: 5344: 5327: 5321: 5306: 5300: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5251: 5240:on 5 June 2010 5219: 5192: 5162: 5150: 5133:"Lemur Street" 5124: 5107:"Lemur Street" 5098: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5016: 5013:on 2012-07-13. 4980:(4): 394–403. 4961:Eulemur fulvus 4949: 4946:on 2012-10-13. 4915:(4): 253–262. 4892:Eulemur mongoz 4888:Eulemur fulvus 4876: 4873:on 2010-04-20. 4840:(4): 363–371. 4810: 4768: 4714: 4681:(5): 178–190. 4664:Dunbar, R.I.M. 4655: 4652:on 2006-04-23. 4626: 4615:(4): 560–570. 4593: 4574:(6): 599–617. 4553: 4546: 4520: 4491: 4480:(4): 463–477. 4453: 4428: 4409:(4): 186–217. 4386: 4367:(2): 182–192. 4347: 4317: 4290:(5): 437–445. 4267: 4255: 4253:, p. 624. 4243: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4172:, p. 263. 4162: 4145: 4114: 4102: 4073: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3961:(5): 493–504. 3937: 3910:(4): 451–463. 3890: 3878: 3876:, p. 294. 3866: 3835: 3832:on 2011-06-10. 3787: 3772: 3713: 3668: 3643: 3641:, p. 237. 3624: 3601: 3580:(5): 772–791. 3555: 3528:(4): 463–478. 3503: 3484:(1–2): 53–66. 3461: 3449: 3446:on 2011-06-10. 3413:(3): 489–499. 3387: 3375: 3360: 3348: 3346:, p. 252. 3336: 3303: 3246: 3234: 3205: 3168: 3147:(854): 58–74. 3037: 3008: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2945: 2928: 2920:Prosimia catta 2899: 2882: 2865: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2831:back into the 2825:reintroduction 2796:A Lemur's Tale 2756:Charles Catton 2752:Samuel Purchas 2714:in French) or 2710:, and spelled 2693: 2690: 2571: 2568: 2522:cercopithecine 2486: 2483: 2449:polygynandrous 2436: 2433: 2376:) used during 2334:Main article: 2331: 2328: 2317:stink fighting 2277: 2274: 2247:Despite being 2242:lotus position 2213: 2212:Social systems 2210: 2208: 2205: 2172: 2169: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2141: 2130: 2119: 2108: 2097: 2094:Eulemur fulvus 2086: 2083:Prolemur simus 2075: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2049: 2038: 2027: 2016: 2005: 1994: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1957: 1946: 1935: 1924: 1913: 1902: 1891: 1696: 1693: 1605: 1602: 1509: 1506: 1496: 1495: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1392:mammary glands 1331: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1179:Steven Goodman 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1134:(true lemurs) 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1011: 1002: 993: 992:: brown lemurs 984: 964: 963: 960: 920:Ian Tattersall 797: 794: 778:submetacentric 702:Molecular data 669: 668: 659: 658: 650: 649: 641: 640: 639: 638: 637: 593: 590: 578:Thomas Pennant 511: 508: 504:slash and burn 387:[makʲ] 368:, where it is 325: 324: 323: 322: 320:Muirhead, 1819 310: 309: 301: 293: 291:Muirhead, 1819 285: 277: 269: 255: 254: 248: 247: 240: 239: 231: 230: 221: 210: 209: 203: 202: 195: 193: 189: 188: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 83: 82: 69: 66: 65: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7892: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7480: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7439:Archaeoindris 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7382:Hadropithecus 7379: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7197: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7133:Nycticeboides 7127: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7056:Sciurocheirus 7053: 7050: 7049: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7008: 7006: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6730:Caenopithecus 6727: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6694: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6645:Sivaladapinae 6642: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6604:Hoanghoniinae 