802:. They can acquire a territory by competing for a vacant territory, creating a new territory or by receiving all or part of a territory from their mothers. This somewhat rare (15% of litters) female behavior is referred to as breeding dispersal or bequeathal, and is a form of maternal investment in offspring. The prevalence of this behavior is related to the abundance of food resources and the age of the mother. In some cases, females will acquire additional middens prior to reproduction, which they later bequeath to their offspring. Offspring that do not receive a midden from their mother typically settle within 150 m (3 territory diameters) of their natal territory. Observations suggest that male red squirrels have environmentally induced, alternative reproductive strategies that result in higher incidences of sexually selected infanticide in years when food is plentiful.
2196:
641:
623:
111:
38:
2206:
2688:
359:
653:
787:
66:
673:
2700:
2201:
88:
579:
757:– abnormally dense vegetative growth resulting from a rust disease – or cavities in the trunks of spruce, poplar, and walnut trees. American red squirrels rarely nest below ground. Each individual squirrel has several nests within its territory, and females with young move them between nests. Some behavior has been reported within human dwellings using insulation as nest material.
2676:
750:
Litter sizes typically range from one to five, but most litters contain three or four offspring. Offspring are pink and hairless at birth and weigh about 10 g. Offspring grow at approximately 1.8 g per day while nursing, and reach adult body size at 125 days. They first emerge from their natal nests at around 42 days, but continue to nurse until approximately 70 days.
656:
655:
660:
659:
654:
725:
seed cones can collect in piles, called middens, up to twelve meters across. White spruce exhibits two- to six-year masting cycles, where a year of superabundant cone production (mast year) is followed by several years in which few cones are produced. American red squirrel territories may contain one or several middens.
661:
805:
American red squirrels experience severe early mortality (on average only 22% survive to one year of age). The survival probability, however, increases to age three, when it begins to decrease again. Females that survive to one year of age have a life expectancy of 3.5 years and a maximum lifespan of
773:
Red squirrels are highly territorial and asocial with very few non-reproductive physical interactions (0.6% of all recorded behaviours in one 19-year study). The majority of physical interactions are in male-female matings and between females and their offspring before the offspring disperse to their
724:
leverets (young). White spruce cones mature in late July and are harvested by red squirrels in August and
September. These harvested cones are stored in a central cache and provide energy and nutrients for survival over the winter and reproduction the following spring. The fallen scales from consumed
749:
has been reported to range from 31 to 35 days. Females can breed for the first time at one year of age, but some females delay breeding until two years of age or older. Most females produce one litter per year, but in some years reproduction is skipped, while in other years some females breed twice.
744:
for only one day, but venture from their territory prior to ovulation, and these exploratory forays may serve to advertise their upcoming estrus. On the day of estrus, females are chased by several males in an extended mating chase. Males compete with one another for the opportunity to mate with the
764:
reported female red squirrels showed high levels of multiple-male mating and would even mate with males with similar genetic relatedness. The relatedness of parents had no effect on the neonatal mass and growth rate of their offspring, nor did it affect the survival rate of offspring to one year of
658:
601:
area of the United States, and northern half of the eastern United States. American red squirrels are abundant and not of conservation concern throughout much of their range. American red squirrels were introduced on
Newfoundland and have lived there in abundance for decades. The endangered
554:
Red squirrels can be easily distinguished from other North
American tree squirrels by their smaller size, 28–35 cm (11–14 in) total length (including tail), territorial behavior, and reddish fur with a white venter (underbelly). Red squirrels are somewhat larger than chipmunks.
1040:
Goheen, Jacob R.; Swihart, Robert K.; Robins, James H. (2003). "The anatomy of a range expansion: Changes in cranial morphology and rates of energy extraction for North
American red squirrels from different latitudes".
1090:
657:
1912:
McAdam, Andrew G.; Boutin, Stan; Sykes, Ainsley K.; Humphries, Murray M. (2007). "Life histories of female red squirrels and their contributions to population growth and lifetime fitness".
493:); since the ranges of these species do not overlap, they are both commonly referred to as simply "red squirrel" in the areas where they are native. The specific epithet
2265:
570:
of the United States. The ranges of the
American red squirrel and the Douglas squirrel overlap in southern British Columbia, northwestern Washington and eastern Oregon.
3077:
3052:
501:, Canada, where the species was first catalogued by Erxleben in 1771; accordingly, the species was formerly sometimes known as Hudson's Bay squirrel, such as in
597:, excluding northern areas with no tree cover, the southern half of Alberta and the southwestern coast of British Columbia; the southern half of Alaska; the
3047:
1870:
Haines, Jessica A.; Coltman, David W.; Dantzer, Ben; Gorrell, Jamieson C.; Humphries, Murray M.; Lane, Jeffrey E.; McAdam, Andrew; Boutin, Stan (2018).
1315:"Results of a biological reconnaissance of the Yukon River region. General account of the region. Annotated list of mammals. Annotated list of birds"
1221:
Hope, Andrew G.; Malaney, Jason L.; Bell, Kayce C.; Salazar-Miralles, Fernando; Chavez, Andreas S.; Barber, Brian R.; Cook, Joseph A. (2016-07-01).
3057:
1299:
2864:
2942:
2903:
1155:
1399:
Willson, Mary F.; De Santo, Toni L.; Sieving, Kathryn E. (July 2003). "Red squirrels and predation risk to bird nests in northern forests".
3022:
1452:
3062:
2075:
1382:
2047:
562:
is morphologically similar to the
American red squirrels, but has a rust-colored venter and is restricted to the southwestern coast of
696:) comprise more than 50% of a red squirrel's diet, but squirrels have also been observed eating spruce buds and needles, mushrooms,
2838:
806:
8 years. Increased maternal attention is correlated with increased offspring growth rate and higher lifetime reproductive success.
2877:
1542:
688:, but incorporate other food items into their diets opportunistically. In The Yukon, extensive behavioral observations suggest
3067:
3042:
2921:
1569:
1016:
2882:
2053:
46:
975:
3027:
3072:
2036:
222:
2999:
2022:
2754:
1283:
1004:
2026:
778:). The non-reproductive physical interactions recorded were all instances of chasing an intruder from a territory.
2947:
2158:
2068:
593:
American red squirrels are widely distributed across the North
American continent. Their range includes: most of
95:
1799:
1524:
677:
1925:
461:
wherever conifers are common, except in the southwestern United States, where it is replaced by the formerly
2592:
2583:
2569:
2561:
1948:
1780:
1538:
2916:
2776:
1516:
110:
2781:
2195:
1871:
3037:
2666:
2061:
1709:
Gorrell, Jamieson C.; McAdam, Andrew G.; Coltman, David W.; Humphries, Murray M.; Boutin, Stan (2010).
2830:
2631:
753:
Nests are most commonly constructed of grass in the branches of trees. Nests are also excavated from
613:
604:
535:
465:
414:
368:
728:
American red squirrels eat a variety of mushroom species, including some that are deadly to humans.
2934:
2473:
2273:
2182:
953:
1949:"Attentive Red Squirrel Mothers Have Faster Growing Pups and Higher Lifetime Reproductive Success"
1624:
Millar, John S. (1970). "The breeding season and reproductive cycle of the western red squirrel".