6601: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545:Sivaladapidae 6539: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6436:Pronycticebus 6433: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6408:Mazateronodon 6405: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6364:Cercamoniidae 6358: 6352: 6351: 6350:Palaeohodites 6347: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6214:Strepsirrhini 6210: 6206: 6202: 6201:Strepsirrhini 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6156:Strepsirrhini 6150: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6117: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6008: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5983:E. flavifrons 5979: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5882:Black lemur ( 5880: 5879: 5877: 5872:(True lemurs) 5867: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5830:Strepsirrhini 5827: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5606:1-881173-88-7 5602: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5374:"Chapter 12: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5224: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5065:, p. 57. 5064: 5059: 5044: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4901: 4900:Varecia rubra 4897: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4704:on 2010-06-27 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4515:Animal Planet 4512: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4442: 4441:"Lemur catta" 4435: 4433: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4265:, p. 38. 4264: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4196:, p. vi. 4195: 4190: 4184:, p. 28. 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4160:, Appendix C. 4159: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4112:, p. 53. 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3888:, p. 27. 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3358:, p. 41. 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3293:on 2016-11-06 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3154:10.1644/854.1 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2769:Animal Planet 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2731:[ˈir] 2726: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2515:primatologist 2512: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2474:Alloparenting 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2393: 2388: 2379: 2372: 2360: 2351: 2350:vocalizations 2342: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:jump fighting 2255: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:tamarind tree 2178: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Amboasary Sud 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1500: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456:grooming claw 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:ocular fundus 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1236: 1235:strepsirrhine 1226: 1215: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1187:primatologist 1184: 1180: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1000: 999: 994: 991: 990: 985: 982: 981: 976: 975: 974: 973: 968: 967: 966: 965: 961: 958: 957: 954: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 934:to the genus 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:ruffed lemurs 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 854:). In 1911, 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 804:to describe " 803: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 735: 731:of the genus 730: 729:bamboo lemurs 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 677: 673: 663: 654: 645: 636: 634: 630: 626: 625:rafting event 622: 621:strepsirrhine 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 