1194:
1437:
1345:
2768:
1990:
1491:
1314:
2986:
2869:
2716:
2313:
2224:
2215:
2174:
612:, was formerly considered a member of this species, but is now considered a subspecies of the
3032:
2981:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2377:
2321:
2166:
205:
2973:
2357:
2083:
640:
2994:
2895:
2802:
2763:
2497:
2481:
2449:
1722:
1467:
1377:
1238:
1105:
1050:
513:
suggests the squirrels as a family can be divided into five major lineages. Red squirrels (
2032:
794:
If juvenile
American red squirrels are to survive their first winter, they must acquire a
8:
2505:
2457:
2417:
2397:
2281:
449:
mammal that defends a year-round exclusive territory. It feeds primarily on the seeds of
55:
1726:
1471:
1242:
1109:
1054:
2654:
2541:
2329:
2257:
1971:
1929:
1847:
1822:
1803:
1758:
1672:
1606:
1293:
1186:
1178:
1129:
795:
502:
105:
930:
2968:
2789:
2465:
2289:
2016:
1975:
1894:
1852:
1762:
1750:
1565:
1558:
1483:
1479:
1279:
1256:
1190:
1121:
1062:
1022:
1012:
567:
1933:
1133:
358:
2794:
2623:
2521:
1963:
1921:
1886:
1842:
1834:
1823:"Anticipatory parental care: Acquiring resources for offspring prior to conception"
1795:
1740:
1730:
1664:
1633:
1598:
1534:
1475:
1408:
1357:
1326:
1246:
1170:
1113:
1058:
948:
842:
834:
754:
563:
559:
489:
469:
406:
2041:
2955:
2305:
2297:
1386:
866:
850:
799:
598:
518:
2908:
1251:
1222:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2349:
1967:
1872:"Sexually selected infanticide by male red squirrels in advance of a mast year"
1389:
Heritage Data
Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ.
874:
446:
1427:
622:
3016:
2890:
2739:
2606:
2205:
939:
858:
721:
583:
454:
393:
182:
75:
70:
37:
1689:
1117:
1026:
2687:
2513:
2489:
2141:
2130:
1898:
1856:
1838:
1754:
1487:
1398:
1273:
1260:
1125:
689:
609:
487:
American red squirrels should not be confused with
Eurasian red squirrels (
401:
20:
2960:
2929:
2851:
2748:
1330:
980:
810:
468:, and along the Pacific coast of the United States, where its cousin the
462:
2044:– School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona
1227:) highlights the complexity of speciation within North American forests"
786:
720:
sp.) flowers and berries, and animal material such as bird eggs or even
2843:
1735:
1710:
1676:
1610:
1182:
528:
498:
1807:
1745:
1011:(3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818.
672:
2856:
2815:
2089:
1890:
1362:
746:
737:
713:
685:
510:
122:
2710:
1668:
1637:
1602:
1412:
1174:
2820:
2733:
2699:
2200:
2112:
2093:
2085:
890:
645:
546:, but a 2016 phylogenetic study found it to be a distinct species.
476:
172:
142:
1711:"Adopting kin enhances inclusive fitness in asocial red squirrels"
2238:
1432:
1009:
Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference
882:
760:
A three-year study of a population of red squirrels in southwest
705:
523:
450:
389:
1690:
When It Comes to Female Red Squirrels, It Seems Any Male Will Do
2807:
2124:
2118:
2106:
2019:, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Moriz Steiner, Falk Huettmann
1220:
906:
826:
818:
741:
697:
666:
594:
587:
578:
458:
162:
152:
132:
1564:(2. pr. ed.). Pleasantville, NY : Reader's Digest Assoc.
745:
estrous female. Estrous females will mate with 4 to 16 males.
1708:
1091:"The Effects of Cenozoic Global Change on Squirrel Phylogeny"
761:
445:. The squirrel is a small, 200–250 g (7.1–8.8 oz),
397:
1869:
1800:
10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1311:BDIFNA]2.0.CO;2
1781:"Breeding Dispersal in Female North American Red Squirrels"
1651:
Lair, H. (1985). "Length of gestation in the red squirrel,
898:
1911:
2675:
1926:
10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[362:LHOFRS]2.0.CO;2
1585:
Layne, James N. (1954). "The biology of the red squirrel
1428:"Red Squirrel Harvesting and Storing White Spruce Cones"
1827:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
421:). The American red squirrel is variously known as the
2664:
1820:
1523:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
1274:
Steele, Michael A. & Koprowski, John L. (2001).
676:
Large midden constructed by American red squirrels,
453:
cones, and is widely distributed across much of the
1039:
1557:
1002:
405:, known as the pine squirrels (the others are the
3078:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
3014:
1514:
3053:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
475:The squirrel has been expanding its range into
16:Species of pine squirrel found in North America
1821:Boutin, S; Larsen, K. W.; Berteaux, D (2000).
1778:
1223:"Revision of widespread red squirrels (genus:
954:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42587A22250817.en
2069:
1545:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
1003:Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Hoffmann, R.S. (2005).
1298:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1153:
3048:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
1346:"Red Squirrel Introduction to Newfoundland"
928:
775:
2076:
2062:
2017:Density and distribution old-growth forest
1779:Berteaux, Dominique; Boutin, Stan (2000).
1515:Nienstaedt, Hans; Zasada, John C. (1990).
1453:"The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding"
1425:
1376:Arizona Game and Fish Department. (2003).
1088:
968:
507:The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America
357:
86:
64:
36:
1846:
1774:
1772:
1744:
1734:
1361:
1250:
996:
952:
781:
1991:"Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (red squirrel)"
1278:. Smithsonian Institution. p. 149.
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
785:
671:
651:
639:
621:
577:
3058:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
1560:Reader's Digest North American wildlife
1555:
1543:United States Department of Agriculture
1007:. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
736:American red squirrels are spontaneous
542:) was long considered conspecific with
3015:
1946:
1769:
1623:
1312:
1306:
517:) fall within the clade that includes
2715:
2714:
2057:
1947:Taylor, Ryan W.; et al. (2020).
1704:
1702:
1584:
1450:
1343:
1231:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1140:
1082:
684:American red squirrels are primarily
2033:Article on the American red squirrel
1650:
1379:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis.
1370:
1216:
1214:
47:Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area
3023:IUCN Red List least concern species
2023:Kluane Red Squirrel Project webpage
1956:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1089:Mercer, J. M.; Roth, V. L. (2003).
940:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
922:
665:Video of a red squirrel eating, in
13:
3063:Fauna of the Eastern United States
2042:Mount Graham Red Squirrel Research
2037:National Museum of Natural History
1699:
626:Fresh Red Squirrel tracks in snow.
14:
3089:
2010:
1988:
1460:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1426:Baheyeldin, Khalid (2020-09-05).
1211:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2159:Central American dwarf squirrel
2027:Kluane National Park and Reserve
1440:from the original on 2021-11-07.
1063:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12407.x
521:and other tree squirrels (e.g.,
109:
1982:
1940:
1905:
1863:
1814:
1683:
1644:
1617:
1578:
1549:
1508:
1444:
1419:
1392:
1337:
731:
573:
1587:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus loquax
1267:
1069:
1033:
678:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
549:
531:of the American red squirrel.
19:For the Eurasian species, see
1:
2570:Southern Amazon red squirrel
2562:Northern Amazon red squirrel
2185:(Microsciurus santanderensis)
1276:North American Tree Squirrels
916:
3068:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
3043:Rodents of the United States
1539:United States Forest Service
1480:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7
768:
396:currently classified in the
7:
1626:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1401:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1252:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.014
1079:National Museums of Canada.
630:
527:). There are 25 recognized
482:
431:North American red squirrel
10:
3096:
3028:NatureServe secure species
2632:Southwestern red squirrel
2593:Bangs's mountain squirrel
2266:South Yungas red squirrel
2227:(Rheithrosciurus macrotis)
2169:(Microsciurus flaviventer)
2050:, Fletcher Wildlife Garden
1968:10.1007/s00265-020-02856-7
1556:Wernert, Susan J. (1982).