599: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 551: 547: 543: 542:Carl Linnaeus 539: 535: 531: 530: 525: 521: 517: 507: 505: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487:IUCN Red List 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 460:vocalizations 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 435: 433: 432:terrestrially 429: 425: 421: 417: 415: 409: 405: 403: 394: 388: 383: 381: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 359: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341:strepsirrhine 338: 337: 332: 318: 315: 314: 313: 305: 302: 297: 294: 289: 286: 281: 278: 273: 270: 267:Brisson, 1762 265: 262: 261: 260: 256: 253: 249: 246: 241: 237: 232: 228: 224: 219: 217: 211: 208: 207:Binomial name 204: 200: 199: 198:L. catta 194: 191: 190: 186: 182: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154:Strepsirrhini 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 93: 88: 84: 78: 72: 67: 61: 56: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 7525: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7380: 7375:Archaeolemur 7373: 7350: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7280:Cheirogaleus 7278: 7271: 7251: 7240: 7230: 7220: 7213: 7179: 7174:Perodicticus 7172: 7165: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7121: 7101: 7091: 7064: 7054: 7048:Saharagalago 7046: 7036: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7002: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6960:Saharagalago 6958: 6947: 6919:Lemuriformes 6873:Lemuriformes 6860: 6853: 6845: 6838: 6815: 6808: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6593:Yunnanadapis 6591: 6584: 6577: 6572:Kyitchaungia 6570: 6565:Guangxilemur 6563: 6556: 6529: 6522: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6401:Donrussellia 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6348: 6341: 6336:Gatanthropus 6334: 6327: 6320: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6278:Hesperolemur 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255:Notharctidae 6239: 6229: 6113: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6035: 6023: 6015:V. variegata 6014: 5994: 5982: 5973: 5965:E. coronatus 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5920:E. rufifrons 5919: 5911:E. albifrons 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5863: 5851: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5755: 5747: 5733: 5718: 5686: 5667: 5646: 5624: 5590: 5550: 5524: 5505: 5473: 5442: 5438: 5419: 5400: 5381: 5375: 5354: 5335: 5311: 5291: 5269:. Retrieved 5265:the original 5254: 5242:. Retrieved 5238:the original 5232: 5210:. Retrieved 5206:the original 5195: 5183:. Retrieved 5174: 5165: 5153: 5141:. Retrieved 5137:the original 5127: 5115:. Retrieved 5111:the original 5101: 5092: 5082: 5077:, Chapter 5. 5070: 5058: 5047:. Retrieved 5040: 5008:the original 4977: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4941:the original 4912: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4868:the original 4837: 4833: 4824: 4780: 4771: 4730: 4726: 4717: 4706:. Retrieved 4699:the original 4678: 4674: 4658: 4647:the original 4642: 4629: 4612: 4608: 4571: 4567: 4529: 4523: 4506:Lemur Street 4505: 4494: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4456: 4445:. Retrieved 4406: 4402: 4398: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4320: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4258: 4246: 4235:. 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Retrieved 3023: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2948: 2936: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2906:The synonym 2902: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2874:Catta mococo 2873: 2868: 2856: 2851: 2836: 2820: 2819:documentary 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794:documentary 2789: 2783: 2774:Lemur Street 2772: 2766: 2759: 2749: 2739: 2722:(pronounced 2715: 2711: 2704:(pronounced 2697: 2695: 2679: 2643: 2631: 2619:fur clothing 2600: 2575: 2573: 2559: 2547: 2531: 2518:Alison Jolly 2508: 2488: 2470: 2453: 2446: 2394: 2347: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310:spur-marking 2309: 2296: 2270: 2265: 2262:threat-stare 2261: 2257: 2254:canine teeth 2246: 2239: 2235: 2215: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2164: 2158: 2148: 2137: 2126: 2115: 2104: 2093: 2082: 2071: 2056: 2045: 2034: 2023: 2012: 2001: 1990: 1979: 1964: 1953: 1942: 1931: 1920: 1909: 1898: 1887: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1842: 1763: 1743:Belo sur Mer 1732: 1698: 1689:domestic dog 1685:domestic cat 1680: 1672: 1664: 1656: 1648: 1638: 1622: 1607: 1594: 1582: 1552:, and three 1546:canine tooth 1523: 1455: 1437: 1416:fingerprints 1411: 1407: 1400:scent glands 1389: 1337: 1288:night vision 1277: 1258: 1246: 1242: 1190:Colin Groves 1176: 1129: 1128: 1102: 1101: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1045: 1044: 1014: 1005: 996: 987: 979: 977: 969: 948: 939: 935: 931: 927: 916:Colin Groves 908:Yves Rumpler 903: 898: 894: 890: 882: 876: 864:type species 859: 851: 844:Lemur volans 843: 839: 835: 831: 825: 822:10th edition 813: 805: 801: 799: 790:Y chromosome 786:X chromosome 771: 766: 762: 759:monophyletic 755: 746: 732: 726: 721: 717: 713: 710:sister group 683: 675: 671: 595: 567: 563:domestic cat 558: 527: 513: 476: 457: 452:stink fights 451: 448:spur-marking 447: 436: 411: 399: 377: 357: 356: 343:(wet-nosed) 335: 334: 330: 328: 316: 311: 307:Bolwig, 1960 303: 295: 287: 279: 271: 263: 258: 244: 215: 213: 197: 196: 174: 173: 18: 7666:iNaturalist 7583:lemur-catta 7570:Lemur_catta 7556:Lemur catta 7550:Wikispecies 7526:Lemur catta 7496:Adapiformes 7416:Propithecus 7232:Megaladapis 7215:Daubentonia 7181:Pseudopotto 7093:Mioeuoticus 6744:Europolemur 6682:Sivaladapis 6668:Siamoadapis 6613:Hoanghonius 6586:Paukkaungia 6558:Anthradapis 6515:Asiadapidae 6501:Palaeolemur 6494:Microadapis 6473:Cryptadapis 6443:Protoadapis 6429:Periconodon 6299:Smilodectes 6241:Sulaimanius 5938:E. collaris 5927:Red lemur ( 5902:E. sanfordi 5734:Lemur catta 5719:Lemur catta 5587:Louis, E.E. 5547:Louis, E.E. 5439:Lemur catta 5376:Lemur catta 5271:28 December 5244:28 December 5212:28 December 5041:Lemur catta 4965:Lemur catta 4896:Lemur catta 4825:Lemur catta 4501:Martin Shaw 4465:Lemur catta 4399:Lemur catta 4357:Lemur catta 4329:Lemur catta 4280:Lemur catta 4231:) Behavior" 4229:Lemur catta 4124:Lemur catta 4040:Lemur catta 3949:Lemur catta 3900:Lemur catta 3802:Lemur catta 3663:Lemur catta 3658:Groves 2005 3132:Lemur catta 3026:. UNEP-WCMC 2981:Lemur catta 2937:Maki mococo 2924:Lemur catta 2895:Lemur catta 2891:Maki mococo 2878:Lemur catta 2813:John Cleese 2811:, starring 2779:King Julien 2607:overgrazing 2543:vertebrates 2478:infanticide 2465:parturition 2249:quadrupedal 2201:vertebrates 1830:Mahazoarivo 1822:Anjatsikolo 1739:Andringitra 1554:molar teeth 1499:toilet-claw 1452:toilet-claw 1444:digitigrade 887:true lemurs 860:Lemur catta 840:Lemur catta 782:acrocentric 774:metacentric 739:chromosomes 613:chromosomal 582:George Shaw 574:common name 536:during the 464:alarm calls 336:Lemur catta 317:Maki mococo 275:Storr, 1780 245:Lemur catta 216:Lemur catta 7844:Categories 7494:See also: 7345:Pachylemur 7287:Microcebus 7201:Lemuroidea 7167:Arctocebus 7140:Nycticebus 7028:Paragalago 6994:Galagoides 6932:Lorisoidea 6882:see below↓ 6862:Shizarodon 6840:Djebelemur 6765:Masradapis 6723:Aframonius 6675:Sinoadapis 6654:Indraloris 6487:Magnadapis 6480:Leptadapis 6380:Anchomomys 6322:Bugtilemur 6285:Notharctus 6056:H. griseus 5828:Suborder: 5185:22 January 5143:22 January 5117:18 January 5049:2008-09-23 4708:2010-12-29 4499:Narrator: 4447:2008-04-18 4344:: 280–284. 