635:
18:
3073:Mammals described in 1777
2723:
2651:
2642:(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
2604:
2581:
2474:Calabrian black squirrel
2298:Atlantic Forest squirrel
2274:Yellow-throated squirrel
2236:
2213:
2192:
2183:Santander dwarf squirrel
2139:
2101:
2084:Extant species of family
1350:Canadian Field-Naturalist
976:"Tamiasciurus hudsonicus"
614:southwestern red squirrel
536:southwestern red squirrel
466:southwestern red squirrel
415:southwestern red squirrel
365:
356:
235:
230:
211:
204:
106:Scientific classification
104:
84:
62:
53:
44:
35:
30:
2626:(Tamiasciurus douglasii)
2595:(Syntheosciurus brochus)
1531:Silvics of North America
1077:The Squirrels of Canada.
895:Urocyon cinereoargenteus
809:Chief predators include
366:Distribution (including
2769:Tamiasciurus_hudsonicus
2755:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
2725:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
2634:(Tamiasciurus fremonti)
2508:(Sciurus variegatoides)
2225:Tufted ground squirrel
2175:Western dwarf squirrel
1653:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
1344:Payne, Neil F. (1976).
1158:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
1118:10.1126/science.1079705
933:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
712:sp.) buds and catkins,
385:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
215:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
2640:American red squirrel
2524:(Sciurus yucatanensis)
2484:(Sciurus nayaritensis)
2476:(Sciurus meridionalis)
2444:(Sciurus carolinensis)
2442:Eastern gray squirrel
2434:Mexican gray squirrel
2426:Arizona gray squirrel
2378:Western gray squirrel
2276:(Sciurus gilvigularis)
2177:(Microsciurus mimulus)
2167:Amazon dwarf squirrel
1839:10.1098/rspb.2000.1252
1589:in central New York".
1075:Woods, S.E.J. (1980).
947:: e.T42587A115192299.
791:
782:Dispersal and survival
776:Dispersal and survival
681:
669:
649:
627:
590:
31:American red squirrel
2982:Paleobiology Database
2564:(Sciurus igniventris)
2482:Mexican fox squirrel
2436:(Sciurus aureogaster)
2428:(Sciurus arizonensis)
2284:(Sciurus granatensis)
2268:(Sciurus argentinius)
2161:(Microsciurus alfari)
2048:American red squirrel
1715:Nature Communications
1591:Ecological Monographs
1313:Osgood, W.H. (1900).
1154:Steele, M.A. (1998).
929:Cassola, F. (2017) .
790:Red squirrel swimming
789:
774:own territories (see
675:
664:
643:
625:
617:Tamiasciurus fremonti
581:
380:American red squirrel
2506:Variegated squirrel
2332:(Sciurus stramineus)
2314:Richmond's squirrel
2308:(Sciurus pucheranii)
2282:Red-tailed squirrel
1995:Animal Diversity Web
1657:Journal of Mammalogy
1331:10.3996/nafa.19.0001
1319:North American Fauna
863:Corvus brachyrynchos
2572:(Sciurus spadiceus)
2542:Caucasian squirrel
2360:(Sciurus pyrrhinus)
2358:Junín red squirrel
2352:(Sciurus flammifer)
2330:Guayaquil squirrel
2322:Sanborn's squirrel
2316:(Sciurus richmondi)
2258:Brazilian squirrel
1833:(1457): 2081–2085.
1727:2010NatCo...1...22G
1472:1994TEcoE...9..465K
1243:2016MolPE.100..170H
1110:2003Sci...299.1568M
1055:2003Oikos.102...33G
610:Mt. Graham, Arizona
56:Conservation status
2544:(Sciurus anomalus)
2516:(Sciurus vulgaris)
2500:(Sciurus oculatus)
2498:Peters's squirrel
2466:Japanese squirrel
2452:(Sciurus colliaei)
2450:Collie's squirrel
2324:(Sciurus sanborni)
2290:Bolivian squirrel
2260:(Sciurus aestuans)
1989:Rubin, Catherine.
1736:10.1038/ncomms1022
1385:2010-12-30 at the
1005:"Family Sciuridae"
847:Accipiter gentilis
792:
682:
670:
650:
628:
591:
503:John James Audubon
472:is found instead.
388:) is one of three
289:T. h. laurentianus
254:T. h. columbiensis
197:T. hudsonicus
3038:Rodents of Canada
3010:
3009:
2969:Open Tree of Life
2717:Taxon identifiers
2662:
2661:
2624:Douglas squirrel
2522:Yucatan squirrel
2458:Deppe's squirrel
2418:Allen's squirrel
2398:Abert's squirrel
2380:(Sciurus griseus)
2300:(Sciurus ingrami)
2292:(Sciurus ignitus)
2149:(Dwarf squirrels)
1571:978-0-89577-102-5
1451:Kelly, D (1994).
1167:Mammalian Species
1104:(5612): 1568–72.
1018:978-0-8018-8221-0
855:Buteo jamaicensis
662:
568:Pacific Northwest
376:
375:
334:T. h. richardsoni
284:T. h. lanuginosus
99:
79:
3085:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:(Pine squirrels)
2558:
2538:
2460:(Sciurus deppei)
2420:(Sciurus alleni)
2414:
2400:(Sciurus aberti)
2394:
2374:
2346:
2306:Andean squirrel
2254:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1891:10.25316/ir-1436
1885:(5): 1242–1244.
1876:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1535:Washington, D.C.
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1490:. Archived from
1457:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1407:(7): 1202–1208.
1396:
1390:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:10.5962/p.344997
1341:
1335:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1193:. Archived from
1164:
1151:
1138:
1137:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
956:
926:
871:Martes americana
843:northern goshawk
839:Bubo virginianus
835:great horned owl
740:. Females enter
663:
608:, found only on
564:British Columbia
560:Douglas squirrel
519:flying squirrels
490:Sciurus vulgaris
470:Douglas squirrel
407:Douglas squirrel
361:
344:T. h. ungavensis
309:T. h. pallescens
299:T. h. lychnuchus
279:T. h. kenaiensis
259:T. h. dakotensis
244:T. h. abieticola
239:T. h. hudsonicus
217:
114:
113:
93:
90:
89:
73:
68:
67:
40:
28:
27:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2956:Observation.org
2954:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2719:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2647:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2577:
2551:
2531:
2492:(Sciurus niger)
2407:
2387:
2367:
2350:Fiery squirrel
2339:
2247:
2232:
2216:Rheithrosciurus
2209:
2190:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2097:
2082:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1910:
1906:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1819:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1770:
1707:
1700:
1696:(20 June 2008).
1688:
1684:
1669:10.2307/1380818
1649:
1645:
1638:10.1139/z70-079
1622:
1618:
1603:10.2307/1948465
1583:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1550:
1533:. Vol. 1.
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1424:
1420:
1413:10.1139/z03-096
1397:
1393:
1387:Wayback Machine
1375:
1371:
1342:
1338:
1311:
1307:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1272:
1268:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1175:10.2307/3504443
1162:
1152:
1141:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1038:
1034:
1019:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
927:
923:
919:
867:American marten
851:red-tailed hawk
815:Lynx canadensis
784:
771:
734:
652:
644:Eating nut, in
638:
633:
599:Rocky Mountains
576:
552:
485:
339:T. h. streatori
304:T. h. minnesota
264:T. h. dixiensis
226:
219:
213:
200:
108:
100:
91:
87:
80:
69:
65:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2991:
2978:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2874:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2745:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2584:Syntheosciurus
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2371:Hesperosciurus
2364:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2020:
2012:
2011:External links
2009:
2007:
2006:
1981:
1939:
1904:
1862:
1813:
1768:
1698:
1682:
1663:(4): 809–810.
1643:
1632:(3): 471–473.
1616:
1597:(3): 227–268.
1577:
1570:
1548:
1507:
1466:(12): 465–70.