4237:2008-09-23 4170:Gould 2006 3817:(1): 1–9. 3356:Nield 2007 3297:2014-09-20 3272:Lemur News 2960:References 2784:Madagascar 2639:ecotourism 2584:Appendix I 2576:endangered 2302:scent mark 2197:arthropods 1704:Madagascar 1667:) and the 1641:introduced 1304:premaxilla 1254:prehensile 1194:subspecies 743:immunology 698:karyotypes 633:speciation 499:exotic pet 483:endangered 428:omnivorous 398:, spelled 370:endangered 366:Madagascar 283:Link, 1806 150:Suborder: 73:Appendix I 55:Endangered 7446:Babakotia 7393:Indriidae 7328:Hapalemur 7312:Lemuridae 7273:Allocebus 7222:Lepilemur 7114:Lorisinae 7103:Namaloris 7077:Lorisidae 7066:Wadilemur 7038:Progalago 6971:Galagidae 6949:Karanisia 6847:Notnamaia 6801:Azibiidae 6786:Notnamaia 6779:Namadapis 6758:Mahgarita 6751:Godinotia 6737:Darwinius 6716:Afradapis 6709:Adapoides 6661:Ramadapis 6627:Rencunius 6524:Asiadapis 6292:Pelycodus 6271:Copelemur 6166:Kingdom: 6092:H. aureus 6037:Hapalemur 5956:E. mongoz 5893:E. fulvus 5884:E. macaco 5804:Kingdom: 5794:Lemuridae 5736:Factsheet 5725:ARKive – 5615:883321520 5575:670545286 4982:CiteSeerX 4777:Jolly, A. 4723:Jolly, A. 4605:Jolly, A. 4263:Rowe 1996 3886:Rowe 1996 3320:Humanitas 3284:1608-1439 3278:: 64–70. 2686:fecundity 2495:cognition 2461:Gestation 2298:Olfactory 2222:matriline 2220:, with a 1854:Allocebus 1845:sympatric 1834:Masiabiby 1751:Morondava 1626:agonistic 1586:toothcomb 1550:premolars 1526:dentition 1518:toothcomb 1508:Dentition 1433:sebaceous 1412:Hapalemur 1300:rhinarium 1104:Hapalemur 1032:Lemuridae 1007:Hapalemur 972:Lemuridae 944:monotypic 942:remained 747:Hapalemur 734:Hapalemur 722:Hapalemur 676:Hapalemur 617:molecular 598:mammalian 534:exorcised 510:Etymology 489:, due to 468:simiiform 422:to spiny 353:Lemuridae 312:Species: 304:Odorlemur 192:Species: 164:Lemuridae 110:Kingdom: 104:Eukaryota 7796:Species+ 7736:12100056 7684:10220084 7590:BioLib: 7535:Wikidata 7253:Propotto 7021:Otolemur 7014:Laetolia 6980:Euoticus 6855:Omanodon 6634:Wailekia 6457:Adapidae 6422:Panobius 6415:Nievesia 6387:Barnesia 6373:Agerinia 6186:Primates 6180:Mammalia 6174:Chordata 6172:Phylum: 6168:Animalia 6115:Category 6101:H. simus 6024:V. rubra 5929:E. rufus 5852:L. catta 5824:Primates 5818:Mammalia 5812:Chordata 5810:Phylum: 5806:Animalia 5746:Nature: 5497:62265494 5463:(2005). 5179:Archived 5004:16366773 4937:26227151 4929:15729569 4864:18085919 4805:46767773 4763:29181662 4666:(1998). 4381:19051254 3977:17488747 3932:29073999 3924:17972270 3767:18442367 3596:27113475 3550:12393004 3498:18824224 3437:18245770 3227:25 March 3163:20361726 3030:18 March 2912:Prosimia 2863:in 1998. 2857:Prosimia 2615:bushmeat 2611:charcoal 2491:learning 2207:Behavior 2177:omnivore 1818:Ankodida 1735:Tôlanaro 1687:and the 1614:arboreal 1590:diastema 1570:× 2 = 24 1548:, three 1542:incisors 1538:× 2 = 36 1448:arboreal 1429:apocrine 1424:axillary 1373:clitoris 1345:perineum 1273:whiskers 1016:Prolemur 767:Prolemur 672:Prolemur 497:and the 495:bushmeat 374:Malagasy 272:Procebus 264:Prosimia 252:Synonyms 223:Linnaeus 181:Linnaeus 160:Family: 144:Primates 134:Mammalia 124:Chordata 120:Phylum: 114:Animalia 100:Domain: 60:IUCN 3.1 7822:ZooBank 7723:1001008 7658:2436412 7541:Q185385 7352:Varecia 7321:Eulemur 6817:Azibius 6620:Lushius 6579:Laomaki 6394:Buxella 6264:Cantius 6184:Order: 6178:Class: 5996:Varecia 5865:Eulemur 5822:Order: 5816:Class: 4855:2953466 4797:9595685 4755:5938775 4735:Bibcode 4727:Science 4695:9555943 4576:Bibcode 4423:7959437 4292:Bibcode 4068:3557229 3758:2386821 3735:Bibcode 3530:Bibcode 3428:2259113 2651:Ex situ 2499:simians 2272:range. 1949:Aye-aye 1865:Varecia 1700:Endemic 1683:), the 1659:), the 1651:), the 1634:gallery 1610:diurnal 1604:Ecology 1572:. 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