1443:
1418:
1391:
1369:
1336:
1305:
1284:
1266:
1210:
1139:
1081:
1068:
1032:
1017:
995:
967:
920:
918:
915:
879:Martes caurina
875:pacific marten
783:
780:
770:
767:
755:witches' broom
733:
730:
718:Arctostaphylos
637:
634:
632:
629:
575:
572:
551:
548:
484:
481:
427:piney squirrel
394:tree squirrels
374:
373:
363:
362:
354:
353:
352:
351:
349:T. h. ventorum
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:T. h. petulans
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:T. h. gymnicus
271:
269:T. h. fremonti
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
233:
232:
228:
227:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
102:
101:
85:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2514:Red squirrel
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2490:Fox squirrel
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:(Sciurus lis)
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:Guerlinguetus
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1497:on 2010-05-25
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1285:9781588341006
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1200:on 2016-03-04
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
984:
982:
977:
971:
955:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
934:
925:
921:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Vulpes vulpes
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:American crow
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Canis latrans
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
788:
779:
777:
766:
763:
758:
756:
751:
748:
743:
739:
729:
726:
723:
722:snowshoe hare
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:sp.) leaves,
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
674:
668:
647:
642:
624:
620:
618:
615:
611:
607:
606:
600:
596:
589:
585:
584:Gatineau Park
580:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
547:
545:
544:T. hudsonicus
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:
480:
478:
473:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:United States
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:pine squirrel
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
381:
371:
370:
364:
360:
355:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:T. h. regalis
327:
325:
324:T. h. preblei
322:
320:
319:T. h. picatus
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:T. h. baileyi
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
234:
229:
224:
218:
216:
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
103:
97:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3033:Tamiasciurus
2724:
2653:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2607:Tamiasciurus
2605:
2594:
2582:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2351:
2343:Hadrosciurus
2342:
2340:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2226:
2214:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2142:Microsciurus
2140:
2131:Sciuromorpha
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1718:
1714:
1693:
1685:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1559:
1551:
1530:
1525:
1519:Picea glauca
1518:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1463:
1459:
1446:
1431:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1378:
1372:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1275:
1269:
1234:
1230:
1225:Tamiasciurus
1224:
1202:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1169:(586): 1–9.
1166:
1157:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1049:(1): 33–44.
1046:
1042:
1035:
1008:
998:
986:. Retrieved
979:
970:
958:. Retrieved
944:
938:
932:
924:
910:
902:
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
808:
804:
793:
772:
759:
752:
735:
732:Reproduction
727:
717:
709:
701:
694:Picea glauca
693:
690:white spruce
683:
616:
603:
592:
582:Front view,
574:Distribution
557:
553:
543:
539:
533:
522:
515:Tamiasciurus
514:
506:
494:
488:
486:
474:
443:red squirrel
442:
441:, or simply
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
411:T. douglasii
410:
402:Tamiasciurus
400:
384:
383:
379:
377:
367:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
294:T. h. loquax
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
214:
212:
196:
195:
184:Tamiasciurus
183:
25:
21:red squirrel
2930:NatureServe
2852:iNaturalist
2749:Wikispecies
2088:(subfamily
1794:(5): 1311.
1237:: 170–182.
981:NatureServe
960:19 February
903:Canis lupus
811:Canada lynx
605:grahamensis
602:subspecies
566:and in the
550:Description
540:T. fremonti
509:. A recent
463:conspecific
419:T. fremonti
369:T. fremonti
231:Subspecies
96:NatureServe
3017:Categories
2555:Urosciurus
2391:Otosciurus
2129:Suborder:
2000:2021-06-26
1920:(3): 362.
1914:Écoscience
1746:10613/3207
1501:2017-01-06
1204:2017-01-06
917:References
823:Lynx rufus
686:granivores
529:subspecies
499:Hudson Bay
497:refers to
495:hudsonicus
413:, and the
2935:2.1155932
2553:Subgenus
2533:Subgenus
2409:Subgenus
2389:Subgenus
2369:Subgenus
2341:Subgenus
2249:Subgenus
2105:Kingdom:
2090:Sciurinae
2086:Sciuridae
1976:219176132
1763:205305747
1721:(1): 22.
1356:: 60–64.
1325:: 1–100.
1294:cite book
1191:253900287
796:territory
769:Sociality
747:Gestation
738:ovulators
714:bearberry
648:, Alberta
511:phylogeny
479:forests.
435:chickaree
191:Species:
173:Sciuridae
129:Kingdom:
123:Eukaryota
49:, Quebec
2922:12400253
2870:10201459
2734:Wikidata
2655:Category
2125:Rodentia
2119:Mammalia
2113:Chordata
2111:Phylum:
2107:Animalia
2094:Sciurini
1934:86378466
1899:29543323
1857:11416912
1755:20975694
1694:Newswise
1541:(USFS),
1526:Conifers
1488:21236924
1438:Archived
1383:Archived
1261:27083861
1134:40366357
1126:12595609
1027:26158608
988:17 April
983:Explorer
891:gray fox
680:, Alaska
646:Edmonton
631:Behavior
505:'s work
483:Taxonomy
477:hardwood
223:Erxleben
169:Family:
163:Rodentia
153:Mammalia
143:Chordata
139:Phylum:
133:Animalia
119:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
2909:1001706
2844:2437282
2740:Q326976
2705:Biology
2693:Animals
2681:Mammals
2667:Portals
2411:Sciurus
2239:Sciurus
2123:Order:
2117:Class:
2029:, Yukon
1879:Ecology
1848:1690781
1788:Ecology
1723:Bibcode
1677:1380818
1611:1948465
1468:Bibcode
1433:YouTube
1239:Bibcode
1183:3504443
1106:Bibcode
1098:Science
1051:Bibcode
911:Mustela
905:), and
883:red fox
710:Populus
692:seeds (
636:Feeding
524:Sciurus
451:conifer
447:diurnal
390:species
225:, 1777)
179:Genus:
159:Order:
149:Class:
94: (
92:Secure
74: (
2974:866988
2883:180166
2828:FEIS:
2821:TMSCHU
2808:347433
2096:tribe)
1974:
1932:
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1808:177210
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913:sp.).
907:weasel
827:coyote
819:bobcat
800:midden
742:estrus
706:poplar
698:willow
667:Quebec
595:Canada
588:Quebec
459:Canada
439:boomer
3000:17376
2987:52035
2961:87976
2948:10009
2896:42587
2865:IRMNG
2857:46260
2795:54MTK
2782:12319
2535:Tenes
1972:S2CID
1962:(6).
1952:(PDF)
1930:S2CID
1875:(PDF)
1804:JSTOR
1784:(PDF)
1759:S2CID
1673:JSTOR
1607:JSTOR
1495:(PDF)
1456:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
1187:S2CID
1179:JSTOR
1163:(PDF)
1130:S2CID
1094:(PDF)
1043:Oikos
765:age.
762:Yukon
702:Salix
398:genus
2943:NCBI
2891:IUCN
2878:ITIS
2839:GBIF
2831:tahu
2816:EPPO
2777:BOLD
1895:PMID
1853:PMID
1751:PMID
1566:ISBN
1484:PMID
1300:link
1280:ISBN
1257:PMID
1122:PMID
1023:OCLC
1013:ISBN
990:2024
962:2022
945:2016
899:wolf
798:and
558:The
534:The
457:and
378:The
2995:TSA
2917:MSW
2904:MDD
2803:EoL
2790:CoL
2764:ADW
1964:doi
1922:doi
1887:doi
1843:PMC
1835:doi
1831:267
1796:doi
1741:hdl
1731:doi
1665:doi
1655:".
1634:doi
1599:doi
1476:doi
1409:doi
1358:doi
1327:doi
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